SOCIAL INFORMATICS - II MODULE

IT & SOCIETY
Information Technology (IT) is a broad term which covers all aspects of the use of computer technology. It includes not
only hardware and software, but also communication technology applied to linking computer systems, software
engineering, and the administration and use of computer systems. Modern information technology (IT) has been affecting
the way people live and work since at least the 1850s. In addition to vastly enhanced capabilities to transact business,
coordinate troops and the like, the ability to transmit personal messages revolutionized people’s ability to conquer time
and distance. Shortly thereafter, the rapid development and dissemination of radio receivers created yet another IT
revolution; and, pictures were added to sound with the development of television. The Internet now joins this long list of
significant technological innovations.. Any set of technologies, tools or toys that reshapes so much of our time must have
a profound impact on our daily lives.
ISSUES AND CONCERNS
Information technology raises new ethical questions for both individuals and society. various aspects of the impact of
information technology on society are as follows
- Privacy and freedom- Privacy is the right of individual to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other
individuals or organizations including the state. unfortunately in many organizations employees are kept under
surveillance. Information technology aggravated this problem and threatens individual’s privacy.
- Internet and privacy – information sent over the network may pass through many computer systems before it reaches to
the recipients computer. Each of these computer systems are capable of monitoring capturing and storing information.
- Information and intellectual property- Intellectual property rights given to people for inventions and the creation of
their minds. It usually give the creator an exclusive right over the use of his creations for a certain period of time. This
includes the copyright, trademarks, geographical indications, industrial designs and patents.
- Accountability liability and control - Accountability liability and control raise some ethical issues. It also raises some
social issues . system failures and consequent damages on information. Hence to protect the valuable information of
individuals and organizations. it is necessary to decide whether individuals and organizations should be encouraged to
develop their own backup services.
- System quality and related issues – many software companies are marketing their software products without conducting
strict quality control tests to make it totally bug free. Such non std software may create server damages to information
systems of an organization.
- Employment & productivity – It is the fact that the use of computers have created new job opportunities and increased
productivity. At the same time the introduction of IT in many social applications has subsequently reduced some job
opportunities. Many of the routine and monotonous jobs formerly done by clerks are now replaced by computers.
- The quality of life – Computerized business systems increases productivity and provide better quality goods and services
at lower costs. IT helps to increase the quality of life of people because they can upgrade the quality of working
conditions and the quality of job itself.
- Security of information – computer also make threat on the security of data. Computer users have concerns over their
information kept in many data bases. It can make available to or can be damaged by unauthorized persons.
- Computer crimes and abuse – computer crime is the committing of illegal acts through the use of computer system.
Computer abuse is the act involving a computer that may not be illegal but are generally considered unethical
- Health issues – many health problems are also coming up with the extensive use of computers. One such occupational
disease is called repetitive stress injury. This disease occurs as a result of stress to the muscles through some repetitive
actions. Constant use of computer also creates much stress on the eyes. Another disease caused is techno stress –
aggravation, impatience and fatigue
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DIGITAL DIVIDE
The term digital divide refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information technology and
those with very limited or no access at all. It includes the imbalances in physical access to technology as well as the
imbalances in resources and skills needed to effectively participate as a digital citizen. In other words, it is the unequal
access by some members of society to information and communication technology, and the unequal acquisition of related
 skills. The digital divide may be classified based on gender, income, and race groups, age, physical disability, and by
locations. The term global digital divide refers to differences in technological accessibility between countries or the whole
world. Effect of digital divide are Economic inequality, effect on education, economic growth, social mobility.

CYBER ETHICS
Cyber ethics refers to the moral principles and behavioral standards that guide how individuals and organizations use
technology and the internet. It involves ensuring responsible and ethical use of digital tools, protecting privacy, respecting
intellectual property, and promoting online safety.
Key principles of cyber ethics include:
1. Respect for Privacy: Safeguarding personal information and refraining from unauthorized access or sharing of data.
2. Integrity: Avoiding malicious activities like hacking, cyber bullying, or spreading misinformation.
3. Intellectual Property Rights: Honoring copyrights, patents, and fair use laws when using digital content.
4. Digital Citizenship: Promoting constructive and respectful communication in online communities.
5. Accountability: Taking responsibility for one’s actions in the digital space.
There are three main types of ethical issues. They are
1. Personal privacy – IT enables exchange of information on a large scale from anybody 0n any locations or parts of the
world at any times. In this situation there is increased chance for disclosing information and violating the privacy of any
individuals and groups of people due to its widespread distribution worldwide
2. Access right – unauthorized access to web sites and stealing valuable data has been reporting worldwide. Many attempts
of such illegal access by computer hackers have been widely reported. Without implementation of proper computer
security policies and strategies, network connections on the internet can’t be made secure from illegal accesses.
3. Harmful actions – it means injury or negative consequences, such as undesirable loss of information, loss of property
damage. Harmful actions include intentional destruction or modification of files and programs leading to serious loss of
resources or unnecessary expenditure of human resources such as the time and effort required to clean systems from
computer viruses.
4.
CYBER CRIMES
Cyber-crime generally refers to criminal activity where a computer or network is the source, tool, target, or place of a
crime. “Any unlawful act where computer or communication device or computer network is used to commit or facilitate
the commission of a crime”.
TYPES OF CYBER CRIME
1. Child Pornography OR Child sexually abusive material (CSAM)
Child sexually abusive material (CSAM) refers to a material containing sexual images in any form, of a child who is
abused or sexually exploited.
2. Cyber Bullying
A form of harassment or bullying inflicted through the use of electronic or communication devices such as computers,
mobile phones, laptops, etc.
3. Cyber Stalking
Cyber stalking is the use of electronic communication by a person to follow a person, or attempts to contact a person to
foster personal interaction repeatedly despite a clear indication of disinterest by such person; or monitors the internet,
email or any other form of electronic communication commits the offence of stalking.
4. Online Job Fraud
Online Job Fraud is an attempt to defraud people who are in need of employment by giving them false hope/ promise of
better employment with higher wages.
5. Phishing
Phishing is a type of fraud that involves stealing personal information such as Customer ID, IPIN, Credit/Debit Card
number, Card expiry date, CVV number, etc. through emails that appear to be from a legitimate source.
6. Spamming
Spamming occurs when someone receives an unsolicited commercial message sent via email, SMS, MMS and any other
similar electronic messaging media. They may try to persuade the recipient to buy a product or service, or visit a website
where he can make purchases, or they may attempt to trick him/ her into divulging bank account or credit card details.
7. Cyber-Squatting
Cyber-Squatting is an act of registering, trafficking in or using a domain name with an intent to profit from the goodwill
of a trademark belonging to someone else.
 Cyber Law and Information Technology Act
Cyber Law refers to the legal framework that governs the use of cyberspace, the internet, and digital technologies. It
encompasses regulations related to cybercrimes, data protection, e-commerce, privacy, and intellectual property rights in
the digital realm. Cyber law is essential for maintaining legal order in the virtual world and protecting individuals and
organizations from threats like hacking, identity theft, and online fraud.
In India, the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act) is the primary legislation governing cyber law. The
Information Technology Act (IT Act) came into effect on 17th October, 2000. It was enacted to address legal issues
arising from the use of electronic communication and e-commerce. The Act provides legal recognition to electronic
transactions, digital signatures, and electronic records, making them equivalent to traditional paper-based documents.
Key Features of the IT Act, 2000:
1. Legal Recognition of Electronic Records: Establishes the validity of contracts formed through electronic
communication.
2. Digital Signatures: Legalizes the use of digital signatures to ensure authenticity and security in electronic transactions.
3. Cybercrimes: Defines offenses such as hacking, identity theft, phishing, cyberstalking, and spamming, with penalties for
each.
4. Adjudication Mechanism: Provides a system for resolving disputes related to online transactions and violations of the
Act.
5. Data Protection: Includes provisions for safeguarding sensitive personal data and protecting user privacy.
6. Certifying Authorities: Establishes a framework for licensing authorities that issue digital certificates for secure
electronic communications.
7. Liability of Intermediaries: Defines the role and responsibilities of intermediaries like internet service providers and
social media platforms in preventing the spread of illegal content.
Significance:
 Promotes e-commerce by providing a secure legal environment.
 Protects individuals and businesses from cyber threats.
 Encourages the adoption of digital technology by ensuring legal safeguards.

CYBER ADDICTIONS
Cyber Addiction refers to the excessive or compulsive use of digital devices, the internet, or online platforms that
interferes with an individual's daily life, responsibilities, and well-being. It is characterized by a dependency on activities
such as social media, online gaming, browsing, or streaming content, often leading to neglect of personal, academic, or
professional obligations.
Signs and Symptoms of Cyber Addiction
Cyber addiction manifests through behavioral, emotional, and physical changes that disrupt an individual's daily life.
Some common signs and symptoms include:
1. Behavioral Signs
 Excessive Time Online: Spending an unusually long time on the internet, often at the expense of other activities.
 Neglect of Responsibilities: Ignoring work, studies, or household duties to stay connected.
 Difficulty in Limiting Use: Repeated failed attempts to cut down or control online usage.
 Loss of Interest in Offline Activities: Reduced participation in hobbies, social events, or outdoor activities.
 Compulsive Behavior: Checking notifications, emails, or social media feeds obsessively.
2. Emotional and Psychological Symptoms
 Irritability or Restlessness: Becoming agitated when unable to access the internet.
 Mood Swings: Experiencing extreme happiness or frustration depending on online interactions.
 Isolation: Preferring virtual interactions over real-life relationships.
 Escapism: Using the internet to avoid real-world problems or negative emotions.
 Preoccupation: Constantly thinking about being online when offline.
3. Physical Symptoms
 Sleep Disturbances: Irregular sleep patterns due to late-night internet use.
 Eye Strain: Experiencing dry, red, or itchy eyes from prolonged screen exposure.
 Poor Posture: Back, neck, or wrist pain caused by extended periods on digital devices.
 Fatigue: Feeling physically and mentally exhausted from continuous online activity.
 Neglect of Personal Hygiene: Ignoring basic self-care while engrossed in online activities.
4. Social Impact
 Decline in Relationships: Strained family or personal relationships due to excessive time online.
 Academic or Work Decline: Poor performance in school or the workplace from lack of focus and missed deadlines.
Types of Cyber Addiction:
 Gaming Addiction: Compulsive playing of online or video games.
 Social Media Addiction: Overuse of platforms like Facebook, Instagram, or Twitter.
 Information Overload: Excessive browsing for information or news.
 Online Gambling: Compulsive participation in online betting or gambling activities.
 Cyber Relationship Addiction: Over-dependence on online relationships or virtual interactions

INFORMATION OVERLOAD

Information Overload refers to a state where an individual or system is exposed to an overwhelming amount of
information, making it difficult to process, comprehend, or make decisions effectively. This occurs when the volume,
complexity, or speed of information exceeds the capacity to analyze and act upon it.
Key Characteristics of Information Overload:
1. Excessive Volume: Receiving more data than can be managed or absorbed.
2. Complexity: Encountering information that is too intricate or detailed to interpret quickly.
3. Lack of Filtering: Difficulty in identifying relevant or accurate information from irrelevant or low-quality sources.
4. Cognitive Strain: Feeling mentally exhausted due to constant processing of information.
5. Reduced Decision-Making Ability: Struggling to make timely or effective choices due to conflicting or excessive data.
Solutions to information overload
[Link] on quality – it can be reduced by focusing on quality or information rather than quantity
[Link] for direct information – get direct information from people so that they can give short and precise answer
[Link] tasking – it is often beneficial to focus on one issue at a time
4. disconnecting from devices –
5. It is good practice to spend less time on gaining information that is desirable to know and more time on things that we
essentially need to know now

HEALTH ISSUES related to information overload

Stress and Anxiety:
Cognitive Fatigue:
Depression
Sleep Disturbances
Eye Strain and Headaches
Neck and Back Pain
Impaired Decision-Making
Social Isolation

Guidelines for proper usage of computers and internet

1. Use the internet in preparing assignments
2. Respect for copyrighted material
3. Use the internet to communicate with friends and family
4. Never use the internet to communicate with strangers
5. Reveal your true identity
6. Always use decent language
7. Never disclose personal information or password to strangers

E – WASTE

E-waste (short for electronic waste) refers to discarded electronic devices or equipment that are no longer functional,
usable, or wanted. These items are typically disposed of when they become outdated, broken, or replaced by newer
models. E-waste includes a wide range of electronic products, such as:
 Computers (desktops, laptops)
 Mobile phones and tablets
 Televisions
 Home appliances (microwaves, refrigerators, air conditioners)
 Batteries
 Printers and copiers
 Wires and cables
 Circuit boards
 Audio and video equipment (stereos, speakers)
The impacts of e-waste on the environment and economy are as follows:
[Link] impact:
- E-waste often contains hazardous materials When improperly disposed of or recycled, these chemicals can leach into
soil and water, contaminating ecosystems and harming wildlife.
- The burning of e-waste can cause severe air pollution.
- As e-waste accumulates, it fills landfills, taking up space and potentially releasing harmful chemicals as it decomposes.
- The toxic substances from e-waste can enter the food chain through water and soil, accumulating in plants and animals.
This can result in health problems for both wildlife and humans who consume contaminated food.
2. Economic impact :
- E-waste contains valuable metals and minerals that, if properly recycled, can be reintroduced into the economy.
- Proper recycling of e-waste can create jobs in the recycling sector
- The exposure to toxic chemicals from improper e-waste recycling can lead to serious health issues, such as respiratory
problems, cancers, and neurological damage. This results in increased healthcare costs
- Ozone depletion has led to unpredictable weather conditions

Several international agreements and initiatives have been established to address the environmental and economic
challenges posed by e-waste. These agreements are as follows :

1. Basel Convention (1989)

 Objective: The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
aims to reduce the movement of hazardous waste, including e-waste, between countries, especially from developed to
developing nations.

2. Stockholm Convention (2001)
 Objective: The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) targets hazardous chemicals found in e-
waste, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), flame retardants, and dioxins.

3. Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive (European Union, 2003)
 Objective: The WEEE Directive regulates the collection, recycling, and recovery of e-waste within the European Union.

4. RoHS Directive (European Union, 2003)
 Objective: The Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive aims to limit the use of specific hazardous
substances in electronic and electrical equipment.

5. Minamata Convention on Mercury (2013)

 Objective: This treaty addresses the global mercury pollution problem, including mercury found in electronics like
fluorescent lamps, batteries, and switches.

Management of E-waste
Managing e-waste (electronic waste) is critical to reducing environmental and health impacts. Here are several measures
to manage e-waste effectively:
1. Reduce
 Extended product lifespan: Design electronics to last longer and be more durable.
 Upgradable devices: Promote products that can be easily repaired or upgraded rather than replaced entirely.
2. Reuse
 Second-hand markets: Encourage the reuse of old electronics by refurbishing and reselling them.
 Donation and charity: Donate old but functioning devices to schools, communities, or non-profit organizations.
3. Recycle
 Recycling programs: Promote and support the establishment of electronic waste recycling programs where valuable
materials (e.g., gold, silver, copper) can be recovered.
 Proper disposal: Ensure that e-waste is sent to certified e-waste recycling facilities where it is safely dismantled, and
hazardous substances like lead and mercury are properly handled.
4. Legislation and Regulations
 E-waste laws: Governments should implement strict regulations on the disposal, recycling, and treatment of e-waste.
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) programs can hold manufacturers accountable for their products' end-of-life
disposal.
 Bans on export: Prevent the illegal export of e-waste to countries with weak environmental laws.
5. Consumer Education
 Awareness campaigns: Educate the public on the importance of proper disposal, recycling, and reusing electronics.
 Labeling: Provide clear labeling on products to inform consumers about recycling programs.
6. Corporate Responsibility
 Eco-friendly design: Encourage companies to design products that are easier to recycle, use fewer toxic materials, and
are energy-efficient.
 Take-back schemes: Encourage manufacturers to implement take-back programs where consumers can return end-of-life
products.
7. Proper Disposal of Hazardous Materials
 Hazardous material management: Ensure the safe disposal of substances like lead, cadmium, and brominated flame
retardants, which are commonly found in electronic devices.
8. Research and Innovation
 Green electronics: Invest in developing and promoting environmentally friendly technologies that minimize the
environmental impact of e-waste.
 Advanced recycling techniques: Support research into more effective and safer recycling technologies to handle e-waste
efficiently.
9. Community Involvement
 Collection drives: Organize local collection events where people can drop off old electronics.
 Collaboration: Governments, businesses, and communities should collaborate to ensure effective e-waste management.