Class 12 Chemistry - Solutions (Chapter Notes)
Definition: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Components: Solute (present in smaller amount), Solvent (present in larger amount).
Types of Solutions: Solid, liquid and gaseous solutions with suitable examples.
Concentration Terms:
Mass %, Volume %, Mass/Volume %, ppm, Mole Fraction, Molarity (M), Molality (m).
Solubility: Factors affecting solubility: nature of solute/solvent, temperature and pressure.
Henry's Law: Solubility of a gas is directly proportional to its partial pressure above the solution (at
constant temperature).
Raoult's Law: Vapour pressure of an ideal solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the
volatile component.
Ideal vs Non-Ideal Solutions:
Ideal: Obey Raoult's law, ∆Hmix=0, ∆Vmix=0.
Non-ideal: Positive or negative deviation from Raoult's law.
Colligative Properties:
Relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point,
osmotic pressure.
Abnormal Molar Mass: Explained using Van't Hoff factor (i); association (i<1), dissociation (i>1).
Important Formulae:
Molarity = moles of solute/L of solution.
Molality = moles of solute/kg of solvent.
Mole fraction = moles of component/total moles.
π = CRT.
∆Tb = Kb m.
∆Tf = Kf m.