Internal Combustion Engines
ME411a
Lecture # 1: Fundamentals
Dr. Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas
Assistant Professor
Dr. Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas
• [Link]. Mechanical Engineering – 2012, UET Lahore, Pakistan.
• [Link]. Mechanical Engineering – 2015, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Germany.
• Specialization: Energy Technology and Renewable Energy
• [Link] Mechanical Engineering – 2021, University of Malaya, Malaysia.
• Title: Biodiesel Production, Optimization and Diesel Engine Testing,
Tribology and Biofuels
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By Dr. Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas
Lecture plan
▪ Lecture
• Monday 08:00 am – 10:00 am
• 1-2 quiz
• Will be announced at least a week ago
▪ 1-2 PBL sessions
• Will be announces at least a week ago
▪ CEP will be given before mid-term exams
▪ Questions and constructive criticism are always welcome
• No trouble making
• Email: [Link]@[Link]
• WhatsApp/call : 0313-4086827
• Office: see office hours
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Lecture contents
1. Principle of ICEs: What and Why
2. A brief history of ICEs
3. Engine classifications
4. 2-stroke vs. 4-stroke engines
5. Gasoline and diesel engines
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Literature
1. Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine by W. Pulkrabek
2. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals by J.B. Heywood
3. Internal Combustion Engines by C.R. Ferguson and A.T. Kirkpatrick
4. Introduction to 1.C. Engines by Richard Stone
5. Internal Combustion Engines and Air pollution by Edward F. Obert
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Principle of ICEs: What and Why
Primary energy sources
Combustion
▪ Chemical energy (fossil fuels) engines
▪ Solar energy
▪ Hydro energy Stored fusion energy of the sun
▪ Wind energy
▪ Wave energy
▪ Geothermal energy
▪ Nuclear energy
Main objective of energy techniques
▪ Conversion of primary energy resources into another, more useful form of energy
▪ Most useful output forms: Electrical and Mechanical energy
▪ Secondary outputs: heat, chemicals
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Principle of ICEs: What and Why
Basic classification of combustion engines
▪ External combustion engines (Fuel/air mixture is not the working fluid)
• Reciprocating: Sterling engine, steam engine
• Rotary: steam turbines
▪ Internal combustion engines (Fuel/air mixture is the working fluid)
• Reciprocationg: Conventionally known as ICEs
• Rotary: Gas turbines (not covered in this course)
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Principle of ICEs: What and Why
▪ The internal combustion engine is a reciprocating heat engine that converts
chemical energy in a fuel optimally into mechanical energy.
Power
Fuel Heat
Air
Exhaust
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Principle of ICEs: What and Why
Advantages
▪ Operated with liquid fuels with HIGH energy density (>40 MJ/kg)
▪ Good efficiency, up to 40 %
▪ Very large power range (0.1 kW to 70 MW)
▪ Mature knowledge and expertise
Application
▪ Road transport
▪ Trains, ships
▪ Power production Typically with diesel
▪ Agriculture & construction
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Principle of ICEs: What and Why
Problems
▪ Exhaust emmissions: HCs, CO, NOx, SOx, soot, lead, green house gases (CO2)
▪ Noise pollution
▪ No energy cash-back
How we try to reduce it
▪ Catalytic converters for HCs, CO, NOx.
▪ Hybrid/electric vehicles for CO₂.
▪ Mufflers and noise-dampening materials.
▪ Regenerative braking and turbochargers.
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A brief history of ICEs
▪ 1673 Christian Huygens: the powder machine
▪ 1775 James Watt: Steam engine
▪ 1860 Jeans Lenoir: Lenoir gas engine
▪ 1867 Nikolaus August Otto: Atmospheric gas machine
▪ 1868 Nikolaus August Otto: Fundamental development of 4-stroke engine
▪ 1879 Karl Benz: 2-stroke engine based on Otto’s concept
▪ 1885 R. Stirling: development of stirling engine
▪ 1897 Rudolf Diesel: first diesel engine concept with charging and autoignition
▪ 1954 F. Wankel: Wankel engine with rotary piston
▪ 1955 Gasoline direct injection in Mercedez-Benz SL 300
▪ 1950s Acute smog problem in big cities
▪ 1961 Crank-case ventilation reduced the UHCs
▪ 1966 Emission regulations in California
▪ 1967 Electronic injection
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A brief history of ICEs
▪ 1973 Oil crisis due to OPEC embargo
▪ 1972 General Motors developed catalytic convertor
▪ 1975 Lead free fuel became widely available
▪ 1979 Oil crisis after Iranian revolution
▪ 1990 Oxidation catalyst for diesel engines
▪ 1997 First gasoline/electric hybrid car (Toyota Prius)
▪ 2000 Diesel particle filters
▪ Till now Efficiency improvement and emission reduction by understanding the
fundamental science behind fuel/spray evaporation, mixing, and combustion.
▪ Modern research is more focused on DISI
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Engine classifications
ICE can be classified in number of ways
▪ Application
▪ Basic engine design & configuration
▪ Combustion chamber design
▪ Working cycle
▪ Method of ignition
▪ Valve/port design and location
▪ Air intake method
▪ Method of mixture preparation
▪ Fuel used
▪ Method of load control
▪ Method of cooling
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Engine classifications
Application
▪ Automobile, Truck, Bus.
▪ Locomotive.
▪ Stationary.
▪ Marine.
▪ Aircraft.
▪ Small Portable, Chain Saw, Model Airplane.
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Engine classifications
Basic engine design
▪ Reciprocating
• Inline
• V
• W
• Radial
• Opposed piston
▪ Rotary
• Wankel
• Other geometries (not very common and successful)
Conflict:
▪ Wankel is closer to reciprocating engines because of a piston and intermittent 4-
stroke operation.
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Engine classifications
combustion chamber design
▪ Open chamber
▪ Divided chamber
Working cycle
▪ Four-stroke
▪ Two-stroke
Method of ignition
▪ Spark ignition (SI)
▪ Compression ignition (CI)
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Engine classifications
Valve/port design and location
▪ Overhead (I-head)
▪ Underhead (L-head)
▪ Rotary
▪ Cross-scavenged ports
▪ Loop-scavenged ports
Air intake method
▪ Naturally aspirated
▪ Supercharged
▪ Turbocharged
▪ Crankcase compressed
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Engine classifications:
Method of mixture preparation
▪ Carburetion
▪ Port fuel injection (in intake manifold)
▪ Multipoint fuel injection
▪ Direct injection
Fuel used
▪ Gasoline
▪ Diesel/fuel oil
▪ Natural gas
▪ LPG
▪ Alcohols/ alcohol blends
▪ Dual fuel
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Engine classifications:
Method of load control
▪ Throttling of fuel/air mixture (quantitative)
▪ Control of fuel flow (qualitative)
▪ A combination of these
Method of cooling
▪ Air cooled
▪ Water cooled
▪ Uncooled
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Basic engine design
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Valve configuration
L Head engine I Head engine F Head engine T Head engine
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End of lecture 1
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Questions
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