Computer Science Year 1

SECTION

2 INTRODUCTION
TO COMPUTER
HARDWARE AND
SOFTWARE

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND

ORGANISATION
Computer Hardware and Software

INTRODUCTION
Understanding computer hardware is crucial because it forms the foundation of all
computing processes. It helps improve system performance, troubleshoot technical
issues, and make cost-effective decisions when purchasing or upgrading hardware.
Key components such as input devices (like keyboards and sensors), output devices
(like monitors and printers), and storage devices (like hard drives and SSDs) play
essential roles in how computers interact with users and the world. Additionally,
hardware knowledge connects the digital and physical worlds, enabling the creation
and optimisation of real-world applications in areas like robotics, healthcare, and
automation. An understanding of how hardware components, including input,
output, and storage devices function, allows students to better understand how
software interacts with these physical systems, enhancing their overall understanding
of computing.
Consider how computer hardware technologies—such as input devices (like keyboards,
touchscreens, and microphones), output devices (like monitors, speakers, and printers),
and storage devices (like hard drives and cloud services)—are integral parts of your
everyday life. Think about how you use these components daily when you text on
your smartphone, listen to music, watch videos, or save files for school projects. By
reflecting on how these technologies are embedded in your routine, you can appreciate
the importance of understanding hardware and its role in connecting the digital and
physical aspects of your world.
Hardware components of a computer are various physical parts or devices that work
together to provide the necessary functionality for computing tasks.
Hardware devices are categorised into the following:
• Input devices
• Output devices
• Processing devices
• Storage devices
• Communication devices
We will now look at each of these in more detail, covering examples of each category.

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At the end of this section, you should be able to:

• Explain the features of the hardware components of a computer (input hardware,

processing hardware, output hardware, storage hardware and communication hardware).
• Describe the categories of Computer Software

Key Ideas
• Hardware is the physical part of the computer.
• Input hardware is devices used to enter data and instructions into the computer.
• Output hardware displays the data/information.
• Storage hardware keeps the data for future use.
• Communication hardware sends and receives data and signals.
• Network refers to a collection of interconnected devices that communicate with each
other to share resources, data, and services.
• Network storage is a type of hardware that allows access to storage on a network.
• Cloud storage is a type of storage that allows access to storage in remote servers in data
centres through the Internet.
• Communication hardware facilitates data transfer between systems or devices in a
network.
• The motherboard is a circuit board of the computer. RAM slots, expansion slots, and
CPU sockets are some of the components of the CPU.
• A software is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do. It includes a broad
range of applications or programs, tools, and systems that enable the hardware to
perform specific tasks.
• A computer program is a specific set of instructions that a computer executes to perform
a particular task. A program is a subset of software, usually focused on achieving a single
function.

INPUT DEVICES
Input devices are hardware components that allow users to give data and instructions
to a computer system. They enable users to interact with the computer and provide the
necessary input for executing tasks. Here are some examples of input devices:

1. Keyboards
A keyboard is a common input device, consisting of a set of keys that allow users
to input alphanumeric characters, symbols, and commands. They facilitate the
typing text and providing commands to the computer.

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Figure 2.1 Keyboard.

2. Mouse
The mouse is a pointing device that allows users to control the cursor on the
screen. They typically have buttons and a scroll wheel, enabling users to select
objects, navigate interfaces, and perform actions through mouse movements and
clicks. It is important to know that the plural form of mouse is “mice”.

Figure 2.2 Mouse.

3. Touchscreens
Touchscreens enable users to directly interact with the computer by touching
the display. They can detect and respond to finger gestures, allowing for intuitive
input methods such as tapping, swiping, or pinching. Playing a similar role to the
mouse, they are particularly popular for portable deceives where a mouse would
be impractical.

4. Scanners
Scanners are used to convert physical documents, images, or objects into digital
formats. They capture the data optically and transfer it to the computer for storage,
editing, or further processing.

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Figure 2.3 Scanners.

Activity 2.1

1. A computer lab of Mpeasem SHS located at Kojokrom in the Western Region

of Ghana needs to accommodate students with diverse needs, including those
with disabilities and different backgrounds. As a computing student studying
input devices, suggest a plan to equip the lab with a variety of input devices,
ensuring accessibility for all students in groups. You might want to research
more input devices, perhaps those with accessibility in mind. Discuss your
group reports with your teacher.
2. Individually move around the computer room and write down the names of
input devices you can see.

OUTPUT DEVICES
The output device displays the result of the processed data that is entered into the
computer through an input device. There are a few output devices that display output
in different ways such as text, images, hard copies, and audio or video.
They bridge the gap between digital data and human perception, letting users engage
with computer-generated information.
There are many types of output devices for processed data as text, images, or video.
Monitors and projectors allow users to view computer output on screens or project it
onto larger surfaces.

1. Monitors
Monitors allow users to view computer output on screens. There are different
types of monitors, three of which as shown in Figure 2.4.

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Figure 2.4 Monitors.

Some computers, such as laptops, have built-in monitors.

Monitors can be found where computers are being used. For example, they are
used in educational institutions, such as schools and universities, to facilitate
learning. They display educational content, multimedia presentations, interactive
learning materials, etc.

2. Projectors
A projector is an output device that enables the user to project the output onto a
big screen or wall. It can be connected to a computer and similar devices to project
their output onto a screen. It uses light and lenses to produce magnified texts,
images, and videos. So, it is an ideal output device to give presentations or to teach
a large number of people.
Modern projects (digital projectors) come with multiple input sources such as
Display Port (DP) and High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) ports for
newer equipment and Video Graphics Array (VGA) ports that support older
devices. Some projectors are designed to support
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth as well. They can be fixed onto the ceiling, placed on a stand,
and more and are frequently used for classroom teaching, giving presentations,
home cinemas, etc.

Figure 2.5 A projector.

3. Plotters
A plotter is a specialised output device used to generate high-quality, accurate,
and detailed graphics. It’s popular in fields like engineering, architecture, and

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graphic design. Unlike printers, which use ink or toner to create pictures or text
on paper, plotters can utilise a pen or marker to draw continuous lines on diverse
media such as paper, vinyl, or film.

Examples of Plotters
Pen Plotters: Pen plotters are the most classic sort of plotter, drawing continuous
lines on paper or other media using a pen or marker.

Figure 2.6 Pen Plotter.

Electrostatic Plotters: Electrostatic plotters use an electrostatic charge to attract

toner or ink onto paper. They operate by selectively charging areas of the paper
and then applying toner or ink to those charged areas, resulting in the formation
of graphical output.

Figure 2.7 Electrostatic Plotter.

4. Printers
A printer produces hard copies/physical copies of the processed data. It enables
the user to print images, text or any other information onto the paper. Users can
pick from various printer types, such as inkjet and laser, to meet their printing
demands. Printers enable the generation of tangible copies for record-keeping,
presentations, marketing materials, and other purposes, from household to
professional settings. Printers are essential for personal and commercial use due
to their simplicity and adaptability.

Figure 2.8 Small Laser Printer.

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Printers vary in type. size, speed, and cost. Some printers can output in A3. Some
printers have photocopy and scan functions. Popular types of printers are laser
printers and inkjet printers.
3D printers (as shown in Figure 2.9) create three-dimensional objects by depositing
layers of material (plastic, metal, or composite) based on a digital model. They are
used in various industries, including manufacturing, prototyping, and healthcare.

Figure 2.9 3D printing.

5. Sound Output devices

These devices deliver audio output for listening or communication purposes.
Speakers and headphones/earphones enable users to hear the sound - music, and
speech.

Figure 2.10 Examples of Sound Output Devices.

Activity 2.2

1. Abdulai Joanna Fati hailed from the Northern Region of Ghana and works as
an Internet Café Manageress of DM ICT Centre at Ho. She wants to change
the old printers of the café. As a hardware specialist who studied output
devices, recommend describing to her at least three (3) things that she should
consider when buying a new printer.
2. Individually move around the computer room and write down the name of
the devices there and their categories (input or output).

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3. Upon your admission, describe how the admission officer used the various
input and output devices to help you get the hard copy of your admission
letter, prospectus and code of conduct online.

STORAGE DEVICES
These devices are essential components of a computer system that store and retrieve
data, programs, and files. They provide long-term data storage and enable users to save,
access, and manage their digital information.
When looking at storage devices, there are three considerations: capacity, speed, and
cost (how much to purchase per MB).

Storage Capacity & Performance

a. One characteristic of storage devices is their capacity, which is the amount of data
they can store, typically measured in Kilobytes (KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes
(GB), or Terabytes (TB).
b. Performance factors include read/write speeds, access times and data transfer
rates.

Types of storage devices

Storage devices fall into three categories: magnetic, optical and flash.

1. Magnetic
Magnetic storage uses a magnetisable material. Patterns of magnetisation are
then used to represent binary sequences. Magnetic storage tends to have a high
capacity at low cost. One particular downside to Magnetic storage is the lower
read speeds, typically they are relatively slow. Examples include magnetic tape
and hard disk drives.
Magnetic tape is sometimes used for backup of server computers.
Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) are the most common form of magnetic storage devices
used in computers. They use magnetic storage to store data on spinning disks
(platters) and read/write heads to access and modify data. HDD capacities typically
range from several hundred gigabytes (GB) to several terabytes (TB).

Figure 2 .11 Internal HDDs.

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2. Optical
Optical storage works by using laser technology to read and write data a laser.
Examining the reflection from the laser will determine whether there are pits
on the surface of the disk representing 1s, or lands representing 0s. Examples
of optical disks are CDs, DVDs. They can be used for data storage, software
installation, media playback and creating backups.
Optical disk drives are gradually being phased out in favour of faster and more
versatile storage options.

Figure 2.12 Optical Disks (DVDs).

3. Flash
Flash memory is a type of non-volatile solid-state memory that stores data by
trapping electrons in tiny cells to represent ones and zeros. It retains information
even when the power is off, allowing data to be stored long-term without needing
electricity. Because it has no moving parts and can be quickly read and written,
flash memory is used in devices like USB flash drives, SSDs, and memory cards.

Solid State Drives (SSDs)

SDDs offer faster data access and transfer speeds compared to HDDs due to the
absence of moving parts. SSDs are more resistant to physical shocks and consume
less power compared to HDDs. They come in various form factors and can be
internal or external/portable.

Figure 2.13 Internal Solid-State Drive (SSD).

USB Flash Drives

USB flash drives, also known as thumb drives, pen drives or USB sticks, are
portable storage devices that use flash memory. They connect to computers via
USB ports and offer a convenient way to transfer and store data. They come in
various storage capacities and are widely used for data backup, file transfer, and
portable storage.

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Figure 2.14 Flash Drives. Source: Google images

Memory Cards
Memory cards are small, portable storage media commonly used in cameras,
smartphones, tablets, and other portable devices. The data can usually be read by
connecting the device with the card to the computer or removing the card from
the device and inserting it into a memory card reader connected to the computer.
They provide removable and expandable storage options and use flash memory
technology.
Popular memory card formats include Secure Digital (SD) cards, microSD cards,
Compact Flash (CF) cards, and Memory Stick.

Figure 2.15 SD Cards

Activity 2.3

1. Use the internet to find out about the following pair of devices/ media: HDDs
vs SDDs, HDDs vs Magnetic Tape Drives, CDs vs DVDs, USB flash drive
vs memory card. Compare these devices/media and use a table in Word to
present your work.
2. Complete the following table template (column headings: device name,
typical use(s), main features, average cost, image) and then populate as much
as possible with no online assistance. Report your result to your teacher.

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S/N Device Name Typical Main Average Image

Use(S) Features Cost

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3. In groups, observe the picture of hardware devices in Figure 2.16 and answer
the questions that follow:

Figure 2.16 Hardware Devices.

a. Write down the name of the devices and the category (input, output, or
storage) each falls in.
b. Match these devices with the tasks they can perform.
c. Discuss devices that can be used to perform the same tasks.

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Storage Hardware And Communication Hardware

Sarah is a new student at Senior High School (SHS), she wants to check her admission
status at an internet café. Behind the scenes, her admission data is stored on a centralised
storage device, while communication hardware facilitates data exchange between her
computer and the central storage. Sarah’s request travels through the café’s network,
guided by communication hardware, to retrieve her admission status from the storage
device. Once retrieved, Sarah sees her admission status displayed on the computer
monitor and prints out her admission letter.
This illustrates how network storage and communication hardware collaborate to
enable convenient data access and retrieval in real-life scenarios.
Now let us look at the types and features of both storage hardware and communication
hardware.

Computer Storage Devices

Network storage is a type of hardware that allows access to storage on a Local Area
Network (LAN). Cloud storage is a type of storage which can be accessed remotely over
the internet. Cloud storage is like renting storage space from a provider. So multiple
network storage makes up cloud storage.
After getting an understanding, let us look at them one after the other.

Cloud Storage
Cloud storage refers to storing data on remote servers in data centres that are accessed
through the Internet. It offers flexible and scalable storage solutions with the convenience
of accessing data from anywhere with an internet connection. The business running
the cloud storage service manages backups and security. Nowadays, cloud storage is
used by individuals, businesses and organisations throughout the world. Cloud storage
is regularly used by users of both stand-alone and networked computers even though
they will have local storage such as a hard disk and file server respectively.
Popular cloud storage services include Dropbox, Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive
and Amazon S3.

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Figure 2.17 Picture showing some cloud storage providers.

We are going to look at the two types of data centre storage systems

1. File Storage Devices

Network-Attached Storage (NAS)
NAS devices are specialised storage devices connected to a network and used for
centralised data storage and file sharing. Apart from their use in data centres, NAS
devices are often used in homes and in small to medium-sized businesses. They
provide data access to multiple users or devices over a network. NAS drives are
in operation 24/7, meaning the data and files can be accessed by authorised users
at any time, unlike desktop hard drives, which are only in operation when their
computer is on.
NAS devices typically contain a minimum of two hard or solid-state drives which
gives them high-volume storage capacity. They offer capacities ranging from a
few terabytes to multiple petabytes (1 petabyte (PB) is 1024 TB). NAS increases
performance and reliability with features like RAID.
NAS devices have a processor that provides computing intelligence and power
to manage the file system. The processor reads and writes data to process and serve
files, manage multiple users, and integrate with the cloud if desired.

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Figure 2.18 Western Digital NAS Device for Home and Small Businesses.

Features of NAS
a. Centralised Storage: NAS provides a centralised location for storing and
accessing data on a network. This allows multiple users or devices to access
files, documents, and media from a single storage repository, promoting
efficiency and collaboration.
b. Easy Setup and Management: NAS systems are typically designed for easy
setup and configuration, making them accessible even to users with minimal
technical expertise. They often come with intuitive web-based interfaces or
dedicated software for managing storage, users, and permissions.
c. File Sharing and Collaboration: NAS enables seamless file sharing and
collaboration among users within a network.
d. Data Protection and Redundancy: Many NAS systems offer built-in data
protection features such as RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks),
which helps safeguard against data loss due to disk failures. RAID configurations
distribute data across multiple hard drives, providing redundancy and fault
tolerance.
e. Remote Access and Cloud Integration: NAS devices often support remote
access functionality, allowing users to access their files and data from anywhere
with an internet connection. Additionally, some NAS systems offer seamless
integration with cloud storage services, enabling backup, synchronisation, and
hybrid cloud deployment options.
f. Scalability: NAS systems are highly scalable, allowing users to expand storage
capacity as needed by adding additional hard drives or expanding existing
storage pools. This scalability ensures that NAS can adapt to changing storage
requirements over time, whether in a home environment or a growing business.
g. Media Streaming and Multimedia Capabilities: Many NAS devices
include built-in media server capabilities, allowing users to stream multimedia

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content such as movies, music, and photos to compatible devices within the
network. This feature is particularly popular for home entertainment systems
and multimedia sharing among family members.
h. Data Security: NAS devices typically offer robust security features to protect
stored data from unauthorised access and ensure data integrity. This includes
support for user authentication, access controls, encryption, and integration
with existing network security measures.

2. Block Storage Devices

Block storage devices store data in blocks and provide many terabytes of data
capacity. Storage area networks (SANs) are storage units that contain several
internal drives (hard drives or solid-state drives) and act as large block storage
systems.

Storage Area Networks (SANs)

SANs are specialised high-speed networks that connect storage devices to the
computer.

Figure 2.19 HP Storage Area Network System SAN, For Networking, 220V

Apart from their use in data centres, SANs are commonly used in enterprise
environments that require large-scale storage solutions and high-performance data
access. SAN uses Fibre Channels and can use Ethernet.
Network-attached storage devices and Storage Area Network devices share the same
features but the key differences are shown below.

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NAS SAN

Fabric Uses TCP/IP1 networks, most Runs on high-speed Fibre Channel

commonly Ethernet networks.

Data Processes file-based data Processes block data

processing

Protocols Connects directly to an Ethernet Uses SCSI6 protocol to

network; can use several protocols to communicate with servers
connect with servers including NFS2,
SMB3/CIFS4, and HTTP5

Performance Generally, has lower throughput and A higher performer for

higher latency because of its slower environments that need high-speed
file system layer traffic.

Scalability Entry levels and NAS devices not Scalability is a major driver: its
highly scalable, High-end NAS network architecture enables
systems scale to petabytes using admins to scale performance and
clusters or scale-out nodes. capability in scale-up or scale-out
configurations.

Ease of Easier to manage: device easily plugs Requires more administration time
management into the LAN and offers a simplified than NAS.
management interface.

Price In general NAS is less expensive to SANs are more complex to manage
purchase and maintain, although a with FC6 SANs on top of the
high-end NAS will cost more than an complexity heap.
entry-level SAN

Table 2.1 Comparison table showing key differences between NAS & SAN.

1. TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a suite of

communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the Internet.
2. NFS: Network File System was designed in 1984 by Sun Microsystems. This
distributed file system protocol allows a user on a client computer to access files
over a network in the same way they would access a local storage file.
3. SMB: Server Message Block is a network file-sharing protocol that allows
applications on a computer to read and write to files and to request services from
server programs in a computer network
4. CIFS: Common Internet File System is a dialect of SMB. That is, CIFS is a particular
implementation of the Server Message Block protocol, created by Microsoft.
5. HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the foundation of the World Wide Web, and
is used to load webpages using hypertext links.
6. FC: Fibre Channel is a high-speed data transfer protocol providing in-order,
lossless delivery of raw block data.

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Let us watch these videos to understand the difference between NAS and SAN

Click Here To Watch Click Here To Watch

Data Redundancy and RAID

Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) is a storage technology that combines
multiple drives to improve performance, reliability and data redundancy. Data
redundancy is when multiple copies of the same information are stored in more than
one place at a time. This redundancy provides fault tolerance which is the ability of
a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of one or more
components (in this case a disk failure).

Figure 2.20 SAN showing HDD in RAID to prevent data loss.

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RAID configurations provide fault tolerance and data protection by distributing data
across multiple drives.
Let us watch this video to understand why RAID is important in Network Storage.

Click Here To Watch

Activity 2.4

Complete the concept map of computer storage

Hint:
a. Place “Computer Storage” as the central node.
b. Write the two main types of computer storage from the central node.
c. List the specific types of storage under the two main branches listed in (b)
d. Compare your concept map with your peer’s for accuracy.
Hint: remember to respect each other’s review

Activity 2.5

Worldwide Tech Solutions is seeking a network storage solution to support its

daily operations, store business transaction records, and facilitate file sharing
among on-site and off-site staff. Collaborate with a colleague to recommend the
most suitable network storage solution for Worldwide Tech Solutions. Consider
factors such as cost, efficiency, scalability, and ease of management.
Hint:
a. Discuss with your group members.
b. Compare and contrast cloud storage and NAS based on the company’s needs.
c. Analyse how each solution meets with the company’s requirements for
storing transaction records and facilitating file sharing among staff.

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Communication Hardware Devices

Communication hardware devices enable the transmission and reception of data and
signals between computers, devices, and networks. They facilitate communication and
data transfer across various media.
For example, in the café, communication hardware facilitates the exchange of data
between Sarah’s computer and the central storage device. Ethernet cables connect the
café’s computers to a router, which manages the network traffic. This router acts as a
traffic director, ensuring that Sarah’s request to check her admission status reaches the
central storage device and that the response is sent back to her computer.
Below are the types of Communication devices.

1. Network Interface Cards (NICs)

Network Interface Cards, also known as network adapters or network cards,
enable computers to connect to networks. NICs provide the necessary hardware
interface for transmitting and receiving data over wired networks. WNICs
(Wireless Network Interface Cards) provide the same functionality for wireless
networks. They support various networking technologies such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth and cellular connectivity.

Figure 2.21 Ethernet and Wi-Fi Network Interface Cards.

2. Modems
Modems are devices used to modulate and demodulate digital signals into
analogue signals and vice versa. Modems allow computers to communicate over
analogue networks such as telephone lines. A modem is essential for internet
access because it receives an analogue signal from the Internet Service Provider
(ISP) and then converts it into a digital signal that work, school or home devices
can understand and vice versa.
Many modems nowadays are “all-in-one” devices that also include a router. This
integrated device is sometimes called a gateway.

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Figure 2.22 Vodafone Pocket Modem.

3. Routers
Routers are networking devices that connect different networks (such as the
Internet and a school network) and direct data packets between them. Data packets
are fundamental units of data transmitted over a network. They contain both the
information being transmitted and the metadata necessary for the network to
deliver them to their intended destination.
Routers analyse network addresses, determine the most efficient path for data
transmission, and forward packets accordingly.
You will need the features of both a modem and a router, integrated or not, to have
an internet connection for all of the devices in a local network (for example, your
home network).

Figure 2.23 Modem and Router.

4. Switches
Switches are devices that enable the interconnection of multiple devices within a
local network. They receive and forward data packets to their intended destination
based on their MAC (Media Access Control) addresses. A MAC address is a string
of characters that identify a device on a network. Switches provide a dedicated
connection for each device leading to enhancing network performance.

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Figure 2.24 Different types of Switches based on their number of ports.

5. Hubs
Hubs are networking devices that serve as central connection points for multiple
devices within a network. They receive incoming data and broadcast it to all
connected devices, making them less efficient than switches as bandwidth is
shared. Only the intended network device will accept the data. These are typically
not used in a modern network as they have a negative impact on the traffic on the
network.

Figure 2.25 NETGEAR Ethernet Hub EN104 TP model.

6. Wireless Access Points (WAPs)

Wireless Access Points, also known as WAPs enable wireless connectivity in
local networks. They create wireless network signals that devices can connect to,
allowing wireless communication and internet access.

Figure 2.26 Wireless Access Point fixed on a ceiling.

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7. Repeaters and Extenders

Repeaters and extenders are devices used to extend the coverage area of a Wi-
Fi network. They receive and amplify signals to increase coverage and overcome
signal degradation or distance limitations. however, they do it in different ways.

Figure 2.27 NETGEAR Wi-Fi Extender plugged to a wall socket.

Activity 2.6

1. Create three tables, one for each of the following comparisons of

communication hardware, and discuss them with your classmates.
a. NIC and WNIC
b. Modem and Router
c. Switch and Hub
2. Lead: If you have access to a computer, you can use Microsoft Word to create
the tables. Otherwise, you can draw the tables in your exercise book.

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Motherboard Components
Previously we looked into the world of hardware devices, exploring the important
components that make up our computers. You saw the various categories of hardware
devices. However, there is one important hardware component inside the system unit
that we did not talk about.
So, today, we are going to focus on this very important component, the motherboard.
Think of the motherboard as the heart of our computers. It’s like a central component
that helps all the different parts talk to each other and work together smoothly. It
“talks” to the other components and ensures that the each of them is working together.

Motherboard
A motherboard is an essential piece of hardware that is often referred to as the “heart”
of a computer. It is a large circuit board that holds and connects all the essential
components of a computer, allowing them to work together.

Figure 2.28 Motherboards – empty and with components.

The motherboard’s form factor is the specification of a motherboard, such as the

dimensions, power supply type, location of mounting holes, and number of ports on
the back panel. Different sizes of motherboards fit into different computer cases, so if
building a computer, it is essential to choose a form factor that fits your chosen case.

Components of the Motherboard

Dear learner, do you remember some of the components you saw in the image of the
motherboard in Figure 7.1? Now stay with me as we look at these components and
what they do to help the computer function effectively.

1. CPU Socket
The CPU is installed through the CPU socket onto the motherboard. A cooling
system is mounted directly on top of the CPU, dissipating heat generated by the
processor’s operation.

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Figure 2.29 CPU installation.

The CPU (the “central” or “main” processor), often referred to as the “brain” of
the computer is a complex set of electronic circuitries that runs the computer’s
programs.
Specifications of a processor (CPU) include:
a. Clock Speed: Measured in GHz, it determines how fast the CPU can execute
instructions.
b. Number of Cores: Multicore processors can handle multiple tasks
simultaneously.
c. Cache Memory: Provides faster access to frequently used data for the CPU.
The two types of CPU sockets in use today are Pin Grid Array (PGA) and Land
Grid Array (LGA). In a PGA socket, the pins are located on the CPU, which fit
into corresponding holes in the socket on the motherboard—this type is commonly
used by AMD for their older desktop processors. In contrast, an LGA socket has
pins on the motherboard socket itself, and the CPU has flat contact points that
align with these pins—this design is typically used by Intel for their processors
and AMD for their newer processors. Both socket types serve the same purpose
of securely connecting the CPU to the motherboard while allowing for efficient
electrical communication between them.

2. RAM Slots
RAM slots are where memory modules (RAM sticks) are inserted on the
motherboard. RAM stores the program and data that the computer is currently
using, and more RAM means the computer can handle more tasks at once.

Figure 2.30 RAM slot.

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RAM is a computer’s short-term memory where the data and programs that the
processor is currently using are stored.
Specifications of RAM include:
a. Capacity: Measured in gigabytes (GB) for desktops, laptops and smartphones,
b. Speed: Measured in MHz or MT/s (MegaTransfers per second), it affects how
fast data can be read and written to the RAM
c. Type: here are a few different types commonly in use today: Static RAM
(SRAM), Dynamic RAM (DRAM), Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) and
more recently Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM). The type used can
affect the speed and power consumption.

3. Expansion Slots
Expansion slots are the connection points on the motherboard where you can
add extra components like graphics cards, sound cards and WNICs (Wireless
Network Interface Controllers) to enhance the computer’s capabilities. There are
several possible options that you may come across – PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect) or AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port), however in modern PCs, these
have been exclusively replaced by PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect
Express) slots.

4. Chipset
The chipset is often referred to as the “glue” of the motherboard. It is basically
the electronics on the motherboard that communicate with all the connected
components. It is like a traffic police officer on the motherboard. It manages data
flow between the different parts, making sure everything works together smoothly.

5. BIOS
The BIOS (or Basic Input Output System) is software stored on a small memory
chip on the motherboard that tells the computer how to start up, perform self-
checks, and load the operating system. UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware
Interface) is a more modern solution doing the same job as a BIOS but works a bit
differently, UEFI is required to run latest operating systems such as Windows 11.

Figure 2.31 Photo of BIOS.

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SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

6. Power Connectors
Power connectors on the motherboard provide electricity to all the components.
Just like a power outlet in a wall, these connectors make sure all the parts get the
power they need.

Figure 2.32 Power connectors.

7. Storage Connectors
These connectors let you attach Hard Disk Drives (HDD) and Solid-State Drives
(SSD) to store all your files and programs. These are a form of SATA (Serial
Advanced Technology Attachment).

Figure 2.33 Storage Connectors.

8. I/O Ports
I/O ports are like the computer’s “communication points.” They include USB ports,
audio ports, Ethernet ports, and more, allowing you to connect various devices
and peripherals. Peripherals are the electronic devices (e.g. a scanner) connected
to the system unit. They expand the capabilities of the computer.

Figure 2.34 Types of ports. Source: Google Images

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SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

9. Sound card
A sound card is a hardware that connects to the motherboard (via a PCIe slot) and
is responsible for handling sound received via a microphone and for producing
sound on a computer that can be heard through speakers or headphones. Many
sound cards have their own processor, a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) which
handles audio-related tasks such as the calculations for analogue-to-digital and
digital-to-analogue conversions, relieving the load on the main processor (CPU).
Alternative to a sound card, computer sound can be handled by a designated
sound chip that is integrated into the majority of modern motherboards.

Figure 2.35 PCIe sound card.

10. Graphics Card

A graphics card or video card is an add-in circuit board to the motherboard. One
of the main components of this expansion board is the Graphics Processing Unit
(GPU) which is responsible for 3D graphics rendering and displaying images,
videos, and animations on the computer monitor.

Figure 2.36 NVIDIA Graphics card.

Whilst the majority of the time the GPU is a separate card, sometimes GPUs are
integrated, they are embedded in the motherboard. Some GPUs have their own
memory to store graphical data separately. Integrated GPUs are often much less
capable and are designed for allowing you to interact with the Operating System,
but are not as able to handle more complex tasks such as gaming, or 3D rendering
as well as a dedicated GPU.

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11. Onboard (or integrated) Components

Built-in components, like a sound chip, GPU or Wi-Fi chip, save the computer
user from having to add separate cards for these functions.

12. Cooling System

Motherboards need to cool the chips that would otherwise get too hot and degrade.
There are two main options to safely mitigate heat from motherboard components
such as the CPU. These two main options are fans and heatsinks, and liquid
cooling.
a. Fans/Heatsinks: a cooling method using circulated air.

Figure 2.37 Fan attached to a heat to cool a CPU.

b. Liquid Cooling: an alternative cooling method that uses liquid to dissipate

heat, this can be done one of two ways, either by an All-In-One (AIO) system
which is a self-contained liquid cooler, or a custom liquid loop which contains
reservoirs, tubes, pumps and radiators (as shown in Figure 7.11).

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Figure 2.38 Gaming desktop having a custom liquid cooling system on the CPU.

Activity 2.7

Do the following with the help of the teacher.

1. Closely examine (observe) the motherboard the teacher will show you.
2. Identify its components.
3. Explain the features of the components identified.
4. Explain the function(s) of the components in a computer system.
5. Share the responses with peers and the teacher.

Activity 2.8

Click on the link below and watch the online video on the various components
and features of the motherboard in the computer and answer the questions that
follow.

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Click Here To Watch

Major parts & components of the Motherboard identified and explained (OLD
MOTHERBOARD)

From your observation,

a. List at least ten (10) components of the motherboard.
b. In your own words, explain the features of the components you listed above.
c. Classify the components identified into input, output, storage,
communication, and network storage hardware categories.
d. Share your answers with your peers and the teacher in class.

Activity 2.9

In groups, do the following:

Observe the labelled diagram of the motherboard below carefully.
Go online and find the features and importance of the components such as CPU
sockets, RAM slots, expansion slots, chipsets and I/O ports as shown in the
labelled diagram.

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Activity 2.10

In your groups, observe the image of the motherboard below and identify the
components labelled 1 – 7.

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Activity 2.11

With the permission of your teacher, work with your classmates to disassemble
a non-functional computer, pointing out each component’s location and purpose
as you remove them.
Hint:
• Start by removing the side panel of the system unit.
• Identify and disconnect all cables and connectors attached to the
motherboard, drives, and other components.
• Remove any expansion cards such as graphics cards or sound cards.
• Unscrew and remove the power supply unit.
• Carefully detach the CPU cooler and remove the CPU from its socket.
• Remove the RAM sticks.
• Finally, remove the motherboard from the case.

Activity 2.12

Work with your classmates to assemble a working computer explaining each

step’s significance.
Hint:
• Start by placing the motherboard back into the case, and aligning it with
the standoffs (small metal or plastic spacers used to elevate and secure
a motherboard inside a computer case). NOTE – Ensure that there is
the correct number of standoffs, otherwise damage can be done to the
motherboard.
• Install the CPU into the CPU socket, applying thermal paste if necessary, and
attach the CPU cooler.
• Insert the RAM sticks into the appropriate slots on the motherboard.
• Install any expansion cards into their respective slots.
• Connect all cables and connectors to the motherboard, ensuring they are
securely attached.
• Install the power supply unit and secure it with screws.
• Connect all appropriate power cables to the various components.
• Close the side panel of the system unit.
NOTE: You can purchase the components from any computer hardware shop
and build your own system unit at home.
Alternative: If you do not have access to a system unit, try the following:
i. Click on the link How to Disassemble/Assemble a Computer System Unit? -
Basic Parts and Function ([Link])

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SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

ii. Watch the video on how to assemble and disassemble the desktop computer.
iii. In groups, write a set of instructions based on the assembly process you saw
in the video.

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE

See your computer as a human body. The hardware we discussed earlier is like the
body’s physical structure – the head, legs, hands, mouth and many more. Software is
the soul that gives life to the hardware of the computer system to work. Without the
hardware, the software cannot function and vice versa.
In today’s lesson, we will discover the different types of software and see how they are
seamlessly integrated into various aspects of our lives. From enhancing education and
streamlining our work to enriching our personal lives, software is the invisible force
that makes everything run smoothly in the computer.
So, get ready to explore the soul of your computer and see how it brings the hardware
to life in ways that make our daily lives easier, more efficient, and more connected.

Categories of Computer Software

Now let’s take a look at the two main categories of computer software as shown in
Figure 2.39 – Applications and System.

Users

Application System

Utility Operating
System

User
Kernel
Interface

Figure 2.39 Categories of Computer Software.

Application Software
Think of application software like different tools in a toolbox, each tool performing a
unique task.
In the same way, Application software are programs designed to carry out a specific
task other than one relating to the operation of the computer/device itself. Application
software is tailored to fulfil particular user needs, such as productivity, communication,
entertainment, education, and more. Examples of application software include internet

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SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

browser, a spreadsheet program, database management systems, a word processor, and

games software. A computer used to manage inventory for a manufacturing company
will have different applications compared to one used by an electrical engineer.
Application software runs on top of the systems software, an operating system and
utilises system resources to execute tasks according to user instructions.
Here are examples of some categories of application software.
1. Productivity Software
Productivity software helps users create, edit, manage, and share various types of
digital content, including documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and databases.
Examples include Microsoft Office Suite (Word, Excel, PowerPoint), Google
Workspace (Docs, Sheets, Slides), and Adobe Acrobat.

2. Multimedia Software
Multimedia software enables users to create, edit, organise, and playback
multimedia content such as audio, video, and images. Examples include media
players (VLC Media Player, Windows Media Player), photo editing software
(Adobe Photoshop, GIMP), and video editing tools (Adobe Premiere Pro, iMovie).

3. Educational Software:
Educational software is designed to support teaching and learning activities by
providing interactive tutorials, simulations, quizzes, and educational games.
Examples include learning management systems (Moodle, Canvas), educational
apps (Khan Academy, Duolingo), and digital textbooks.

Systems Software
System software serves as the foundational framework of a computer system, much
like the foundation of a building upon which bricks are laid. These bricks represent
the programs that perform specific tasks within the structured support of the system
software. System software ensures computers run smoothly by overseeing hardware
functions and serving as a foundation for running additional programs.
Systems software is the program that governs the computer system. Allowing the
computer to:
1. control the hardware, including any peripherals
2. allow application software to run
3. provide an interface for the user to interact with the computer
4. maintain the system
In essence, system software acts as an intermediary between the hardware and the
end-user applications, enabling the efficient execution of tasks and providing essential
services for the computer system to function properly.

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SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Now let’s take a look at Examples some of important systems software.

1. Operating Systems (OS)
An Operating System (OS) provides the user interface, manages hardware
resources, and manages the running of applications.
In order to perform the actions requested by the computer’s users, an operating
system must be able to communicate with those users. The portion of an operating
system that handles this communication is often called the user interface. Older
user interfaces, called shells, communicated with users through textual messages
using a keyboard and monitor screen.
Nowadays, computer systems usually perform this task by means of a Graphical
User Interface (GUI—pronounced “GOO–ee”). In GUI systems, applications run
in Windows, and all objects (apps, hardware and files) are represented by icons.
Application features are accessible through the use of menus. Users interact with
the interface by using a mouse and on-screen pointer.
An example of a hardware resource managed by the OS is RAM. When a program
is run, it is loaded into RAM. The operating system determines how much memory
the program requires and allocates enough space to hold it and its data. When the
program is closed, the allocated space is freed up for use by other programs.
Multitasking means being able to run two or more programs simultaneously.
An example would be a user streaming music while entering text into a word
processor. All modern operating systems have multitasking capabilities. The OS
allocates system resources such as CPU time, input/output devices, and computer
memory among the programs currently running.
Examples of operating systems include Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux,
Android, and iOS.

Figure 2.40 Some OS examples.

2. Device Drivers
A device driver is a program that controls a specific hardware device attached to a
computer. Device drivers control and facilitate communication between hardware
devices and the operating system. They relay requests for device access and actions
from the operating system and its active applications to their respective hardware

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SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

devices. They also deliver outputs or status/messages from the hardware devices
to the operating system and thus to applications.
Devices such as keyboards modems, routers, speakers, and printers require device
drivers to operate.

Users

Hardware

Device Application

Device Operating
driver System

Figure 2.41 A device driver acts as a translator between a hardware device and the applications or operat-
ing systems that use it.

3. Utility Software
Utility Software is system software that helps to maintain the proper and smooth
functioning of a computer system. These programs assist the operating system
to manage, organise, maintain, and optimise the functioning of the computer
system.
A file compression program is an example of utility software. Other examples are
shown in Figure 2.42.

Figure 2.42 Examples of utility software.

Comparison between utility software and operating systems

a. An OS is a must-have software to operate a computer, while utility
software is optional and can be added as per user convenience.
b. Utility software assists the operating system but never replaces it.
c. Both are system software, but their functions do not overlap.

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SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Activity 2.13

In pairs, explain the differences between the Android operating system

and the WhatsApp application on your mobile phone?

Activity 2.14

Match the following task to their respective software and give 2 examples of
software used in each task.
A. playing music
B. word processing
C. protecting computer against viruses and malware.
D. managing the use of the computer’s memory.
E. monitors and optimises the performance and health of the hard drive
F. providing a user interface

System software Application software Device drivers Utility

Activity 2.15

Create a presentation explaining how the operating system on your computer or

smartphone helps you manage your files and applications?

Activity 2.16

Working with a partner, discuss when was the last time you updated your
operating system, and what improvements or changes did you notice? What is
the purpose of these updates?

Activity 2.17

Research using the internet to come up with the purpose of an operating system
that our mobile phones operate on. Present your findings to the group.

38
Review Questions 2.1

1. Analyse how the introduction of SSDs has changed the performance of computers
compared to HDDs. Consider factors such as speed, durability, and energy
consumption.
2. Working in pairs, compare certain pairs of devices/media with related uses such as
HDDs vs SDDs, CDs vs DVDs, Keyboards vs Mouse, and present your comparisons
in a suitable easy-to-read format.
3. Korkuvi Musah from the Upper East has been using mobiles for games. Her auntie,
Maame Esi Appam who lived in East Legon, Accra wants to gift him a computer
for excelling well in an inter-school computing competition. With your knowledge
of computer hardware, what recommended computer specifications will you
give Korkuvi Mensah in terms of performance, display quality, and portability to
give to his auntie in purchasing a better computer to aid in his programming and
graphics design learning tasks?
4. As a student who uses smartphones, computers or any digital device to chat on
WhatsApp, Telegram or any chatting applications. Evaluate your experience of
using voice input versus a keyboard for composing a message. Consider factors
such as speed, accuracy, ease of use, and any potential challenges.
5. Daboya Community Day SHS in the North Gonja District of Savannah Region
replaced traditional computer labs with tablets using touch screens. As a hardware
expert, discuss the reasons for this change and the impact on students’ learning
and interaction in the school.

39
Review Questions 2.2

1. Apart from a transmission medium, either wired or wireless, identify two other
hardware components that are required to connect a computer to a LAN.
2. Evaluate the benefits of using a SAN over a direct-attached storage for a large
enterprise. Consider aspects such as scalability and performance.
3. You have been sent to the headmaster’s office. You realise there is a router in his
office network. Identify the primary function of the router. How does it differ from
the role of a switch?
4. One advantage of RAID systems is fault tolerance.
a. Explain what this means.
b. State another advantage of a RAID system.
5. Describe the requirements to set up a network in a small office with four workers.
Include as many technical specifications as you can. A drawing showing a possible
positioning of the hardware items within the office.
Guidelines:
i. Get a manila card, your pencil, ruler, eraser
ii. Represent the office and the various hardware components using shapes, such
as circle, rectangle, triangle, square, etc, and label them.

40
Review Questions 2.3

1. Kofi Musah is not convinced that the motherboard is necessary in the computer
system. As a friend, how would you convince him to understand why it is necessary
to have a motherboard in the computer system?
2. Identify at most five components of the motherboard from the photo gallery and
write the names in your exercise books.

3. Explain the function of the CPU socket on a motherboard.

4. Differentiate between RAM slots and expansion slots on a motherboard.
5. Compare and contrast the roles of the chipset and the CPU in a computer system.
6. Discuss how the I/O ports on a motherboard affect the connectivity of a computer
system.
7. Evaluate the importance of expansion slots on a motherboard for upgrading a
computer system
8. Explain the difference between integrated and dedicated graphics cards and
describe which type of applications each is most suitable for.

41
Review Questions 2.4

1. Identify two types of software that you use for different purposes in your daily life?
2. How does software, like the apps on your phone or the programs on your computer,
help you in your daily activities?
3. Which category of software does an operating system belong to, and how does it
control your computer’s functions?
4. You are tasked with creating a budget for your department. Which type of software
would you most likely use
A. System software
B. Utility software
C. Application software
D. Firmware
5. If you are using a software program to perform a specific task like writing a report
or creating a presentation, what type of software are you using?
A. System software
B. Utility software
C. Application software
D. Driver software
6. Name four examples of software tools that help you manage and optimize your
computer’s performance.
7. Explain how device drivers facilitate communication between the operating
system and hardware devices. Provide an example to support your explanation.

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EXTENDED READING
1. Thomas Eli Yaw Miheso who hailed from Denu, in the Volta Region was given
a task to perform in computing when he was taught hardware. He is to create a
report on assistive technology, describing at least three assistive devices and their
benefits. (Examples include a screen reader, a braille keyboard and a head mouse).
Kindly help him with this assignment and present the result to your facilitator for
feedback.
2. Kindly watch this video: [Link]
for more clarification on computer hardware.
3. Joyce Mawusi Sarkpoh is a computing madam for the Academy of Christ the
King SHS, Cape Coast and has tasked her students to draw diagrams and write
annotations that explain what their gadget does. The annotations should clearly
identify all input, output and storage devices/media included in their design. As a
student, of your current school, perform the task given by the madam and present
the result to your facilitator.
4. Research on emerging input device technologies (e.g., brain-computer interfaces,
gesture recognition). Present a report on how these technologies work, their
potential applications, and the challenges they face.
5. Click the links below to read more on NAS Storage and its features [Link]
com/@frankd228801/a-complete-guide-nas-storage-its-features-5b937dc358ed
[Link]
[Link]
usage/
6. Click on the link below to watch a video on NAS and SAN [Link]
com/watch?v=bliqVybiEV4
7. Click on the link below to watch a video on how to build a NAS server
[Link]
8. Investigate the reasons behind the use of heat sinks and thermal paste on a
motherboard, particularly around the CPU and chipset.
9. Imagine you are responsible for building the school team, where each player has
their unique powers and abilities. Think of the motherboard as the pitch where
your team plays, and each component, like RAM, graphics cards, and other
devices, as the players. Now, just like how some players work better together than
others, the components of your computer need to be compatible to ensure your
computer runs smoothly and efficiently.
For example, if you put different types of RAM into the computer, it’s like having
players who don’t get along well; they might not work together as effectively,
causing your team to slow down or encounter problems. Similarly, adding too many
players to a team without considering their compatibility is like overcrowding the
team with heroes, which can lead to chaos and reduce the overall efficiency of
your team.

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SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Your goal is to analyse the impact of motherboard components’ incompatibility

and mixed specifications on the performance and functionality of a computer
system (team).
10. Motherboard basics [Link]
11. How motherboards are produced [Link]
DOeAm-PQ
12. [Link]
13. Brookshear, J. G. Brylow, D. (2019). Computer Science: An Overview, Global Edition.
Pearson Education Limited.
14. Chakraborty, P. (2020). Computer Organisation and Architecture: Evolutionary
Concepts, Principles, and Designs. CRC Press.
15. Chalk, B. S., Carter, A., & Hind, R. (2017). Computer organisation and architecture:
an introduction. Bloomsbury Publishing.
16. Sarangi, S. R. (2013). Computer Organisation & Architecture. McGraw-Hill
Education.

REFERENCES
Appiah O. K., Birbal R., Taylor M. (2008). ICT for Senior High Schools, Students’ Book.
Sedco Publishing Limited, pg. 38 - 40.
Black Box. (n.d.). Fast Ethernet (100-Mbps) Network Interface Card - PCIE, 100BASE-
FX, SC. Retrieved March 18, 2024, from [Link]
product/detail/Fast-Ethernet-100-Mbps-Network-Interface-Card-PCIE-100BASE-FX-
SC/LH1390C-SC-R2
ComNetwork16. (2016). Utility Software. [Link]
com/2016/04/[Link]
GeeksforGeeks. (2023). History of Operating Systems. Retrieved from [Link]
[Link]/evolution-of-operating-system/
Gupta, D. (2021). Why does a PC need a Microsoft Windows, Apple macOS or Linux
OS? TechUnwrapped. [Link]
windows-apple-macos-or-linux-os/
Maier, T. (2011). ATX Power connectors 24pin 8pin 4pin [Link]. Wikimedia
Commons retrieved from [Link]
connectors_24pin_8pin_4pin_Motherboard.jpg
MoE (2023). Computing Curriculum for Secondary Education (SHS 1 - 3), pg. 36.
MoE (2023). Computing Teacher Manual (Year One - Book One). Pages 66 – 74

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SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Servers Direct. (n.d.). TP-Link AC1750 N300 300Mbps Wireless Router. Retrieved
March 18, 2024, from [Link]
wireless-n300-300mbps-wireless-n-router
Tahir. (2024). History of Operating Systems. News4Hackers. [Link]
com/history-of-operating-system
Tyson, J. (2000). How BIOS works. HowStuffWorks. Retrieved March 10, 2024, from
[Link]

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

List of Contributors
Name Institution

Mark Kwadwo Ntoso Krachi SHS

Mahama Seidu Daboya Community SHS

Miheso Daniel Wa SHTS, Wa

Francis Bennet Kouadio Kouame Odorgonno SHS, Awoshie

46