ADVANCED MICROPROCESSOR AND

MICROCONTROLLER

VI TERM ELECTRONICS

SECTION-A

UNIT-I

1. Draw the register organisation in 8086? L1

2. List different registers of 8086 microprocessor. L1
3. Draw the flag register of 8086 microprocessor and explain the function of
each flag. L2
4. Write the uses of Memory segmentation in 8086. L2
5. Explain the physical address formation in 8086. L1
6. Explain the function of Opcode pre-fetch queue in 8086. L1
7. Explain the function of the following signals of 8086

i. ALE [Link] III. [Link] [Link] L2

8. Define the following

i. Carry Flag ii. Over flow Flag iii. Zero Flag iv. HALT L2
9. The value of Code Segment (CS) Register is 4042H and the value of
different offsets is as follows
BX: 2025H , IP: 0580H , DI: 4247H
Calculate the effective address of the memory location pointed by the CS
register. L2
10. Calculate the effective address for the following register:
SS: 3860H, SP: 1735H, BP: 4826H
L2
11. Explain the different minimum mode pins of 8086 microprocessor. L2
12. Explain the different maximum mode pins of 8086 microprocessor. L2
13. What are the Arithmetic and logical instructions explain any two each of
them. L2
14. Write the sequence operation of conditional jump in 8086. L1
15. List different addressing modes of 8086. L1
 UNIT-II

1. Define interrupt and explain the different interrupts presented in 8086

microprocessor. L1
2. Define the assembly directives. Give any two examples. L2
3. What are the Machine control instructions explain each of them. L2
4. What are the shift and rotate instructions explain any four of them. L2
5. Explain the PUSH and POP operations of 8086. L1
6. Explain how stack will work in 8086? L2
7. Write initialization instructions for 8255A to set up PORT A as an O/P port in
mode 0. L2
8. Give the control word structure of 8255 PPI. L1
9. Difference between static and dynamic RAM. L1
10. Interface two 4k X 8 EEPROMS and two 4k X 8 RAM chips with 8086. Select
suitable maps. L2
11. Write note on dynamic RAM interfacing. L2
12. Draw and explain the block diagram of ADC 0808? L2
13. Draw the pin diagram of AD7523. L1
14. Draw the block diagram of USART. L1

UNIT-III
15. Draw and explain the significance of various bits of PSW in 8051 microcontrollers.
16. What are the register banks in 8051? Explain.
17. Explain the operations supported by various ports in 8051.
18. Draw and explain the pin configuration of 8051.

UNIT-IV
19. Describe the following registers of 8051 microcontroller: (i) TCON (ii) SCON (iii) SBUF (iv) DPTR

20. Write a C program to send out the value 44H serially one bit at a time
via P1.0. The LSB should go out first.
21. Find the timer’s clock frequency and its period for various 8051-based
system, with the crystal frequency 11.0592 MHz when C/T bit of TMOD is 0.
22. Explain the TMOD register in detail.
23. a) Define Interrupt. Explain the concept of ISR.
b) Briefly explain the different types of Interrupts in 8051.
1. Write a C program that continuously gets a single bit of data from P1.7
and sends it to P1.0, while simultaneously creating a square wave of 200
µs period on pin P2.5. Assume XTAL=11.0592 MHz.

UNIT-V
2. Write an 8051 C program to send the letters ‘C’, ‘T’ and ‘W’ to the LCD
using delays.
3. a) Define RAM Memory and describe its use in 8051-based systems.
b) Is it possible to realize a memory of 256 x 8 bytes by using chips of 256
x 4 bytes?

SECTION-B

UNIT-I

1. Draw the Register organization of 8086 Microprocessor and explain the

operation of each register in detail. L3

2. a) What is system bus architecture? Give generalized 8086 system bus

architecture.
b) Explain about memory segmentation and instruction queue. L6

3. a) Briefly explain about the signal description of 8086 processor.

b) Discuss briefly about pre-fetch queue in 8086.
L3
 4. Explain the memory segmentation and instruction Queue of 8086.
b) Explain the control and conditional flags of 8086. L3

5. Explain the programming model of 8086. L4

6. a) Draw the 8086 microprocessor internal architecture and explain the

operation of each block.
b) Draw the flag register of 8086 microprocessor and explain the function of
each flag. L5

7. a) Explain the memory segmentation and instruction Queue of 8086.

b) Explain the control and conditional flags of 8086. L3

8. a) Explain the procedure of converting linear address into physical address.

b) The value of the DS register is 3032H. And the BX register contains a 16
bit value which is equal to 3032H. 0008H is added to BX.
ADDBX,0008H
The register AX contains some value which needs to be stored at a location
as follows:
MOV[BX],AX
Calculate the address at which the value of the AX will be stored. L4
9. Define addressing mode and explain the different addressing modes
presented in 8086 Microprocessor with examples.
L3

10. Explain the following instructions of 8086: with examples

i) AAM ii) DAS iii) LOCK iv) CALL v) SHR. L3

11. Explain various instruction formats with examples. L4

12. Give the assembly language implementation for the following:

i) FOR LOOP ii) REPEAT iii)IF-THEN-ELSE iv)WHILE L3

13. a) Write an ALP to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

of the given operands. Perform BCD operation for addition and Subtraction.
 b) Write an assembly language program to find out whether the given byte
is in the string or not. If it is in the string, find out the relative address of the
byte from the string location of the string.
L6
1. a) Draw the minimum mode pin diagram and explain the function of each
pin in detail.
b) Draw the timing diagrams of minimum mode write operation and explain
in detail. L4

UNIT-II

14. a) Explain the addressing modes of 8086 microprocessor each with an

example.
b) List out the 4 assembler directives of 8086 processor and explain it. L5

15. Explain machine language instruction formats of 8086. L4

16. a) Write an Assemble language program to add two 16-bit Hexa-decimal

numbers in 8086.
b) Write a recursive procedure to find out factorial of the given number. L6
17. Write an Assemble language program to print the given string “CADETS
TRANING WING”. L6
18. a) Explain about the DMA data transfer method.
b) With a neat block diagram, explain in detail the internal architecture of
8255 and its registers. L3
19. a) Explain memory mapped I/O and I/O mapped I/O.
b) What is the advantage of DMA controlled data transfer over interrupt
driven or program controlled data transfer? Why are DMA controlled data
transfers faster? L5

20. a) With the help of basic cell, explain SRAM and DRAM. Discuss the
advantage and dis-advantage of the memories.
b) Draw the block diagram of 8251 and explain about each block.
L5
21. Draw and discuss architecture of USART and explain different status and
control formats in detail. L3

22. a) Write a program sequence which initializes the mode register and gives a
command to enable the transmitter and begin an asynchronous
transmission of 7-bit characters followed by an even-parity bit and 2 stop
bits.
b) Draw the block diagram of USART
L4

23. a) Draw and discuss the status word format of 8251

b) Explain the mode instruction control word format of 8251.
L5

UNIT-III

24. Draw the Pin out diagram of 8051 Microcontroller and explain the operations of various pins.
25. Describe different types of the data transfer instructions in 8051. Explain the difference between the
MOV, MOVC and MOVX instructions.
26. With suitable example, explain how conditional jump instructions are useful in implementing while
and for loops in a program?
27. Describe the addressing modes in 8051 microcontroller in detail.
28. With a neat diagram explain in detail the internal architecture of 8051.

L5

UNIT-IV

2. a) Explain the serial communication in 8051 microcontroller.

b) Write a program to send the message “The Earth is but One Country” to
serial port. Assume a SW is connected to pin P1.2. Monitor its status and set
the baud rate as follows:
SW = 0, 4800 baud rate
SW = 1, 9600 baud rate
Assume XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, 8-bit data, and 1 stop bit.

3. Draw and discuss the formats and bit definitions of the following SFR’s in 8051 microcontrollers:
i) IP ii) TMOD iii) TCON iv) SCON
4. a) Write short notes on 8051 Timers.
b) Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz. What value do we need to load the
timer’s register if we want to have a time delay of 5 ms (milliseconds)?
Show the program for timer 0 to create a pulse width of 5 ms on P2.3.
 UNIT-V

29.
 UNIT-I

Level 1: Remember (25 Questions)

1. Define finite word length effect.
2. What is coefficient quantization?
3. Define round-off noise.
4. Define overflow oscillation.
5. What is a limit cycle?
6. What are zero-input limit cycles?
7. What are zero-state limit cycles?
8. Define dead band effect.
9. What is computational output noise?
10. State the causes of finite word length effects.
11. List the sources of quantization errors.
12. What is truncation?
13. What is rounding?
14. State two methods of overflow handling.
15. Define saturation arithmetic.
16. Define wrap-around arithmetic.
17. What is quantization noise?
18. Define pole-zero movement.
19. What causes pole displacement?
20. State the significance of coefficient sensitivity.
21. What is a digital filter realization?
22. Name the two types of digital filters affected by finite word length effects.
23. What is an HR digital filter?
 24. Define overflow noise.
25. List the methods used to reduce round-off noise.

Level 2: Understand (25 Questions)

1. Explain finite word length effects.
2. Explain how round-off noise is generated.
3. Describe overflow oscillation.
4. Explain the occurrence of limit cycles.
5. Differentiate truncation and rounding.
6. Explain dead band effect with an example.
7. Explain computational output noise.
8. Discuss coefficient quantization.
9. Explain pole-zero movement due to coefficient quantization.
10. Explain why overflow occurs.
11. Explain wrap-around overflow.
12. Explain saturation overflow.
13. Describe methods to prevent overflow.
14. Explain trade-offs between overflow and round-off noise.
15. Explain the impact of finite precision arithmetic.
16. Explain zero-input limit cycles.
17. Explain zero-state limit cycles.
18. Describe the importance of scaling.
19. Explain the relationship between word length and quantization error.
20. Explain why IIR filters are more sensitive than FIR filters.
21. Explain quantization in multiplication.
22. Explain the effect of accumulator length.
23. Explain coefficient sensitivity.
24. Explain why dead band occurs.
25. Explain the importance of selecting suitable word length.
Level 3: Apply (25 Questions)
1. Calculate quantization error for a given binary number.
2. Apply rounding to a given decimal number.
3. Apply truncation to a binary number.
4. Determine overflow using wrap-around arithmetic.
5. Determine overflow using saturation arithmetic.
6. Calculate output noise power for a given quantizer.
7. Compute round-off error in multiplication.
8. Find coefficient quantization error for given coefficients.
9. Determine pole movement after coefficient quantization.
10. Apply scaling to avoid overflow.
11. Calculate SNR after quantization.
12. Compute accumulator overflow.
13. Calculate the effect of reduced word length.
14. Determine whether a filter exhibits limit cycles.
15. Apply coefficient quantization to an IIR filter.
16. Compute output noise variance.
17. Determine dead band width.
18. Calculate quantization step size.
19. Estimate overflow probability.
20. Compute finite word length error in an FIR filter.
21. Calculate computational output noise.
22. Determine filter stability after coefficient quantization.
23. Apply normalization before multiplication.
24. Determine output using fixed-point arithmetic.
25. Calculate round-off noise for a second-order section.

Level 4: Analyze (25 Questions)

1. Analyze the causes of finite word length effects.
2. Compare rounding and truncation.
 3. Compare saturation and wrap-around overflow.
4. Analyze limit cycles in IIR filters.
5. Analyze computational output noise.
6. Compare overflow oscillation and limit cycles.
7. Analyze the effect of coefficient quantization.
8. Analyze pole-zero displacement.
9. Compare FIR and IIR filters regarding finite word length effects.
10. Analyze dead band effects.
11. Compare different overflow prevention methods.
12. Analyze scaling techniques.
13. Compare quantization errors in multiplication and addition.
14. Analyze coefficient sensitivity.
15. Compare fixed-point and floating-point implementation.
16. Analyze trade-offs between overflow and round-off noise.
17. Analyze quantization noise spectrum.
18. Analyze filter stability after coefficient quantization.
19. Compare cascade and direct-form realizations.
20. Analyze the effect of increasing word length.
21. Analyze the impact of accumulator size.
22. Compare zero-input and zero-state limit cycles.
23. Analyze the effect of finite precision on poles.
24. Analyze noise generated in recursive filters.
25. Analyze methods to minimize quantization errors.

Level 5: Evaluate (25 Questions)

1. Evaluate the impact of finite word length effects on DSP systems.
2. Justify the use of rounding over truncation.
3. Evaluate saturation arithmetic as an overflow prevention method.
4. Evaluate wrap-around arithmetic.
5. Assess the significance of coefficient quantization.
6. Evaluate the stability of a quantized filter.
 7. Judge the effectiveness of scaling methods.
8. Evaluate computational output noise in fixed-point systems.
9. Assess the performance of IIR filters under quantization.
10. Evaluate the effect of accumulator length.
11. Judge the best realization structure for minimizing finite word length effects.
12. Evaluate trade-offs between computational complexity and accuracy.
13. Assess the importance of word length selection.
14. Evaluate methods for reducing round-off noise.
15. Judge the effectiveness of saturation arithmetic.
16. Evaluate dead band effects in recursive filters.
17. Assess coefficient sensitivity in different filter structures.
18. Evaluate the impact of pole movement on system stability.
19. Judge the importance of floating-point arithmetic.
20. Evaluate the influence of quantization on frequency response.
21. Assess the advantages of cascade realization.
22. Evaluate the significance of output noise power.
23. Judge whether overflow can be completely eliminated.
24. Evaluate practical methods to minimize finite word length effects.
25. Recommend the best quantization method for DSP implementation.

Level 6: Create (25 Questions)

1. Design a fixed-point digital filter minimizing finite word length effects.
2. Develop an algorithm to reduce round-off noise.

3. Design a scaling procedure to prevent overflow.

4. Create a method for coefficient quantization.

5. Develop a DSP program to simulate limit cycles.

6. Design an experiment to measure computational output noise.

7. Propose a technique to reduce coefficient sensitivity.

8. Design a digital filter with minimum overflow probability.

9. Develop MATLAB code to demonstrate coefficient quantization effects.

10. Create a simulation comparing rounding and truncation.

11. Design an experiment to observe dead band effects.

12. Develop a method for measuring pole-zero movement.

13. Create a block diagram illustrating finite word length effects.

14. Design a digital filter using saturation arithmetic.

15. Develop an algorithm to detect overflow oscillations.

16. Propose improvements to fixed-point arithmetic.

17. Create a comparison framework for overflow prevention methods.

18. Develop a simulation of quantization noise.

19. Design a filter realization minimizing round-off noise.

20. Construct a numerical example demonstrating overflow oscillation.

21. Create a flowchart for finite word length analysis.

22. Design a DSP implementation using optimal word length.

23. Develop software to estimate quantization error.

24. Propose a new method to reduce dead band effects.

25. Design a complete DSP system considering all finite word length effects.