SCIENCE CHAPTER 9: LIGHT - REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
COMPLETE BOOK STYLE NOTES + FORMULAS + QUESTIONS
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1. INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT
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Light is a form of energy that enables us to see objects.
We see objects when light reflected from them enters our eyes.
Important points:
• Light travels in straight lines.
• Straight line propagation of light is called rectilinear propagation.
• A ray of light represents the path followed by light.
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2. REFLECTION OF LIGHT
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Reflection:
The phenomenon in which light returns back into the same medium after striking a surface.
LAWS OF REFLECTION:
1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
2. The incident ray, reflected ray and normal at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
PLANE MIRROR IMAGE:
• Virtual
• Erect
• Same size as object
• Laterally inverted
• Same distance behind mirror as object is in front
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3. SPHERICAL MIRRORS
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Spherical mirror:
A mirror whose reflecting surface is a part of a sphere.
Types:
CONCAVE MIRROR:
• Reflecting surface is inward.
• Converges light rays.
• Also called converging mirror.
Uses:
• Shaving mirrors
• Dentist mirrors
• Vehicle headlights
• Torches
• Solar furnaces
CONVEX MIRROR:
• Reflecting surface is outward.
• Diverges light rays.
Uses:
• Rear view mirrors
• Security mirrors
Important terms:
Pole (P):
Centre of reflecting surface.
Centre of curvature (C):
Centre of sphere of which mirror is a part.
Radius of curvature (R):
Distance between P and C.
Principal axis:
Line joining P and C.
Focus (F):
Point where parallel rays meet or appear to meet.
Focal length:
Distance between P and F.
Formula:
R = 2f
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4. IMAGE FORMATION BY CONCAVE MIRROR
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Object at infinity:
Image at F, highly diminished, real and inverted.
Beyond C:
Image between C and F, diminished, real and inverted.
At C:
Image at C, same size, real and inverted.
Between C and F:
Image beyond C, enlarged, real and inverted.
At F:
Image at infinity.
Between P and F:
Image behind mirror, enlarged, virtual and erect.
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5. IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX MIRROR
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All positions:
Image is:
• Virtual
• Erect
• Diminished
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6. RAY DIAGRAM RULES FOR MIRRORS
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1. Parallel ray reflects through focus.
2. Ray through focus becomes parallel.
3. Ray through centre of curvature returns along same path.
4. Ray at pole follows laws of reflection.
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7. MIRROR FORMULA
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1/v + 1/u = 1/f
Magnification:
m = h'/h
m = -v/u
Sign convention:
Negative magnification = real inverted image.
Positive magnification = virtual erect image.
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8. REFRACTION OF LIGHT
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Refraction:
Bending of light when it passes from one transparent medium to another.
Reason:
Change in speed of light.
Rarer to denser:
• Speed decreases
• Bends towards normal
Denser to rarer:
• Speed increases
• Bends away from normal
Examples:
• Pencil appears bent in water.
• Coin appears raised in water.
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9. LAWS OF REFRACTION
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1. Incident ray, refracted ray and normal lie in same plane.
2. Snell's law:
sin i / sin r = constant
Refractive index:
n = c/v
where:
c = speed of light in vacuum
v = speed in medium
Speed of light:
3 x 10^8 m/s
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10. REFRACTION THROUGH GLASS SLAB
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Points:
• Refraction occurs at both surfaces.
• Emergent ray is parallel to incident ray.
• Lateral displacement occurs.
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11. SPHERICAL LENSES
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Lens:
Transparent material bounded by spherical surfaces.
CONVEX LENS:
• Thick at middle.
• Converges rays.
Uses:
• Magnifying glass
• Cameras
• Microscopes
CONCAVE LENS:
• Thick at edges.
• Diverges rays.
Uses:
• Spectacles for myopia
Terms:
Optical centre
Principal axis
Focus
Focal length
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12. IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX LENS
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At infinity:
Image at focus, diminished, real inverted.
Beyond 2F:
Between F and 2F, diminished.
At 2F:
Same size, real inverted.
Between F and 2F:
Beyond 2F, enlarged.
Between F and O:
Virtual, erect, enlarged.
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13. CONCAVE LENS IMAGE
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Always:
• Virtual
• Erect
• Diminished
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14. LENS FORMULA
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1/v - 1/u = 1/f
Magnification:
m = h'/h = v/u
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15. POWER OF LENS
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P = 1/f
Unit:
Dioptre (D)
Convex lens:
Positive power
Concave lens:
Negative power
Combined lenses:
P = P1 + P2 + P3
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IMPORTANT EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
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1. Radius of curvature of mirror is 20 cm. Find focal length.
Answer:
f = R/2 = 10 cm
2. A convex mirror has R = 3m. Find focal length.
Answer:
f = +1.5m
3. Why is convex mirror used as rear view mirror?
Answer:
It gives erect, diminished image and wider field of view.
4. Find power of lens with focal length 0.5m.
P = 1/0.5 = +2D
5. Explain refraction.
Answer:
Change in direction of light due to change in speed.
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EXERCISE PRACTICE QUESTIONS
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1. Define principal focus of concave mirror.
2. What type of mirror gives enlarged erect image?
3. State two laws of reflection.
4. Why does a pencil appear bent in water?
5. Write mirror formula.
6. Write lens formula.
7. Define refractive index.
8. Draw ray diagrams for:
a) Concave mirror
b) Convex lens
c) Concave lens
9. A concave mirror produces magnified real image. Where is object placed?
10. A lens has power -2D. Find focal length and type.
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FINAL REVISION LIST
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Learn:
• Definitions
• All formulas
• Ray diagrams
• Uses of mirrors and lenses
• Sign conventions
• Numerical problems