Language Module 1
Language Module 1
Review Materials
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
OVERVIEW
This module is designed to prepare Grade 12 students for college entrance examinations
by strengthening their reading comprehension and language proficiency. It follows a
structured learning journey that develops both understanding and application of key
communication skills.
LEARNING JOURNEY
CONCEPT LEARNING
Main Idea
The main idea is the central message or overall point of a passage. It answers the
question: What is the text mostly about? The main idea may be stated directly in a
sentence, often at the beginning or end of a paragraph, or it may be implied and require
careful reading. Identifying the main idea helps readers understand the focus and
direction of the text. It also allows readers to distinguish between important and less
important information.
Supporting Details
Supporting details are facts, examples, descriptions, or explanations that develop and
support the main idea. These details provide evidence that makes the main idea clearer
and more convincing. They help readers better understand the topic by giving specific
information. Without supporting details, the main idea may seem too general or unclear.
Inference
An inference is a conclusion drawn from clues in the text combined with the reader’s own
reasoning and prior knowledge. It is not directly stated but can be understood by “reading
between the lines.” Making inferences allows readers to grasp deeper meanings and
hidden messages in a passage. This skill is important for understanding tone, theme, and
implied ideas.
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Contextual Meaning
Contextual meaning refers to understanding unfamiliar words by using clues found within
the sentence or surrounding text. These clues may include definitions, examples,
synonyms, or contrasts. This skill helps readers determine meaning without always relying
on a dictionary. It also improves vocabulary and overall comprehension.
Aside from identifying the main idea, supporting details, inference, and contextual
meaning, students must also develop other important skills that are commonly tested in
college entrance examinations. These skills help readers understand not only what the
text says but also how and why it was written. Mastering these skills leads to deeper
comprehension and critical thinking. It also prepares students to analyze more complex
texts.
1. Author’s Purpose
The author’s purpose refers to the reason why the text was written. Understanding this
helps readers interpret the message correctly and recognize the writer’s intention. An
author may aim to inform, persuade, entertain, or express feelings. Identifying the
purpose allows readers to better evaluate the content and its effectiveness
The three most common purposes are:
• To Inform – to provide facts or explain a topic
• To Persuade – to convince the reader to agree with an idea
• To Entertain – to tell a story or amuse the reader
Tip: Ask yourself, “Why did the author write this?”
2. Tone
Tone is the author’s attitude toward the subject or audience. It is reflected in the
choice of words and style of writing.
Common tones include:
• Formal
• Informative
• Serious
• Optimistic
Tip: Look at the words used. Do they sound positive, negative, or neutral?
3. Fact vs Opinion
Understanding the difference between fact and opinion helps readers evaluate
information critically.
• Fact – a statement that can be proven true
✔ Example: The Earth revolves around the sun.
• Opinion – a personal belief or judgment
✔ Example: Science is the most interesting subject.
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4. Text Structure
Text structure refers to how ideas in a passage are organized or arranged. Recognizing
this helps readers follow the flow of ideas more easily.
Tip: Look for signal words like because, therefore, however, and on the other hand.
Passage:
Students who develop good study habits often perform better in school. They manage their
time wisely, complete tasks on schedule, and review lessons regularly. Instead of studying
only at the last minute, they prepare in advance and stay organized. These habits help them
understand their lessons more clearly and reduce stress during exams. As a result, they
become more confident and better prepared for academic challenges.
Questions:
1. Main idea
2. Supporting detail
3. Supporting detail
4. Inference
5. Meaning of “wisely”
6. Author’s purpose
7. Tone
8. Fact
9. Opinion
10. Best title
Passage:
Technology has changed the way students learn. Online resources provide easy access to
information, making it faster for students to complete research and assignments. Many
students use educational apps, videos, and websites to better understand their lessons.
However, technology can also cause distractions, such as social media and online games,
which may affect focus and productivity. Because of this, students must learn to use
technology responsibly and manage their time wisely when using digital tools.
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Questions:
1. Main idea
2. Supporting detail
3. Supporting detail
4. Inference
5. Meaning of “responsibly”
6. Author’s purpose
7. Tone
8. Advantage
9. Disadvantage
10. Best title
APPLICATION ACTIVITY
PASSAGE 1
Many students rely heavily on their mobile phones for studying. While these devices
provide quick access to information, they can also become sources of distraction.
Notifications from social media and messaging apps often interrupt concentration. As a
result, students may spend more time switching between tasks than actually learning. To
be effective, learners must develop discipline and manage their use of technology wisely.
PASSAGE 2
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REFLECTION
Reading comprehension is a critical skill that goes beyond simply understanding words on
a page. It requires the ability to identify the main idea, analyze supporting details, and draw
logical conclusions based on evidence. Through consistent practice, students develop the
capacity to interpret texts more deeply and accurately. Strengthening these skills enables
learners to become more independent readers who can handle complex passages
commonly found in college entrance examinations.
REFERENCES:
Online Sources
Merriam-Webster
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Dictionary by Merriam-Webster.
[Link]
Local Authors
Barrot, J. S., & Sipacio, P. J. F. (2018). Purposive communication in the 21st century. C &
E Publishing, Inc.
Castro, R., et al. (2016). Writing in the discipline. Rex Book Store.
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FILIPINO
BAHAGI 1 TALAKAYAN: TAYUTAY
(Simile, Metaphor, Hyperbole, at Personification)
1. SIMILE (Pagtutulad)
Ang simile ay paghahambing ng dalawang magkaibang bagay gamit ang mga salitang
tulad ng, parang, gaya ng, wari, animo’y.
Mga Halimbawa:
2. METAPHOR (Pagwawangis)
Mga Halimbawa:
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3. HYPERBOLE (Pagmamalabis)
Mga Halimbawa:
4. PERSONIFICATION (Pagsasatao)
Mga Halimbawa:
Repleksyon
PAGSUSULIT SA TAYUTAY
Panuto: Piliin ang titik ng tamang sagot. Bigyang-pansin ang uri ng tayutay na ginamit sa
bawat pangungusap.
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole
D. Personification
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A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole
D. Personification
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole
D. Personification
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole
D. Personification
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole
D. Personification
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole
D. Personification
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A. Maghambing
B. Magbigay-buhay sa bagay
C. Magpalabis upang magbigay-diin
D. Maglarawan nang literal
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole
D. Personification
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole
D. Personification
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole
D. Personification
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole
D. Personification
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A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole
D. Personification
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole
D. Personification
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole
D. Personification
Ang antas ng wika ay tumutukoy sa iba’t ibang paraan ng paggamit ng wika batay sa
sitwasyon, kausap, at layunin ng komunikasyon. Nagbabago ang antas ng wika
depende sa kung pormal o di-pormal ang konteksto ng usapan.
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1. PORMAL NA WIKA
Mga Halimbawa
2. DI-PORMAL NA WIKA
A. KOLOKYAL
Ang kolokyal na wika ay mga salitang pinaikli o binago mula sa pamantayang anyo
upang maging mas madali at mabilis gamitin sa pang-araw-araw na komunikasyon.
Mga Halimbawa
B. LALAWIGANIN
Mga Halimbawa
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C. BALBAL
Ang balbal na wika ay mga salitang imbento o nauso sa isang grupo o henerasyon at
kadalasang ginagamit sa impormal na usapan. Ito ay tinatawag ding slang.
Mga Halimbawa
1. Astig! (magaling)
2. Petmalu! (malupit/napakahusay)
3. Lodi (idol)
4. Werpa! (power/lakas ng loob)
5. Charot! (biro lamang)
Buod
Ang antas ng wika ay mahalaga upang maging angkop ang ating paraan ng pakikipag-usap
sa iba’t ibang sitwasyon. Ang pormal na wika ay ginagamit sa seryoso at opisyal na
konteksto, samantalang ang di-pormal na wika ay ginagamit sa pang-araw-araw na
usapan at nahahati sa kolokyal, lalawiganin, at balbal.
Panuto: Piliin ang titik ng tamang sagot. Unawain ang konteksto ng bawat pangungusap.
A. Kumain ka na ba?
B. Kain ka na?
C. Mangyaring kumain na po kayo.
D. Kain na tayo, bes!
A. Pormal
B. Kolokyal
C. Lalawiganin
D. Balbal
A. Pormal
B. Kolokyal
C. Lalawiganin
D. Balbal
A. Pormal
B. Kolokyal
C. Lalawiganin
D. Balbal
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A. Pormal
B. Kolokyal
C. Lalawiganin
D. Balbal
A. Malaya at pabago-bago
B. May tamang gramatika at maingat gamitin
C. Puno ng slang
D. Nakabatay sa rehiyon
A. Kumusta ka?
B. Lodi kita!
C. Nasaan ka?
D. Magandang araw
A. Kolokyal
B. Lalawiganin
C. Balbal
D. Pormal
A. Kumain ka na ba?
B. Kumain ka bukas
C. Kumain ka ngayon
D. Kumain ka ulit
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A. Pormal
B. Kolokyal
C. Lalawiganin
D. Balbal
A. Astig
B. Daytoy
C. Kain na
D. Halika
A. Pormal
B. Kolokyal
C. Lalawiganin
D. Balbal
A. Mangyaring makinig
B. Makinig kayo
C. Makinig ka naman
D. Makinig ka nga
A. Walang kaibahan
B. Ang balbal ay imbento, ang kolokyal ay pinaikling salita
C. Ang kolokyal ay slang, ang balbal ay pormal
D. Parehong pormal
A. Magbigay ng utos
B. Magpahayag ng biro
C. Magbigay galang
D. Magtanong
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A. Pagsulat ng tesis
B. Pakikipag-usap sa kaibigan
C. Talumpati sa paaralan
D. Opisyal na liham
A. Kolokyal
B. Lalawiganin
C. Balbal
D. Akademiko
Ang idioma ay isang pahayag o parirala na may kahulugang hindi literal o hindi tuwirang
mauunawaan batay sa kahulugan ng bawat salitang bumubuo rito. Ito ay tinatawag ding
idyoma o sawikain.
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• Si Mang Juan ay butas ang bulsa, kaya hindi siya makabili ng pagkain.
• Huwag kang maging balat-sibuyas, tanggapin mo ang puna.
• Siya ay bukas-palad sa mga nangangailangan.
Kahalagahan ng Idyoma
1. Nagdilang-anghel
2. Malaking isda
3. Itim ang budhi
4. Walang bukas
5. Mahaba ang pisi
PAGSUSULIT SA IDYOMA
Panuto: Piliin ang titik ng tamang kahulugan ng salitang may salungguhit sa pangungusap.
A. Mahilig sa ilaw
B. Tagapagbigay ng pag-asa
C. Madaling makita
D. Tahimik na tao
2. Hindi siya basta sumusunod; may sarili siyang tinig sa gitna ng ingay.
A. Malakas magsalita
B. May sariling paninindigan
C. Mahilig makipag-away
D. Tahimik making
A. Mahilig sa tubig
B. Sumusunod sa uso
C. Hindi basta sumusunod sa iba
D. Mahilig maglakad
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A. Mahirap hawakan
B. Madaling mawala o hindi matupad
C. Malambot
D. Mabigat
A. Walang damdamin
B. Matatag at hindi basta natitinag
C. Mahilig sa metal
D. Mabait
A. Maliit na galit
B. Malakas at hindi makontrol na emosyon
C. Tahimik na damdamin
D. Walang pakialam
A. Malakas siya
B. Maraming responsibilidad o problema
C. Mahilig magtrabaho
D. Malaki ang katawan
8. Hindi niya pinapansin ang kritisismo; para sa kanya ito’y hangin lamang.
A. May sakit
B. Nasaktan emosyonal
C. Mahina ang katawan
D. Masayahin
A. Malakas magsalita
B. Masakit magsalita
C. Tahimik magsalita
D. Mabagal magsalita
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A. Nakaupo lang
B. Hindi makalimot sa nakaraan
C. Mahilig mag-isip
D. Walang ginagawa
A. Madaling nakuha
B. Pinaghirapan
C. Minana
D. Ibinigay
A. Mahilig sa hayop
B. Walang permanenteng tirahan o direksyon
C. Malaya
D. Masayahin
A. Mabigat
B. Matatag sa paninindigan
C. Tahimik
D. Mahirap kausap
A. Malinaw
B. Madaling masira
C. Maganda
D. Matibay
A. Mahilig sa dilim
B. Hindi makawala sa dating pagkatao o karanasan
C. Tahimik
D. Walang kaibigan
A. Imposible
B. Malapit nang makamit
C. Malayo
D. Walang halaga
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A. Tagapag-ayos
B. Pinagmumulan ng problema
C. Mabait
D. Tahimik
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• Personal na karanasan
• Kultural at akademikong kaalaman
3. Kakayahang Kognitibo
• Analisis
• Lohikal na pag-iisip
• Pagbuo ng inferensiya
4. Motibasyon at Layunin
Halimbawa:
“Si Juan ay nagtatrabaho bilang guro sa Maynila.”
Tanong: Ano ang trabaho ni Juan?
Sagot: Guro
• Pagbibigay ng hinuha
• Pag-unawa sa implicit na mensahe
Halimbawa:
“Pagod na pagod si Juan nang siya’y umuwi at agad na nahiga.”
Tanong: Ano ang maaaring nangyari sa kanya?
✔ Sagot: Siya ay napagod sa trabaho
Pagsusuri at paghusga
• Pagtukoy sa bias
• Pagsusuri ng kredibilidad
• Pagbibigay opinyon na may ebidensya
Halimbawa:
Tanong: Makatarungan ba ang argumento ng may-akda? Bakit?
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Halimbawa:
Tanong: Kung ikaw si Juan, ano ang gagawin mo sa kanyang sitwasyon?
Summarizing – Pagbubuod
Evaluating – Pagsusuri ng nilalaman
Reflecting – Pag-uugnay sa sarili o realidad
1. Layunin ng May-akda
• Magbigay impormasyon?
• Manghikayat?
• Magpahayag ng damdamin?
2. Tono
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3. Bias
4. Ebidensya
Teksto:
“Sa kabila ng pag-unlad ng teknolohiya, marami pa ring Pilipino ang nahihirapang
makasabay dahil sa kakulangan sa access sa edukasyon at internet.”
Masusing Tanong:
• Limitadong bokabularyo
• Kawalan ng pokus
• Hindi malinaw ang layunin sa pagbasa
• Kakulangan sa estratehiya
Regular na pagbabasa
Paggamit ng graphic organizers
Pagbuo ng tanong habang nagbabasa
Pakikipagdiskusyon
Pagsasanay sa kritikal na pagsusuri
Konklusyon
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Sa kasalukuyang panahon, malaki ang naging pagbabago sa pamumuhay ng mga tao dahil
sa teknolohiya na ginagamit sa komunikasyon, trabaho, pagbabayad, at paghahanap ng
impormasyon na nagpapabilis ng araw-araw na gawain ngunit nagdudulot din ng labis na
pag-asa ng tao sa gadgets at internet na maaaring makaapekto sa kanilang kasanayan sa
personal na pakikipag-ugnayan at pagdedesisyon.
Mga Tanong
Mga Tanong
Mga Tanong
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ngunit nagdudulot din ito ng panganib tulad ng fake news, cyberbullying, at maling
impormasyon kaya mahalaga ang responsableng paggamit nito sa pamamagitan ng
pagiging mapanuri at maingat sa bawat impormasyong ibinabahagi.
Mga Tanong
TALASANGGUNIAN
Commission on the Filipino Language. (n.d.). Mga tayutay sa panitikan. Manila: KWF
Learning Resources.
Department of Education. (2020). Filipino curriculum guide: Senior high school. DepEd
Learning Portal.
Javier, M. R. (2018). Wika at panitikan: Antas ng wika at tayutay. Quezon City: Rex
Bookstore.
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