1.
NATURE OF
LANGUAGE
The nature of language explains what language is
and how it functions in human communication.
Language as a System
Language is a rule-governed system made
up of sounds, words, and grammatical
structures. “Why is She eats “Because language
rice correct but Eat follows rules it’s a
These rules help learners form meaningful she rice wrong?” system, not just
random words.”
sentences, not just memorise vocabulary.
Components include:
[Link] (sounds) explanation
[Link] (word formation)
[Link] (sentence structure)
[Link] (meaning)
[Link] (use in context)
Language as Communication
“My grammar isn’t “Yes, because
perfect, but you language is for
understand me, sharing meaning,
not just being
Language is primarily used to express
right?”
correct.” ideas, emotions, and intentions.
It allows people to interact socially,
explanation share knowledge, and build
relationships.
Meaning depends on context, not only
grammar accuracy.
Language as Social and Cultural
“Because
language follows
“Why can’t I talk to
Language reflects culture, values, and my teacher like I
social and
cultural rules.”
identity of its speakers. talk to my friend?”
Learners do not only learn words but also:
[Link] norms
explanation
[Link] expressions
[Link] rules of interaction
Language use varies across situations
(formal vs informal).
Language as Dynamic and Creative
“Yes! Language
changes and Language is constantly
grows when “Is it okay to create
people use it
creatively.”
new expressions changing over time.
when I speak?”
Speakers can create new
explanation sentences and expressions.
Learners are encouraged to
use language creatively, not
rigidly.
Exercise
SITI NUR FAHIMAH BINTI RAZUKI
2. LANGUAGE
LEARNING PROCESS
The language learning process explains how learners
acquire and develop language skills over time.
INPUT AND EXPOSURE I didn’t study this
That’s why it
feels familiar
word, but I’ve heard when you
Learning begins with exposure to language input it many times in read or hear it
videos. again.
through listening and reading.
Input should be:
Meaningful
01 Comprehensible
Relevant to learners’ level
Continuous exposure helps learners recognise
patterns and structures.
COGNITIVE PROCESSING
Your brain is
I know this
comparing it sentence sounds
with patterns Learners actively process information in their
02
wrong, but I don’t
you’ve learned
before.
know why.
minds.
They form mental rules about grammar and
vocabulary.
Memory, attention, and thinking skills play an
important role.
PRACTICE AND OUTPUT I tried
now, ev
g just
speakin gh I
en thou
sure.
That’s how
you find out
what you can
wasn’t really use.
Learners need opportunities to use the language
through speaking and writing.
03 Producing language helps learners:
Test their understanding
Improve fluency
Gain confidence
Errors are a natural part of learning and help
development.
Now you won’t
INTERACTION AND FEEDBACK
My friend corre
cted repeat the Interaction with teachers and peers enhances
spoke same mistake
me when I
earlier. next time. learning.
Feedback helps learners notice mistakes and
improve accuracy.
04
Communicative activities support real-life
language use.
AFFECTIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS It’s easier to
talk when
you’re not
I feel more
comfortable afraid of being
Motivation, confidence, and low anxiety support speaking English in judged.
this class.
learning.
05 A supportive learning environment encourages
participation.
Learners learn better when they feel safe to
make mistakes.
DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
That means
your message
was
The goal is not only correct grammar but
My grammar wasn’t
perfect, but they
communicated effective communication.
06
successfully.
understood me. Learners develop:
Linguistic competence (grammar,
vocabulary)
Sociolinguistic competence (appropriate
use)
Strategic competence (handling
communication problems)
EXERCISE
SITI NUR FAHIMAH BINTI RAZUKI