4 ANOTHER PEEK

BEYOND THE POINT

4.1 A Quick Recap of Decimals

Recall that decimals are the natural extension of the Indian place value
1 1 1
system to represent decimal fractions ( , , , and so on) and
10 100 1000
their sums.
For example, 27.53 refers to a quantity that has:
• 2 Tens
• 7 Units (Ones)
• 5 Tenths
• 3 Hundredths
We have already learned how to multiply and divide fractions. In this
chapter, we will learn how to perform these operations with decimals.
You will see that the procedures for multiplying and dividing decimals
are natural extensions of the procedures for multiplying and dividing
counting numbers.

Jonali and Pallabi play a game. Jonali

says a fraction and Pallabi gives the
equivalent decimal. Write Pallabi’s
answer in the blank spaces.
Jonali goes to the market to
buy spices. She purchases 50 g of
Cinnamon, 100 g of Cumin seeds, 25 g
of Cardamom and 250 g of Pepper.
Express each of the quantities in
kilograms by writing them in terms of
fractions as well as decimals.
The fractions Jonali gave Pallabi
have denominators 10, 100, 1000, and
so on.

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 Ganita Prakash | Grade 7 | Part-II

Write the following fractions as a sum of fractions and also as decimals:

Sum of one-tenths,
Expanding the
Fraction one-hundredths, Decimals
Numerator
one-thousands,...

254 200 50 4 0.2 + 0.05 + 0.004 0.254

+ +
1000 1000 1000 1000
2 5 4
= + +
10 100 1000

847
10000

173
100

23
1000

Can you give a simple rule to divide any number by a number of the Math
Talk
form 1 followed by zeroes — 10, 100, 1000, etc.? For example, 123,
24 or 678 ? Look for a pattern in the previous problems. 10
100 1000
Here is one such rule. Let us consider the example 123 ÷ 10.
Step 1: Write the dividend as it is and place a decimal point at the end.
123.
Step 2: Count the number of zeroes in the divisor.
10 1 zero
Step 3: Move the decimal point from Step 1 left by the same number of
places as the count from Step 2. Add zeroes in front if needed.

12.3

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 Another Peek Beyond the Point

Examples:

24 ÷ 100 = 0.24 678 ÷ 1000 = 0.678

12÷1000 = 0.012 12345÷1000 = 12.345

4.2 Decimal Multiplication

Example 1: Arshad goes to a stationery shop and purchases 5 pens. If
one pen costs ₹9.5 (9 rupees and 50 paisa), how much should he pay the
shopkeeper?

What operation must we use here?

We have to multiply 9.5 by 5, which is the same as adding 9.5, 5 times.
That is 9.5 × 5 = 9.5 + 9.5 + 9.5 + 9.5 + 9.5 = 47.5.
We can also directly multiply the numbers by converting them into
fractions.
95 5
9.5 is and 5 is as a fraction.
10 1
5 95
The cost of 5 pens = × .
1 10
Recall that, to find the product of two fractions, we multiply the
numerators and multiply the denominators.
5 95 5 × 95
× =
1 10 1 × 10
475
=
10
= 47.5.
The cost of 5 pens is ₹47.5.

Example 2: A car travels 12.5 km per litre of petrol. What is the distance
covered with 7.5 litres of petrol?
We have to multiply 12.5 by 7.5.
The distance covered = 12.5 × 7.5
125 75 125×75 9375
= × = = = 93.75
10 10 10×10 100
The distance covered is 93.75 km.

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 Ganita Prakash | Grade 7 | Part-II

Can the product of two decimals be a natural number? Math

Talk
Can the product of a decimal and a natural number be a natural
number?

Example 3: The distance between Ajay's school and his home is 827 m.
He walks to school in the morning and then walks back home in the
evening, 6 days a week. How much does he walk in a week? Answer in
kilometres.
Each way between school and home, Ajay walks 827 metres,
i.e., 0.827 km.
So, in a day he walks,
827 827 × 2 1654
0.827 × 2 = ×2= = = 1.654
1000 1000 1000
He goes to school 6 days a week. So, in a week, he walks
1654 1654 × 6 9924
1.654 × 6 = ×6= = = 9.924
1000 1000 1000
Ajay walks 9.924 km a week.

Example 4: Find the area of the given

rectangle.
Area of the rectangle =
5.7 cm

57 133 7581
5.7 × 13.3 = × = = 75.81
10 10 100
The area is 75.81 sq cm.
13.3 cm
Observe the number of digits after the decimal point in the multiplier,
the multiplicand and the product. Also note the number of zeroes in the
denominator.

Examples No. of digits after the decimal point in:

Multiplier Multiplicand Product

9.5 × 5
95 × 5 475 1 0 1
= = = 47.5
10 10

12.5 × 7.5
125 75 9375 1 1 2
= × = = 93.75
10 10 100

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 Another Peek Beyond the Point

1.64 × 6
164 984 2 0 2
= ×6= = 9.84
100 100

5.7 × 13.35
57 1335
= ×
10 100
1 2 3
57 × 1335 76095
= =
10 × 100 1000
=76.095

Suppose we know that 596 × 248 = 147808, can you immediately Math
write down the product of 5.96 × 24.8? Talk

By looking at the above examples, can you frame a rule to multiply two
decimals?
Multiplication of decimals is the same as the multiplication of their
corresponding fractions. When multiplying fractions, we multiply the
numerators and denominators, respectively.
The product of the numerators = Product of the numbers with the
decimal points removed.
Since both the denominators are of the form 1, 10, 100, 1000, … , the
product of the denominators is also of the form 1 followed by zeroes.
The number of zeroes in the product is the sum of the number of zeroes
in each denominator.
In the product, the decimal point is placed based on the total number
of zeroes in the denominator.
So, to multiply two decimals, we can multiply the two numbers
obtained by removing the decimal point, and then place the decimal
point appropriately as shown below.
To evaluate 5.96 × 24.8:

596 × 248 = 147808

5.96 × 24.8 = 147.808

}

2 decimal 1 decimal 3 decimal

places place places
}

2 + 1 = 3 decimal places

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 Ganita Prakash | Grade 7 | Part-II

Example 5: Let us use the above rule to find the product of 5.8 and 1.24.
Let us first multiply 58 and 124.
The product is 7192.
The sum of the number of digits after 1 digit after 2 digits after
the decimal point in the multiplier and decimal point decimal point
multiplicand is 3. So, the product is 7.192.
Verify this by converting the multiplier
5.8 × 1.24
and multiplicand into fractions.

Is the Product Always Greater than the Numbers

Multiplied?
Recall multiplication of two fractions. Unlike counting numbers, when
two fractions are multiplied the product is not always greater than or
equal to both numbers. Let us examine the case of the product of two
decimals.
2.25 × 8 = 18.
In the above multiplication, the product (18) is greater than 2.25
and 8.
But in, 0.25 × 8 = 2, the product (2) is greater than 0.25 but less than 8.
In the case of 0.25 × 0.8 = 0.2, the product (0.2) is less than both 0.25
and 0.8.

When is the product of two decimals greater than both the numbers?
When is it less than both the numbers?
Since decimals are just representations of fractions, the relationship
between the numbers multiplied and the product are similar to fractions.

Situation Multiplication Relationship

Situation 1 Both numbers are greater The product (22.1) is greater

than 1 (e.g., 3.4 × 6.5) than both the numbers.

Situation 2 Both numbers are between 0 The product (0.3) is less

and 1 (e.g., 0.75 × 0.4) than both the numbers.

Situation 3 One number is between 0 The product (3.75) is less

and 1 and one number is than the number greater
greater than 1 (e.g., 0.75 × 5) than 1 and greater than the
number between 0 and 1.

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 Another Peek Beyond the Point

Figure it Out
1. Recall that a tenth is 0.1, a hundredth is 0.01, and so on. Find the
following products in tenths, hundredths and so on:
(a) 6 × 4 tenths = 24 tenths
(b) 7 × 0.3
(c) 9 × 5 hundredths
2. Find the products:
(a) 27.34 × 6
(b) 4.23 × 3.7
(c) 0.432 × 0.23
3. Thejus needs 1.65 m of cloth for a shirt. How many metres of cloth
are needed for 3 shirts?
4. Meenu bought 4 notebooks and 3 erasers. The cost of each book was
₹15.50 and each eraser was ₹2.75. How much did she spend in all?
5. The thickness of a rupee coin is 1.45 mm. What is the total height of
the cylinder formed by placing 36 rupee coins one over the other?
Write the answer in centimeters.
6. The price of 1 kg of oranges is ₹56.50. What is the price of Math
2.250 kg of oranges? Can we write 56.50 as 56.5 and 2.250 as 2.25 Talk
and multiply? Will we get the same product? Why?
7. Dwarakanath purchases notebooks at a wholesale price of ₹23.6
per piece and sells each notebook at ₹30/-. How much profit does he
make if he sells 50 books in a week?
8. Given that 18 × 12 = 216, find the products:
(a) 18 × 1.2 (b) 18 × 0.12
(c) 1.8 × 1.2 (d) 0.18 × 0.12
(e) 0.018 × 0.012 (f) 1.8 × 12
In which of the cases above is the product less than 1?
9. In which of the following multiplications is the product less than 1?
Can you find the answer without actually doing the multiplications?
(a) 7 × 0.6 (b) 0.7 × 0.6
(c) 0.7 × 6 (d) 0.07 × 0.06
10. Multiplying the following numbers by 10, 100 and 1000 to complete
the table.

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 Ganita Prakash | Grade 7 | Part-II

× 10 × 100 × 1000

5.7

23.02

0.92

0.306

24.67

4.3 Decimal Division

Example 6: Anuja has a 3.9 m length
of ribbon and she wants to cut it into
What is the length of
10 equal pieces. What is the length of each piece in decimal?
each piece in decimal?
Since there are 10 pieces, we
can find the length of each piece by
dividing 3.9 by 10.
So, what is 3.9 ÷ 10?
39
Let’s convert 3.9 into fraction 3.9 = .
10
Hence, 3.9 ÷ 10 is the same as
39
dividing by 10.
10
Recall that, dividing a fraction by
a divisor is the same as multiplying
the fraction by the reciprocal of the
divisor. The reciprocal of 10 is 1 .
10
39 39 1 39
So, ÷ 10 = × = = 0.39.
10 10 10 100
Thus, the length of each piece of
ribbon is 0.39 m.
What is the length of each piece if the ribbon is cut into 100 equal pieces?
39 1 39
3.9 ÷ 100 = × = = 0.039.
10 100 1000
When the ribbon is cut into 100 equal pieces, the length of each piece
is 0.039 m.

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 Another Peek Beyond the Point

What is 0.039 m in centimetres and millimetres?

By looking at these divisions, we can frame a simple rule for dividing
decimals by 1, 10, 100, 1000, and so on.
When we divide a decimal by 1, 10, 100, 1000, and so on, we can just
move the decimal point to the left by as many places as there are zeroes
in the divisor!

Decimal ÷ 10 ÷ 100 ÷ 1000 ÷ 10000

18.7 1.87 0.187 0.0187 0.00187

21.1

0.13

2.146

0.0058

Example 7: Neenu has 29 metres of red ribbon and wants to share it

equally with Anu. What is the length of
ribbon that each of them will get?
Since the ribbon needs to be divided into
two equal parts, each girl will get a piece of
29 ÷ 2 metres.
If each of them gets 14 m, then 1 m
remains. If we divide 1 m among the two,
each will get another 1 m.
2
1
How do we convert into a decimal?
2
It is easy to express a fraction as a decimal
if the denominator is 1, 10, 100, 1000, etc.
1
So, can we find a fraction equivalent to
2
with such a denominator?
1 1×5 5
= = (multiplying the numerator and denominator by 5).
2 2 × 5 10

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 Ganita Prakash | Grade 7 | Part-II

5
We know that the fraction can be represented as a decimal 0.5.
10
So, each girl will get 14 m and an additional 0.5 m of ribbon.
Hence, the length of ribbon each will get is 14 + 0.5 = 14.5 m.

Now, what if the ribbon was shared between four friends instead
of 2?
29
So, each will get 29 ÷ 4 m, that is m.
4
Now, the denominator of the fraction is 4. To convert a fraction to a
decimal, it helps if the denominator is of the form 1, 10, 100, 1000, and
29
so on. Can we find a fraction equivalent to with such a denominator?
4
Is 4 a factor of 10? No. Is it a factor of 100? Yes. 4 × 25 = 100. So we
29
can get an equivalent fraction of by multiplying the numerator and
4
denominator by 25.
29 × 25 725
= = 7.25
4 × 25 100
So each of the 4 friends will get 7.25 m of ribbon.

Division Using Place Value

We have seen how to divide two counting numbers to get a decimal
quotient. We first represented the division as a fraction. Then we found
an equivalent fraction, with the denominator being of the form 1, 10, 100,
1000, and so on. It was then easy to represent this equivalent fraction as
a decimal.
Now, let us look at the division using place value procedure to calculate
the decimal quotient.

Suppose we want to write the quotient 10 as a decimal. Can we convert

3
this fraction to an equivalent fraction with a denominator such as 1, 10,
100, 1000, etc.?
It is not possible. So, we need a more general method to divide any
two counting numbers. Let us see how we can use division using place
value for this.
Let us start with a quick recap of division using place value.

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 Another Peek Beyond the Point

Example 8: Find the value of 1324 ÷ 4.

1324 ÷ 4 Divide 1324 into 4 equal parts.
1 Thousand + 3 Hundreds + 2 Tens + 4 Ones

1 Thousand ÷ 4 Not possible without regrouping.

Regroup 1 Thousand into 10 Hundreds.
10 Hundreds + 3 Hundreds = 13 Hundreds.

13 Hundreds + 2 Tens + 4 Ones

13 Hundreds ÷ 4 Each part gets 3 Hundreds, and 1 Hundred remains.

13 Hundreds + 2 Tens + 4 Ones Th H T O

4) 1324 (0 + 3 + ___ + ___
–12
1

3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 1 Hundred

Regroup 1 Hundred into 10 Tens.

10 Tens + 2 Tens = 12 Tens.

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 Ganita Prakash | Grade 7 | Part-II

12 Tens ÷ 4 Each part gets 3 Tens.

12 Tens + 4 Ones Th H T O
4) 1324 (0 + 3 + 3 + ___
–12
12
–12
0

3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds

3 Tens 3 Tens 3 Tens 3 Tens

4 Ones ÷ 4 Each part gets 1 Ones.

4 Ones
Th H T O
4) 1324 (0 + 3 + 3 + 1
–12
12
–12
04
–4
0

3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds

3 Tens 3 Tens 3 Tens 3 Tens
1 Ones 1 Ones 1 Ones 1 Ones

So, 1324 ÷ 4 = 0 Thousands + 3 Hundreds + 3 Tens + 1 Ones = 331.

We also call this division using place values as ‘long division’.

Division with a Decimal Quotient

Now, let us use this understanding of long division to find the value of
1325 ÷ 4.
1325 ÷ 4 Divide 1325 into 4 equal parts.
We can follow the same steps as in the previous problem.

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 Another Peek Beyond the Point

Th H T O
4) 1325 (0 + 3 + 3 + 1
5 Ones –12
12
1 Ones –12
05
–4
1

3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds

3 Tens 3 Tens 3 Tens 3 Tens
1 Ones 1 Ones 1 Ones 1 Ones

We are left with 1 Ones.

It is not clear how to divide 1 Ones into 4 equal parts. But we can
regroup this as 10 tenths.
10 Tenths

3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds

3 Tens 3 Tens 3 Tens 3 Tens
1 Ones 1 Ones 1 Ones 1 Ones

10 Tenths ÷ 4 Each part gets 2 Tenths and 2 Tenths remain.

10 Tenths
Tenths

2 Tenths Th H T O
4) 1325 (0 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 2
–12
12 Tens
–12
05 Ones
3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds –4
3 Tens 3 Tens 3 Tens 3 Tens 10 Tenths
1 Ones 1 Ones 1 Ones 1 Ones –8
2
2 Tenths 2 Tenths 2 Tenths 2 Tenths

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 Ganita Prakash | Grade 7 | Part-II

We are left with 2 tenths.

To divide 2 Tenths into 4 equal parts, we have to regroup them as 20
Hundredths.
20 Hundredths

3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds

3 Tens 3 Tens 3 Tens 3 Tens
1 Ones 1 Ones 1 Ones 1 Ones

2 Tenths 2 Tenths 2 Tenths 2 Tenths

20 Hundredths ÷ 4 Each part gets 5 Hundredths.

Hundredths
20 Hundredths

Tenths
2 Tenths Th H T O
4) 1325 (0 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 5
–12
12 Tens
–12
05 Ones
3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds 3 Hundreds
–4
3 Tens 3 Tens 3 Tens 3 Tens 10 Tenths
1 Ones 1 Ones 1 Ones 1 Ones –8
20 Hundredths
2 Tenths 2 Tenths 2 Tenths 2 Tenths – 20
5 Hundredths 5 Hundredths 5 Hundredths 5 Hundredths 0

So, 1325 ÷ 4 = 0 Thousands + 3 Hundreds + 3 Tens + 1 Ones + 2 Tenths

+ 5 Hundredths. This we know is 331.25, thus,
1325 ÷ 4 = 331.25.
1325
Can we verify this by finding an equivalent fraction for ?
4
To get an equivalent fraction such that the denominator is of the
form 1, 10, 100, 1000, and so on, we can multiply the numerator and
denominator by 25.
1325 × 25 33125
= = 331.25.
4 × 25 100

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 Another Peek Beyond the Point

Thus, the procedure of division using place value can be extended to

find quotients with decimal values. Ones can be regrouped as tenths,
tenths can be regrouped as hundredths and so on.

Example 9 : Find the value of 237 ÷ 8.

237 ÷ 8 Divide 2 Hundreds + 3 Tens + 7 Ones into 8 equal parts.
To divide 2 Hundred into 8 equal parts we need to regrouped them
as 20 Tens.

20 Tens + 3 Tens = 23 Tens. H T O

8) 237 (0 2
23 Tens ÷ 8 2 Tens, and 7 Tens remain. –16 Tens
7

7 Tens can be regrouped as 70 Ones. H T O

8) 237 (0 2 9
70 Ones + 7 Ones = 77 Ones. –16 Tens
77 Ones ÷ 8 9 Ones, and 5 Ones remain. 77
– 72
5 Ones

To divide 5 Ones into 8 equal parts we need to regroup them as 50 Tenths.

When we regroup Ones into Tenths, we place a decimal point in
the quotient.
50 Tenths ÷ 8 6 Tenths, and 2 Tenths remain.
Tenths

H T O Remember, when we
8) 237 (0 2 9 . 6 regroup Ones into Tenths we
16 Tens need to place a decimal point
77 in the quotient.
72 Ones
50 Tenths
48
2
Hundredths
Tenths

2 Tenths cannot be divided into 8

H T O
equal parts. So we need to regroup 8) 237 (0 2 9 . 6 2
them as 20 Hundredths. 16 Tens
77
20 Hundredths ÷ 8 2 Ones
72
Hundredths, and 4 Hundredths 50 Tenths
remain. 48
20 Hundredths
16
4
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 Ganita Prakash | Grade 7 | Part-II

To divide 4 Hundredths into 8 equal parts we need to regroup them

as 40 Thousandths.
40 Thousandths ÷ 8 5 Thousandths.

Thousandths
Hundredths
Tenths
H T O
8) 237 (0 2 9 . 6 2 5
16 Tens
77
72 Ones
50 Tenths
48
20 Hundredths
16
40 Thousandths
40
0

Thus, 237 ÷ 8 = 29.625.

Division with a Decimal Dividend

Example 10: A shopkeeper has 9.5 kg of sugar and he wants to pack it
equally in 4 bags. What is the weight of each bag of sugar?
To find the weight of each bag we need to divide 9.5 by 4.
Thousandths
Hundredths
Tenths

O
4) 9.5 (2 . 3 7 5
8 Ones
15
12 Tenths
30
28 Hundredths
20
20 Thousandths
0

Again, we place the decimal point in the quotient before we divide the
[Link] bag of sugar weighs 2.375 kg.

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 Another Peek Beyond the Point

Example 11: What is the value of 0.06 ÷ 5?

Thousandths
Hundredths
0.06 0 Ones + 0 Tenths + 6 Hundredths
0 Ones ÷ 5 0 Ones.

Tenths
When we move from Ones to Tenths we need
to place the decimal point in the quotient. O
5) 0.06 (0 . 0 1 2
0 Tenths ÷ 5 0 Tenths.
0 Ones
6 Hundredths ÷ 5 1 Hundredths, and 00 Tenths
1 Hundredth remains. We need to regroup 1 00
Hundredth into 10 Thousandths. 06 Hundredths
5
10 Thousandths ÷ 5 2 Thousandths. 10 Thousandths
So, the quotient is 0.012. 10
0
Figure it Out
1. Find the quotient by converting the denominator into 1, 10, 100 or
1000 and verify the solution by the long division method (division
by place value).
18 415
(a) (b)
5 4
1217 4827
(c) (d)
2 8
2. Choose the correct answer:
1526
(a) =
4
(i) 38.15 (ii) 380.15
(iii) 381.5 (iv) 381.05
3567
(b) = Remember,
8 when we
(i) 4458.75 (ii) 44.5875 regroup Ones
(iii) 445.875 (iv) 4458.75 into Tenths we
need to place
3. What is the quotient? a decimal
point in the
(a) 132 ÷ 4 = (b) 13.2 ÷ 4 = quotient.
(c) 1.32 ÷ 4 = (d) 0.132 ÷ 4 =

4. What is the quotient?

(a) 126 ÷ 8 = (b) 12.6 ÷ 8 =
(c) 1.26 ÷ 8 = (d) 0.126 ÷ 8 =
(e) 0.0126 ÷ 8 =

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 Ganita Prakash | Grade 7 | Part-II

Division with a Decimal Divisor

Example 12: Ravi went from Pune to Matheran by scooter in 2.5 hours.
The distance was 126 km. What was his average speed?
We can get the average speed by dividing the distance by the time
taken.
126 ÷ 2.5.
When the divisor is a decimal, we convert the divisor into a fraction.
25 10 1260
126 ÷ = 126 × = .
10 25 25
With the long division procedure we find the quotient is 50.4.
So, the average speed at which Ravi travelled was 50.4 km per hour.

Example 13: Find 4.68 ÷ 1.3.

Again converting the divisor into a fraction we get
13 10 46.8
4.68 ÷ = 4.68 × = .
10 13 13
Now, what about 4.68 ÷ 0.13?
13 100 468
4.68 ÷ 0.13 = 4.68 ÷ = 4.68 × = .
100 13 13

What do you notice in these cases?

When the divisor is a decimal, we can convert it into a counting

number by suitably multiplying it by 10, 100, 1000, and so on. We must
also multiply the dividend by the same number. Thus,
4.68 4.68 × 100 468
= = .
0.13 0.13 × 100 13
Once we convert the divisor into a counting number, we can then
follow the division using place value procedure to find the quotient.

Does This Ever End?

Can you calculate 10 ÷ 3? Try dividing using long division.
10 1 Tens + 0 Ones.
Step 1: Regroup 1 Tens into 10 Ones. 10 Ones ÷ 3 3 Ones, and 1 Ones
remain.
Step 2: Regroup 1 Ones as 10 Tenths. 10 Tenths ÷ 3 3 Tenths, and 1
Tenths remain.

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 Another Peek Beyond the Point

Step 3: Regroup 1 Tenths as 10 Hundredths. 10 Hundredths ÷ 3 3

Hundredths , and 1 Hundredths remain.
3) 10 ( 3.333 ...
Step 4: Regroup 1 Hundredths as 10 Thousandths. 9
10 Thousandths ÷ 3 3 Thousandths, and
10
1 Thousandths remain. Regroup 1 Thousandths as
9
10 TenThousandths.
10
This never seems to end! Each time we divide by 3, there 9
is a remainder of 1. 10
Will this process end? 9
In long division, we see that at each step we get a ...
remainder of 1. So, the process will never end!
So, 10 ÷ 3 cannot be expressed using a finite number of
digits in the decimal form.
10 ÷ 3 = 3.333 ...
There are decimal divisions where the quotient never ends! We will
explore such numbers in greater detail in a later class.

Can you find the quotients of 10 ÷ 9, and 100 ÷ 11? 7) 1 ( 0.142857142857...

Now divide 1 by 7 (1 ÷ 7). 0
10
Will this end? 7
Note all the remainders we get. It starts with 1, then 30
28
3, then 2, then 6, and so on. Let us represent this as a 20
chain. 14
60
1 3 2 6 4 5
56
40
5 4 6 2 3 1 35
50
49
1 3 ...
10
7
What do you observe? Can you explain why this 30
division never ends? 28
Not only do the remainders repeat in a cycle, the 20
digits of the quotient also repeat in a cycle! 14
60
0.142857 142857 14… 56
40
35
A Magic Number: 142857
50
Let us consider the number 142857 that arose when 49
dividing 1 by 7. Multiply 142857 by numbers from 1 to 6. 1

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 Ganita Prakash | Grade 7 | Part-II

What are the products? What do you notice?

You get the same number back, but with the digits cycled around!
Multiply 142857 by 7. What do you observe?
Are there other such numbers? Yes!

To find one such number, you can find 1 ÷ 17 in decimal, and use the Try
This
repeating block of digits.
Are there infinitely many such “cyclic” numbers? That is, can we
keep finding more cyclic numbers, or do they eventually stop? In 1927,
the Austrian mathematician Emil Artin conjectured (guessed) that there
must be infinitely many such numbers. However, even today, nearly a
century later, this conjecture remains unsolved—despite a lot of research
on the question by many mathematicians!

Dividend, Divisor, and Quotient

When we divide two counting numbers, the quotient is always less
than the dividend. For example, 128 ÷ 4 = 32, and 32 (quotient) < 128
(dividend).
But what happens when we divide 128 by 0.4?
128 ÷ 0.4 = 320.
The quotient is greater than the dividend.

Will the quotient be always greater than the dividend when the Math
divisor is a decimal? Try it out with different values of the divisor. Talk

Describe the relationship between the dividend, divisor, and the

quotient. Create a table for capturing this relationship in different
situations, like we did for multiplication.

Figure it Out
1. Express the following fractions in decimal form:
2 13
(a) (b)
5 4
4 5
(c) (d)
50 8
2. Find the quotients:
(a) 24.86 ÷ 1.2
(b) 5.728 ÷ 1.52

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 Another Peek Beyond the Point

3. Evaluate the following using the information 156 × 12 = 1872.

(a) 15.6 × 1.2 = __________ (b) 187.2 ÷ 1.2 = __________
(c) 18.72 ÷ 15.6 = __________ (d) 0.156 × 0.12 = __________
4. Evaluate the following:
(a) 25 ÷ ______ = 0.025 (b) 25 ÷ ______ = 250
(c) 25 ÷ ______ = 2.5 (d) 25 ÷ 10 = 25 × _____
(e) 25 ÷ 0.10 = 25 × ______ (f) 25 ÷ 0.01 = 25 × ______
5. Find the quotient:
(a) 2.46 ÷ 1.5 = (b) 2.46 ÷ 0.15 =
(c) 2.46 ÷ 0.015 =
Is the quotient obtained in 24.6 ÷ 1.5 the same as the quotient
obtained in 2.46 ÷ 0.15?
6. A 4 m long wooden block has to be cut into 5 pieces of equal length.
What is the length of each piece?
7. If the perimeter of a regular polygon with 12 sides is 208.8 cm, what
is the length of its side?
8. 3 litres of watermelon juice is shared among 8 friends equally. How
much watermelon juice will each get? Express the quantity of juice
in millilitres.
9. A car covers 234.45 km using 12.6 litres of petrol. What is the distance
travelled per litre?
10. 13.5 kg of flour (aata) was distributed equally among 15 students.
How much flour did each student receive?

1 1
= 0.5 = 0.2
2 5
1 1
= 0.25 = 0.04
2×2 5×5
1 1
= 0.125 = 0.008
2×2×2 5×5×5
1 1
= 0.0625 = 0.0016
2×2×2×2 5×5×5×5
1 1
=? =?
2×2×2×2×2 5×5×5×5×5

What pattern do you observe? Why are 2 and 5 related in this way? Math
Talk

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 Ganita Prakash | Grade 7 | Part-II

4.4 Look Before You Leap!

Did you know that it takes the Earth
365.2422 days to go around the Sun Hey,
and not 365 days? For our convenience, I have not
we consider 365 days as a year in yet finished!
a calendar. We are talking about
Gregorian calendar.
This means that, after one calendar
year or 365 days, the Earth still needs
0.2422 more days to complete one full
revolution around the Sun. This doesn’t
seem like much. But what happens
after 100 such calendar years?
Using our understanding of decimal multiplication,
0.2422 × 100 = 24.22 days.
After 100 calendar years, the Earth will need 24.22 more days to
complete its 100th revolution around the Sun.
In your Science classes, you have learnt that we experience seasons
because of the Earth’s tilt in axis and its revolution around the Sun. If our
calendar does not accurately indicate the position of the Earth around
the Sun, our seasons and our annual calendar will not match!
To correct this problem, the idea of a leap year was introduced. Every
fourth year, one additional day is added to the calendar year.

Making an Adjustment

Add an extra day

every 4 years.

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 Another Peek Beyond the Point

Is the year divisible by 4?

Yes No

The year has 366 days The year has 365 days

Do you know which month has this extra day?

Let us see how this solution works.

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 …

365 365 365 366 365 365 365 366 …

Looking at the above sequence, the number of days after 4 calendar

years is
4 × 365 + 1 = 1461 days.
What is the number of days that the Earth needs to make 4 full
revolutions around the Sun?
4 × 365.2422 = 1460.9688 days.

With this new scheme of adding one extra day every 4th year, what Math
is the number of days in 100 calendar years? Can you write an Talk
expression to calculate that number?
Here is one way to form the expression. Each calendar year has 365
days. In 100 calendar years, the number of days is 100 × 365. But years
that are divisible by 4 have one extra day.

How many years are divisible by 4 in 100 years?

So, the number of days in 100 calendar years is,
100
(100 × 365 + × 1) = 36,525 days.
4
Can you form different expressions for the same question? Math
Talk
The actual number of days that the Earth takes to go around the
Sun 100 times is,
100 × 365.2422 = 36,524.22 days.
Thus, by adding a day every fourth year, after 100 years, the calendar
days are more than the actual number of days taken by the Earth to go
around the Sun. We have overcompensated.

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 Ganita Prakash | Grade 7 | Part-II

So, the good people who designed calendars decided that they will not
add 1 extra day in every hundredth year!

Making Another Adjustment

No extra day in the

100th year.

Is the year divisible by 100?

Yes No

The year has 365 days Is the year divisible by 4?

Yes No

The year has 366 days The year has 365 days

Can you write an expression for the number of days in 100 calendar Math
years with this new adjustment? Talk
We saw that there are 25 years divisible by 4 in 100 years. 100
is also divisible by 4, but we have to exclude it. So only 24 years have
366 days, and the rest (76 years) have 365 days. So the expression can be
written as,

( 100 100
4
–
100 )
× 366 + (100 –
4 (
100 100
–
100
)× 365 )
= (24 × 366) + (76 × 365) = 36,524 days.
This is close to 36524.22 days but is it close enough? What happens
after 1000 years with this adjustment?

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 Another Peek Beyond the Point

If we follow this new scheme of adding 1 day every four years, but not
in the 100th year, the number of calendar days in 1000 years is
36524 × 10 = 3,65,240 days.
The number of days the Earth takes to go around the Sun 1000 times is
1000 × 365.2422 = 3,65,242.2 days.
So, there is a difference of 2.2 days.
To bridge this gap, it was decided that every 400th year would be a
leap year!

Add an extra day

every 400th year.

Is the year divisible by 400?

Yes No

The year has 366 days Is the year divisible by 100?

Yes No

The year has 365 days Is the year divisible by 4?

Yes No

The year has 366 days The year has 365 days
With this scheme, let us calculate the number of days in 1000
calendar years.

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 Ganita Prakash | Grade 7 | Part-II

In 1000 calendar years, how many years are divisible by 400? 2.

In 1000 calendar years, how many years are divisible by 100 but not
divisible by 400? 10 – 2 = 8.
In 1000 calendar years, how many years are divisible by 4 but not
divisible by 100 and 400? 250 – 10 = 240.
The rest of the years are 1000 – (2 + 8 + 240) = 750.
So, the total number of days in 1000 calendar years is
(750 × 365) + (240 × 366) + (8 × 365) + (2 × 366) = 3,65,242 days.
The Earth needs 3,65,242.2 days to go around the Sun 1000 times.
Hence, in 1000 years, the calendar year is slightly shorter (by 0.2
days) than the actual number of days the Earth takes to go around
the Sun.
The calendar makers did not want to bother about a small difference
that would happen in 1000 years! So, they left the scheme of leap years
as is …

Making Yet Another Adjustment

With this final scheme of leap years can you

calculate the number of calendar days in 10,000
years and the number of actual days the Earth Try
This
will take to make 10,000 revolutions around the
Sun? What is the difference? If there is a big
difference, can you suggest a way to fix this
problem?

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 Another Peek Beyond the Point

Do you wonder how people figured out that the Earth completes one
revolution around the Sun in exactly 364.2422 days?

Investigate how traditional calendars in India managed to Try

consistently align the days in the calendar with astronomical events This
like the Earth going around the Sun or even the positions of the stars
in the sky accurately.

Figure it Out
1. A 210 gram packet of peanut chikki costs ₹70.5, while a 110 gram
packet of potato chips costs ₹33.25. Which is cheaper?
2. Write the decimal number at the arrow mark:

3.1 3.2

2.15 2.17

3. Shyamala bought 3 kg bananas

at ₹30/- per kg. She counted 35
bananas in all. She sells each
banana for ₹5/-. How much
profit does she make selling all
the bananas?

4. A teacher placed textbooks that are 2.5 cm thick on a bookshelf. The

teacher wanted to place 80 textbooks on the shelf. The bookshelf is
160 cm long. How many books could be placed on the shelf? Was
there any space left? If yes, how much?

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 Ganita Prakash | Grade 7 | Part-II

5. Fill in the following blanks appropriately:

1 cm = 10 mm 1 kg = 1000 g 1 l = 1000 ml
1 m = 100 cm 1 g = 1000 mg
1 km = 1000 m

5.5 km = _________ m 35 cm = ________ m 14.5 cm = _______ mm

68 g = ________ kg 9.02 m = ________ mm 125.5 ml = _______ l

6. The following problem was set by Sridharacharya in his book,

1 1 1 1
Patiganita. “6 is divided by 2 , and 60 is divided by 3 . Tell the
4 2 4 2
quotients separately.” Can you try to solve it by converting the
fractions into decimals?
7. Fill the boxes in at least 2 different ways: Math
Talk
(a) × = 2.4 (b) × = 14.5

8. Find the following quotients given that 756 ÷ 36 = 21:

(a) 75.6 ÷ 3.6 (b) 7.56 ÷ 0.36
(c) 756 ÷ 0.36 (d) 75.6 ÷ 360
(e) 7560 ÷ 3.6 (f) 7.56 ÷ 0.36

9. Find the missing cells if each cell represents a÷b:

b a 1517 151.7 15.17 1.517 15170

37 41

3.7 4.1

0.37

0.037 4100

370

10. Using the digits 2, 4, 5, 8, and 0 fill the boxes . × .

to get the:
(a) maximum product (b) minimum product

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 Another Peek Beyond the Point

(c) product greater than 150 (d) product nearest to 100

(e) product nearest to 5
11. Sort the following expressions in increasing order:
(a) 245.05 × 0.942368 (b) 245.05 × 7.9682
(c) 245.05 ÷ 7.9682 (d) 245.05 ÷ 0.942368
(e) 245.05 (f) 7.9682

SUMMARY
• In this chapter, we learnt procedures to perform decimal multiplication
and division.
• For decimal multiplication, we first multiply the multiplier and
multiplicand as counting numbers. The number of decimal digits in
the product is the total number of decimal digits in the multiplier and
multiplicand.
• Division of decimals uses the same procedure, i.e., division using
place value (long division), as with counting numbers. The regrouping
continues after the Ones place to Tenths, Hundredths, Thousandths,
and so on. When the Ones are regrouped to Tenths, a decimal point is
placed in the quotient.
• There are decimal divisions where the quotient never ends. After each
regrouping and dividing there is always a remainder!

Hidato

33 35 32 33 35 36 37
24 22 31 34 24 22 38
21 30 25 23 21 12 39
26 13 40 11 39 26 20 13 40 11
27 9 1 27 28 14 19 9 10 1
18 15 16 18 8 2
7 17 7 16 3
Puzzle 5 Solution 5 4

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 In Hidato, a grid of cells is given. It is usually square-shaped, like
Sudoku or Kakuro, but it can also include hexagons or any shape
that forms a tessellation. It can have inner holes (like a disc), but it is
made of only one piece.
Usually, in every Hidato puzzle the lowest and the highest numbers
are given on the grid.
Your task is to fill the grid such that there is a continuous path
of consecutive numbers from the lowest to the highest number. The
next number must be in any one of the adjacent cells, including
diagonally adjacent cells.
The grid comes pre-filled with some numbers (with values
between the smallest and the highest) to ensure that these puzzles
have a single solution.
Try solving the following Hidato puzzles.

36 1 2
25 1 4 6 13
20 4 34 12
14 8 39 30
15 9 31
17
26 23 21

9
7 10

5 1 17 15

44 49 28
54 42 50 29 26
56 35 34 25 23

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