Engineering Drawing

Engineering Drawing
Engineering Drawing
The way of representation of objects OR ideas on a plane paper with the help of some
good instruments by systematic means of line to represent an object in its proper
shape, size and dimension is called engineering drawing or Engineering Graphics.

Instruments Required

1. T-Square
●​ It consists of 2 parts blade & base, it is used to draw parallel and perpendicular
lines with proper measurement.
●​ The edge of the drawing sheet must be parallel to the edge of the blade of
T-square.

2. Set-Square
●​ It’s 2 types
◊​ 30° - 60° set square (Used to draw lines at 30°, 60° & 90°)
◊​ 45° - 45° set square (Used to draw lines at 45° & 90°)

With the help of a combination of set square we are able to draw lines at 15° increment
(0°, 15°, 30°,….)

3. Engineering Compass
●​ Long/Large compass: - used to take radius greater than 20 mm.
●​ Small / wheel compass: - used to take radius less than 50 mm.

4. Divider
This instrument is preferably used to divide line, arc an circle into equal and
proportional parts.

5. Pencils
Grades of pencils -
9H, 8H, 7H, 6H, 5H, 4H, 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8B, 9B, 9xxB
Here,
H = Hardness

F = Firm

B = Blackness
 ●​ As the number of H increases, the ratio of clay increases so hardness increases
and pencil becomes light.
●​ As the number of B increases, the ratio of graphite increases So softness
increases and the pencil becomes dark.

6. Lines in Engineering Drawing

Different pencils have different shades. As Per IS 962:1989, the ratio of thick to the thin
line shall not be less than 2:1.

●​ Section line Central lines are drawn using 3H or 4H pencil.

●​ Outline Dotted Line, Section plane line, dimension line and arrow heads are
drawn using 2H.

7. French Curve
The French curve is used to join a series of points to form a smooth curve.

8. Mini Drafter
It is a combination of T square, set square & protractor It works with some limitations.

9. Sizes of Drawing sheet (in mm)

the preferred size of the trimmed sheet as selected from the main A series are -

A0 ⇒ 1189 × 841
 A1 = 841 × 594

A2 = 594 × 420

A3 = 420 × 297

A4 = 297 × 210

A5 ⇒ 210 × 148

A6 = 148 × 105

A7 = 105 × 74

A8 = 74 × 52

Dimensioning in Engineering Drawing

Different arrangements are used in dimensioning to indicate dimensions based on
various design requirements.

1.​Continuous or chain dimensioning

Chain dimensioning should be used only where the possible accumulation of tolerance
does not endanger the functional requirements of the part.

2.​Progressive or parallel dimensioning

In this arrangement, all the dimensions are given from a common baseline. The smaller
dimensions are placed nearer the view and the larger further away so that the
extension lines do not cross dimension lines.
3.​Superimposed Running Dimensioning
Superimposed Dimensioning is a simplified parallel dimensioning. It may be used
where there is space limitation.

4.​Combined dimensioning
Combined dimensioning is a method of placing single dimensions by combining
chain dimensioning and dimensioning from a common feature on a drawing.
 5.​Dimensioning by Co-ordinates
Dimensioning by Co-ordinates follows the principle of the coordinate system of
identifying the points.

PROJECTION
Projection means to throw something and it has been classified according to the line of
sight and according to the position of the plane of projection.

●​ The front view will be represented on a vertical plane. The top view will be
represented on the horizontal plane Side view will be shown on the profile plane.
The front view shows the height and width of the object.

it classification are as under –

Perspective view:
When an object is viewed from different directions and at different distances, the appearance of the
object will be different. Such a view is called perspective view.

Difference between perspective and parallel projection:

Perspective projections mimic what the human eyes see. The major difference between parallel and
perspective projections is that in perspective projection, the observer is at a finite distance while in
parallel projection, the observer is at infinity.
The perspective projection is most commonly used by architects.
Orthographic projection:
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection in which projectors are parallel to each
other & perpendicular to plane of projection, according to orthographic projection we
have 6 principle views and these are:

◊​ Front view (Elevation) → Appears on Vertical plane (VP)

◊​ Top view (plan) → Appears on Horizontal plane (HP)
◊​ LHSV (Profile/End) → appears on profile plane (PP) / (AVP) Auxiliary Vertical
Plane
◊​ RHSV (Profile/End) → appears on PP/AVP
◊​ Rear view (Back view) → appears on VP
◊​ Bottom views → appears on HP.

The arrangement of these views on drawing sheet are as follows:

Quadrant system
Position of object with respect to HP & VP
1. Above HP and in front of VP
2. Above HP and behind VP
3. Below HP and behind VP
4. Below HP and in front of VP

1st angle projection 3rd angle protection

1. The object is kept in the first quadrant. 1. An object is assumed to be kept in the
2. Object is in between the observer & plane third quadrant.
of projection (POP). 2. The plane of projection is in between
3. POP is assumed to be non-transparent. the observer and object.
[Link] (elevation) view is drawn above the 3. POP assumed to be transparent.
XY line. 5. Front (elevation) view is drawn below
[Link] method is adopted in India & almost the XY line.
all the countries except USA 5. This method is adopted in the USA.
6. 6.

Note:

1. we will never work on 2nd angle & 4th angle projection methods because the views
will overlap.

2. 1st angle & 3rd angle projection method is the only working projection method.

Axonometric projection
Axonometric projection is a parallel projection technique used to create a pictorial
drawing of an object by rotating the object along one or more of its axes relative to the
plane of projection.

There are three types of axonometric projections:

1. Trimetric projection: All three axes of space appear unequally foreshortened. None of
the angles is equal.

2. Dimetric projection: Two of the three axes of space appear equally shortened. Two
angles are equal.

3. Isometric projection: All three axes of space appear equally foreshortened. All three
angles are equal.
Conic section

Conics as a cutting plane method.

Conics is defined as cutting of a right circular cone with different angles relative to the
axis or base thus the shape obtained on the surface of the cone is known as the conic
section.

Sometimes we have ellipses, parabola, hyperbola & Sometimes we have circle and
triangle.

1. Ellipse: - β < α
Section plane cuts all the generators
2. Parabola: - β = α
Section plane parallel to the generator

3. Hyperbola: - β > α
Section plane cuts to the double cone.
Some important properties of conic sections
1. Ellipse – The construction of ellipse is used in buildings, bridges etc. to uniformly
distribute the load which allows less bending moment.

2. Parabola – Construction of parabola is used in light reflectors, sound reflectors and

signal transmission.

3. Hyperbola – Hyperbola follows Boyle's law (PV = constant) and its construction is
also used in cooling towers.
Engineering Curves
There are different Engineering Curves:

Conics: The locus of point moves in a plane in

such a way that the ratio of its distance from a
fixed point (focus) to a fixed straight line
(Directrix) is always constant. PF/PM = Const

Ellipse is the locus of a point which moves in a

plane so that the ratio of its distance from a
fixed point (focus) and a fixed straight line
(Directrix) is a constant and less than 1. PF/PM
<1

Parabola is the locus of a point, which moves

in a plane so that its distance from a fixed point
(focus) and a fixed straight line (directrix) are
always equal. PF/PM = 1

Hyperbola is the locus of a point which moves

in a plane so that the ratio of its distances from
a fixed point (focus) and a fixed straight line
(directrix) is constant and greater than one.
Projection of point:
Point is nothing, it is a position or when 2 lines intersect each other they produce a
point.

Convention:

1. FV(elevation) → P’ (small P with dash)

2. TV(plan) → p (small p)

3. SV (End view) → p” (small P with double dash)

Regular polyhedral:
◊​ tetrahedron: 4 equal equilateral triangular faces
◊​ Cube/Hexahedron: 6 equal square faces.
◊​ Octahedron: 8 equal equilateral triangular faces.
◊​ Dodecahedron: 12 equal regular pentagonal faces.
◊​ Icosahedron: 20 equal equilateral triangular faces.

Right solids:
Solids whose axis are perpendicular to its own base are called right solids.

Oblique solids:
Solids whose axis are inclined to their own base are called oblique solids.

Frustum:
If a pyramid or cone is cut parallel to its base, then removing the top part the remaining
portion is called frustum.

Truncated:
When a solid is cut inclined to its base then removing the top part the remaining
portion is called truncated.

Lateral surface:
The surface of the solid when opened without their end bases is called the lateral
surface.