ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 1

gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask

‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

cÉ^g cò

ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi

m†Rbkxj iPbvgƒjK
mƒwPcò
AaÅvq welqeÕ§ c†Ó¤v
cÉ^g ˆKvl I ‰i MVb 2
w«¼Zxq ˆKvl wefvRb 8
Z‡Zxq ˆKvl imvqb 18
PZz^Æ AYyRxe 20
cçg Škevj I QòvK 30
lÓ¤ eËvGqvdvBUv I ˆUwiGWvdvBUv 34
mµ¦g b™²exRx I Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿` 38
AÓ¡g wUmyÅ I wUmyÅZ¯¨ 44
beg Dw«¿` kvixiZî½ 51
`kg Dw«¿` cÉRbb 63
‰Kv`k RxecÉhywÚ 67
«¼v`k AaÅvq RxGei cwiGek, weÕ¦vi I msiÞY 79
2 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Rxeweævb cÉ^g cò  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

cÉ^g AaÅvq: ˆKvl I ‰i MVb

cÉk
² 48 iweb, ˆKvGli wewf®² AãvYy covi mgq ˆ`Lj ˆhgb ˆKÌem PKÌ, BGjKUÇb UÇv´ÖGcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g, AwÝGWwUf
w«¼Õ¦iwewkÓ¡ `ywU ˆKvlxq AãvYy ‰KwU kwÚNi bvGg I AciwU dmGdvivBGjkb BZÅvw` mÁ·®² KGi| gvBGUvKw´£Èqvi ˆfZGi ˆKÌem
ˆKvGli UÇvwdK cywjk| PKÌ I AwÝGWwUf dmGdvivBGjkb mÁ·®² nGj ˆh ATP Drc®² nq
K. AGUvdÅvMx Kx? 1 Zv ˆKvGli wecvKxq KvGRi kwÚ ˆRvMvq| RxGei mKj ŠRweK
L. ivBGevGmvgGK meÆRbxb AãvYy ejv nq ˆKb? 2 KvGRi RbÅ kwÚ cÉGqvRb| gvBGUvKw´£Èqv eÅZxZ mevZ k¼mb Z^v
M. DóxcGKi 2q AãvYywUi MVb wPòmn ˆjGLv| 3 kwÚ Drcv`b mÁ¿e bq, Avi Lye A͸msLÅK RxeB AevZ k¼mGbi
N. DóxcGKi 1g AãvYywUi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 gvaÅGg ˆeuGP ^vGK| ZvB ‰ kwÚ Drc®² e®¬ nGj wecvK wKÌqv e®¬
wkLbdj: 4 I 6 [Xv. ˆev. 2019] nGq hvGe| ‰QvovI gvBGUvKw´£Èqv ÷KÌvYy I wWÁ¼vYy MVb, ˆÕ²nwecvK,
48 bs cÉGk²i Dîi RNA I DNA m†wÓ¡ QvovI ˆKvGli msLÅve†w«¬GZ gƒLÅ f„wgKv cvjb

K ˆh cÉwKÌqvq jvBGmvGmvGgi cÉvPxi ZxeË Lv`ÅvfvGei mgq ˆdGU KGi ^vGK| gvBGUvKw´£Èqvi AbycwÕ©wZGZ ŠRweK KvR mÁ·v`Gbi
hvq ‰es Ave«¬K‡Z ‰bRvBg ˆei nGq ˆKvGli AbÅvbÅ AãvYyàGjvGK RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq kwÚ Drc®² nGe bv| dGj ˆKvGli wewf®² ŠRweK
a»sm KGi ˆmB cÉwKÌqvB nGjv AGUvdÅvMx| A wKÌqv e®¬ nGq hvGe| A
DcGii AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK mnGRB AbyGgq ˆh, RxGei RxeGb
L mKj mRxe ˆKvGl ivBGevGmvg ^vGK| wK¯§ ˆhme ˆKvGl Avwgl
gvBGUvKw´£Èqvi Myi‚Z½ Acwimxg|
msGkÏlY ˆewk nq ˆmme ˆKvGlB ivBGevGmvGgi AvwaKÅ ˆ`Lv hvq|
Avw`GKvGl ivBGevGmvg mvBGUvµÏvRGg wewÞµ¦fvGe AeÕ©vb KGi|  cÉk² 49
gyÚ ivBGevGmvg Avw`GKvGli ‰wU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ ŠewkÓ¡Å| cÉK‡Z ˆKvGl 3 5 3
5
‰iv mvBGUvµÏvRg, wbDwKÑqvi ˆggGeËb, wbDwKÑIjvm, Agm†Y 5
A
3
B
‰G´£vµÏvRwgK ˆiwUKzjvGgi c`Ævq ‰es µÏvRgvGggGeËGbi MvGq hyÚ K. K„c Kx? 1
^vGK| ivBGevGmvg gvBGUvKw´£Èqv I ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡I cvIqv hvq| L. iÅvdvBW Kx-eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
Avw`GKvl I cÉK‡Z ˆKvGl ivBGevGmvg DcwÕ©Z ^vKvi KviGY
M. DóxcGK 'A' ‰i Abyi…c AYy m†wÓ¡i cÉwKÌqv eYÆbv KGiv| 3
‰wUGK meÆRbxb AãvYy ejv nq| A
N. ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉKvGk DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ 'B' ‰i ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY
M DóxcGKi w«¼Zxq ˆKvlxq AãvYywU nGjv MjwM eÕ§ hvGK ˆKvGli KGiv| 4
UÇvwdK cywjk ejv nq| wbGP wPòmn MjwM eÕ§i MVb eYÆbv Kiv nGjv  wkLbdj: 11 I 12 [P. ˆev. 2019]
MjwM eÕ§ wZb aiGbi MVbMZ Dcv`vb wbGq MwVZ| h^v 49 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
i. wmÕ¡viwb: ‰iv MjwM eÕ§i meGPGq wÕ©wZkxj Dcv`vb|
Amgvb Š`GNÆÅi ‰es mgv¯¦ivjfvGe AewÕ©Z jÁ¼v I PÅv¶Ÿv  K ˆKvl cÉvPxGii gaÅc`Ævi Dci gvGS gvGS cÉv^wgK cÉvPxi m†wÓ¡
bvwjKv m`†k Dcv`vbàGjvB nGjv wmÕ¡viwb| bv nGj ˆh mi‚, bjvKvi MGZÆi m†wÓ¡ nq ZvB nGjv K„c| A
ii. fÅvKzIj: fÅvKzIj nGœQ wmÕ¡viwbi KvGQ AewÕ©Z ˆMvjvKvi  L Dw«¿`GKvGl DcwÕ©Z mƒuP AvK‡wZi KÅvjwmqvg AÝvGjGUi
^wji gGZv Ask| K‡Õ¡vjB nGjv iÅvdvBW| ‰wU ‰K cÉKvi ˆKvlÕ© wbRÆxe eÕ§|
iii. ˆfwmKj: wmÕ¡viwbi wbGPi w`GK AGcÞvK‡Z Þz`Ë Þz`Ë ^wji ˆKvlxq wecvK wKÌqvi dGj DcRvZ c`v^Æ wnGmGe iÅvdvBW ŠZwi
gGZv eÕ§àGjvB nGjv ˆfwmKj| ‰àGjv c†^K ev `je«¬fvGe nq| Dw«¿G` eRÆÅ c`v^Æ wbMÆgGbi c†^K Z¯¨ bv ^vKvq ‰iv Dw«¿`
^vKGZ cvGi| A ˆKvGl Rgv ^vGK| KPzGZ iÅvdvBW ˆ`Lv hvq| A
wmÕ¡viwb fÅvKzIj M DóxcGKi A nGjv DNA| DNA ‰i Abyi…c AYy m†wÓ¡i cÉwKÌqv
nGjv DNA Abywjcb| wbGP DNA Abywjcb c«¬wZ eYÆbv Kiv nGjv
DNA AbywjcGbi ÷i‚GZ DNA Wvej ˆnwjGÝi ‰K ev ‰KvwaK
we±`yGZ ˆnwjGKR bvgK ‰bRvBGgi cÉfvGe cuÅvP LyGj hvq ‰es
gaÅKvi nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b ˆfGã ‰KmƒòGK cwiYZ nq| c†^K nIqv
‰K ˆnwjÝ bZzb ˆnwjÝ ŠZwii RbÅ ˆUgGµÏU ev QuvP wnGmGe KvR
ˆfwmKj KGi| Wvej ˆnwjGÝi wbDwKÑIUvBW ˆRvo ˆfGã AMÉmi nIqvi
wPò: MjwM eÕ§ dGj ˆm Õ©vGb Y AvK‡wZi ‰KwU ˆiwµÏGKkb dKÆ ŠZwi KGi|
N DóxcGKi cÉ^g AãvYywUGK ejv nq kwÚNi, hv gƒjZ cÉvBGgR ‰bRvBg Abywjcb ÷i‚ Kivi RbÅ cÉvBgvi ŠZwi KGi|
gvBGUvKw´£Èqv| RxeG`Gn gvBGUvKw´£Èqvi ài‚Z½ Acwimxg| wbGP DNA cwjgvGiR ‰bRvBg wbDwKÑIUvBW ‰Gb gyÚ 3¢ OH MÉ‚Gc hyÚ
gvBGUvKvw´£Èqvi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv KGi Abywjcb ÷i‚ KGi| DNA AbywjcGbi mgq ‰KwU mƒòGK
gvBGUvKw´£Èqv RxeG`Gni hveZxq ŠRweK KvhÆvewj mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ wbiewœQ®²fvGe Abywjcb PGj, ‰GK ejv nq wjwWs mƒòK| AbÅ mƒòGK
cÉGqvRbxq kwÚ Drcv`b KGi ^vGK| ‰wU k¼mGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq LGí LGí Abywjcb nq, ‰GK ejv nq jÅvwMs mƒòK| jÅvwMs mƒòGKi
‰bRvBg, ˆKv-‰bRvBg cÉf‡wZ aviY KGi ‰es k¼mGbi wewf®² chÆvq cÉwZwjwcZ LíGK ejv nq Okazaki Lí| DNA jvBGMR ‰bRvBg
‰B LíàGjvGK mshyÚ KGi Abywjcb KvR mgvµ¦ KGi|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 3

N DóxcGK ‘B’ «¼viv RNA-ˆK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| RxGei ŠewkÓ¡Å N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ c`ÆvwU gƒjZ ˆKvlwSwÍÏ| ‰i dÑzBW ˆgvRvBK
cÉKvGk RNA weGkl ài‚Z½ enb KGi ^vGK| DNA ‰es RNA-i gGWjwU weGkÏlY KiGj mnGRB ˆevSv hvq ˆKb ZvGK ˆgvRvBK
mgw®¼Z wKÌqvi dGjB RxGei ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉKvk cvq| wRb nGjv DNA-i m`†k ejv nq| ‰ gGWj Abyhvqx, ˆKvlwSwÍÏ w«¼Õ¦i wewkÓ¡ ‰es
‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ Lí hv mvaviYZ cwjGccUvBW ˆKvW MVb KGi| Avi cÉwZwU Õ¦i dmGdvwjwcW w`Gq ŠZwi| dmGdvwjwcW AYyi duvGK
‰B wRGbi gvaÅGgB RxGei ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉKvk cvq| RxGei wewf®² duvGK ˆKvGjGÕ¡ij AYy ^vGK| AGbK mgq ‰ dmGdvwjwcW ‰es
ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆhgb ˆPvGLi is, PzGji ŠewkÓ¡Å BZÅvw` `†kÅgvb nq H ˆKvGjGÕ¡ij AYyi gvGS gvGS AwbqwgZfvGe ˆcÉvwUb AYy AeÕ©vb
weGkl cwjGccUvBW A^Ævr ˆcÉvwUb msGkÏlGYi RbÅB| ‰GÞGò KGi| AGbK dmGdvwjwcW AYy ‰es AwaKvsk ˆcÉvwUb AYyi mGã
wRGbi gvaÅGg ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉKvGki cÉ^g avc nGjv DNA AYyi Z^Å Þz`Ë KvGeÆvnvBGWÈU ˆPBb mshyÚ ^vGK| ‰G`iGK h^vKÌGg
eÅenvi KGi RNA AYy ŠZwi| ‰ RNA AYy gƒjZ mRNA| mRNA ™ÏvBGKvwjwcW ‰es ™ÏvBGKvGcÉvwUb eGj| ˆKvlwSwÍÏ AGbKUv
AYy ivBGevGmvGg ‰Gm Zvi ˆ`Gn ˆKvW Kiv Z^Å eÅenvi KGi AaÆZij c`vG^Æi bÅvq AvPiY KGi| evwnÅK ˆcÉvwUb AYyàGjv
tRNA-i mnvqZvq wbaÆvwiZ wmKzGq´Ö Abyhvqx cÉGqvRbxq AÅvwgGbv AaÆZij dmGdvwjwcW Õ¦Gi wÕ©i bv ˆ^GK cvk¼xÆ qfvGe bovPov
AÅvwmW mshyÚ KGi cwjGccUvBW ˆPBb ŠZwi KGi| ‰B cwjGccUvBW KiGZ cvGi| ˆKvlwSwÍÏi AaÆZij MVGbi KviGYB ˆcÉvwUb AYyàGjv
ˆPBb Z^v ˆcÉvwUb RxGei ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉKvk KGi ^vGK| AvGjvPbv dmGdvwjwcW Õ¦Gii Dci hòZò ˆgvRvBGKi gGZv QovGbv ˆ`Lvq|
ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, RxGei ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉKvGk ˆcÉvwUb ˆh f„wgKv ivGL ‰ KviGYB ˆKvlwSwÍÏ Z^v DóxcGKi c`ÆvwUGK ˆgvRvBK m`†k ejv
Zv ŠZwiGZ RNA ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv ivGL| RNA-i AbycwÕ©wZGZ nq|
ˆcÉvwUb ŠZwi AmÁ¿e| Avevi ˆcÉvwUb ŠZwi bv nGj RxGei evwnÅK
ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉKvk cvGe bv| myZivs RxGei ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉKvGk ‘B’ Z^v cÉk
² 51 D cÉwKÌqv:
RNA-i ài‚Z½ Acwimxg|

cÉk
 ² 50 ‰KRb wkÞv^Æx Dw«¿` I cÉvwYGKvGli wPò chÆGeÞY 5 3

KiGZ wMGq Dw«¿`GKvGl ‰KwU cÉvPxi ˆ`LGZ ˆcj hv cÉvwYGKvGl

ˆbB| Avevi cÉvPxGii wfZGi ‰KwU c`Æv ˆ`LGZ ˆcj, hv
cÉvwYGKvlGKI Ave†Z KGi ˆiGLGQ| ‰B c`Æv mÁ·GKÆ coGZ wMGq wPò: B
ˆ`Lj, mƒß MVGb ‰wU ˆgvRvBK m`†k| K. wmbÅvcwmm Kx? 1
K. SSBP Kx? 1 L. ˆRGbwUK ˆKvWGK wUÇcGjU ˆKvW ejv nq ˆKb? 2
L. ˆKvlGK RxeG`Gni MVb ‰es KvGRi ‰KK ejv nq ˆKb? 2 M. DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ ‘B’ ‰i MVb eYÆbv KGiv| 3
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉvPxiwUi ˆfŒZ MVb eYÆbv KGiv| 3 N. DóxcGKi D cÉwKÌqvi ŠRweK ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ c`ÆvwUGK ˆKb ˆgvRvBK m`†k ejv wkLbdj: 11 I 12 [e. ˆev. 2019]
nGqGQ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 51 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
 wkLbdj: 2 [wm. ˆev. 2019]
K `ywU ˆnvGgvGjvMvm ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi gGaÅ ˆRvo m†wÓ¡ nIqvB nGjv
50 bs cÉGk²i Dîi wmbÅvcwmm| A
K Single Strand Binding Proteins ‰i mswÞµ¦ i…cB nGjv L wbDwKÑIUvBW ev bvBGUÇvGRb ˆeGmi ˆh MÉ‚c ˆKvGbv AÅvwgGbv
SSBP| A AÅvwmGWi msGKZ MVb KGi ZvGK ˆRGbwUK ˆKvW eGj| dÌvw´Öm
L ˆKvl nGjv RxeG`Gni MVb I KvGRi ‰KK| ‰i KviY nGjv, wKÌK I Zvi mnGhvwMe†±` cixÞvi «¼viv wbwøZ nb ˆh, ˆRGbwUK
RxeG`Gni me ŠRweK wKÌqvKjvc ˆKvGli Afů¦iÕ© AmsLÅ wecvK ˆKvW wZb AÞi wewkÓ¡ ev wUÇcGjU ˆKvW| Zviv ‰bRvBGgi mvnvGhÅ
wKÌqvi gvaÅGg mÁ·®² nq| RxeG`Gni me ˆKvGli mwÁÃwjZ KvGRi ‰KwU fvBivGmi DNA ˆ^GK ÞviK weGqvRb ev DNA ‰i mvG^
gaÅ w`Gq RxGei àYvejxi cÉKvk NGU| Aciw`GK, ˆKvl RxGei ÞviK msGhvRb KGi ˆ`LGZ cvb ˆh, ‰KwU, `ywU, PviwU ev cuvPwU
eskMZxq Z^Å aviY KGi, hv ˆKvl wefvRGbi mgq ‰KGKvl ˆ^GK ÞviK msGhvRb ev weGqvRb Kiv nGj fvBivm KYv eÅvKGUwiqvi
AbÅ ˆKvGl mçvwiZ nq| ˆKvl AbyK„j cwiGeGk Õ¼vaxbfvGe wUGK msKÌgY m†wÓ¡ KiGZ cvGi bv wK¯§ wZbwU ÞviK hyÚ ev wehyÚ nGj
^vKGZ cvGi| ZvB ˆKvlGK RxeG`Gni MVb I KvGRi ‰KK ejv nq| fvBivmwU msKÌgGYi DchyÚ nq| ‰ ˆ^GK Zviv wm«¬vG¯¦ DcbxZ nb
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉvPxiwU nGjv Dw«¿G`i ˆKvlcÉvPxi| ˆh, ˆRGbwUK ˆKvW wZb AÞi wewkÓ¡ kõ «¼viv cÉKvwkZ nq| ‰RbÅ
ˆKvlcÉvPxGii ˆfŒZ MVGb wZbwU Õ¦i ˆ`Lv hvq| h^v@ A ˆRGbwUK ˆKvWGK wUÇcGjU ˆKvW ejv nq| A
 gaÅc`Æv : ˆKvlcÉvPxGii ˆh Õ¦iwU `ywU cvkvcvwk ˆKvGli gaÅeZÆx mvaviY
M DóxcGK wPò-B «¼viv tRNA ˆK ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| cÉwZwU
c`Æv wnGmGe AeÕ©vb KGi ZvGK ejv nq gaÅc`Æv| dÌvMGgvµÏvÕ¡ ‰es
tRNAGZ ˆgvUvgywU 90wU wbDwKÑIUvBW ^vGK| cÉv^wgKfvGe cÉwZwU
ˆcKwUb RvZxq ˆfwmKj wgwjZfvGe gaÅc`Æv MVb KGi|
tRNA ‰K mƒòK ‰es jÁ¼v ˆPBGbi gGZv ^vGK| cieZÆxGZ ‰wU
 cÉv^wgK cÉvPxi : gaÅ c`Ævi Ici ˆmjyGjvR, ˆnwgGmjyGjvR ‰es
fvR nGq hvq ‰es wewf®² ˆeGmi gGaÅ ˆRvovi m†wÓ¡ nGq cÉwZwU
™ÏvBGKvGcÉvwUb BZÅvw` Rgv nGq ˆh cvZjv Õ¦i ŠZwi nq, ˆmwU
tRNA-ˆZ ‰KvwaK duvm m†wÓ¡ nq| A
nGjv cÉv^wgK cÉvPxi| ‰wU gaÅ c`Ævi A¯¦tZGj ŠZwi nq|
meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ duvm nGjv AÅvw´ŸGKvWb duvm, hv mRNA -‰i
 ˆmGK´£vwi cÉvPxi : cÉv^wgK cÉvPxGii Ici Õ¦Gi Õ¦Gi ˆmjyGjvR
Rgv nGq ˆh Õ¦i m†wÓ¡ nq ZvGK ˆmGKívwi cÉvPxi eGj| ‰ Õ¦iwU ˆKvWb-‰i mvG^ gyGLgyGL eGm ˆhGZ cvGi| tRNA-i 3cÉv¯¦ ‰K
ˆek cyi‚ ‰es wZbÕ¦i wewkÓ¡|A mƒòK ‰es memgqB CCA avivq ˆem mwäZ ^vGK| ‰LvGb
4 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

AÅvwgGbv AÅvwmW mshyÚ nq| duvm AeÕ©vq memgqB AÅvw´ŸGKvWb wmbG^wmm I ETS, DNA I ivBGevGRvg ‰es AbÅvbÅ Dcv`vb wbGq
duvm I AÅvwgGbv AÅvwmW mvBW wecixZ AeÕ©vGb ^vGK| gvBGUvKw´£Èqv MwVZ| ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ I gvBGUvKw´£Èqv DfqB
N DóxcGKi D-cÉwKÌqv «¼viv DNA AbywjcbGK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| wjGcvGcÉvwUb evBGjqvGii `ywU ˆggGeËb wbGq MwVZ| DœPGkÉwYi
DNA Abywjcb cÉwKÌqvi ŠRweK ài‚Z½ Acwimxg| wbGP ‰i ŠRweK Dw«¿`GKvGl ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡i AvK‡wZ mvaviYZ ˆjG´Öi gGZv, ZGe
ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv wbÁ²GkÉwYi Dw«¿`GKvGl ‰iv ˆcqvjvK‡Z, mwcÆjvKvi, RvwjKvKvi,
i. ˆKvl wefvRb ‰es RxGei MÅvwgU m†wÓ¡i RbÅ DNA Abywjcb
ZviKvKvi, ˆMvjvKvi BZÅvw` AvK‡wZiI nGZ cvGi| Aciw`GK
AZÅvekÅK| A^Ævr RxeG`Gni e†w«¬ I Rbb ‰es ‰i gvaÅGg gvBGUvKw´£Èqv mvaviYZ e†îvKvi, `ívKvi, Z¯§Kvi, ZviKvKvi I
ŠewkÓ¡Å cƒeÆcyi‚l ˆ^GK Dîi cyi‚Gl Õ©vbv¯¦i BZÅvw`i RbÅ Kzíjx AvKvi nGZ cvGi| ˆj´Ö AvK‡wZi ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡i eÅvm
mvaviYZ 3-5 gvBKÌb, wK¯§ e†îvKvi gvBGUvKw´£Èqvi eÅvm 0.2-2.0
DNA Abywjcb AZÅvekÅK| A
gvBKÌb ‰es mƒòvKvi gvBGUvKw´£Èqvi eÅvm 40-70 gvBKÌb|
ii. DNA AbywjcGbi ˆÞGò msiÞYkxjZvi KviGYB `ywU cÉRG¯Ãi
mvaviYZ MGo cÉwZwU DœPGkÉwYi Dw«¿`GKvGl 10-40wU ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡
wRGbvUvBGc eÅvcK cv^ÆKÅ cÉKvk cvq bv|
^vGK| Aciw`GK MGo cÉwZ ˆKvGl 300-400wU gvBGUvKw´£Èqv
iii. DNA-i MVb Õ©vqx, hv AbywjcGbi gvaÅGgI cwieZÆb NGU bv|
^vGK| ivmvqwbKfvGe KvGeÆvnvBGWÈU, wjwcW, ˆcÉvwUb, ˆKÑvGivwdj,
iv. DNA nGZ mKj cÉKvi RNA Drc®² nq|
KÅvGivwUbGqW (KÅvGivwUb I RÅvG¯©vwdj), DNA, RNA, wKQy
v. DNA AbywjcGbi mgq mvaviYZ ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb NGU
msLÅK ‰bRvBg I ˆKv-‰bRvBg wbGq ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ MwVZ|
bv| wgDGUkb NUGjB ˆKej DNA-i cwieZÆb NGU|
Aciw`GK, gvBGUvKw´£Èqvi ÷Ó• IRGbi 65% ˆcÉvwUb, 29%
cÉk
 ² 52 Dw«¿G`i ‰K cÉKvi AãvYy Lv`Å ŠZwi KGi ‰es AbÅ w™ÏmvivBW, 4% ˆjwmw^b I ˆmdvwjb ‰es 2% ˆKvGjGÕ¡ij,
cÉKvi AãvYy ˆÕ²n wecvGK f„wgKv ivGL I kwÚ Drc®² KGi ^vGK| wjwcGWi gGaÅ 90% dmGdvwjwcW, evwK 10% dÅvwU AÅvwmW,
K. dÌzUewW Kx? 1 KÅvGivwUbGqW, wfUvwgb E ‰es wKQy A‹Re c`v^Æ we`Ågvb|
L. RivqyR AâzGiv`Mg ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ Lv`Å msGkÏGl mvnvhÅ KGi eGj ‰GK ˆKvGli iv®²vNi ev
M. DóxcGKi 1g AãvYyi wPwn×Z wPò AuvK| 3 kKÆiv RvZxq LvG`Åi KviLvbv ejv nq| ‰QvovI wbGRi cÉGqvRGb
N. DóxcGKi 1g I 2q AãvYyi ZzjbvgƒjK AvGjvPbv KGiv| 4 ˆcÉvwUb, wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW ŠZwi, ADP ˆK ATP ˆZ i…cv¯¦i Kiv,
wkLbdj: 6 [Xv. ˆev. 2017] dGUvGimwcGikb Kiv ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡i AbÅZg KvR| Aciw`GK,
ˆKvGli hveZxq ŠRewbK KvGRi kwÚ mieivn KGi eGj
52 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
gvBGUvKw´£ÈqvGK ˆKvGli cvIqvi nvDm ev kwÚNi ejv nq| ‰Qvov
K Agaricus-‰i ˆ`Gni ˆh Ask gvwUi DcGi ˆ`Lv hvq ZvB dÌzUewW| k¼mGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq ‰bRvBg, ˆKv-‰bRvBg aviY Kiv, k¼mGbi
L Dw«¿G` ^vKv AeÕ©vq dGji Afů¦Gi exGRi AâzGiv`MgGK wewf®² chÆvq, ˆhgb ˆKÌem PKÌ, BGjKUÇb UÇv´ÖGcvUÆ, AwÝGWwUf
RivqyR AâzGiv`Mg ejv nq| jeYvÚ gvwUGZ ‰es ˆRvqvi-fvUvi dmGdvivBGjkb BZÅvw` KvR gvBGUvKw´£Èqvi gvaÅGg mÁ·®² nq|
KviGY exGRi ‰K Õ©vGb wUGK ^vKv KwVb nIqvq mgy`Ë DcK„jeZÆx  cÉk² 53
‰jvKvi eü Dw«¿G` RivqyR AâzGiv`Mg NGU| ‰GÞGò MvGQ ^vKv RNA cwjgvGiR
AeÕ©vq AâzGiv`Mg ÷i‚ nGq jÁ¼v ö…Ygƒj m†wÓ¡ nq| gƒj ‰KUz eo A
I fvix nGq gvwUGZ cGo ‰es Kv`v gvwUGZ AvUGK hvq, dGj
3
5 3
3
5

ˆRvqvi-fvUvi UvGb Zv Avi ˆfGm hvq bv| ˆhgb my±`ix| A 5

B
M DóxcGKi 1g AãvYywU nGjv ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡| wbGP ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡i
wPwn×Z wPò Aâb Kiv nGjv A
K. wRb Kx? 1
ewntÕ¦i L. ˆKvb AãvYyGK ˆKb ˆKvGli ˆcÉvwUb ŠZwii KviLvbv ejv
A¯¦tÕ¦i
ˆÕ¡Èvgv jÅvGgjvg
nq? 2
ivBGevGmvg
M. DóxcGKi 'B' m†wÓ¡i ˆKŒkjwU eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
MÉvbvg N. DóxcGKi A I B ‰i gGaÅ Zzjbv Ki| 4
ˆÕ¡Èvgv wkLbdj-11 I 13 [iv. ˆev. 2016]
ˆZjwe±`y
^vBjvKGqW 53 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ˆk¼Zmvi `vbv
DNA
K wRb nGjv ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi ˆjvKvGm AewÕ©Z DNA AYyi mywbw`ÆÓ¡
wPò
wPò:: ˆKÑvGivµÏ
GivµÏvGÕ¡i
vGÕ¡iwewf®²
wewf®²Ask
Ask Ask hv RxGei ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvhÆKix msGKZ Ave«¬ KGi ivGL ‰es
ˆcÉvwUb wnGmGe AvñcÉKvk KGi ˆKvGli wbw`ÆÓ¡ ŠewkGÓ¡Åi weKvk NUvq|
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ 1g AãvYywU nGjv ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ hvi KviGY L ˆKvlxq AãvYy ivBGevGRvgGK ˆcÉvwUb ŠZwii KviLvbv ejv nq|
cvZv meyR nq ‰es 2q AãvYywU nGjv gvBGUvKw´£Èqv hv ˆKvGl kwÚ KviY ivBGevGRvGgi cÉavb KvRB nGjv ˆcÉvwUb msGkÏlY Kiv|
Drc®² KGi| wbGP AãvYy `ywUi ZzjbvgƒjK AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv ivBGevGRvg mRNA Ave«¬ KGi tRNA-‰i gvaÅGg ˆcÉwiZ msGKZ
AveiYx wSwÍÏ, ˆÕ¡Èvgv, ^vBjvKGqW, MÉvbvg, ˆÕ¡Èvgv jÅvGgwj, Abyhvqx AÅvwgGbv ‰wmW mshyÚ KGi cwjGccUvBW ˆPBb MVb KGi|
dGUvwmbG^wUK BDwbU, ATP wmbG^wmm ‰es DNA ‰ AskàGjv ˆcÉvwUb msGkÏlGYi Õ©vbI ivBGevGRvGgi gvaÅGg wbaÆvwiZ nGq
wbGq ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ MwVZ nq| Aciw`GK AveiYx wSwÍÏ, cÉGKvÓ¤, ATP ^vGK|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 5

M DóxcGKi wPGò 'B' A^vÆr RNA m†wÓ¡i cÉwKÌqvGK ejv nq UÇv´ÖwKÌckb|

cÉk
² 54 wkÞK eÐvKGevGWÆ RxeG`Gni MVGbi `yB AveiYxhyÚ
cÉwKÌqvwU wbÁ²wjwLZ avivevwnK avGc mÁ·®² nq :
‰KwU Av`kÆ ‰KGKi wPwn×Z wPò AuvKGjb, hvi evBGii AveiYxwU
i. RNA cwjgvGiR ‰bRvBGgi wKÌqvq DNA AYyi ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡
wbRÆxe ‰es wfZGii AveiYxwU mRxe|
AsGki nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬bàGjv ˆfGã wMGq Wvej ˆnwjGÝi K. eÅvKGUwiIdvh Kx? 1
cuÅvP LyGj hvq| dGj DNA AYyi ‰ AsGki cÉwZwU mƒòGKi L. jvBGKb ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
bvBGUÇvGRb ÞviKàGjv D®ÂyÚ nGq cGo| M. DóxcGK MVGbi ‰KKwUi wPwn×Z wPò AuvK| 3
ii. cuÅvP LyGj hvIqv DNA AYyi 35 mƒòGKi D®ÂyÚ cÉwZwU N. DóxcGKi AveiYx `y’wUi gGaÅ Zzjbv KGiv| 4
bvBGUÇvGRb ÞviK Zvi mÁ·yiK RNA wbDwKÑIUvBWGK AvKlÆY wkLbdj: 1 I 2 [P. ˆev. 2016]
KGi A^Ævr DNA mƒòGKi D®ÂyÚ àqvwbb ÞviK mvBGUvwmbhyÚ 54 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
RNA wbDwKÑIUvBWGK ‰es AÅvGWwbb ÞviK BDivwmjhyÚ K eÅvKGUwiqv a»smKvix fvBivmB nGjv eÅvKGUwiIdvh| A
RNA wbDwKÑIUvBWGK AvKlÆY KGi| L Škevj I QòvGKi mnveÕ©vbB nGjv jvBGKb|
iii. RNA cwjgvGiR ‰bRvBg KÌGg DNA AYyi wbw`ÆÓ¡ w`K jvBGKGbi QòvK m`mÅGK gvBGKvweGqv´Ÿ I Škevj m`mÅGK
eivei avweZ nGq Wvej ˆnwjÝ wewœQ®² KGi ‰es Mg++ ev dvBGKvweGqv´Ÿ eGj| ‰G`i ‰B mnveÕ©vGbi dGj DfqB ‰GK
Mn++ AvqGbi mnvqZvq DNA AYyi 35 mƒòGKi D®ÂyÚ AGbÅi «¼viv DcK‡Z nq| Škevj Lv`Å mieivn KGi ‰es QòvK
bvBGUÇvGRb ÞviGKi mvG^ KÌgvMZ mwKÌq cwicƒiK RNA ŠkevjGK evmÕ©vb cÉ`vb KGi| ‰G`i ‰ mnveÕ©vbGK
wbDwKÑIUvBW hyÚ KGi mRNA wkKj MVb KGi| wgG^vRxweZvI ejv nq| A
iv. RNA cwjgvGiR ‰bRvBg DNA AYyi ˆh w`GK Wvej ˆnwjÝ M DóxcGKi RxeG`Gni MVGbi `yB AveiYxhyÚ Av`kÆ ‰KKwU
wewœQ®² KGi cwicƒiK RNA wbDwKÑIUvBW hyÚ nIqvi ci nGjv Dw«¿` ˆKvl| wbGP ‰i wPwn×Z wPò ˆ`qv nGjv A
‰KB ‰bRvBGgi mvnvGhÅ Zvi wecixZ w`GK DNA AYyi
K„c
cybMÆVb msNwUZ nq| A^Ævr DNA AYyi 35 mƒòKwU gvBGUvKw´£Èqb
ˆKvlcÉvPxi
mRNA ŠZwii QuvP wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| ‰G´£vµÏvRwgK ˆiwUKzjvg (gm†Y)
v. ‰KB mgGq ‰KmvG^ 12wU RNA wbDwKÑIUvBW hyÚ mRNA ˆKvlwSwÍÏ
‰G´£vµÏvRwgK ˆiwUKzjvg (Agm†Y)
wkKj MwVZ nq ‰es RNA cwjgvGiR ‰bRvBg AwZ `ËyZ wbDwKÑqvi i®¬È
DNA AYyi wewf®² Açj ˆ^GK AmsLÅ mRNA wkKj MVb wbDwKÑIjvm
ˆKÌvgvwUb Z¯§ wbDwKÑqvm
KGi| wbDwKÑIwSwÍÏ
wbDwKÑIµÏvRg
vi. msGkÏwlZ mRNA AYy DNA AYyi wbDwKÑqvi wQG`Ëi gvaÅGg MjwR eÕ§
wbDwKÑqvm ˆ^GK ˆei nGq mvBGUvµÏvRGg PGj AvGm ‰es Av¯¦tGKvlxq duvK
jvBGmvGRvg
ˆcÉvwUb msGkÏlGYi Õ©vb ivBGevGRvGg hvq| wcGbvmvBwUK ˆdvÕ•v
ˆKvl Mn»i
msGkÏwlZ mRNA AYy DNA AYyi ˆh Açj nGZ m†wÓ¡ nq Zvi gvBGKÌvwUDweDjm
cwicƒiK ÞviK wbGq MwVZ nq| mRNA ‰i ˆÞGò AÅvGWwbGbi ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡
wPò : Dw«¿`GKvGli wPwn×Z wPò ivBGevGRvg
cwicƒiK wnGmGe ^vBwgGbi cwieGZÆ BDivwmj eÅen†Z nq| ‰ Qvov
wWAwÝivBGevGRi cwieGZÆ ivBGevR kKÆiv eÅen†Z nq|
N DóxcGK A «¼viv DNA ‰es B «¼viv mRNA ˆK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ evBGii wbRxÆe AveiYxwU nGjv ˆKvl cÉvPxi
‰es wfZGii mRxe AveiYxwU nGjv ˆKvlwSwÍÏ ev µÏvRgvGggGeËb|
RNA ‰es DNA ‰i gGaÅ Zzjbv wbÁ²i…c:
wbGP AveiYx `y’wUi gGaÅ Zzjbv Kiv nGjv A
DNA ‰i ˆfŒZ MVb w«¼mƒòK, NyivGbv wmuwoi gGZv| RNA ‰i ˆfŒZ
@ ˆKvl cÉvPxi Dw«¿`GKvl I eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆKvlwSwÍÏi evBGi
MVb ‰KmƒòK, wkKGji bÅvq| DNA-‰i ivmvqwbK MVGb ^vGK AeÕ©vb KGi, cÉvwYGKvGl ^vGK bv| mKj RxeGKvGli
wW-AwÝivBGevR myMvi, ‰i cvBwiwgwWGb ^vBwgb I mvBGUvwmb ˆcÉvGUvµÏvRGgi evBGi ˆKvlwSwÍÏ ^vGK|
ˆem ^vGK| RNA ‰i ivmvqwbK MVGb ^vGK ivBGevR myMvi ‰i @ ˆKvl cÉvPxi wZbwU Õ¦Gi webÅÕ¦; h^v- gaÅc`Æv, cÉv^wgK cÉvPxi
cvBwiwgwWGb BDivwmj I mvBGUvwmb ˆem ^vGK| KvhÆMZ w`K I ˆmGK´£vwi cÉvPxi| ˆKvlwSwÍÏ ˆcÉvwUb (evBGi I wfZGi
ˆ^GK DNA ‰KB iKGgi, wK¯§ RNA PviiKGgi h^v tRNA, `y’Õ¦i) I wjwcW (gaÅvsGk `y’Õ¦i) ‰i `ywU Õ¦i wbGq MwVZ|
rRNA, mRNA I gRNA| AbywjcGbi gvaÅGg bZyb DNA m†wÓ¡ @ ˆKvl cÉvPxi KLbI ˆf`Å KLbI AGf`Å| ˆKvlwSwÍÏ meÆ`vB
nq| Aciw`GK, bZybfvGe RNA m†wÓ¡ nq ZGe ˆKvGbv Abywjcb nq ŠelgÅGf`Å|
bv| DNA eskMwZi aviK, evnK I wbq¯¨K wnGmGe KvR KGi ‰es @ ˆKvl cÉvPxGi gvBGKÌvwfjvB bv ^vKGjI ˆKvlwSwÍÏGZ gvBGKÌvwfjvB
^vGK|
ˆcÉvwUb msGkÏl KGi| RNA mvaviYZ eskMZ Pwiò enb KGi bv|
@ ˆKvl cÉvPxi cyi‚ ‰es `†p; cÉavbZ ˆmjyGjvR wbwgÆZ; ZGe
DNA ‰i wbDwKÑIUvBGWi msLÅv AGbK ˆewk| RNA ‰i
ˆcKwUb, KvBwUb, wjMwbb BZÅvw`I ^vKGZ cvGi| Aciw`GK
wbDwKÑIUvBGWi msLÅv AGbK Kg| ˆKvlwSwÍÏ Lye mƒß, wÕ©wZÕ©vcK; cÉavbZ wjGcvGcÉvwUb w`Gq
6 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

MwVZ, ZGe ™ÏvBGKvGcÉvwUb, dmGdvwjwcW, ™ÏvBGKvwjwcW, PKÌ, BGjKUÇb UÇv´ÖGcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g, AwÝGWwUf dmGdvivBGjkb
ˆÕ¡ij BZÅvw` mg®¼Gq MwVZ nGZ cvGi| BZÅvw` mÁ·®² KGi| gvBGUvKw´£Èqvi ˆfZGi ˆKÌem PKÌ I
@ ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv ˆKvGli ˆKvl cÉvPxGi bvbviKg AjâiY ˆ`Lv AwÝGWwUf dmGdvivBGjkb mÁ·®² nGj ˆh ATP Drc®² nq Zv
hvq| ˆKvlwSwÍÏGZ ˆKvGbvi…c AjâiY ˆ`Lv hvq bv| ˆKvGli wecvKxq KvGRi kwÚ ˆhvMvq| RxGei mKj ŠRweK KvGRi
RbÅ kwÚ cÉGqvRb| mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi mgq Rxe KZ‡ÆK msGkÏwlZ kwÚ
cÉk²55 Rxeweævb KÑvGm wkÞK ejGjb “ˆZvgvG`i eB-‰ Dw«¿`

k¼mGbi gvaÅGg D¯ÃyÚ nq ‰es Zv RxGei wewf®² wecvKxq KvGR
ˆKvl I cÉvwYGKvGli wPGòi gGaÅ ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ AãvYy iGqGQ hv
eÅen†Z nq| gvBGUvKw´£Èqv eÅZxZ mevZ k¼mb Z^v kwÚ Drcv`b mÁ¿e
ˆKvGli hveZxq KvGRi RbÅ kwÚ Drcv`b I wbq¯¨Y KGi|”
bq Avi Lye A͸msLÅK RxeB AevZ k¼mGbi gvaÅGg ˆeuGP ^vGK| ZvB,
K. ‰bRvBg Kx? 1 ‰ kwÚ Drc®² e®¬ nGj wecvK wKÌqv e®¬ nGq hvGe| ‰QvovI
L. nËvmgƒjK wefvRb ejGZ Kx eyS? 2 gvBGUvKw´£Èqv ÷KÌvYy I wWÁ¼vYy MVb, ˆÕ²nwecvK, RNA I DNA m†wÓ¡
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ ˆKvl AãvYywUi wPwn×Z wPòmn MVb QvovI ˆKvGli msLÅve†w«¬GZ gyLÅ f„wgKv cvjb KGi ^vGK|
eYÆbv Ki| 3 gvBGUvKw´£Èqvi AbycwÕ©wZGZ Lv`ÅwÕ©Z kwÚ wbMÆZ bv nIqvq ŠRweK
N. ‘RxGei RxeGb DóxcGK wbG`ÆwkZ AãvYywU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ KvR mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq kwÚ Drc®² nGe bv| dGj ˆKvGli
f„wgKv cvjb KGi’  weGkÏlY Ki| 4 wewf®² RxeR wKÌqv e®¬ nGq hvGe|
wkLbdj-6 [iv. ˆev. 2015] DcGii AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK mnGRB AbyGgq ˆh, RxGei RxeGb
55 bs cÉGk²i Dîi gvBGUvKw´£Èqv AZů¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
K ˆh ˆcÉvwUb RxeG`Gn A͸ gvòvq we`Ågvb ˆ^GK wewKÌqvi nviGK Z½ivw®¼Z cÉk
² 56 RxeweævGbi wkÞK KÑvGm ejGjb, Dw«¿`GKvGl A I B
KGi wK¯§ wewKÌqv ˆkGl wbGRiv AcwiewZÆZ ^vGK ZvB nGjv ‰bRvBg| `ywU AveiY AvGQ| A AveiYwU g†Z ‰es B AveiYwU mRxe|
L ˆh wefvRb cÉwKÌqvq bZzb m†wÓ¡ ˆKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv K. cÉRvwZ Kx? 1
gvZ‡GKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅvi AGaÆK nq ZvGK nËvmgƒjK wefvRb L. KÌwmsIfvi KxfvGe bZzb ŠewkÓ¡Å m†wÓ¡ KGi? 2
ejv nq| ‰B cÉwKÌqvq wbDwKÑqvm `y’evi ‰es ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ‰Kevi M. DóxcGKi B AveiYwUi meÆRbMÉvnÅ ‰KwU gGWGji
wefÚ nq| ‰B cÉwKÌqv meÆ`vB wWµÏGqW (2n) msLÅK ˆKÌvGgvGmvg wPwn×Z wPò Aâb KGiv| 3
wewkÓ¡ ˆKvGl NGU ^vGK| nËvmgƒjK wefvRb RxemgƒGni gGaÅ ŠewPòÅ N. DóxcGKi A I B AveiYwUi gGaÅ Šemv`†kÅ weGkÏlY
m†wÓ¡i ‰KwU Dcvq| KGiv| 4
M DóxcGKi AãvYywU nGjv gvBGUvKw´£Èqb| gvBGUvKw´£Èqb ‰KwU wkLbdj: 2 [Kz. ˆev. 2015]
w«¼Õ¦iwewkÓ¡ AveiYx w`Gq Ave†Z ^vGK| ˆggGeËbwU wjGcvGcÉvwUb
56 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
evBGjqvi cÉK‡wZi| evBGii Õ¦iwU gm†Y wK¯§ ˆfZGii Õ¦iwU ˆKG±`Êi
w`GK AGbK fuvRwewkÓ¡| ˆfZGii ˆggGeËGbi ‰ fuvRàGjvGK ejv nq K cÉRvwZ nGjv meÆvwaK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi wgj mÁ·®² ‰K`j Rxe hvG`i
wKÌwÕ¡| `yB ˆggGeËGbi gvSLvGbi duvKv Õ©vbGK ejv nq ewntÕ© KÞ gGaÅ ˆhŒb wgjGb DeÆi eskai Drc®² nq| A
‰es ˆfZGii ˆggGeËb w`Gq Ave«¬ AçjGK ejv nq Afů¦ixY KÞ| L gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi cÅvKvBwUb Dc`kvq KÌwmsIfvGii mgq
Dfq KGÞ AeÕ©vb KGi Zij ev gÅvwUÇÝ| cÉ^Gg `ywU bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUW ‰KB Õ©vb eivei ˆfGO hvq| cGi
‰KwUi ‰K AsGki mvG^ AciwUi AbÅ Ask cybivq ˆRvov jvGM|
ewntc`Æv
A¯¦tc`Æv dGj KvqvRgv m†wÓ¡ nq| ˆkl chÆvGq cÉv¯¦xqKiGYi gvaÅGg ˆKÌvgvwUGWi
Afů¦ixY KÞ wewbgq ˆkl nq| ‰i dGj ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ AsGki wewbgq NGU, mvG^
DNA AYy
ATP- synthases mvG^ wRGbiI wewbgq NGU| wRb-‰i wewbgGqi dGj PvwiwòK
wKÌwÕ¡ ŠewkGÓ¡Åi wewbgq nq, dGj RxGe bZzb ŠewkÓ¡Å m†wÓ¡ nq|
gvZ‡Kv
ivBGevGRv M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ A AskwU nGjv ˆKvlwSwÍÏ| ˆKvlwSwÍÏi
ewntÕ© KÞ meGPGq MÉnYxq gGWjwU nGjv dÑzBW ˆgvRvBK gGWj| wbGP ‰B
wPò: gvBGUvKw´£Èqb gGWjwUi wPwn×Z wPò Aâb Kiv nGjv
ˆKvl
ˆKvlcÉcÉvcÉvPxixq
Pxixq Zj
wKÌwÕ¡GZ Õ©vGb Õ©vGb ATP wmbG^wmm bvgK ˆMvjvKvi eÕ§ AvGQ| ˆKvl vPxixqZj
Zj
™ÏvBGKvwjwcW
‰GZ ATP msGkÏwlZ nq| ‰Qvov mgÕ¦ wKÌwÕ¡eÅvcx AGbK BGjKUÇb evwnÅK ˆcÉvwUb
UÇv´ÖGcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g AewÕ©Z| AvGM ‰G`iGK ‰K mvG^ AwÝGmvg ™ÏvBGKvGcÉvwUb
wjwcW mÁ·†Ú ˆcÉvwUb
wnGmGe AwfwnZ Kiv nGZv| gvBGUvKw´£ÈqGbi wbRÕ¼ e†îvKvi DNA,
RNA ‰es ivBGevGRvg iGqGQ| cvwbweG«¼lx cÉv¯¦
(ˆjR)
N DóxcGKi AãvYywU nGjv gvBGUvKw´£Èqvb eüePb: gvBGUvKw´£Èqv|
ˆKvGjGÕ¡ij
‰wU ˆ`Gni hveZxq ŠRweK KvhÆvewj mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq kwÚ cvwbMÉvnx cÉv¯¦ (gÕ¦K)
mvBGUvµÏvRgxq Zj A¯¦wbÆwnZ ˆcÉvwUb
vRgxqZj
evwnÅK ˆcÉvwUb mvBGUvµÏ
Drcv`b KGi ^vGK| ‰wU k¼mGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq ‰bRvBg, ˆKv- mvBGUvµÏvRgxq Zj
wPò:
wPò:ˆKvlwSwÍÏ
ˆKvlwSwÍÏii MVb (dÑBz zBW-ˆgvRvBK
MVb (dÑ W-ˆgvRvBKgGWj)
gGWj)
‰bRvBg cÉf‡wZ aviY KGi ‰es k¼mGbi wewf®² chÆvq ˆhgb ˆKÌem
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 7

N DóxcGKi A I B AveiY `ywU nGjv h^vKÌGg ˆKvl cÉvPxi ‰es eÅvcb wbq¯¨Y I mg®¼q nq| wSwÍÏwU ‰KwU KvVvGgv wnmvGe KvR KGi
ˆKvlwSwÍÏ ev µÏvRgvGggGeËb| wbGP ˆKvl cÉvPxi I ˆKvlwSwÍÏi gGaÅ hvGZ weGkl ‰bRvBg ‰GZ webÅÕ¦ ^vKGZ cvGi| ˆfZi ˆ^GK evBGi
Šemv`†kÅ weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv@ ‰es evBGi ˆ^GK wfZGi eÕ§ Õ©vbv¯¦i KGi| wewf®² e†n`vby msGkÏlY
@ ˆKvl cÉvPxi Dw«¿`GKvl I eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆKvlwSwÍÏi evBGi KiGZ cvGi| wewf®² iKg ZG^Åi wfwî wnGmGe KvR KGi|
AeÕ©vb KGi, cÉvwYGKvGl ^vGK bv| mKj RxeGKvGli cviÕ·wiK e®¬b, e†w«¬ I Pjb BZÅvw` KvGRI ‰i f„wgKv AvGQ|
ˆcÉvGUvµÏvRGgi evBGi ˆKvlwSwÍÏ ^vGK| N DóxcGK wPwn×Z B AãvYywU nGjv ˆKÌvGgvGmvg hv RxGei Š`wnK
@ ˆKvl cÉvPxi wZbwU Õ¦Gi webÅÕ¦; h^v- gaÅc`Æv, cÉv^wgK cÉvPxi e†w«¬, cÉRbb I eskMwZGZ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
I ˆmGK´£vwi cÉvPxi| ˆKvlwSwÍÏ ˆcÉvwUb (evBGi I wfZGi ˆKvl wefvRGbi gyLÅ eÕ§ ˆKÌvGgvGmvg| ˆKÌvGgvGmvgGK ev` w`Gq ˆKvl
`y’Õ¦i) I wjwcW (gaÅvsGk `y’Õ¦i) ‰i `ywU Õ¦i wbGq MwVZ| wefvRb mÁ¿e bq| ˆKvl wefvRGbi ÷i‚ ‰es ˆkl DfqB ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
@ ˆKvl cÉvPxi KLbI ˆf`Å KLbI AGf`Å| ˆKvlwSwÍÏ meÆ`vB wbfÆi| ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg AewÕ©Z DNA AbywjcGbi gvaÅGg ˆKvl
ŠelgÅGf`Å| wefvRGbi cÉÕ§wZ mÁ·®² nq| A^Ævr ˆKÌvGgvGmvgÕ© DNA AbywjwcZ
@ ˆKvl cÉvPxGi gvBGKÌvwfjvB bv ^vKGjI ˆKvlwSwÍÏGZ gvBGKÌvwfjvB bv nGj ˆKvl wefvRb ÷i‚ nGe bv| Avevi ˆKÌvGgvGmvgwenxb ˆKvl Zvi
^vGK| AwÕ¦Z½I iÞv KiGZ cvGi bv| KvGRB ejv hvq RxGei Š`wnK e†w«¬GZ
@ ˆKvl cÉvPxi cyi‚ ‰es `†p; cÉavbZ ˆmjyGjvR wbwgÆZ; ZGe ˆKvGgvGmvGgi cÉZÅÞ f„wgKv iGqGQ| ‰KBfvGe cÉRbb I eskMwZGZ
ˆcKwUb, KvBwUb, wjMwbb BZÅvw`I ^vKGZ cvGi| Aciw`GK ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi cÉfve we`Ågvb| gvZv-wcZvi ŠewkÓ¡Å m¯¦vb-m¯¦wZ
ˆKvlwSwÍÏ Lye mƒß, wÕ©wZÕ©vcK; cÉavbZ wjGcvGcÉvwUb w`Gq ˆcGq ^vGK| AvGgi exR ˆ^GK meÆ`v Avg MvQB cvB, ‰KBfvGe
MwVZ, ZGe ™ÏvBGKvGcÉvwUb, dmGdvwjwcW, ™ÏvBGKvwjwcW, cvGUi exR ˆ^GK cvU MvQ nGZ ˆ`wL| c†w^exi me RxGei ˆÞGòB ‰
ˆÕ¡ij BZÅvw` mg®¼Gq MwVZ nGZ cvGi| cÉvK‡wZK wbqg cÉGhvRÅ| ˆhme eÕ§i gvaÅGg gvZv-wcZvi ŠewkÓ¡Å
@ ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv ˆKvGli ˆKvl cÉvPxGi bvbviKg AjâiY ˆ`Lv ZvG`i m¯¦vb-m¯¦wZGZ evwnZ nq ZvG`iGK ‰KGò eskMwZ eÕ§ ejv
hvq| ˆKvlwSwÍÏGZ ˆKvGbvi…c AjâiY ˆ`Lv hvq bv| nq| eskMwZ eÕ§i cÉavb Dcv`vb nGœQ ˆKÌvGgvGmvg| ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg
iGqGQ DNA, ˆhLvGb wRbàGjv mymwäZ ^vGK| wRbB nGœQ RxGei
cÉk
² 57
mKj PvwiwòK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi aviK hv chÆvqKÌGg evwnÅK Pwiòmgƒn dzwUGq
ˆZvGj| ZvB ejv ˆhGZ cvGi cÉRbb I eskMwZGZ ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi
f„wgKv Acwimxg|
B
A cÉk
² 58 W. Rvgvb KÑvGm `yGUv ˆKvl AãvYyi K^v DGÍÏL KGib|
hvi cÉ^gwU bv ^vKGj ˆKvlwUGZ mevZ k¼mb mÁ¿e nq bv ‰es
AciwU AbycwÕ©wZi KviGY ciRxex nq|
K. ^vBjvKGqW Kx? 1
K. gvBGmwjqvg Kx? 1
L. Rxe-ŠewPòÅ (Bio-diversity) ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
L. w«¼wbGlK ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
M. DóxcGKi A wPwn×Z AskwUi cÉGqvRbxqZv eYÆbv KGiv| 3
M. W. RvgvGbi 1g AãvYywUi KgÆcwiwa ˆjL| 3
N. “RxGei Š`wnK e†w«¬, cÉRbb I eskMwZGZ DóxcGKi B
N. W. RvgvGbi DwÍÏwLZ 2q AãvYywUi Lv`Å Drcv`b I
wPwn×Z AãvYywU ài‚Zc
½ ƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi|” 
cwiGekxq ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 [e. ˆev. 2015]
wkLbdj-6
wkLbdj-2 I 10 [wm. ˆev. 2015]
58 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
57 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K AGbKàGjv nvBwdi ‰KGò AeÕ©vGbi dGj MwVZ QòvK ˆ`nB

K ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡ MÉvbvi ‰K ‰KwU ‰KK hv ˆ`LGZ PÅv¶Ÿv ^Gj gvBGmwjqvg|
AvK‡wZi ZvB nGjv ^vBjvKGqW| L mvaviYZ Ave†ZexwR Dw«¿G`i wbGlGKi ˆÞGò `ywU cysMÅvwgU
L c†w^exGZ weivRgvb RxemgƒGni mvgwMÉK msLÅvcÉvPzhÆ I wf®²Zv Drc®² nq| ‰GÞGò, `ywU cysMÅvwgGUi ‰KwU wWÁ¼vYyi mvG^ wgwjZ
nGjv Rxe‹ewPòÅ| Rxe ejGZ AYyRxe, QòvK, Dw«¿` I cÉvYxGK eySvq| nGq RvBGMvU AbÅwU ˆmGK´£vwi wbDwKÑqvGmi mvG^ wgwjZ nGq mmÅ
c†w^exGZ jÞ jÞ cÉRvwZi Rxe iGqGQ| ‰iv ‰KwU ˆ^GK AciwU wbDwKÑqvm MVb KGi| ‰KB mgGq wWÁ¼vYyi mvG^ ‰KwU cysMÅvwgGUi
wf®² ŠewkÓ¡ÅgwíZ ‰es c†^KGhvMÅ| c†w^exi mKj Rxe Rxe‹ewPGòÅi wgjb I ˆmGK´£vwi wbDwKÑqvGmi mvG^ Aci cysMÅvwgGUi wgjGbi ‰
gƒj Dcv`vb| cÉwKÌqvGKB w«¼wbGlK eGj|
M DóxcGK AvGjvwPZ A AskwU nGjv ˆKvlwSwÍÏ| ‰wU ŠelgÅGf`Å  M W. RvgvGbi DwÍÏwLZ 1g AãvYywU nGjv gvBGUvKw´£Èqv| KviY
c`Æv wnGmGe cwiwPZ| RxGei ˆÞGò ‰ c`Ævi cÉGqvRbxqZv Acwimxg| gvBGUvKw´£Èqv Qvov mevZ k¼mb mÁ¿e bq|
ˆKvlwSwÍÏi cÉGqvRbxqZv:
gvBGUvKw´£Èqb ˆ`Gni hveZxq ŠRweK KvhÆvewj mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ
‰wU ˆKvlxq me eÕ§GK wNGi ivGL| evBGii cÉwZK„j AeÕ©v nGZ cÉGqvRbxq kwÚ Drcv`b KGi ^vGK| ‰wU k¼mGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq
Afů¦ixY eÕ§GK iÞv KGi| ˆKvlwSwÍÏi gaÅw`Gq eÕ§i Õ©vbv¯¦i I ‰bRvBg, ˆKv-‰bRvBg cÉf‡wZ aviY KGi ‰es k¼mGbi wewf®² chÆvq
8 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

ˆhgb- ˆKÌem PKÌ, BGjKUÇb UÇv´ÖGcvUÆ wmGÕ¡g, AwÝGWwUf AewÕ©Z ˆKvlmgƒGn ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ AwaKmsLÅK ^vGK| ‰B
dmGdvivBGjkb mÁ·®² KGi| gvBGUvKw´£ÈqGbi ˆfZGi ˆKÌem PKÌ I ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡ mvGjvKmsGkÏlYKvix eYÆKwYKv ^vGK| ‰B AãvYywU
AwÝGWwUf dmGdvivBGjkb mÁ·®² nGj ˆh ATP Drc®² nq Zv cwiGek ˆ^GK CO2 ‰es cvwb MÉnY KGi mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi gvaÅGg
ˆKvGli wecvKxq KvGRi kwÚ ˆhvMvq| RxGei mKj ŠRweK KvGRi Lv`Å ŠZwi KGi| Dw«¿` wbGRi ŠZwiK‡Z Lv`Å wbGR eÅenvi KGi ‰es
RbÅ kwÚ cÉGqvRb| mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi mgq Rxe KZ‡ÆK msGkÏwlZ D«¼†î Lv`Å wbR ˆ`Gni wewf®² AsGk mçq KGi ivGL hv cÉvYxKzj
kwÚ k¼mGbi gvaÅGg D¯ÃyÚ nq ‰es Zv RxGei wewf®² wecvKxq KvGR Lv`Å wnGmGe MÉnY KGi| ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡i AbycwÕ©wZGZ Dw«¿` Lv`Å
eÅvwqZ nq| gvBGUvKw´£Èqv eÅZxZ mevZ k¼mb mÁ¿e bq| ‰ Qvov ŠZwi KiGZ bv cviGj ‰K mgq Lv`Å AfvGe RxeRMr wejxb nGq
kwÚ Drcvw`Z nGe bv| ‰ kwÚ Drcv`b e®¬ nGj wecvK wKÌqv e®¬ hvGe| ZvB Lv`Å Drcv`Gb ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡i f„wgKv AbÕ¼xKvhÆ|
nGq hvGe| ZvB gvBGUvKw´£ÈqvG`i ài‚Z½ Acwimxg| ‰QvovI Avevi ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡i cwiGekxq ài‚Z½I Acwimxg| cwiGeGki
gvBGUvKw´£Èqv ÷KÌvYy I wWÁ¼vYy MVb, ˆÕ²nwecvK, RNA I DNA fvimvgÅ iÞvq A^Ævr O2 I CO2 ‰i mwVK AbycvZ iÞvq
m†wÓ¡, ˆKvGli msLÅve†w«¬ KGi ^vGK| gvBGUvKw´£Èqv bv ^vKGj mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqv weGkl f„wgKv cvjb KGi Avi ‰B
Lv`ÅwÕ©Z kwÚ wbMÆZ bv nIqvq ŠRweK KvR mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqv ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ Qvov msNwUZ nGZ cvGi bv|
cÉGqvRbxq kwÚ Drc®² nGe bv| dGj ˆKvGli wewf®² RxeR wKÌqv e®¬ k¼mGb Rxe O2 MÉnY KGi ‰es CO2 ZÅvM KGi| ‰ cÉwKÌqv PjGZ
nGq hvGe| ^vKGj c†w^exGZ CO2 ‰i AvwaKÅ I O2 ‰i ռ͸Zv ˆ`Lv w`Z| wK¯§
N RvgvGbi DGÍÏwLZ 2q AãvYywU nGjv ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡| mgÕ¦ kwÚi mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi mgq Dw«¿` CO2 MÉnY KGi ‰es O2 ZÅvM KGi
Drm mƒhÆ| mƒhÆ ˆ^GK ‰B kwÚ c†w^exGZ RxeRMGZ cÉGek KGi eGj ‰LbI cwiGeGk O2 I CO2 ‰i mwVK AbycvZ iÞv nGœQ|
Dw«¿G`i gaÅ w`Gq| Dw«¿` mƒhÆvGjvGKi kwÚGK ivmvqwbK kwÚGZ DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbvi gvaÅGg W. RvgvGbi DGÍÏwLZ 2q AãvYywUi
cwiYZ KGi Lv`Å wnGmGe Zvi ˆ`Gn msiÞY KGi| Dw«¿G` Lv`Å Drcv`b I cwiGekxq ài‚Z½ Dcjwº¬ Kiv hvq|
ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ ^vGK eGj Dw«¿` Lv`Å ŠZwi KiGZ cvGi| Dw«¿G`i cvZvq

w«¼Zxq AaÅvq: ˆKvl wefvRb

cÉk
² 45
KvqvRgv

ˆKÌvgvwUW
ˆUUÇvW
Stage-C Stage-D
K. wbDwKÑImvBW Kx? 1
L. ˆKÌvgvwUW ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 wPò: cÅvKvBwUb
M. DóxcGKi Stage-C wPwn×Z wPòmn eYÆbv KGiv| 3 KÌgvMZ msGKvPGbi dGj ‰ Dc`kvq ˆKÌvGgvGmvgàGjv AviI LvGUv
N. DóxcGKi Stage-D ˆZ msNwUZ cÉwKÌqvi ài‚Z½ eYÆbv I ˆgvUv nq| ‰ chÆvGq evBfÅvGjG´Ÿi cÉwZwU ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi
KGiv| 4 Ask eÅZxZ Š`NÆÅ eivei wefÚ nq| ‰i dGj cÉwZwU evBfÅvGj´Ÿ
wkLbdj: 2 I 4 [iv. ˆev. 2019] ˆ^GK PviwU ˆKÌvgvwUGWi m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰KB ˆKÌvGgvGmvg nGZ cÉvµ¦ `y’wU
45 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ˆKÌvgvwUW nGjv ciÕ·Gii wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUW| Avi wf®² ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
nGZ cÉvµ¦ `y’wU ˆKÌvgvwUW ciÕ·Gii bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUW eGj
K ‰K AYy bvBGUÇvGRbNwUZ ÞviK I ‰K AYy ˆcG´ŸvR ÷ÅMvi hyÚ cwiwPZ| `y’wU bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ KÌwms Ifvi NGU|

nGq MwVZ ™ÏvBGKvmvBW ˆhŒMB nGjv wbDwKÑImvBW| A N DóxcGKi Stage-D nGjv gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆcÉvGdR-1
L gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆcÉvGdR chÆvGq ˆKÌvGgvGmvg cÉ^g ‰i wWGµÏvwUb Dc-chÆvq| ‰B Dc-chÆvGq msNwUZ KÌwmsIfviGK
wPGò ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| wbGP KÌwms IfvGii ài‚Z½ eYÆbv Kiv nGjv@
`†wÓ¡GMvPi nq ‰es ˆgUvGdR chÆvGq ˆKÌvGgvGmvgGK jÁ¼vjwÁ¼fvGe
ˆnvGgvGjvMvm ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi `ywU bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ
`ywU AsGk wefÚ nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq, hvi cÉwZwUGK ˆKÌvgvwUW eGj| AsGki wewbgqGK ejv nq KÌwmsIfvi| RxGei wRbMZ ŠewPòÅ
cÉwZwU ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg mgvb I mgv¯¦ivj ‰K ˆRvov ˆKÌvgvwUW ^vGK| m†wÓ¡GZ KÌwmsIfvi ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| RxGei me A`†kÅ I
‰iv mvaviYZ wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUW bvGg cwiwPZ| AvaywbK aviYv `†kÅgvb ŠewkÓ¡Å wbq¯¨YKvix ‰KK nGjv wRb| wRb-‰i AeÕ©vb
Abyhvqx, ˆKÌvgvwUW ‰KwU ‰KK DNA AYy «¼viv MwVZ| ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg| wRbàGjv mvaviY wbqGg ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi DNA
AbymƒGòi ‰K cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK Ici cÉv¯¦ chƯ¦ c†^K I ŠiwLKfvGe
M DóxcGKi Stage-C nGjv gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆcÉvGdR-1 cici mvRvGbv ^vGK| mvaviYZ Rbb ˆKvl gvGqvwmm ˆKvl
‰i cÅvKvBwUb Dc-chÆvq| wbGP cÅvKvBwUb Dc-chÆvGqi wPòmn wefvRGbi gvaÅGg m†wÓ¡ nq| Avevi KÌwmsIfvGii dGj `ywU
eYÆbv ˆ`Iqv nGjv ˆnvGgvGjvMvm ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ AsGki
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 9

wewbgGqi gvaÅGg ŠewkÓ¡Å wbq¯¨YKvix wRGbi Av`vb-cÉ`vb NGU| ‰B chÆvGq ˆKÌvGgvGmvgàGjv meÆvwaK Kz´£wjZ ^vKvq ˆewk LvGUv I ˆgvUv
wRGbi Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi gvaÅGg ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi ŠewkGÓ¡ÅiI cwieZÆb ˆ`Lvq| ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi ‰ LvGUv I ˆgvUv nIqvGK KG´£bGmkb eGj|
NGU| cÉwKÌqvwU mÁ·®² nGj cieZÆxGZ ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆkGl Drc®² ‰ chÆvGqi ˆklfvGM cÉwZwU ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi mÁ·ƒYÆ wefÚ nGq `ywU AcZÅ
AcZÅ PviwU ˆKvGlI wRGbi webÅvGm cwieZÆb NGU| ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi m†wÓ¡ KGi ‰es ˆKÌvGgvGmvgàGjv myÕ·Ó¡i…Gc ˆ`Lv hvq|
A^Ævr RxGei RbbGKvGl wRGbi webÅvm cwiewZÆZ nq| dGj ˆhŒb N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ gGWGji X «¼viv ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi KÌwmsIfviGK
RbGb evev-gv «¼viv R¯ÃjvfK‡Z m¯¦vGbi ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgI ˆ`Lv hvq ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| RxeKzGji ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡GZ KÌwmsIfvGii f„wgKv
wRGbi webÅvGmi Avgƒj cwieZÆb| ‰fvGe ˆhŒb RbGbi gvaÅGg wbGP weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv
m¯¦vGb ŠewPòÅ ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰ ŠewPòÅ ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg wRb webÅvGmi ˆnvGgvGjvMvm ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi `ywU bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ
wf®²Zvi KviGYB NGU ^vGK| Avi ‰ wRb webÅvGmi wf®²Zvi gƒGj AsGki wewbgqGK ejv nq KÌwmsIfvi| RxGei wRbMZ ŠewPòÅ
iGqGQ KÌwmsIfvi| hvi dGj m¯¦vGbi PwiGò wgkÉY cwijwÞZ nq| m†wÓ¡GZ KÌwmsIfvi ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| RxGei me A`†kÅ I
cÉk
 ² 46 wkÞv^Æxiv AYyexÞY hG¯¨i wbGP ˆ`Lj, ˆKÌvGgvGmvgmgƒn `†kÅgvb ŠewkÓ¡Å wbq¯¨YKvix ‰KK nGjv wRb| wRb-‰i AeÕ©vb
ˆKvGli gvKzhG¯¨i gaÅGiLv eivei AeÕ©vb KiGQ| ˆKvl ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg| wRbàGjv mvaviY wbqGg ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi DNA
wefvRGbi ‰KwU gGWGj jÞ KiGZB bb&-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi AbymƒGòi ‰K cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK Ici cÉv¯¦ chƯ¦ c†^K I ŠiwLKfvGe
gGaÅ 'X' ‰i gGZv `†kÅ ˆPvGL coj| cici mvRvGbv ^vGK| mvaviYZ Rbb ˆKvl gvGqvwmm ˆKvl
K. ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm Kx? 1 wefvRGbi gvaÅGg m†wÓ¡ nq| Avevi KÌwmsIfvGii dGj `ywU
ˆnvGgvGjvMvm ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ AsGki
L. wbGlK wKÌqvi ZvrchÆ Kx? 2
wewbgGqi gvaÅGg ŠewkÓ¡Å wbq¯¨YKvix wRGbi Av`vb-cÉ`vb NGU| ‰B
M. DóxcGK AYyexÞY hG¯¨ `†Ó¡ ˆKvl wefvRGbi avcwUi wRGbi Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi gvaÅGg ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi ŠewkGÓ¡ÅiI cwieZÆb
mwPò eYÆbv `vI| 3 NGU| cÉwKÌqvwU mÁ·®² nGj cieZÆxGZ ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆkGl Drc®²
N. DóxcGK ewYÆZ gGWGj `†kÅgvb AeÕ©vi wKÌqvKjvc AcZÅ PviwU ˆKvGlI wRGbi webÅvGm cwieZÆb NGU|
RxeKzGj ŠewPòÅ AvGb@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 A^Ævr RxGei RbbGKvGl wRGbi webÅvm cwiewZÆZ nq| dGj ˆhŒb
wkLbdj: 2 I 5 [w`. ˆev. 2019] RbGb evev-gv «¼viv R¯ÃjvfK‡Z m¯¦vGbi ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgI ˆ`Lv hvq
46 bs cÉGk²i Dîi wRGbi webÅvGmi Avgƒj cwieZÆb| ‰fvGe ˆhŒb RbGbi gvaÅGg
K ˆh cÉwKÌqvq ‰K AYy ™ÏyGKvR wewf®² ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvq RvwiZ m¯¦vGb ŠewPòÅ ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰ ŠewPòÅ ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg wRb webÅvGmi
nGq `yB AYy cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmGW cwiYZ nq ˆm cÉwKÌqvB nGjv wf®²Zvi KviGYB NGU ^vGK| Avi ‰ wRb webÅvGmi wf®²Zvi gƒGj
™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm| A iGqGQ KÌwmsIfvi| hvi dGj m¯¦vGbi PwiGò wgkÉY cwijwÞZ nq|
L RxeRMGZ wbGlK ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠRweK cÉwKÌqv| wbGlGKi dGj myZivs DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbv nGZ ejv hvq ˆh, gvGqvwmm ˆKvl
exR ‰es dGji m†wÓ¡ nq| exR Dw«¿G`i esk iÞv KGi| exGRi m†wÓ¡ wefvRGb KÌwmsIfvGii RbÅB RxeKzGj ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡ nq|
bv nGj AwaKvsk cyÓ·K Dw«¿`B nqGZv wejyµ¦ nGq ˆhZ| wbGlK bv  cÉk²47
NUGj Dw«¿`mgƒn nÅvµÏGqW AeÕ©v nGZ cybivq wWµÏGqW AeÕ©vq
wdGi AvmGZ cviGZv bv| dGj cÉRvwZGZ Avgƒj cwieZÆb NGU ˆhZ|
Avevi, Dw«¿G`i dj ‰es exGRi DciB LvG`Åi RbÅ cÉvwYKzj, B D
weGkl KGi gvbyl mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe wbfÆikxj| A
M DóxcGK AYyexÞY hG¯¨ `†Ó¡ avcwU nGjv gvBGUvwmGmi ˆgUvGdR
avc, ˆhLvGb ˆKÌvGgvGmvgmgƒn gvKzhG¯¨i gaÅGiLv eivei AeÕ©vb A C
KGi| wbGP avcwUi mwPò eYÆbv Kiv nGjv
ˆgi‚ K. ˆKvl PKÌ Kx? 1
UÇÅvKkb Z¯¦y L. AYyRxe ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
wm´£j
wÕ·´£jh¯¨h¯¨ M. A ‰i cieZÆx avc B ‰es C ‰i cieZÆx Dcavc D ‰i
wbiÞxq Açj
ˆKÌ
wPwn×Z wPò AuvK| 3
ˆKÌvGGgvGmvg
gvGmvg
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ C wPGò cÉ`wkÆZ ˆKvl wefvRb
RxeG`Gni ŠewPòÅ AvbqGb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv ivGL wK?
wPò : ˆgUvGdR
gZvgZ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆgUvGdR `kvi ÷i‚GZ wbDwKÑIc`Æv I wbDwKÑIjvGmi mÁ·ƒYÆ wejywµ¦ wkLbdj: 2 I 5 [Kz. ˆev. 2019]
NGU| wÕ·´£j hG¯¨i MVb mÁ·®² nq| wÕ·´£j hG¯¨i `y’ˆgi‚i gaÅeZÆx 47 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
AskGK wbiÞxq ev welyexq Açj eGj| ˆKÌvGgvGmvgàGjv wÕ·´£j K ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆÞGò cÉÕ§wZgƒjK chÆvq I wefvRb chÆvqGK

hG¯¨i welyexq AçGj ‰Gm AeÕ©vb KGi ‰es ˆKÌvGgvGmvgvj Z¯§i ‰KGò ejv nq ˆKvl PKÌ| A
mvG^ mshyÚ ^vGK| cÉwZwU ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi Açj wecixZ
L ˆhme RxeGK Lvwj ˆPvGL kbvÚ Kiv hvq bv ‰es kbvÚKiGYi

ˆgi‚ ˆ^GK AvMZ `ywU UÇÅvKkb Z¯§i mvG^ hyÚ nq| ˆKÌvGgvGmvgàGjvi
RbÅ AYyexÞYhG¯¨i cÉGqvRb nq ZvG`iGK ejv nq AYyRxe| ‰iv LyeB
‰fvGe wbiÞxq AçGj mwäZ nIqvGK ˆgUvKvBGbwmm eGj| ‰
10 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

Þz`Ë| AvgvG`i cwiGeGk ŠewPòÅgq AmsLÅ AYyRxe AvGQ hv, cÉZÅÞ i. ‰ cÉwKÌqvq cÉwZwU ˆKÌvGgvGmvg jÁ¼vjwÁ¼fvGe Aby‹`NÆÅ eivei
ev cGivÞfvGe AvgvG`i Š`bw±`b RxebGK bvbvfvGe cÉfvweZ KGi| `ywU ˆKÌvgvwUGW wefÚ nq|
fvBivm, eÅvKGUwiqv, QòvK, ˆcÉvGUvGRvqv cÉf‡wZ AYyRxGei A¯¦fzÆÚ| ii. gvBGUvwmGmi dGj wbDwKÑqvm ‰Kevi I ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ‰Kevi
M A-‰i cieZÆx avc B nGjv AÅvbvGdR ‰es C ‰i cieZÆx Dcavc wefvwRZ nq|
D nGjv cÅvKvBwUb| wbGP ‰G`i wPwn×Z wPò AsKb Kiv nGjv iii. gvBGUvwmm wefvRGbi cƒGeÆ I cGi cÉwZGKvGl ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
msLÅv mgvb ^vGK|
KvqvRgv
ˆgi‚ iv. ‰ cÉwKÌqvq ˆKÌvGgvGmvg KvVvGgvi ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb NGU bv|
ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi ZvB AcZÅ ˆKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvg gvZ‡GKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
jyjyµµ¦c¦cÉvqÉvq wÕ·´£j
wÕ·´£j h¯¨
h¯¨
ˆKÌvgvwUW
msLÅvi mgvb ^vGK|
AcZÅ ˆKÌvGgvGmvg v. ‰KwU ˆKvl ˆ^GK `y’wU AcZÅ ˆKvGli m†wÓ¡ nq ‰es mKj
ˆUUÇvW AcZÅ ˆKvl mgàY mÁ·®² nq|
N DóxcGKi ˆklvsGk wbG`ÆwkZ A I B «¼viv h^vKÌGg gvBGUvwmm I
wPò: AÅvbvGdR wPò: cÅvKvBwUb gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRbGK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| bZzb eskai m†wÓ¡GZ
N DóxcGKi C wPGò cÉ`wkÆZ ˆKvl wefvRb cÉK‡ZcGÞ gvGqvwmm ˆKvl gvBGUvwmm I gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi f„wgKv AvekÅK| gvGqvwmm
wefvRb| ‰ ˆKvl wefvRb RxeG`Gni ŠewPòÅ AvbqGb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv ˆKvl wefvRGbi gvaÅGg RxGei RbbGKvl A^Ævr cysMÅvwgU I
ivGL| wbGPi weGkÏlYgƒjK AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK Zv mnGRB ˆevSv hvq| Õ¨xMÅvwgU ŠZwi nq| ˆhŒb RbGbi mgq cys I Õ¨xMÅvwgGUi wgjGbi
gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRb RxGei Rbb I ‰i cvkvcvwk ŠewPòÅgq dGj wWµÏGqW RvBGMvU m†wÓ¡ nq| wWµÏGqW RvBGMvU evi evi
Rxe m†wÓ¡GZ weGkl f„wgKv ivGL| RxGei ˆhŒb cÉRbGbi RbÅ cÉ^GgB gvBGUvwmm wefvRGbi gvaÅGg cÉ^Gg ö…Y ‰es axGi axGi cƒYÆvã
cys I Õ¨x MÅvwgU m†wÓ¡i cÉGqvRb nq| cys I Õ¨x Rbb gvZ‡GKvl RxeG`n MVb KGi| ‰fvGe gvBGUvwmm wefvRGbi gvaÅGg RvBGMvU
gvGqvwmm wefvRGbi gvaÅGg nÅvµÏGqW cys I Õ¨x MÅvwgU ŠZwi KGi| ˆ^GK RxGei bZzb eskai m†wÓ¡ nq| myZivs gvGqvwmGmi gvaÅGg
cys I Õ¨x MÅvwgGUi wgjGbi gvaÅGg Rxe Zvi ˆhŒb Rbb mÁ·®² KGi| MÅvwgU ŠZwi bv nGj cys I Õ¨xMÅvwgGUi wgjGbi gvaÅGg RvBGMvU
gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi mgq KÌwmsIfvGii gvaÅGg `ywU bb- ŠZwi mÁ¿e wQj| Avevi, RvBGMvU ŠZwi bv nGj gvBGUvwmGmi gvaÅGg
wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ AsGki wewbgq NGU| dGj wewf®² ŠewkÓ¡Å ö…Y Z^v RxGei bZzb eskai m†wÓ¡I mÁ¿e nGZv bv| A^Ævr RxGei
wbq¯¨YKvix wRb ‰i cybweÆbÅvm NGU| ‰fvGe ˆhŒb RbGbi gvaÅGg bZzb eskai m†wÓ¡GZ DóxcGKi ‘A’ I ‘B’ Dfq cÉwKÌqvi f„wgKv
m†Ó¡ bZzb eskaGi ev bZzb RxeG`Gn ŠewPòÅZv ˆ`Lv hvq| ˆhGnZz AZÅvekÅK|
gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGb KÌwmsIfvi NGU ^vGK ‰es ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉk
 ² 49 ˆKvGli ‰K cÉKvi wefvRGb m†Ó¡ ˆKvGl ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
wbq¯¨YKvix wRb ‰i cybweÆbÅvm NGU, ZvB gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRbB msLÅv mgvb ^vGK ‰es AbÅ cÉKvi wefvRGb m†Ó¡ ˆKvGl
RxeG`Gni ŠewPòÅZv AvbqGb gyLÅ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv AGaÆK nq| DfGqi gGaÅ mv`†kÅ I Šemv`†kÅ
iGqGQ|
cÉk
² 48 DœPGkÉwYi RxGe Š`wnK e†w«¬ I esk e†w«¬i RbÅ A ‰es B
K. ˆnUvGivgiwdK RbyKÌg Kx? 1
`y’aiGbi ˆKvl wefvRb cÉGqvRb| A Š`wnK e†w«¬GZ ‰es B Rbb
ˆKvl m†wÓ¡GZ f„wgKv ivGL| ZGe bZzb eskai m†wÓ¡GZ A I B Dfq L. KÌwmsIfvi ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
cÉwKÌqvi f„wgKv AvekÅK| M. DóxcGKi 1g cÉKvi wefvRGbi ˆkl wZbwU avGci wPwn×Z
K. ˆKvl PKÌ Kx? 1 wPò AuvK| 3
L. gvGqvwmmGK nËvmgƒjK wefvRb ejvi KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆKvl wefvRb `ywU Dw«¿G`i RxeGb
M. DóxcGK ewYÆZ A wefvRb cÉwKÌqvi ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv ˆjGLv| 3 AcwinvhÆ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
wkLbdj-2, 3 I 4 [Xv. ˆev. 2017]
N. DóxcGKi ˆklvsGki g¯¦eÅ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
wkLbdj: 2, 3 I 4 [h. ˆev. 2019] 49 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
48 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K ˆh RbyKÌg cÉwKÌqvq `ywU Rbyi chÆvqKÌwgK AveZÆb NGU ‰es

K ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆÞGò cÉÕ§wZgƒjK chÆvq I wefvRb chÆvqGK
 AskMÉ nYKvix `ywU Rbyi `ywU Dw«¿` AãmsÕ©vwbKfvGe wf®² AvK‡wZi
‰KGò ejv nq ˆKvl PKÌ| A nq ZvB ˆnUvGivgiwdK RbyKÌg| A
L gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRb cÉwKÌqvq ‰KwU cÉK‡ZGKvl weGkl L ‰K ˆRvov mgmsÕ© ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi `ywU bb wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUW
cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGg wefÚ nGq PviwU AcZÅ ˆKvGl cwiYZ nq| ‰ ‰i gGaÅ ˆh AsGki wewbgq NGU, ZvGK KÌwmsIfvi eGj| wgGqvwmm
cÉwKÌqvq ˆKvGli wbDwKÑqvm `yB evi ‰es ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ‰Kevi ˆKvl wefvRGbi ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ ‰KwU avc nGjv KÌwmsIfvi, hvi dGj
wefvwRZ nq| dGj AcZÅ ˆKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv gvZ‡GKvGli wRbMZ cwieZÆb mvwaZ nq| wRbMZ cwieZÆb mvaGbi dGj m†Ó¡
ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅvi AGaÆK nGq hvq| ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv AGaÆK nËvm RxGe ŠewkÓ¡ÅMZ cwieZÆb NGU|
cvq eGj ‰ wefvRbGK nËvmgƒjK wefvRb ejv nq| A M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ 1g cÉKvi wefvRb nGjv gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl
M DóxcGK ewYÆZ ‘A’ wefvRb cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRb cÉwKÌqv| wbGÁ² gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRb cÉwKÌqvi ˆkl wZbwU avc
wefvRb| wbGP gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRb cÉwKÌqvi ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv h^vKÌ Gg ˆgUvGdR, AÅvbvGdR I ˆUGjvGdR avGci wPwn×Z wPò AsKb Kiv
DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv@ nGjv A
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 11

ˆgi‚
ˆgi‚
L mRNA ˆ^GK ˆcÉvwUb msGkÏlGYi cÉwKÌqvGK ejv nq UÇv´ÖGjkb|
UÇÅvKkb Z¯¦y ‰ cÉwKÌqvq DNA-‰i fvlvGK mRNA-‰i gvaÅGg ˆcÉvwUGbi fvlvq
wÕ·´£j h¯¨
ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi
wbiÞxq Açj jyµ¦cÉvq wÕ·´£j h¯¨ i…cv¯¦i Kiv nq| UÇv´ÖGjkGbi RGbÅ RNA, wek cÉKvi AÅvgvBGbv
ˆKÌvGgvGmvg AÅvwmW, ivBGevGRvg, AÅvKwUGfwUs ‰bRvBg BZÅvw` Dcv`vb
AcZÅ ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
eÅen†Z nq|
wPò: ˆgUvGdR wPò: AÅvbvGdR M DóxcGKi cÉ^g ˆKvl wefvRbwU nGjv gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl
wefvRb| gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi cÉ^g PviwU avc nGjv
wbDwKÑqvi ˆggGeËb h^vKÌGg ˆcÉvGdR, ˆcÉv-ˆdUvGdR, ˆgUvGdR I AÅvbvGdR| wbGP
ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
avcàGjvi wPwn×Z wPò Aâb Kiv nGjv@
ˆKvl cvZ
jyµ¦cÉvq wÕ·´£j h¯¨ ˆgi‚
wbDwKÑIjvm ˆKvl cÉvPxi
wÕ·´£j h¯¨
wbDwKÑqvi ˆggGeËb
ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi
ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi ˆKÌ
ˆKÌvGgvGRvg
vGgvGmvg
wPò: ˆUGjvGdR ˆKÌvGgvGmvg jyµ¦cÉvq wbDwKÑIjvm
wbDwKÑIjvm jyµ¦cÉvq wbDwKÑqvi
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆKvl wefvRb `ywU nGjv gvBGUvwmm ‰es mvBGUvµÏvRg ˆggGeËb
wgGqvwmm| Dfq ˆKvl wefvRb cÉwKÌqvB Dw«¿G`i RxeGb AcwinvhÆ| wPò:: ˆcÉvGdR
wPò GdR wPò:ˆcɈcÉ
wPò: v-ˆgUvGdR
v-ˆgUvGdR
wbGP Zv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv A
gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi gvaÅGgB RvBGMvU ˆ^GK ö…Y ‰es ö…Y ˆgi‚
UÇÅvKkb Z¯¦y ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi
ˆ^GK eüGKvlx Dw«¿G`i m†wÓ¡ nq| mKj Dw«¿G`i Š`wnK e†w«¬ I
jyµ¦cÉvq wÕ·´£j h¯¨
weKvk ‰B wefvRGbi gvaÅGgB nq| Dw«¿`G`Gn ˆKvGbv ÞZ m†wÓ¡ wbiÞxq Açj
AcZÅ ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
nGj Zv gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi gvaÅGg cƒiY nGq ^vGK| ÷ay ˆKÌGvGgvGmvg
gvGmvg
ZvB bq, Dw«¿G`i Rbbvã m†wÓ¡GZI gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRb
wPò
wPò:: AÅvbvGdR
AÅvbvGdR
Ae`vb ivGL| ZvB ejv hvq, gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRb bv NUGj wPò
wPò:: ˆgUvGdR
ˆgUvGdR
DwÍÏwLZ welqàGjv eÅvnZ nGe ‰es ö…Y Z^v Dw«¿`G`Gni ˆKvGbv
e†w«¬ NUGe bv| N DóxcGK gvBGUvwmm I gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi K^v ejv nGqGQ|
Aciw`GK, wgGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi gvaÅGg Dw«¿` ZvG`i Rbb ‰G`i gGaÅ AGbK cv^ÆKÅ we`Ågvb| wbGP Zv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv A
ˆKvl ŠZwi KGi| cys I Õ¨x Rbb ˆKvGli wgjGbi dGj Dw«¿` ZvG`i  gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGb AcZÅ ˆKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv
ˆhŒb Rbb cÉwKÌqv mÁ·®² KGi bZzb eskai ŠZwi KGi| Dw«¿` gvZ‡GKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅvi mgvb nq| Aciw`GK gvGqvwmm
ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡i RbÅI ‰B wefvRb `vqx| ZvB ejv hvq, wgGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGb AcZÅ ˆKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv gvZ‡GKvGli
ˆKvl wefvRGbi gvaÅGg Dw«¿` Zvi eske†w«¬ I eskiÞv KGi ^vGK| ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅvi AGaÆK|
Dw«¿` RMGZ hw` ‰B wefvRb bv NGU ZvnGj Dw«¿` RMGZi  gvBGUvwmm RxGei nÅvµÏGqW, wWµÏGqW ev cwjµÏGqW ˆ`nGKvGl
eskweÕ¦vi ˆ^Gg hvGe| NGU, dGj RxGei Š`wnK e†w«¬ nq| Aciw`GK gvGqvwmm
myZivs DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ˆevSv hvq ˆh, Dw«¿` RMGZi AwÕ¦Z½ mvaviYZ Rbb gvZ‡GKvGl NGU, dGj MÅvwgU m†wÓ¡ nq|
wUwKGq ivLGZ gvBGUvwmm I wgGqvwmm Dfq cÉKvi ˆKvl wefvRGbi  gvBGUvwmGm gvZ‡GKvGli wbDwKÑqvmwU ‰Kevi wefvwRZ nGq `ywU
ZvrchÆcƒYÆ f„wgKv iGqGQ| AcZÅ wbDwKÑqvm m†wÓ¡ KGi| wK¯§ gvGqvwmGm gvZ‡GKvGli
wbDwKÑqvmwU `yevi wefvwRZ nGq PviwU AcZÅ wbDwKÑqvm m†wÓ¡ nq|
cÉk
² 50 mcÓ·yK Dw«¿G`i ˆ`nGKvl I RbbGKvGli wefvRb
 gvBGUvwmGm m†Ó¡ AcZÅ ˆKvGli àYvàY gvZ‡GKvGli mgàY mÁ·®²
cÉwKÌqv wf®²Zi|
nq| wK¯§ gvGqvwmGm m†Ó¡ AcZÅ ˆKvGli àYvàY gvZ‡GKvl nGZ
K. KvqvRgv Kx? 1
wf®²àY mÁ·®² nq|
L. UÇv´ÖGjkb cÉwKÌqv ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
 gvBGUvwmGmi ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg KvqvRgv m†wÓ¡ ev KÌwms Ifvi NGU bv|
M. DóxcGKi cÉ^g cÉKvi ˆKvl wefvRGbi cÉ^g PviwU avGci
AcicGÞ gvGqvwmm cÉwKÌqvq ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg KvqvRgv m†wÓ¡ I KÌwms
wPwn×Z wPò Aâb KGiv| 3
Ifvi NGU|
N. DóxcGK ˆh `yiKGgi ˆKvl wefvRGbi K^v ejv nGqGQ
 gvBGUvwmGm ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ˆRvoe«¬ nGq evBfÅvGj´Ÿ m†wÓ¡ KGi
ZvGZ ˆKvb cv^ÆKÅ AvGQ Kx? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 bv| Aciw`GK gvGqvwmGm ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ˆRvoe«¬ nGq evBfÅvGj´Ÿ
wkLbdj-2 [iv. ˆev. 2017]
m†wÓ¡ KGi|
50 bs cÉGk²i Dîi  RxGei cÉKiY, ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡ I AwfeÅwÚGZ gvBGUvwmGmi ˆKvGbv
K gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi mgq bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ
 f„wgKv ˆbB| Aciw`GK RxGei cÉKiY, ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡ I
AsGki wewbgqKvGj X AvK‡wZi ˆh MVb ŠZwi nq ZvB KvqvRgv| AwfeÅwÚGZ gvGqvwmGmi f„wgKv AZů¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ|
12 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

cÉk
² 51 ivLvi RbÅ AZů¦ ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ| ‰B chÆvGq mgq eÅq nq ˆgvU mgGqi
M 30-50 fvM| ˆ`Gni e†w«¬ I Rbb ‰es ‰i gvaÅGg ŠewkÓ¡Å cƒeÆ
cyi‚l ˆ^GK Dîi cyi‚Gl Õ©vbv¯¦Gii RbÅ ˆKvl wefvRb ‰es MÅvwgU
m†wÓ¡i cÉGqvRb| Avi DNA Abywjcb Qvov ˆKvl wefvRb AmÁ¿e|
G2
myZivs, ‰ K^v ejv hvq ˆh, ˆKvl wefvRGbi RbÅ DNA Abywjcb
G1
cÉwKÌqvwU AvekÅK|
cÉk
² 52

S
K. wmbÅvcwmm Kx? 1
L. DóxcGKi cÉwKÌqvwU wgGqvwmGm ˆKb NGU bv? 2
M. DóxcGKi ‘M’ chÆvGqi ˆh avGc ˆgUvKvBGbwmm msNwUZ
nq ˆm avc eYÆbv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi wPGòi ‘S’ chÆvGq msNwUZ cÉwKÌqvwU ˆKvl
wefvRGb AvekÅK weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
wkLbdj-2 [w`. ˆev. 2017] K. wmbÅvcwmm Kx? 1
51 bs cÉGk²i Dîi L. wgGqvwmmGK nËvmgƒjK wefvRb ejv nq ˆKb? 2
K `ywU ˆnvGgvGjvMvm ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi gGaÅ ˆRvo m†wÓ¡ nIqvB nGjv M. wPGò cÉ`wkÆZ avcwUi eYÆbv `vI| 3
wmbÅvcwmm| A N. DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ ˆKvl wefvRb cÉwKÌqvwUi ZvrchÆ weGkÏlY
KGiv| 4
L DóxcGKi ˆKvlPKÌ cÉwKÌqvwU wgGqvwmGm NGU bv, KviY ˆKvlPGKÌi wkLbdj-2 I 4 [P. ˆev. 2017]
B´ŸviGdR `kvq DNA Abywjcb, ˆcÉvwUb msGkÏlY nq hv wgGqvwmGm
A52 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
NUvi `iKvi nq bv| ‰ KviGY ˆKvlPKÌ cÉwKÌqvwU wgGqvwmGm ˆZgb
NUGZ ˆ`Lv hvq bv| A K `ywU ˆnvGgvGjvMvm ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi gGaÅ ˆRvo m†wÓ¡ nIqvB nGjv
wmbÅvcwmm| A
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ‘M’ chÆvqwU nGjv gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRb
chÆvq| ‰ chÆvGqi ˆgUvGdR avGc ˆgUvKvBGbwmm msNwUZ nq|  L wgGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRb cÉwKÌqvq ‰KwU cÉK‡ZGKvl weGkl
wbGÁ² ˆgUvGdR avGci eYÆbv Kiv nGjv A cÉ wKÌqvi gvaÅGg wefÚ nGq PviwU AcZÅ ˆKvGl cwiYZ nq| ‰
BDKÅvwiIwUK RxGei Š`wnK e†w«¬ gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi dGj cÉwKÌqvq ˆKvGli wbDwKÑqvm `y evi ‰es ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ‰Kevi wefvwRZ
nq| dGj AcZÅ ˆKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv gvZ‡GKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
NGU ^vGK| gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi Z‡Zxq `kvwU nGjv
msLÅvi AGaÆK nGq hvq| ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv AGaÆK nËvm cvq eGj ‰
ˆgUvGdR| wbGP ‰ `kvi wPwn×Z wPòmn eÅvLÅv ˆ`Iqv nGjv 
wefvRbGK nËvmgƒjK wefvRb ejv nq| A
‰ avGci ÷i‚GZ wbDwKÑIc`Æv I wbDwKÑIjvGmi mÁ·ƒYÆ wejywµ¦ NGU|
wÕ·´£j hG¯¨i MVb mÁ·®² nq| wÕ·´£j hG¯¨i `y’ˆgi‚i gaÅeZÆx  M DóxcGKi wPGò cÉ`wkÆZ avcwU nGjv wgGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi
AskGK wbiÞxq Açj eGj| ˆKÌvGgvGmvgàGjvi ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi wbiÞxq wWGµÏ vwUb avc| wbGP avcwU eYÆbv Kiv nGjv :
Açj eivei AvGm ‰es ˆKÌvGgvGmvgvj Z¯§i mvG^ mshyÚ ^vGK| KÌ g vMZ msGKvPGbi dGj ˆKÌvGgvGmvgàGjv ‰ Dc-chÆvGq AviI
cÉwZ ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi AçGj wecixZ ˆgi‚ ˆ^GK AvMZ LvGUv I ˆgvUv nq| evBGfGjG´Ÿi ˆKÌvGgvGmvg«¼Gqi gGaÅ cviÕ·wiK
`ywU UÇvKkb Z¯§i mvG^ hyÚ nq| ‰ chÆvGq ˆKÌvGgvGmvgàGjv meÆvwaK weKlÆY ÷i‚ nq| dGj ‰iv wecixZ w`GK mGi ˆhGZ ˆPÓ¡v KGi wK¯§
KzíwjZ ^vKvq ˆewk LvGUv ‰es ˆgvUv ˆ`Lvq| ˆkl chÆvGq KvqvRgvUvi Õ©vGb evavcÉvµ¦ nq| ‰ weKlÆY ‰KB mGã KGqK
ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvGii wefvRb ÷i‚ nq| Õ©vGb ÷i‚ nGZ cvGi| ZGe mvaviYZ ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi«¼Gqi gGaÅB cÉ^g
‰es eÅvcKfvGe weKlÆY ÷i‚ nq| weKlÆGYi dGj `ywU KvqvRgvUvi
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ‘S’ chÆvGq msNwUZ cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv ˆKvl PGKÌi gaÅeZxÆ AsGk jyGci m†wÓ¡ nq| KvqvRgvUvàGjv Õ·Ó¡ nq ‰es
msGkÏlY A^Ævr DNA AYyi Abywjcb ev cÉwZwjcb| ˆKvl wefvRGb KÌgv®¼Gq cÉvG¯¦i w`GK mGi ˆhGZ ^vGK| KvqvRgvi ‰i…c cÉvG¯¦i
‰ cÉwKÌqvwUi ài‚Z½ Acwimxg| wbGÁ² Zv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv w`GK mGi hvIqvGK cÉv¯¦xqKiY eGj| `yB ev ZGZvwaK evü ciÕ·i
RxeGKvGli meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ eÕ§ nGjv DNA| eüGKvlx RxGei ˆ`n AveZÆGbi dGj cvkvcvwk jyc 90 ˆKvY KGi AeÕ©vb KGi| ‰KwU
MVGbi RbÅ RvBGMvU ˆKvlGK evievi wefvwRZ nGZ nq| ‰KGKvlx
gvò KvqvRgv ^vKGj ‰wU 180 nGZ cvGi| A
RxGei cÉRbb Z^v msLÅve†w«¬i RbÅI ˆKvl wefvwRZ nq| ‰KwU
ˆKvl wefvwRZ nGq `ywU ˆKvGl cwiYZ nIqvi AvGMB gvZ‡GKvGli  N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ avcwU nGjv wWGµÏvwUb, hv wgGqvwmm ˆKvl
DNA Wvej ˆnwjÝwUGK `ywU Wvej ˆnwjGÝ cwiYZ nGZ nq| ˆKvl wefvRGbi A¯¦fzÆÚ| ˆKvGli MVb, àYvewj msiÞY I Rxeb cÉevn
wefvRb ÷i‚ nIqvi AvGM B´ŸviGdR chÆvGq ‰KwU DNA Wvej AeÅvnZ ivLvi ˆÞGò wgGqvwmm ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
ˆnwjÝ ˆ^GK `ywU Wvej ˆnwjÝ ŠZwi nq| ˆKvl PGKÌi ‘S’ chÆvGq wgGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi gvaÅGg ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv AGaÆK nGq
DNA AbywjcGbi NUbvwU NGU ^vGK, hv RxeRMGZi AwÕ¦Z½ wUwKGq hvq| hw` wgGqvwmm wefvRb bv nGZv ZGe cÉwZ cÉRG¯Ã ˆhŒb RbGbi
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 13

mgq ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv w«¼àY nGq ˆhZ| dGj mvBGUvµÏvRg I i. ˆcÉvGdGR I ˆgUvGdGRi `kvi ZzjbvgƒjK ռ͸թvqx chÆvq nGjv
ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi gGaÅ fvimvgÅ bÓ¡ nGZv| RxeG`Gni AvqZb e†w«¬ ˆcÉv-ˆgUvGdR| ‰ avGci ÷i‚GZ wbDwKÑIc`Æv I wbDwKÑIjvm
ˆcZ I wechÆq NUZ| wgGqvwmm wefvRGb `ywU bbwmÕ¡vi wejyµ¦ nGZ ÷i‚ KGi|
ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ ˆ`nLGíi wewbgGqi gvaÅGg eskMZxq ŠewkGÓ¡Åi ii. ˆcÉvwUb wbwgÆZ I `yB ˆgi‚ wewkÓ¡ wÕ·´£j hG¯¨i AvwefÆve NGU|
cybweÆbÅvm NGU| dGj cÉKiY m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰i gvaÅGg cÉRvwZGZ ŠRe iii. cÉwZwU ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi ‰K ‰KwU UÇÅvKkb Z¯§i
weeZÆGbi cÉv^wgK chÆvGqi mƒPbv NGU| ˆhŒb Rbb ÞgZvmÁ·®² mvG^ mshyÚ nq| ‰ mgq ˆKÌvGgvGmvg wKQyUv AvG±`vwjZ nq
RxGei RxebPGKÌ ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK Rby (2n) I MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK Rby hvGK ˆKÌvGgvGmvgxq b†ZÅ eGj|
(n) chÆvqKÌGg AvewZÆZ nq| wgGqvwmGmi gvaÅGg ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv iv. AbÅvbÅ wÕ·´£j Z¯§àGjv ˆKvGbv ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi mvG^ mshyÚ bv
AGaÆK nq eGjB `ywU Rbyi chÆvqKÌwgK AveZÆb NGU| D®²Z Dw«¿` I ˆ^GK `y’ˆgi‚ chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z ^vGK|
cÉvYxG`n wWµÏGqW (2n)| ZvB MÅvwgU m†wÓ¡i mgq wgGqvwmm ˆKÌvGgvGmvgàGjv wbiÞxq AçjgyLx nq ‰es wÕ·´£j hG¯¨i `y’Ggi‚i
ˆKvlwefvRb AZÅvekÅK| bZzev wWµÏGqW MÅvwgU m†wÓ¡ nGZv| ‰i gaÅeZxÆ AçGj wbiÞxq Açj m†wÓ¡ nq|
dGj cÉRvwZi ŠewkÓ¡Å bÓ¡ nGZv ‰es RxGei avivevwnKZv webÓ¡
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ‘R’ wPwn×Z avcwU nGjv gvGqvwmm ˆKvl
nGZv| ‰QvovI wgGqvwmm wefvRb «¼viv ˆgG´£jev` I AvcvZ
eÅwZKÌgàGjv eÅvLÅv Kiv hvq| KÌwms IfvGii nvi wbYÆq KGi wefvRGbi ˆcÉvGdR-1 chÆvGqi cÅvKvBwUb Dc-chÆvq| RxeRMGZi
ˆKÌvGgvGmvg gÅvc ŠZwi Kiv hvq| ZvB ejv hvq, wgGqvwmm ˆKvl D®²qb I weeZÆGb cÅvKvBwUb Dc-chÆvGqi f„wgKv wbGP weGkÏlY Kiv
wefvRGbi ZvrchÆ Acwimxg| nGjv
cÅvKvBwUb `kvq KvqvRgv m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGg KÌwmsIfvi msNwUZ nq|
cÉk
² 53 ˆnvGgvGjvMvm ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi `ywU bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ
AsGki wewbgqGK ejv nq KÌwmsIfvi| RxGei wRbMZ ŠewPòÅ
m†wÓ¡GZ ‰es RxeRMGZi D®²qb I weeZÆGb KÌwmsIfvi ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ
? f„wgKv cvjb KGi| RxGei me A`†kÅ I `†kÅgvb ŠewkÓ¡Å wbq¯¨YKvix
wPò: Q ‰KK nGjv wRb| wRb ‰i AeÕ©vb ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg| wRbàGjv mvaviY
wbqGg ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi DNA AbymƒGòi ‰KcÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK AcicÉv¯¦ chƯ¦
wPò: P wPò: R c†^K I ŠiwLKfvGe cici mvRvGbv ^vGK| mvaviYZ Rbb ˆKvl
K. wmbÅvcwmm Kx? 1 gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi gvaÅGg m†wÓ¡ nq| Avevi KÌwmsIfvGii
L. ˆKvlPKÌ ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 dGj `ywU ˆnvGgvGjvMvm ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ
M. DóxcGKi Q wPwn×Z avcwUi wPòmn eYÆbv `vI| 3 AsGki wewbgGqi gvaÅGg ŠewkÓ¡Å wbq¯¨YKvix wRGbi Av`vb-cÉ`vb
N. DóxcGKi R wPwn×Z avcwU wKfvGe RxeRMGZi D®²qb I NGU| ‰B wRGbi Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi gvaÅGg ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi ŠewkGÓ¡ÅiI
weeZÆGb f„wgKv ivGL Zv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 cwieZÆb NGU| cÉwKÌqvwU mÁ·®² nGj cieZÆxGZ ˆKvl wefvRGbi
wkLbdj: 2 I 4 [wm. ˆev. 2017] ˆkGl Drc®² AcZÅ PviwU ˆKvGlI wRGbi webÅvGm cwieZÆb NGU|
53 bs cÉGk²i Dîi A^Ævr RxGei RbbGKvGl wRGbi webÅvm cwiewZÆZ nq| dGj ˆhŒb
RbGb m†Ó¡ RxeGKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgI ˆ`Lv hvq wRGbi webÅvGmi
K `ywU ˆnvGgvGjvMvm ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi gGaÅ ˆRvo m†wÓ¡ nIqvB nGjv
Avgƒj cwieZÆb| ‰fvGe ˆhŒb RbGbi gvaÅGg m†Ó¡ RxGe ŠewPòÅZv
wmbÅvcwmm| A
ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰ ŠewPòÅ ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg wRb webÅvGmi wf®²Zvi KviGYB
L ˆKvl m†wÓ¡, ‰i e†w«¬ ‰es cieZÆxGZ wefvRb ‰ wZbwU KvR ˆh NGU ^vGK| ‰ ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGgB RxGei eskMZxq ŠewkGÓ¡Åi
PGKÌi gvaÅGg mÁ·®² nq ZvGK ˆKvlPKÌ eGj| ˆKvlPKÌ B´ŸviGdR cwieZÆb NGU|
‰es gvBGUvwUK ˆdR wbGq MwVZ| B´ŸviGdR nGjv ˆKvl wefvRb ÷i‚
Kivi cÉÕ§wZ ceÆ| Avi gvBGUvwUK ˆdGR ˆcÉvGdR, ˆcÉv-ˆgUvGdR,  cÉk² 54
ˆgUvGdR, AÅvbvGdR I ˆUGjvGdR avcàGjv NGU ^vGK| A M
N
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Q wPwn×Z avcwU nGjv ˆcÉv-ˆgUvGdR| wbGÁ² ‰
avc wPòmn eYÆbv Kiv nGjv@

ˆgi‚
wÕ·´£j h¯¨ O
O
ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi K. KÌwmsIfvi KvGK eGj? 1
ˆKÌvvGgvGRvg
ˆKÌ GgvGmvg
jyjyµµ¦c¦cÉvÉvqq wbDwKÑ
wbDwKÑIIjvm
jvm L. fvBivmGK ˆKb AGKvlxq ejv nq? 2
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ M I N ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆjGLv| 3
jyµ¦cÉvq wbDwKÑqvi ˆggGeËb N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ RxeRMGZ 'O' AsGki ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY
KGiv| 4
wPò: ˆcÉv-ˆgUvGdR wkLbdj: 2 I 3 [h. ˆev. 2017]
14 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

54 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉk

² 55
K ‰KGRvov mgmsÕ© ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi `ywU bb wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi
 M
gGaÅ AsGki wewbgq nIqvGK KÌwmsIfvi eGj| A N

L fvBivm AGKvlxq| KviY ‰KwU ˆKvGli RbÅ ˆhLvGb bƒÅbZg

RvqMvi `iKvi nq 5000Å ˆmLvGb fvBivGmi ˆÞGòi RvqMvi
cÉGqvRb nq 100-2000Å ‰QvovI fvBivGm mvBGUvµÏvRg O
O
AbycwÕ©Z| ˆKvlxq Þz`Ëvã ˆhgb- gvBGUvKw´£Èqv, ivBGevGmvg
K. KÌwmsIfvi KvGK eGj? 1
BZÅvw` AbycwÕ©Z| fvBivm ÷ay wbDwKÑK ‰wmW I ˆcÉvwUb wbGq
L. fvBivmGK ˆKb AGKvlxq ejv nq? 2
MwVZ| ‰me ŠewkGÓ¡Åi KviGY fvBivmGK AGKvlxq ejv nq| A M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ M I N ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆjGLv| 3
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ M I N «¼viv h^vKÌGg ˆgUvGdR I AÅvbvGdR N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ RxeRMGZ 'O' AsGki ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY
chÆvqGK wbG`Æk Kiv nGqGQ| ˆgUvGdR I AÅvbvGdR chÆvGqi gGaÅ KGiv| 4
wkLbdj: 2 I 3 [e. ˆev. 2017]
wbÁ²wjwLZ cv^ÆKÅ cwijwÞZ nq A
54 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ˆgUvGdR AÅvbvGdR
i. ˆKÌvGgvGmvg wÕ·´£j hG¯¨i i. AcZÅ ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ˆgi‚gyLx K ‰KGRvov mgmsÕ© ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi `ywU bb wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi

gGaÅ AsGki wewbgq nIqvGK KÌwmsIfvi eGj| A
welyexq AçGj AeÕ©vb PjGZ ÷i‚ KGi|
KGi| L fvBivm AGKvlxq| KviY ‰KwU ˆKvGli RbÅ ˆhLvGb bƒÅbZg
ii. ˆKÌvGgvwUWàGjv meGPGq ii. ˆKÌvgvwUW AcZÅ RvqMvi `iKvi nq 5000Å ˆmLvGb fvBivGmi ˆÞGòi RvqMvi
cÉGqvRb nq 100-2000Å ‰QvovI fvBivGm mvBGUvµÏvRg
ˆewk ˆgvUv, LvGUv I Õ·Ó¡ ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg cwiYZ nq|
AbycwÕ©Z| ˆKvlxq Þz`Ëvã ˆhgb- gvBGUvKw´£Èqv, ivBGevGmvg
nq| BZÅvw` AbycwÕ©Z| fvBivm ÷ay wbDwKÑK ‰wmW I ˆcÉvwUb wbGq
iii.ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv ‰KB iii.ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvGii wefwÚi dGj MwVZ| ‰me ŠewkGÓ¡Åi KviGY fvBivmGK AGKvlxq ejv nq| A
^vGK| ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv w«¼àY nq| M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ M I N «¼viv h^vKÌGg ˆgUvGdR I AÅvbvGdR
iv.ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvGii AeÕ©vb iv.ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvGii AeÕ©vb chÆvqGK wbG`Æk Kiv nGqGQ| ˆgUvGdR I AÅvbvGdR chÆvGqi gGaÅ
AbymvGi ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi AbymvGi ˆKÌvGgvGmvgGK V, wbÁ²wjwLZ cv^ÆKÅ cwijwÞZ nq A
ˆkÉwYwefvM Kiv hvq bv| L, J I I AÞGii gGZv ˆgUvGdR AÅvbvGdR
ˆ`Lvq| i. ˆKÌvGgvGmvg wÕ·´£j hG¯¨i i. AcZÅ ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ˆgi‚gyLx
welyexq AçGj AeÕ©vb PjGZ ÷i‚ KGi|
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPGòi ‘O’ AskwU ˆKvlPGKÌi msGkÏlY A^Ævr KGi|
DNA Abywjcb chÆvq| ‰ chÆvGqi cÉavb KvR wbDwKÑqvGmi ii. ˆKÌvGgvwUWàGjv meGPGq ii. ˆKÌvgvwUW AcZÅ
ˆKÌvGgvGmvgÕ© DNA mƒGòi Abywjcb| DNA ‰K aiGbi wbDwKÑK ˆewk ˆgvUv, LvGUv I Õ·Ó¡ ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg cwiYZ nq|
AÅvwmW| ‰wU RxeG`Gni ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb| gƒjZ nq|
DNA-‰i gvaÅGgB eskMZ ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv Rby ˆ^GK RbyGZ ‰es iii.ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv ‰KB iii.ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvGii wefwÚi dGj
ˆKvl ˆ^GK ˆKvGl evwnZ nq| DNA mRxe eÕ§i hveZxq ŠRweK ^vGK| ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv w«¼àY nq|
iv.ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvGii AeÕ©vb iv.ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvGii AeÕ©vb
KvhÆvewjGK wbq¯¨Y KGi| DNA -‰i AskweGklB wRb wnGmGe KvR
AbymvGi ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi AbymvGi ˆKÌvGgvGmvgGK V,
KGi ‰es ‰ivB mivmwi eskMZ ŠewkÓ¡Å eskciÁ·ivq enb KGi|
ˆkÉwYwefvM Kiv hvq bv| L, J I I AÞGii gGZv
‰KwU ˆKvl wefvwRZ nGq `ywU ˆKvGl cwiYZ nIqvi AvGMB ˆ`Lvq|
gvZ‡GKvGli DNA ‰i Wvej ˆnwjÝwU `ywU Wvej ˆnwjGÝ cwiYZ
nq| ˆKvl wefvRb ÷i‚i AvGM ‰ chÆvGq DNA AYyi ‰B cÉwZi…c N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPGòi ‘O’ AskwU ˆKvlPGKÌi msGkÏlY A^Ævr
m†wÓ¡ nIqv DNA Abywjcb, hv cÉwZwjwcKiY bvGgI cwiwPZ| ˆKvl DNA Abywjcb chÆvq| ‰ chÆvGqi cÉavb KvR wbDwKÑqvGmi
PGKÌi ‰ chÆvGq DNA AbywjcGbi ˆh NUbvwU NGU Zv RxeRMGZi ˆKÌvGgvGmvgÕ© DNA mƒGòi Abywjcb| DNA ‰K aiGbi wbDwKÑK
AwÕ¦Z½ wUwKGq ivLvi RbÅ AZů¦ ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ| ˆKvl wefvRb ‰es AÅvwmW| ‰wU RxeG`Gni ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb| gƒjZ
DNA-‰i gvaÅGgB eskMZ ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv Rby ˆ^GK RbyGZ ‰es
MÅvwgU m†wÓ¡i RbÅ DNA cÉwZwjcb AZÅvekÅK| A^Ævr, ˆ`Gni e†w«¬
ˆKvl ˆ^GK ˆKvGl evwnZ nq| DNA mRxe eÕ§i hveZxq ŠRweK
I Rbb ‰es ‰i gvaÅGg ŠewkÓ¡Å cƒeÆ cyi‚l ˆ^GK Dîi cyi‚Gl
KvhÆvewjGK wbq¯¨Y KGi| DNA -‰i AskweGklB wRb wnGmGe KvR
Õ©vbv¯¦i BZÅvw`i RbÅ ‰B chÆvq evaÅZvgƒjK| DNA cÉwZwjwcKiY KGi ‰es ‰ivB mivmwi eskMZ ŠewkÓ¡Å eskciÁ·ivq enb KGi|
bv NUGj ˆKvl wefvRb nGZv bv| ZvB ejv hvq, DóxcGKi ‘O’ ‰KwU ˆKvl wefvwRZ nGq `ywU ˆKvGl cwiYZ nIqvi AvGMB
AsGki ài‚Z½ RxeRMGZ Acwimxg| gvZ‡GKvGli DNA ‰i Wvej ˆnwjÝwU `ywU Wvej ˆnwjGÝ cwiYZ
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 15

nq| ˆKvl wefvRb ÷i‚i AvGM ‰ chÆvGq DNA AYyi ‰B cÉwZi…c gvaÅGg wWµÏGqW (2n) RvBGMvU MwVZ nq| ‰ RvBGMvU gvBGUvwmm
m†wÓ¡ nIqv DNA Abywjcb, hv cÉwZwjwcKiY bvGgI cwiwPZ| ˆKvl cÉwKÌqvq wefvwRZ nGq cƒYÆvã RxeG`n MVb KGi| RxeG`n ˆ^GK
PGKÌi ‰ chÆvGq DNA AbywjcGbi ˆh NUbvwU NGU Zv RxeRMGZi MÅvwgU m†wÓ¡i cÉvØvGj hw` ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv AGaÆK bv nGZv Zv nGj
AwÕ¦Z½ wUwKGq ivLvi RbÅ AZů¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| ˆKvl wefvRb ‰es ‰gb `ywU wWµÏGqW MÅvwgGUi wgjGb w«¼Zxq cÉRG¯Ã ˆUUÇvµÏGqW
MÅvwgU m†wÓ¡i RbÅ DNA cÉwZwjcb AZÅvekÅK| A^Ævr, ˆ`Gni e†w«¬ RvBGMvU m†wÓ¡ nGZv| ‰fvGe cÉwZ cÉRG¯Ã RvBGMvGU ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi
I Rbb ‰es ‰i gvaÅGg ŠewkÓ¡Å cƒeÆ cyi‚l ˆ^GK Dîi cyi‚Gl msLÅv evoGZ ^vKGj cÉwZ cÉRG¯Ãi RxGei ŠewkGÓ¡Å eÅvcK ZviZgÅ
Õ©vbv¯¦i BZÅvw`i RbÅ ‰B chÆvq evaÅZvgƒjK| DNA cÉwZwjwcKiY msNwUZ nGZv| wgGqvwmm wefvRGbi gvaÅGgB gvZ‡GKvGli AGaÆK
bv NUGj ˆKvl wefvRb nGZv bv| ZvB ejv hvq, DóxcGKi ‘O’ msLÅK ˆKÌvGgvGmvg mÁ·®² `ywU ˆKvGli m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰ cÉwKÌqvq
AsGki ài‚Z½ RxeRMGZ Acwimxg| wbDwKÑqvm `y’evi ‰es ˆKÌvGgvGmvg gvò ‰Kevi wefvwRZ nGq
gvZ‡GKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi AGaÆK msLÅK ˆKÌvGgvGmvghyÚ PviwU
cÉk
² 56 wbGPi wPòàGjv jÞ KGiv ‰es cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI: A AcZÅ ˆKvGli m†wÓ¡ KGi| Aciw`GK, gvBGUvwmm cÉwKÌqvq
wbDwKÑqvm I ˆKÌvGgvGmvg DfqB ‰Kevi wefvwRZ nGq mgAvK‡wZ I
mgàYmÁ·®² `ywU AcZÅ ˆKvGli m†wÓ¡ KGi|
L cÉk
² 57
N
K M
wPò: P
K. AeÕ©vb I KvhÆGfG` ˆKvl KZ cÉKvi? 1 wPò: O wPò: Q
L. AYyRxe ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 K. UÇv´Öwgkb Kx? 1
M. DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ wPò ‘K’ ‰i cieZÆx avc ‘L’ ‰es wPò L. ˆRGbwUK ˆKvW ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
‘M’ ‰i cieZÆx avc ‘N’ ‰i wPwn×Z wPò AsKb KGiv| 3 M. DóxcGK wbG`ÆwkZ ˆKvl wefvRGbi ài‚Z½ ˆjGLv| 3
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉwKÌqv `yBwUi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUGZ N. wPò "O" I wPò "Q" ‰i gaÅeZÆx wPò "P" ‰i RbÅ h^v^Æ
ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv nËvm cvq weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 wPò wbeÆvPb KGi eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
wkLbdj-2 I 4 [Kz. ˆev. 2016] wkLbdj-2 I 4 [P. ˆev. 2016]
A56 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 57 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K AeÕ©vb I KvhÆGfG` ˆKvl 2 cÉKvi|
 K AYyRxGei weÕ¦viB nGjv UÇv´Öwgkb|

L ˆhme RxeGK Lvwj ˆPvGL kbvÚ Kiv hvq bv ‰es kbvÚKiGYi L bvBGUÇvGRGbi ˆh MÉ‚c ˆKvGbv AÅvgvBGbv AÅvwmGWi msGKZ MVb
RbÅ AYyexÞYhG¯¨i cÉGqvRb nq ZvG`iGK ejv nq AYyRxe| ‰iv KGi ZvG`i ejv nq ˆRGbwUK ˆKvW| DNA AYyGZ cvkvcvwk
LyeB Þz`Ë| fvBivm, eÅvKGUwiqv cÉf‡wZ AYyRxGei A¯¦fzÆÚ| AewÕ©Z wZbwU bvBGUÇvGRb ˆem wgwjZfvGe ‰KwU mwKÌq ˆRGbwUK
RxeRMGZ AYyRxGei DcKvix I AcKvix Dfq f„wgKvB iGqGQ| ˆKvW wnGmGe KvR KGi| ˆcÉvwUb msGkÏlGY AUG mƒPbv ˆKvW
M DóxcGKi wPò ‘K’ nGjv gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆgUvGdR wnGmGe ‰es UAA, UAG A^ev UGA-‰i ˆh ˆKvGbv ‰KwU mgvwµ¦
chÆvq| ‰i cieZÆx avc ‘L’ nGjv AÅvbvGdR| Avevi wPò ‘M’ nGjv ˆKvW wnGmGe KvR KGi|
wgGqvwmm-1 ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆgUvGdR-1 chÆvq| ‰i cieZÆx avc  M DóxcGK wbG`ÆwkZ ˆKvl wefvRb cÉwKÌqvwU wgGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRb
‘N’ nGjv AÅvbvGdR-1 avc| wbGP AÅvbvGdR I AÅvbvGdR-1 avGci cÉwKÌqv| wbGP wgGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi ài‚Z½ DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv
wPwn×Z wPò AsKb Kiv nGjv ˆKvGli MVb, àYvewj msiÞY I Rxeb cÉevn AeÅvnZ ivLvi ˆÞGò
wgGqvwmm ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| wgGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi
ˆg gvaÅGg ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv AGaÆK nGq hvq| hw` wgGqvwmm wefvRb
ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqv bv nGZv ZGe cÉwZ cÉRG¯Ã ˆhŒb RbGbi mgq ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv
jyµ¦cÉvq wÕ·´£j w«¼àY nGq ˆhZ| dGj mvBGUvµÏvRg I ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi gGaÅ fvimvgÅ
bÓ¡ nGZv| RxeG`Gni AvqZb e†w«¬ ˆcZ I wechÆq NUZ| wgGqvwmm
AcZÅ wefvRGb `ywU bbwmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ ˆ`nLGíi wewbgGqi
gvaÅGg eskMZxq ŠewkGÓ¡Åi cybweÆbÅvm NGU| dGj cÉKiY m†wÓ¡ nq|
wPò : AÅvbvGdR wPò : AÅvbvGdR-1 ‰i gvaÅGg cÉRvwZGZ ŠRe weeZÆGbi cÉv^wgK chÆvGqi mƒPbv NGU|
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉwKÌqv `ywUi gGaÅ ‘K’ I ‘L’ avc h^vKÌGg ˆhŒb Rbb ÞgZvmÁ·®² RxGei RxebPGKÌ ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK Rby (2n)
gvBGUvwmm I wgGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRb cÉwKÌqv| ‰G`i gGaÅ wgGqvwmm I MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK Rby (n) chÆvqKÌGg AvewZÆZ nq| wgGqvwmGmi
ˆKvl wefvRGb ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv nËvm cvq| ˆhŒb RbbÞg mKj gvaÅGg ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv AGaÆK nq eGjB `ywU Rbyi chÆvqKÌwgK
RxGe nÅvµÏGqW (n) cysMÅvwgU ‰es nÅvµÏGqW (n) Õ¨xMÅvwgGUi wgjGbi AveZÆb NGU| D®²Z Dw«¿` I cÉvYxG`n wWµÏGqW (2n)| ZvB MÅvwgU
16 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

m†wÓ¡i mgq wgGqvwmm ˆKvlwefvRb AZÅvekÅK| bZzev wWµÏGqW L ‰KB mgq wWÁ¼vYyi mvG^ ‰KwU cys MÅvwgGUi wgjb I ˆmGK´£vwi
MÅvwgU m†wÓ¡ nGZv| ‰i dGj cÉRvwZi ŠewkÓ¡Å bÓ¡ nGZv ‰es RxGei wbDwKÑqvGmi mvG^ Aci cysMÅvwgGUi wgjbGK ejv nq w«¼wbGlK|
avivevwnKZv webÓ¡ nGZv| ‰QvovI wgGqvwmm wefvRb «¼viv w«¼wbGlK Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿G`i weGkl ŠewkÓ¡Å| w«¼wbGlGKi ˆÞGò
ˆgG´£jev` I AvcvZ eÅwZKÌgàGjv eÅvLÅv Kiv hvq| KÌwms IfvGii wbwlÚ wWÁ¼vYy RvBGMvGU cwiYZ nq ‰es wWµÏGqW AeÕ©v cÉvµ¦ nq,
nvi wbYÆq KGi ˆKÌvGgvGmvg gÅvc ŠZwi Kiv hvq| ZvB ejv hvq, wK¯§ ˆmGK´£vwi wbDwKÑqvm wUǵÏGqW AeÕ©v cÉvµ¦ nq|
wgGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi ài‚Z½ Acwimxg|
M DóxcGKi wPò-P nGjv gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆcÉvGdR-1

N wPò-O ‰es wPò-Q ‰i gaÅeZÆx wPò-'P' nGe KÌwmsIfvi| wbGP ‰i wWGµÏvwUb avc| AZ‰e ‰i cieZÆx avc 'Q' nGjv

KÌwmsIfvGii wPò AsKb KGi Zvi eÅvLÅv ˆ`Iqv nGjv WvqvKvBGbwmm| wbGP WvqvKvBGbwmm-‰i wPò ‰es ‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å
bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUW DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv
ˆKÌ
ˆKÌvgvwUGWi
vGgvwUGWi
wmÕ¡vi AsGki wewbgq
ˆKÌvgvwUW ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi
ˆKÌvgvwUW wewbgqK‡Z jyµ¦cÉvq
ˆKÌvgvwUW Ask wbDwKÑIc`Æv
wPò : KÌwmsIfvi (P) wPò: WvqvKvBGbwmm
wgGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi cÅvKvBwUb Dc-`kvq `ywU ˆnvGgvGjvMvm
ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ciÕ·Gi AvKlÆGY ˆRvo ˆeuGa evBfÅvGjG´Ÿi m†wÓ¡ KGi| ŠewkÓ¡Å:
‰GÞGò evBfÅvGjG´Ÿi cÉwZwU ˆKÌvGgvGmvg cÉ^Gg ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi eÅZxZ 1. ‰ avGc ˆKÌvGgvGmvgàGjv AvGiv LeÆvK‡wZi I ˆgvUv nq ‰es
jÁ¼vjwÁ¼fvGe wefÚ nGq `ywU wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUW MVb KGi| dGj cÉv¯¦xqKiY PjGZ ^vGK|
cÉwZwU evBfÅvGjG´Ÿ PviwU KGi ˆKÌvgvwUW ŠZwi nq| wf®² 2. evBfÅvGjG´Ÿi cÉwZwU ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi Ici avò Rgv nq eGj
ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi ˆKÌvgvwUWGK ejv nq bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUW| ˆKÌvgvwUGW wefwÚ ˆ`Lv hvq bv|
cieZÆxGZ ‰G´£vwbDwKÑGqR ‰bRvBGgi KviGY `ywU bb-wmÕ¡vi 3. ‰ mgq evBfÅvGj´ŸàGjv wbDwKÑqvGmi ˆK±`ÊÕ©j nGZ cwiwai
ˆKÌvgvwUGWi wbw`ÆÓ¡ Ask ˆfGã hvq| DóxcGKi wPò-Q ˆ^GK ˆevSv w`GK PGj AvGm|
hvq P wPGò `ywU bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvGgvwUGWi `ywU AsGk fvãb NGU| 4. ‰ avGci ˆkl w`GK wbDwKÑIjvm A`†kÅ nGq hvq ‰es wbDwKÑqvi
‰ici jvBGMR ‰bRvBGgi KvhÆKvwiZvq ‰KwU fvãv ˆKÌvgvwUW ˆggGeËGbi Aejywµ¦ NGU|
Aci bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi mvG^ hyÚ nq| ‰fvGe `ywU N DóxcGKi wPGò X «¼viv ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi KÌwmsIfviGK ˆevSvGbv
ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ AsGki wewbgq NGU nGqGQ| wbGP KÌwmsIfvGii f„wgKv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv
^vGK hvGK ejv nq KÌwmsIfvi| KÌwmsIfviK‡Z Ask evBfÅvGjG´Ÿi ˆnvGgvGjvMvm ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi `ywU bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ
`ywU bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGW X AvK‡wZi KvqvRgv m†wÓ¡ KGi| myZivs, AsGki wewbgqGK ejv nq KÌwmsIfvi| RxGei wRbMZ ŠewPòÅ
P wPGò `ywU Õ©vGb KvqvRgv m†wÓ¡ Z^v KÌwmsIfvi NGU ^vGK|
m†wÓ¡GZ KÌwmsIfvi ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| RxGei me A`†kÅ I
cÉk
² 58 `†kÅgvb ŠewkÓ¡Å wbq¯¨YKvix ‰KK nGjv wRb| wRb-‰i AeÕ©vb
ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg| wRbàGjv mvaviY wbqGg ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi DNA
AbymƒGòi ‰K cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK Ici cÉv¯¦ chƯ¦ c†^K I ŠiwLKfvGe
cici mvRvGbv ^vGK| mvaviYZ Rbb ˆKvl gvGqvwmm ˆKvl
X wefvRGbi gvaÅGg m†wÓ¡ nq| Avevi KÌwmsIfvGii dGj `ywU
ˆnvGgvGjvMvm ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ AsGki
wPò: P
wewbgGqi gvaÅGg ŠewkÓ¡Å wbq¯¨YKvix wRGbi Av`vb-cÉ`vb NGU| ‰B
wPò: Q
wRGbi Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi gvaÅGg ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi ŠewkGÓ¡ÅiI cwieZÆb
K. ˆRGbwUK ˆKvW Kx? 1 NGU| cÉwKÌqvwU mÁ·®² nGj cieZÆxGZ ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆkGl Drc®²
L. w«¼wbGlK ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 AcZÅ PviwU ˆKvGlI wRGbi webÅvGm cwieZÆb NGU|
M. DóxcGKi cieZÆx avc 'Q' AsKb KGiv ‰es ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆjGLv| 3 A^Ævr RxGei RbbGKvGl wRGbi webÅvm cwiewZÆZ nq| dGj ˆhŒb
N. wRbMZ ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡GZ 'X' ‰i f„wgKv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 RbGb evev-gv «¼viv R¯ÃjvfK‡Z m¯¦vGbi ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgI ˆ`Lv hvq
wkLbdj: 2 I 5 [wm. ˆev. 2016] wRGbi webÅvGmi Avgƒj cwieZÆb| ‰fvGe ˆhŒb RbGbi gvaÅGg
58 bs cÉGk²i Dîi m¯¦vGb ŠewPòÅ ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰ ŠewPòÅ ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg wRb webÅvGmi
K AÅvwgGbv AÅvwmGWi msGKZ MVbKvix bvBGUÇvGRb ˆeGmi MÉ‚cB wf®²Zvi KviGYB NGU ^vGK| Avi ‰ wRb webÅvGmi wf®²Zvi gƒGj

nGjv ˆRGbwUK ˆKvW| iGqGQ KÌwmsIfvi| hvi dGj m¯¦vGbi PwiGò wgkÉY cwijwÞZ nq|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 17

cÉk
² 59 DœP ˆkÉwYi RxeG`Gn `yB aiGbi ˆKvl wefvRb mÁ·®² ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆUGjvGdR avGc AcZÅ ˆKÌvGgvGmvgmgƒn `yB wecixZ
nq| ‰K aiGbi ˆKvl wefvRGb ˆ`Gni mKj ˆKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ˆgi‚GZ wÕ©ifvGe AeÕ©vb ˆbq| ‰ chÆvGq ˆKÌvGgvGmvgàGjvGZ Avevi
msLÅv mgvb ^vGK| Aci aiGbi wefvRGb eskciÁ·ivq RjGhvRb NGU| dGj ‰iv KÌgv®¼Gq cÉmvwiZ nq| ˆKÌvGgvGmvgàGjv
ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv aË‚e ^vGK| Dfq wefvRGbi gvaÅGg ‰KwU KÌgk mi‚ I jÁ¼v nGZ ^vGK ‰es A`†kÅ nGZ ^vGK| ‰ chÆvGqi ˆkGli
cƒYÆvã RxGei MVb nq|B w`GK ˆKÌvGgvGmvgàGjvi Pviw`GK wbDwKÑqvi ˆggGeËb ‰es mÅvU
K. Avw` ˆKvl Kx? 1 ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi ˆMŒY KzçGb wbDwKÑIjvGmi cybtAvwefÆve NGU| dGj
L. wbDwKÑIGqW ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 `yB ˆgi‚GZ `ywU AcZÅ wbDwKÑqvGmi m†wÓ¡ nq ‰es wÕ·´£j dvBeviàGjv
axGi axGi wejyµ¦ nq|
M. DóxcGKi cÉ^g ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆkl `y’wU avc wPòmn
eYÆbv KGiv| 3 N DóxcGKi ˆkGlvÚ evGKÅ ejv nGqGQ gvBGUvwmm I wgGqvwmm
N. DóxcGKi ˆkGlvÚ evKÅwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 ˆKvl wefvRGbi gvaÅGg cƒYÆvã RxeG`n MwVZ nq| wbGlK cÉwKÌqvq
wkLbdj-2, 3 I 4 [h. ˆev. 2016]
‰KwU nÅvµÏGqW cysMÅvwgU I ‰KwU nÅvµÏGqW Õ¨x MÅvwgGUi wgjGbi
dGj ˆh RvBGMvU (2n) m†wÓ¡ nq Zv gvBGUvwmm wefvRGbi gvaÅGg
59 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
eüGKvlx ö…GY cwiYZ nq| ‰B ö…Y cybivq evievi gvBGUvwmm
K Avw` wbDwKÑqvmhyÚ ˆKvlB nGjv Avw` ˆKvl|
 wefvRGbi gvaÅGg eüGKvlx wWµÏGqW cƒYÆvã RxeG`n MVb KGi|
L eÅvKGUwiqvi mvBGUvµÏvRGgi ˆKG±`Ê ‰KwU w«¼mƒòK DNA AZů¦ cƒYÆvãZv cÉvwµ¦i ci gvBGUvwmm wefvRGbi gvaÅGg eüGKvlx
cuÅvPvGbv AveZÆKvGi ^vKGZ ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰GK wbDwKÑIGqW eGj| RxeG`Gni Rbbvã (2n) ŠZwi nq| ‰B Rbbvã gvBGUvwmm
wbDwKÑIGqGWi ˆKG±`Ê RNA ^vGK| ‰B RNA AYyGK wNGi wbDwKÑIGqW wefvRGbi gvaÅGg Rbb gvZ‡GKvGl (2n) cwiYZ nq| ‰B Rbb
ˆcÉvwUb ^vGK| wnGÕ¡vb ˆcÉvwUb bv ^vKvq ‰GZ BDKÅvwiIwUK ˆKvGli gvZ‡GKvlwU wgGqvwmm cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGg RbbGKvl (n) h^v cysMÅvwgU
gGZv ˆKÌvgvwUb eÕ§ MwVZ nq bv| wbDwKÑIGqGWi wefvRb ÞgZv, (n) I Õ¨xMÅvwgGU (n) cwiYZ nq| cieZÆxGZ cysMÅvwgU I Õ¨x
cwieÅwÚ ‰es ŠewkGÓ¡Åi eskvbymiY ÞgZv iGqGQ| MÅvwgGUi wgjGbi dGj RvBGMvU (2n) m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰B RvBGMvU
M DóxcGKi cÉ^g ˆKvl wefvRb cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl Avevi gvBGUvwmm wefvRGbi gvaÅGg eüGKvlx ö…GY ‰es meGkGl
wefvRb cÉwKÌqv| ‰i cuvPwU avGci gGaÅ ˆkGli `y’wU avc nGjv eüGKvlx RxeG`Gn cwiYZ nq| cieZÆxGZ RxeG`Gn Rbbvã I Rbb
AÅvbvGdR I ˆUGjvGdR| wbGP avc `ywUi mwPò eYÆbv Kiv nGjv gvZ‡GKvl gvBGUvwmm cÉwKÌqvq m†wÓ¡ nq ‰es Rbb gvZ‡GKvl ˆ^GK
RbbGKvl m†wÓ¡ nq wgGqvwmm cÉwKÌqvq| ‰fvGeB chÆvqKÌGg
gvBGUvwmm I wgGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi gvaÅGg ‰KwU cƒYÆvã
ˆgi‚ RxGei MVb nq|
ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi
cÉk
² 60
jyµ¦cÉvq wÕ·´£j h¯¨
AcZÅ ˆKÌvGgvGmvg

wPò : AÅvbvGdR
gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆÞGò ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi c†^K nIqvi mvG^
mvG^ AÅvbvGdR avc ÷i‚ nq| ‰ avGci AcZÅ ˆKÌvGgvGmvgmgƒn
K. fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j Kx? 1
welyexq Açj ˆ^GK ˆgi‚gyLx PjGZ ÷i‚ KGi| ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvGii cƒYÆ
wefwÚi dGj cÉwZwU ˆKÌvgvwUW ‰KwU AcZÅ ˆKÌvGgvGmvGg cwiYZ nq L. ˆKÌem PKÌ ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
‰es cÉwZwU AcZÅ ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ‰G`i wbKUÕ© ˆgi‚i w`GK avweZ M. DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ wPGòi ‘S’ AskwUi bvg I KvhÆvewj
nq| ˆgi‚i KvQvKvwQ ˆcuŒQvGjB AÅvbvGdR avGci mgvwµ¦ NGU| AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPGòi ‘X’ AsGki ài‚Z½ AvGjvPbv
KGiv| 4
wkLbdj: 3 [P. ˆev. 2015]
wbDwKÑqvi ˆgGgGeËb
ˆKÌvGgvGmvg 60 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ˆKvl ˆµÏU K Dw«¿` ˆ`Gni Afů¦Gi RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅi àœQB nGjv

jyµ¦cvÉ q wÕ·´£j h¯¨ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j|
wbDwKÑIjvm L k¼mGbi ˆh wewKÌqv PGKÌ AÅvwmUvBj Co-A AÝvGjv ‰wmwUK
AÅvwmGWi mvG^ hyÚ nGq mvBwUÇK AÅvwmW ŠZwi KGi ‰es PKÌ ˆkGl
wPò : ˆUGjvGdR AÝvGjv ‰wmwUK AÅvwmW cybivq ‹Zwi nGq PKÌGK MwZkxj ivGL
ZvGK ˆKÌem PKÌ eGj| RvgÆvb weævbx mÅvi ˆnb&m ˆKÌem ‰B PKÌwU
18 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

AvweÓ•vi KGib| ˆKÌem PGKÌ mvBwUÇK AÅvwmW Drc®² nq eGj ‰GK nGZv bv| ZvB ejv hvq, DóxcGKi ‘O’ AsGki ài‚Z½ RxeRMGZ
mvBwUÇK AÅvwmW PKÌI ejv nq| ‰ PGKÌi wewKÌqvmgƒn gvBGUvKw´£Èqvq Acwimxg| A
msNwUZ nq| N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPGòi ‘X’ Ask nGjv gvBGUvwmm wefvRb
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPGòi ‘S’ AskwU ˆKvl PGKÌi msGkÏlY A^Ævr chÆvq ev ‘M’-ˆdR hv RxeRMGZ ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
DNA Abywjcb chÆvq ‰es ‰ chÆvGq DNA Wvej ˆnwjÝ ‰i Š`wnK e†w«¬: gvBGUvwmGmi gvaÅGg ‰KGKvlx RvBGMvU ˆ^GK
Abyi…c Abywjwc ev cÉwZwjwc ŠZwi nq| eüGKvlx RxeG`Gni m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰fvGe RxGei Š`wnK e†w«¬ NGU|
DNA ‰K aiGbi wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW| ‰wU RxeG`Gni ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ eske†w«¬: gvBGUvwmm ‰i gvaÅGg ˆÕ·vi m†wÓ¡ KGi wbÁ² ˆkÉwYi RxGei
ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb| gƒjZ DNA-‰i gvaÅGgB eskMZ ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv AGhŒb Rbb NGU| MÅvwgU m†wÓ¡i cÉvØvGj cÉv^wgK wefvRbàGjv
Rby ˆ^GK RbyGZ ‰es ˆKvl ˆ^GK ˆKvGl evwnZ nq| DNA mRxe gvBGUvwmm cÉK‡wZi|
eÕ§i hveZxq ŠRweK KvhÆvewjGK wbq¯¨Y KGi| DNA -‰i wbDwKÑqvm I mvBGUvµÏvRGgi fvimvgÅ iÞv: wbDwKÑqvGmi msLÅve†w«¬
AskweGklB wRb wnGmGe KvR KGi ‰es ‰ivB mivmwi eskMZ bv nGq hw` mvBGUvµÏvRGgi AvqZb e†w«¬ ˆcZ ZvnGj H wbw`ÆÓ¡
ŠewkÓ¡Å eskciÁ·ivq enb KGi| ‰KwU ˆKvl wefvwRZ nGq `ywU cwigvY wbDwKÑqvm mvBGUvµÏvRgGK iÞv KiGZ cviGZv bv|
ˆKvGl cwiYZ nIqvi AvGMB gvZ‡GKvGli DNA ‰i Wvej ˆnwjÝwU ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi mgZv iÞv: ‰ c«¬wZGZ ˆ`Gni meàGjv ˆKvl
`ywU Wvej ˆnwjGÝ cwiYZ nq| ˆKvl wefvRb ÷i‚i AvGM ‰ chÆvGq mgmsLÅK I mgàYMZ ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ˆcGq ^vGK| ZvB àYMZ
DNA AYyi ‰B cÉwZi…c m†wÓ¡ nIqv DNA Abywjcb, hv ŠewkÓ¡Å wÕ©wZkxj ^vGK|
cÉwZwjwcKiY bvGgI cwiwPZ| ˆKvl PGKÌi ‰ chÆvGq DNA
AãR Rbb: KvwUs, ˆjqvwis I MÉvdwUs bvgK AãR RbGb
AbywjcGbi ˆh NUbvwU NGU Zv RxeRMGZi AwÕ¦Z½ wUwKGq ivLvi
gƒGjvrcv`b I wUmyÅ m†wÓ¡ gvBGUvwmGmi dj|
RbÅ AZů¦ ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ| ˆKvl wefvRb ‰es MÅvwgU m†wÓ¡i RbÅ DNA
cÉwZwjcb AZÅvekÅK| A^Ævr, ˆ`Gni e†w«¬ I Rbb ‰es ‰i gvaÅGg ÞZÕ©vb cƒiY: RxeG`Gni ˆhGKvGbv ÞZÕ©vb gvBGUvwmm cÉwKÌqvq
ŠewkÓ¡Å cƒeÆ cyi‚l ˆ^GK Dîi cyi‚Gl Õ©vbv¯¦i BZÅvw`i RbÅ ‰B `Ë‚Z cƒiY nq|
chÆvq evaÅZvgƒjK| DNA cÉwZwjwcKiY bv NUGj ˆKvl wefvRb cybi‚rcv`b: RxeG`Gn ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv ˆKvGli AvqyÓ•vj mxwgZ|
‰me ˆKvl webÓ¡ nGq gvBGUvwmGmi gvaÅGg cƒiY nq|

Z‡Zxq AaÅvq: ˆKvl imvqb

cÉk
² 11 wf®² wis Õ¡ÈvKPviwewkÓ¡ ‰KwU gGbvmÅvKvivBW k†›LwjZ ii. wgwÓ¡ Õ¼v`hyÚ|
nGq wewf®² cwjmÅvKvivBW ŠZwi KGi| ‰G`i gGaÅ ‰KwU Dw«¿G`i iii. AvbweK msGKZ C6H12O6|
mwçZ c`v^Æ ‰es AbÅwU MvVwbK c`v^Æ wnGmGe ^vGK| iv. ‰wU AÅvjGWvR ‰es weRviK kKÆiv|
K. ˆccUvBW e®¬bx Kx? 1 v. cvwbGZ mnGRB `ËeYxq wK¯§ AÅvjGKvnGj AvswkK `ËeYxq ‰es
L. ‰bRvBGgi Zvjv-Pvwe gZev` ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 B^vGi A`ËeYxq|
M. DwÍÏwLZ gGbvmÅvKvivBWwUi ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆjGLv| 3 vi. ˆeGbwWKU `ËeY ˆhvM KGi D KiGj jvj ev ˆcvov gvwUi
N. DwÍÏwLZ cwjmÅvKvivBW `ywU MVbMZfvGe wf®² eÅvLÅv bÅvq AatGÞc cGo|
KGiv| 4 vii. dmGdvwiK AÅvwmGWi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi ‰Õ¡vi MVb KGi|
wkLbdj-2 [iv. ˆev. 2017] N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cwjmÅvKvivBW `ywU nGjv ˆk¼Zmvi ev Õ¡vPÆ I
11 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ˆmjyGjvR, hv h^vKÌGg Dw«¿G` mwçZ c`v^Æ ‰es MvVwbK c`v^Æ
K `ywU AÅvgvBGbv AÅvwmW ˆh e®¬bxi gvaÅGg ciÕ·i hyÚ ^vGK wnGmGe ^vGK| cwjmÅvKvivBW `ywU MVbMZfvGe wf®²| KviY A
ZvB ˆccUvBW e®¬bx| A Õ¡vPÆ AYyGZ cÉvq 12006000 ™ÏyGKvR ‰KK -™ÏvBGKvmvBwWK e®¬b
L RvgÆvb cÉvYimvqbwe` Emil Fisher 1890 `kGK ‰bRvBg mÁ·GKÆ «¼viv hyÚ ^vGK| Õ¡vPÆ `ywU Dcv`vb wbGq MwVZ| h^v AÅvgvBGjvR
Zvjv-Pvwe gZev` cÉ`vb KGib| ‰ gZev` AbymvGi, ‰KwU Zvjv ˆhgb ‰es AÅvgvBGjvGcKwUb| AÅvgvBGjvGRi -D ™ÏyGKvR AYyàGjv -1,
‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ Pvwe Qvov ˆLvGj bv, ˆZgwb ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ ‰bRvBg ‰KwU 4 ™ÏvBGKvmvBwWK wjsGKGR hyÚ nq ‰es AÅvgvBGjvGcKwUGbi -D
wbw`ÆÓ¡ mveGÕ¡ÈU Qvov AbÅ mveGÕ¡ÈGUi Dci KvR KGi bv| ‰bRvBGgi ™ÏyGKvR AYyàGjv -1, 6 wjsGKR «¼viv hyÚ ^vGK| Õ¡vPÆ ‰KwU -D
‰K ev ‰KvwaK mwKÌq Õ©vb ^vGK ˆhLvGb mveGÕ¡ÈU AYy hyÚ nGq ™ÏyGKvR cwjgvi| Õ¡vPÆ AYy kvLvw®¼Z ‰es ™ÏyGKvR cwjgvi|
‰bRvBg-mveGÕ¡ÈU ˆhŒM MVb KGi| cGi Zv ˆfGã bZzb wewKÌqvjº¬
AvGqvwWGbi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi ‰wU bxj eYÆ cÉ`vb KGi|
c`v^Æ m†wÓ¡ KGi ‰es ‰bRvBg AcwiewZÆZfvGe c†^K nGq hvq|
Aciw`GK, ˆmjyGjvR cÉvq 300-3000 ™ÏyGKvR ‰KK -1, 4
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wf®² wis Õ¡ÈvKPviwewkÓ¡ gGbvmÅvKvivBWwU
nGjv ™ÏyGKvR hv Õ¡vPÆ I ˆmjyGjvGRi MvVwbK ‰KK| wbGP ‰i ™ÏvBGKvmvBwWK e®¬b «¼viv hyÚ ^vGK| ‰wU nGjv -D ™ÏyGKvR
ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆ`qv nGjv A cwjgvi| ˆmjyGjvR AYy AkvLvw®¼Z A^Ævr mij wkKj cwjgvi|
ˆmjyGjvR AvGqvwWGbi mGã wewKÌqv KGi ˆKvGbv eYÆ cÉ`vb KGi bv|
i. ™ÏyGKvR mv`v eGYÆi ‰es `vbv`vi|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 19

cÉk
² 12 Dw«¿G`i ˆKvl cÉvPxGii cÉavb Dcv`vb ‰es Dw«¿` KZ‡ÆK N DóxcGK ewYÆZ Dcv`vb `ywU nGjv Õ¡vPÆ I ˆmjyGjvR| wbGP
mçqK‡Z Lv`Å Dcv`vb Dfq kKÆiv RvZxq ivmvqwbK ˆhŒM nGjI Dcv`vb `ywUi gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv
Õ¡vPÆ AYyGZ cÉvq 12006000 ™ÏyGKvR ‰KK -™ÏvBGKvmvBwWK e®¬b
ZvG`i MVGbi gGaÅ wf®²Zv iGqGQ|
«¼viv hyÚ ^vGK| Õ¡vPÆ `ywU Dcv`vb wbGq MwVZ| h^v AÅvgvBGjvR
K. AÅvwgGbv ‰wmW KvGK eGj? 1
‰es AÅvgvBGjvGcKwUb| AÅvgvBGjvGRi -D ™ÏyGKvR AYyàGjv -1,
L. jK I Kx gZev` Kx? 2
4 ™ÏvBGKvmvBwWK wjsGKGR hyÚ nq ‰es AÅvgvBGjvGcKwUGbi -D
M. DóxcGKi mçqK‡Z c`vG^Æi ‰KGKi MVbwPò eYÆbv
™ÏyGKvR AYyàGjv -1, 6 wjsGKR «¼viv hyÚ ^vGK| Õ¡vPÆ ‰KwU -D
KGiv| 3
™ÏyGKvR cwjgvi| Õ¡vPÆ AYy kvLvw®¼Z ‰es ™ÏyGKvR cwjgvi|
N. DóxcGK ewYÆZ Dcv`vb `ywUi gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY AvGqvwWGbi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi ‰wU bxj eYÆ cÉ`vb KGi|
KGiv| 4
Aciw`GK, ˆmjyGjvR cÉvq 300-3000 ™ÏyGKvR ‰KK -1, 4
wkLbdj-2 [wm. ˆev. 2017]
™ÏvBGKvmvBwWK e®¬b «¼viv hyÚ ^vGK| ‰wU nGjv -D ™ÏyGKvR
12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cwjgvi| ˆmjyGjvR AYy AkvLvw®¼Z A^Ævr mij wkKj cwjgvi|
K ˆKvGbv ŠRe ‰wmGWi ‰K ev ‰KvwaK nvBGWÈvGRb cigvYy ˆmjyGjvR AvGqvwWGbi mGã wewKÌqv KGi ˆKvGbv eYÆ cÉ`vb KGi bv|

AÅvwgGbv MÉ‚c (-NH2) «¼viv cÉwZÕ©vcGbi dGj ˆh ŠRe ‰wmW Drc®²
nq ZvGK AÅvwgGbv ‰wmW eGj| A cÉk
 ² 13 'A' I 'B' RxeG`Gn we`Ågvb `yBwU ŠRe ivmvqwbK eÕ§|
'A' ˆhŒGMi MvVwbK ‰KK AÅvwgGbv AÅvwmW| 'B' ˆhŒMwU RxeG`Gni
L RvgÆvb cÉvYimvqbwe` Emil Fisher 1890 `kGK ‰bRvBg
mÁ·GKÆ Zvjv-Pvwe ev jK I Kx gZev` cÉ`vb KGib| ‰ gZev` ŠRe ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvq cÉfveGKi f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
AbymvGi, ‰KwU Zvjv ˆhgb ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ Pvwe Qvov ˆLvGj bv, K. Agiv Kx? 1
ˆZgwb ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ ‰bRvBg ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mveGÕ¡ÈU Qvov AbÅ L. wjwcGWi KvR ˆjGLv| 2
mveGÕ¡ÈGUi Dci KvR KGi bv| ‰bRvBGgi ‰K ev ‰KvwaK mwKÌq M. DóxcGKi 'B' ˆhŒMwUi wKÌqvGKŒkj eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
Õ©vb ^vGK ˆhLvGb mveGÕ¡ÈU AYy hyÚ nGq ‰bRvBg-mveGÕ¡ÈU ˆhŒM N. AvgvG`i Lv`Å ZvwjKvq 'A' ˆhŒGMi ZvrchÆ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
MVb KGi| cGi Zv ˆfGã bZzb wewKÌqvjº¬ c`v^Æ m†wÓ¡ KGi ‰es wkLbdj-4 I 5 [wm. ˆev. 2016]
‰bRvBg AcwiewZÆZfvGe c†^K nGq hvq| A 13 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Dw«¿` KZ‡ÆK mçqK‡Z Lv`Å Dcv`vb nGjv

K MfÆvkGqi ˆh wUmyÅ ˆ^GK wWÁ¼K m†wÓ¡ nq ˆmB wUmyÅB nGjv Agiv|
Õ¡vPÆ| wbGP ‰i MVbwPò eYÆbv Kiv nGjv
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH L wjwcW dj I exGR mwçZ Lv`Åi…Gc Rgv ^vGK| exGRi
C O C O C O AâzGiv`MGgi mgq ewaÆúz PvivGK wjwcW Lv`Å I kwÚ ˆhvMvq|
H H H H H H

C
H
C C
H
C C
H
C
dmGdvwjwcW I ™ÏvBGKvwjwcW ˆKvl AãvYyi ˆggGeËb MVbKvix c`v^Æ
OH OH H O O H H O OH H
OH wnGmGe KvR KGi| mvGjvKmsGkÏlGY ™ÏvBGKvwjwcW weGkl f„wgKv
C C C C C C
cvjb KGi| ˆgvg RvZxq wjwcW cvZvi wKDwUKj m†wÓ¡ KGi|
H OH H OH H OH
n M DóxcGKi B ˆhŒMwU nGjv ‰bRvBg| ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ ‰bRvBGgi

wPò : Õ¡vPÆ ‰i MvVwbK msGKZ ‰K ev ‰KvwaK mwKÌq Õ©vb ^vGK| cwjGccUvBW ˆPBGbi dwΣs ‰i
cÉvK‡wZK Õ¡vPÆ AÅvgvBGjvR (15-20%) ‰es AÅvgvBGjv ˆcKwUGbi gvaÅGg AÅvKwUf mvBU m†wÓ¡ nq| AÅvKwUf mvBU I mveGÕ¡ÈGUi
(80-85%) mg®¼Gq MwVZ| DfGqB ™ÏyGKvGRi cwjgvi ‰es `xNÆ mÁ·KÆ ZvjvPvwei gGZv mywbw`ÆÓ¡| ‰bRvBg ‰i wKÌqv ˆKŒkj wbÁ²i…c:
ˆPBbhyÚ| AÅvgvBGjvR kvLvnxb nGjI AÅvgvBGjvGcKwUb kvLvhyÚ| 1. cÉ^Gg mveGÕ¡ÈU AYy ‰bRvBGgi mwKÌq Õ©vb Z^v AÅvKwUf
AÅvgvBGjvR mvaviYZ 200 nGZ 1,000 ‰es AÅvgvBGjvGcKwUGb mvBU ‰ mshyÚ nGq ‰bRvBg mveGÕ¡ÈU ˆhŒM m†wÓ¡ KGi|
2,000 nGZ 1,00,000 ™ÏyGKvR AYy ^vGK| AÅvgvBGjvGR -D 2. w«¼Zxq chÆvGq ‰bRvBg mveGÕ¡ÈU ˆhŒM ˆfGO wMGq bZzb c`v^Æ
™ÏyGKvR AYyàGjv ciÕ·i 1-4 Õ©vGb mshyÚ nq| ZGe m†wÓ¡ nq ‰es ‰bRvBg AcwiewZÆZfvGe c†^K nGq hvq|
AÅvgvBGjvGcKwUGbi ™ÏyGKvR AYyàGjv 1-4 e®¬b QvovI -1-6
AÅvKwUf mvBU
e®¬Gbi hyÚ nGq kvLv MVb KGi| Õ¡vGPÆi `xNÆ AYy wewf®² AvK‡wZ I A
‰bRvBg

mveGÕ¡ÈU
‰bRvBg

AvqZGbi Õ©vqx KwYKv MVb KGi ^vGK| Õ¡vPÆ AvYyexÞwYK ‰es

‰bRvB

bZyb c`v^Æ
cÉRvwZ weGkGl KwYKvi MVGb cv^ÆKÅ ^vGK| ˆhgb ˆMvj Avjyi B
D

Õ¡vPÆ KwYKv e†nîg Avi PvGji Õ¡vPÆ KwYKv Þz`ËZg| A wPò : ‰bRvBGgi wKÌqv ˆKŒkj
20 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

ˆhGKvGbv ivmvqwbK wewKÌqv mÁ·®² KiGZ wKQyUv AwZwiÚ kwÚi ‰bRvBg KZƆK wbqw¯¨Z| me ‰bRvBgB ˆcÉvwUb| wRb-‰i
`iKvi nq| ‰ AwZwiÚ kwÚGK KvhÆKix kwÚ eGj| ‰bRvBg ŠewkGÓ¡Åi cÉKvk NGU ˆcÉvwUGbi gvaÅGg; Avi ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉKvk Qvov
mveGÕ¡ÈU ‰i KvhÆKix kwÚ Kg| ZvB Kg KvhÆKix kwÚmÁ·®² mveGÕ¡ÈU RxGei AwÕ¦Z½ ˆbB| RxeG`Gni wewf®² KvhÆKÌg wbq¯¨GY wewf®²
niGgvb weGkl weGkl f„wgKv cvjb KGi ^vGK| ˆcÉvwUb ˆ`Gni
AYy ‰bRvBGgi mvG^ hyÚ nGq ‰bRvBg mveGÕ¡ÈU ˆhŒM m†wÓ¡ KGi|
kwÚi Drm wnGmGeI KvR KGi| RxGei Z^v AvgvG`i ˆ`Gni
dGj wewKÌqvi nvi ˆeGo hvq| ‰fvGe ‰bRvBGgi wKÌqv mgvµ¦ nq| ˆKvlPKÌ mÁ·®² KiGZI ˆcÉvwUGbi cÉGqvRb nq| mwVK UÇv´ÖwKÌckb
N DóxcGK DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ 'A' ˆhŒGMi MvVwbK ‰KK mÁ·®² KiGZ ˆcÉvwUb ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi ^vGK| Z¯§R
AÅvwgBGbv AÅvwmW| myZivs 'A' ˆhŒMwU nGjv ˆcÉvwUb| AvgvG`i Lv`Å ˆcÉvwUb AvgvG`i wewf®² AGãi AveiYx ŠZwi KGi ^vGK| ˆKvjvGRb
ZvwjKvq 'A' ˆhŒGMi DcwÕ©wZ Z^v ˆcÉvwUGbi DcwÕ©wZ AvekÅK| bvgK ˆcÉvwUb ˆUbWGbi gƒj Dcv`vb hv AwÕ©i mvG^ ˆcwki msGhvM
‰i ài‚Z½ mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbvi gvaÅGg mnGRB Lv`Å ZvwjKvq A Õ©vcb KGi| AvgvG`i ˆ`Gni BwgDb wmGÕ¡gI ˆcÉvwUb wbfÆi|
ˆhŒGMi ZvrchÆ cÉKvk cvGe| myZivs, RxeG`Gni Z^v AvgvG`i ˆ`Gni ‰me ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ KvR ˆcÉvwUb
ˆcÉvwUb RxeG`Gni MVb Dcv`vGbi ‰KwU eo Ask| ˆcÉvwUb Qvov «¼viv wbqw¯¨Z nq eGjB AvgvG`i Lv`Å ZvwjKvq ˆcÉvwUb Z^v 'A'
ˆ`nvã ev AãvYyi mwVK MVb mÁ¿e bq| RxeG`n KZàGjv ˆhŒMwUi DcwÕ©wZ AvekÅK|
ivmvqwbK wKÌqv-wewKÌqvi mgwÓ¡ gvò| Avi ‰me wKÌqv-wewKÌqv

PZz^Æ AaÅvq: AYyRxe

cÉk
² 34 AYyRxe 'A' AGKvlxq, eÅvOvwP AvK‡wZi, 'B' AYyRxGe dvh eÅvKGUwiqvg
msLÅv e†w«¬ KGi| AYyRxe 'B' Avw`GKvlx ‰es 'A' AYyRxGei cÉwZ
msGe`bkxj| K
K. gÅvGjwiqv Kx? 1
dvh DNA eÅvKGUwiqvg
L. mvBR´Ÿ ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 ˆKvGl wbwÞµ¦ nGœQ
M. DóxcGKi 'A' AYyRxGei msLÅve†w«¬i cÉwKÌqv wPòmn eYÆbv
KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi AYyRxe `yBwUi mv`†kÅ I Šemv`†kÅ weGkÏlY eÅvKGUwiqvj DNA
KGiv| 4 ˆcÉvwUb m†wÓ¡
dvh DNA
wkLbdj: 1, 2 I 4 [iv. ˆev. 2019]
M
34 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K gÅvGjwiqv nGjv Plasmodium vivax bvgK ‰K aiGbi ciRxex
bZyb dvh m†wÓ¡
«¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ R¾i| A
L AÅvwgeGqW UÇGdvRGqU `kvi ˆKvlmn wbDwKÑqvm evievi N
wefvRGbi gvaÅGg 12-24wU AcZÅ wbDwKÑqvm m†wÓ¡ KGi| eü
wbDwKÑqvm wewkÓ¡ ‰ AeÕ©vGK ejv nq mvBR´Ÿ| ‰i mvBGUvµÏvRGg
wnGgvRGqb bvgK eRÆÅ c`v^Æ Rgv nq| A
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ A AYyRxewU nGjv T2 dvh fvBivm| T2 dvh O
fvBivGmi ˆÞGò msLÅve†w«¬ cÉwKÌqv KGqKwU avGc mÁ·®² nq| wbGP
msLÅve†w«¬ cÉwKÌqv wPòmn eYÆbv Kiv nGjv
c†Ó¤j™² nIqv: T2 dvh Escherichia coli eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆKvlcÉvPxGii
wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb Õ·kÆK Z¯§ ‰es Õ·vBGKi mvnvGhÅ c†Ó¤j™² nq|
AbycÉGek: c†Ó¤j™² nIqvi ci dvR ˆjGRi ˆcÉvwUb AveiYGK evBGi wPò: T2 dvGhi msLÅve†w«¬i cÉwKÌqv
ˆiGL ÷aygvò DNA-ˆK eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆKvGl cÉGek Kivq| dvGhi Aã Drcv`b: ˆKvGli ˆK±`Êvsk eivei cwjgvGiR ‰bRvBGgi
myµ¦Kvj: AbycÉGeGki 12-22 wgwbU mgq chƯ¦ fvBivGmi DNA ˆK mnvqZvq eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvGli wbDwKÑIUvBW eÅenvi KGi bZyb dvh
ˆcvlK ˆKvGl ˆ`Lv hvq bv| ‰LvGb dvh DNA ˆcvlK ˆKvGli DNA-i Abywjwc ŠZwi nq| bZzb dvh DNA ˆ^GK ˆh mRNA ŠZwi

ˆKÌvgvwUb eÕ§i gGaÅ cÉGek KGi ‰es ˆcvlGKi eskMZxq nq Zv ˆcvlK ˆKvGli ivBGevGRvgxq dÅvÙwiGZ (dvGhi RbÅ)
ˆcÉvwUGbi ˆLvjm ŠZwi KGi ^vGK|
wKÌqvKjvc wbGRi wbq¯¨GY ˆbq|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 21

bZzb T2 dvh m†wÓ¡: ˆcvlK ˆKvGli Afů¦Gi AcZÅ DNA I ˆcÉvwUb M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ RxevYywU cÉK‡ZcGÞ gÅvGjwiqv RxevYy
ˆLvjm ŠZwii ci ‰K Kwc DNA AYy ˆcÉvwUb ˆLvjGm cÉGek KGi| Plasmodium| ‰ RxevYywU AGgi‚`íx ˆcvlK AÅvGbvwdwjm gkKxi
ˆkGl jvBGmvRvBg ‰i msGkÏl NGU ‰es bZzb KvhÆKi T2 dvh ŠZwi nq| ˆ`Gn ˆhŒb Rbb mÁ·®² KGi| wbGP ‰ ˆhŒb Rbb eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv-
weMjb ev jvBwmm: jvBGmvRvBg ‰bRvBGgi Abyi…c ˆKvGbv c`v^Æ AÅvGbvGdwjm gkKx gÅvGjwiqv ciRxexevnx eÅwÚi ˆ`n ˆ^GK ciRxexi
ˆcvlK ˆKvl nGZ m†wÓ¡ nIqvi KviGYB ˆcvlK ˆKvlcÉvPxGii
wewf®² avcmn iÚ ˆkvlY KGi| KÌGci cvPK iGmi wKÌqvq MÅvwgGUvmvBU
wgDGKvGcÉvwUb KgGµÏÝ RvZxq ˆhŒM ÞwZMÉÕ¦ nq| ‰i dGj ˆKvl
Qvov ciRxexi AbÅ avcMyGjv nRg nGq hvq| ‰ÝdÑvGRGjkb bvGg ‰K
cÉvPxi we`xYÆ nq ‰es AcZÅ T2 dvh evBGi wbMÆZ nq| A
weGkl cÉwKÌqvq cËGZÅK gvBGKÌvMÅvwgGUvmvBU 4-8 wU gvBGKÌvMÅvwgU ev
N DóxcGKi AYyRxe `ywU nGjv fvBivm ‰es eÅvKGUwiqv| Dfq
cysMÅvwgU m†wÓ¡ KGi| gvBGKÌvMÅvwgU ev ÷KÌvYyàGjv gvZ‡GKvl ˆ^GK
AYyRxeB gvbylmn wewf®² cÉvYx ‰es Dw«¿G`i ˆivM Qovq| Avevi
‰G`i bvbviKg DcKvix f„wgKvI iGqGQ| ‰G`i gGaÅ ˆek wKQy wewœQ®² nGq wWÁ¼vYyGK wbwlÚ Kivi RbÅ muvZvi KvUGZ ^vGK| AbÅw`GK
PwiòMZ cv^ÆKÅ jÞYxq| wbGP AYyRxe `yBwUi mv`†kÅ I Šemv`†kÅ gÅvGKÌvMÅvwgGUvmvBGU ˆZgb ˆKvGbv cwieZÆb NGU bv| ‰wU Õ¹xZ nGq
weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv IGV ‰es cwicÛZv jvGfi mgq wbDwKÑqvmwU cÉvG¯¦i w`GK mGi hvq|
fvBivm AGKvlxq| ‰GZ wbDwKÑqvm ˆbB| ‰iv AwZ-AvYyexÞwYK, cÉGZÅK gÅvGKÌvMÅvwgGUvmvBU ˆ^GK ‰KwU gÅvGKÌvMÅvwgU ev Õ¨x MÅvwgU
0.01 nGZ 0.3 gvBGKÌvwgUvi| Aciw`GK, eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvlxq| (wWÁ¼vYy) m†wÓ¡ nq| wbGlGKi DGóGkÅ gvBGKÌvMÅvwgUGK MÉnY Kivi RbÅ
Avw` AvK‡wZi wbDwKÑqvm ^vGK| ‰iv AvYyexÞwYK, 0.2 nGZ 50 gÅvGKÌvMÅvwgGUi cÉv¯¦ mxgvi ‰KwU Ask mvgvbÅ dzGj DGV ˆKvY m†wÓ¡
gvBGKÌvwgUvi| fvBivm mRxe ˆKvGli evBGi eske†w«¬ KiGZ cvGi KGi| cwiYZ cÉwZwU gÅvGKÌvMÅvwgGUi PZzw`ÆGK AGbK gvBGKÌvMÅvwgU ‰Gm
bv| wK¯§, eÅvKGUwiqv mRxe ˆKvGli evBGi eske†w«¬ KiGZ cvGi| wfo RgvGjI ‰KwU gvò gvBGKÌvMÅvwgUB wbGlGKi myGhvM cvq|
ˆKjvwmZ Kivi ci fvBivmGK mRxe ˆKvGl cÉGek KivGj cybivq gvBGKÌvMÅvwgU cÉ^Gg gÅvGKÌvMÅvwgGUi ˆKvY ‰i msj™² nq ‰es cGi
RxeGbi jÞY cÉKvk KGi| ˆKjvwmZ KiGj eÅvKGUwiqv Avi ˆfZGi cÉGek KGi| DfGqi wbDwKÑqvm I mvBGUvµÏvRg ‰KxfƒZ nGj
RxeGbi jÞY cÉKvk KGi bv| fvBivGm mvBGUvµÏvRg I wewf®² wbGlK mÁ·®² nq ‰es ˆKvYwUI A`†kÅ nGq hvq| wbGlGKi dGj
Þz`Ëvã ˆbB, wecvK wKÌqvI ˆ`Lv hvq bv| eÅvKGUwiqvq mvBGUvµÏvRg
gÅvGKÌvMÅvwgU RvBGMvU ‰ cwiYZ nq|
I wewf®² Þz`Ëvã AvGQ ‰es wecvK wKÌqv NGU| fvBivGmi ˆ`Gn
ˆKvGbv ‰bRvBg ^vGK bv| wK¯§ eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆ`Gn ‰bRvBg ^vGK| ‰fvGeB RbbGKvl m†wÓ¡ I wbGlK cÉwKÌqvq RvBGMvU m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGg
fvBivGmi wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW KÅvcwmGWi gGaÅ AeÕ©vb KGi| ciRxex RxevYywU gkKxi KÌGci ˆfZGi ˆhŒb Rbb mÁ·®² KGi| A
Aciw`GK, eÅvKGUwiqvi wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW KÅvcwmGWi gGaÅ N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ RxevYywUi A^Ævr Plasmodium-‰i RxebPGKÌ
AeÕ©vb KGi bv| Aciw`GK, fvBivm ˆKvGl DNA ev RNA ˆh myÕ·Ó¡ RbyKÌg we`Ågvb| wbGP Zv eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv
ˆKvGbv ‰K cÉKvi wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW ^vGK| cÞv¯¦Gi, eÅvKGUwiqvi nÅvµÏGqW Rby (n)
ˆKvGl DNA ev RNA Dfq cÉKvi wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW ^vGK|
ˆÕ·vGivRGqU `kv: gkKxi jvjv MÉw¯©GZ we`Ågvb ˆÕ·vGivRGqU (n)
cÉk
² 35 iwnGgi R¾i nGjv| WvÚvi iÚ cixÞv KGi eÅvLÅv KiGjb `skbKvGj gvbyGli ˆ`Gn cÉGek KGi|
R¾Gii KviGY ‰KwU ‰KGKvlx AYyRxe hv Õ¨x gkKxi gGaÅ ŠZwi ˆncvwUK mvBGRvMwb: ˆÕ·vGivRGqUàGjv hK‡GZi ˆKvGl cÉ^Gg
nq| ˆmwU gvbyGli hK‡Z ˆKvl ‰es ˆjvwnZ iÚ KwYKvGK a»sm wKÌG¶ŸvRGqU, cGi mvBR´Ÿ ‰es ˆkGl wKÌG¶ŸvGgGivRGqGU cwiYZ
KGi ˆ`q| nq| ‰ici hK‡Z ˆKvl ˆfGO cybivq bZyb hK‡Z ˆKvl AvKÌgY KGi
K. fvBivm Kx? 1 I ˆkGl ˆgUvwKÌG¶ŸvGgGivRGqU-‰ cwiYZ nq|
L. Pteris cÉRvwZGK ˆUwiGWvdvBU ejv nq ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ RxevYywUi AGgi‚`íx ˆcvlGK ˆh Rbb ‰wiG^ËvmvBwUK mvBGRvMwb: ˆgUvwKÌG¶ŸvGgGivRGqUàGjv ˆjvwnZ
cÉwKÌqv mÁ·®² nq Zv eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 KwYKvGK AvKÌgY KGi ‰es ˆmLvGb gvBGKÌvMÅvwgGUvmvBU (n) ‰es
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ RxevYywUi RxebPGKÌ RbyKÌg eÅvLÅv gÅvGKÌvMÅvwgGUvmvBU (n) MVb KGi|
KGiv| 4 wWµÏGqW Rby (2n)
wkLbdj: 7 [Kz. ˆev. 2019] RvBGMvU: ˆivMvKÌv¯¦ eÅwÚ ˆ^GK iÚ ˆkvlYKvGj `y’cÉKvi MÅvwgGUvmvBU
35 bs cÉGk²i Dîi gkKxi cwicvK bvwjGZ PGj hvq ‰es ˆmLvGb ÷KÌvYy (n) I wWÁ¼vYy (n)
K fvBivm nGjv wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW I ˆcÉvwUb w`Gq MwVZ, AwZ MVb KGi| hviv wgwjZ nGq RvBGMvU (2n) MVb KGi|
AvYyexÞwYK eÕ§, hv RxeG`Gni Afů¦Gi mwKÌq nGq ˆivM m†wÓ¡ KGi EwKGbU: RvBGMvU jÁ¼vGU nGq EwKGbU (2n) MVb KGi| hv cÉvPxGi
wK¯§, RxeG`Gni evBGi wbwÓ˜q AeÕ©vq ^vGK| A Ave«¬ nGq ˆMvjvKvi DwmGÕ¡ (2n) cwiYZ nq| ‰ici DwmÕ¡
L ˆUwiGWvdvBUm& ‰i ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv Pteris Dw«¿G`i ŠewkGÓ¡Åi mvG^ cÉ^Gg gvGqvwmm ‰es cGi gvBGUvwmm wefvRGbi gvaÅGg nÅvµÏGqW
wgGj hvq eGj Pteris-ˆK ˆUwiGWvdvBU ejv nq| ˆUwiGWvdvBU ‰i ˆÕ·vGivRGqU (n) MVb KGi| A
ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv jÞ KiGj ˆ`Lv hvq ‰iv ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK Dw«¿`, ‰fvGe Plasmodium RxevYyi RxebPKÌ I RbyKÌg mÁ·®² nq|
mvaviYZ AcyÓ·K, ‰G`i fvÕ•zjvi wUmyÅ ^vGK ‰es ‰G`i ˆ`nGK
gƒj, Kví I cvZvq wefÚ Kiv hvq| ‰B ‰KB ŠewkÓ¡Å Pteris-i myZivs, DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbv nGZ ejv hvq ˆh, gÅvGjwiqv R¾Gii RbÅ
gGaÅI ˆ`Lv hvq| `vqx AYyRxe Plasmodium ‰i RxebPGKÌ RbyKÌg we`Ågvb|
22 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

cÉk
² 36 A eÅvOvwP AvK‡wZi ‰KwU AGKvlxq mîv| ‰i gÕ¦GKi cÉk
² 37 A
ˆfZi cuÅvPvGbv mƒZvi gGZv ŠRe AYy we`Ågvb| ZGe AvGiK aiGbi
P
Avw`GKvlx AYyRxe B ˆZ A mîvwUi msLÅv e†w«¬ NGU|
K. wfwiqb Kx? 1
L. mvBR´Ÿ Kx-eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ ŠRe AYyi ˆfŒZ MVb eYÆbv KGiv| 3
N. gvwUi DeÆiZv nËvm-e†w«¬GZ DóxcGKi B AYyRxGei ài‚Z½ wPò : A wPò : B
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 K. ˆgGmvGRvg Kx? 1
 AaÅvq 1 I 4 ‰i mg®¼Gq [P. ˆev. 2019] L. Plasmodium ‰i RxebPGKÌ RbytKÌg ˆKb ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ? 2
36 bs cÉGk²i Dîi M. DóxcGK 'A' wPGòi 'P' AskwUi ivmvqwbK c`vG^Æi MVb
eYÆbv KGiv| 3
K wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW I ‰GK wNGi AewÕ©Z KÅvcwmW mg®¼Gq MwVZ
N. DóxcGKi 'B', 'A' «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nGj a»sm nGZ cvGi
‰K ‰KwU msKÌgYÞg mÁ·ƒYÆ fvBivm KYvB nGjv wfwiqb| A
Avevi bvI nGZ cvGi weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
L AÅvwgeGqW UÇGdvRGqU `kvi ˆKvlmn wbDwKÑqvm evievi  AaÅvq 3 I 4 ‰i mg®¼Gq [iv. ˆev., Kz. ˆev., P. ˆev., e. ˆev.
wefvRGbi gvaÅGg 12-24wU AcZÅ wbDwKÑqvm m†wÓ¡ KGi| eü 2018]
wbDwKÑqvm wewkÓ¡ ‰ AeÕ©vGK ejv nq mvBR´Ÿ| ‰i mvBGUvµÏvRGg
wnGgvRGqb bvgK eRÆÅ c`v^Æ Rgv nq| A 37 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ŠRe AYy A^Ævr DNA ‰i ˆfŒZ MVb wbGP K eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvGli µÏvRgvwSwÍÏ ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv Õ©vGb fuvR nGq
ˆfZGii w`GK ^wji gGZv ˆh AãvYy MVb KGi ZvB ˆgGmvGRvg|
eYÆbv Kiv nGjv A
i. DNA AYy w«¼mƒòK cwjwbDwKÑIUvBW wkKj «¼viv MwVZ ‰es L ˆKvGbv RxGei RxebPKÌ mÁ·®² KiGZ MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK (n)
cuÅvPvGbv wmuwoi gGZv| wmuwoi ˆiwjs `ywU mgv¯¦ivjfvGe AMÉmi chÆvGqi mvG^ ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK (2n) chÆvGqi ˆh cvjvKÌg NGU ZvGK
nq ‰es hvi cuÅvPàGjv Wvbw`GK AvewZÆZ| A RbytKÌg eGj| Plasmodium ‰i RxebPGKÌ myÕ·Ó¡ RbytKÌg iGqGQ|
ii. DNA mƒGòi cÉwZwU wkKj wWAwÝivBGevR kKÆiv ‰es RbytKÌgB Plasmodium AYyRxeGK euvwPGq ivGL| RbytKÌg evavMÉÕ¦
dmGdGUi chÆvqKÌwgK mshywÚi gvaÅGg m†wÓ¡ nq| wkKj `ywUi nGj ev bv NUGj AYyRxewU Zvi eskaiGK iÞv KiGZ cviZ bv|
‰KwU 53 KveÆbgyLx ‰es AbÅwU 35 KveÆbgyLx myZivs, Plasmodium -‰i AwÕ¦Z½ iÞvi RbÅB RbytKÌg ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ|
AeÕ©vGb ^vGK| M DóxcGK A -wPGòi 'P' Ask nGjv T2 -dvGhi gv^v| T2 -dvGhi
iii. Wvej ˆnwjGÝ we`Ågvb cÉwZwU cuÅvGPi Š`NÆÅ 34Å ‰es wkKj gv^v ˆcÉvwUb «¼viv MwVZ| myZivs P AsGki ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb nGjv
`ywUi gaÅeZxÆ `ƒiZ½ 20Å | ˆcÉvwUb|
iv. cÉwZwU cuÅvGP 10 ˆRvov wbDwKÑIUvBW AYy ^vGK| `ywU ˆcÉvwUb nGjv AmsLÅ AÅvwgGbv AÅvwmW mg®¼Gq MwVZ e†n`vKvi
wbDwKÑIUvBGWi gaÅeZÆx `ƒiZ½ 20 Å| ˆhŒwMK ŠRe AYy| ‰KwU AÅvwgGbv AÅvwmGWi KveÆwÝj MÉ‚c (-
v. cvkvcvwk `ywU cwjGccUvBW ˆPBGbi ÞviKàGjvi gGaÅ COOH) Aci ‰KwU AÅvwgGbv AÅvwmGWi  -AÅvwgGbv MÉ‚Gci mvG^
àqvwbb memgq wZbwU nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬bx w`Gq mvBGUvwmGbi hyÚ nGq ˆh AÅvgvBGbv e´£ MwVZ nq ZvGK ˆccUvBW e´£ eGj|
mvG^ ‰es AÅvGWwbb memgq `ywU nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬bx w`Gq cÉwZwU ˆccUvBW e´£ ŠZwiGZ ‰K AYy cvwb wbMÆZ nq| eü msLÅK
^vBwgGbi mvG^ ˆRvo euvGa| AÅvgvBGbv AÅvwmW ˆccUvBW e´£ «¼viv Ave«¬ nGq cwjGccUvBW
vi. ÞviKàGjv memgq kKÆivi 1bs KveÆGbi mvG^ hyÚ ^vGK| m†wÓ¡ KGi| gƒjZ ‰B cwjGccUvBWB nGjv ˆcÉvwUb|
N DóxcGKi ‘B’ AYyRxewU «¼viv gƒjZ eÅvKGUwiqvGK ˆevSvGbv N DóxcGKi wPò-A I B nGjv h^vKÌGg T2-dvh ‰es eÅvKGUwiqv|
nGqGQ| gvwUi DeÆiZv nËvm-e†w«¬GZ eÅvKGUwiqv ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv wPò-'B', 'A' «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nGj, A^Ævr eÅvKGUwiqv T2-dvh «¼viv
ˆiGL ^vGK| wbGÁ² Zv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv AvKÌv¯¦ nGj mvaviYZ a»sm nGq ^vGK, ZGe AGbK mgq a»sm bvI
eÅvKGUwiqvGK ejv nq weGqvRK| g†Z MvQcvjv, AveRÆbv, g†Z cÉvwYG`n nGZ cvGi| wbGP Zv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv
BZÅvw` cPGbi gvaÅGg ŠRe c`vG^Æ cwiYZ KGi I gvwUi mGã wgwkGq AwaKvsk mgq T2 -dvh eÅvKGUwiqvGK AvKÌgY KGi eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆ`Gn
gvwUi DeÆiZv e†w«¬ KGi| AGbK mgq eÅvKGUwiqv gvwUi Dcv`vb dvh DNA cÉGek KGi ‰es dvh DNA-i msLÅv e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK| ‰i
wnGmGeI ^vGK| AGbK eÅvKGUwiqv AvGQ hviv evqy ˆ^GK mivmwi cvkvcvwk ˆmLvGb ˆcÉvwUb msGkÏlGYi gvaÅGg dvGhi gv^v I ˆjR ŠZwi
bvBGUÇvGRb mse®¬b KGi bvBGUÇvGRb ˆhŒM wnGmGe gvwUGZ Õ©vcb nq| cieZxÆGZ dvh DNA, gv^v I ˆjR ‰KwòZ nGq AmsLÅ bZzb T2
KGi, dGj gvwUi DeÆiZv e†w«¬ cvq| Rhizobium eÅvKGUwiqv wkg -dvh ŠZwi nq ‰es jvBwmm cÉwKÌqvq eÅvKGUwiqv cÉvPxi we`xYÆ KGi ‰iv
RvZxq Dw«¿G`i gƒGji bwWDGj bvBGUÇvGRb mse®¬b KGi| ‰fvGe evBGi ˆewiGq AvGm, dGj eÅvKGUwiqv a»sm nq|
eÅvKGUwiqv gvwUi DeÆiZv e†w«¬GZ weGkl f„wgKv ivGL| AbÅw`GK, Avevi AGbK mgq cÉwZK„j cwiGeGk eÅvKGUwiqv Zvi Pvwiw`GK
wKQy wW-bvBwUÇdvBs eÅvKGUwiqv iGqGQ hviv gvwUÕ© bvBGUÇvGRbGK wmÕ¡ MVb KGi| ‰ mgq dvh eÅvKGUwiqvGK AvKÌgY KiGjI wmÕ¡
ˆfGã gyÚ bvBGUÇvGRGb cwiYZ KGi evqygíGj ˆQGo ˆ`q, dGj we`xYÆ KGi eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvGli Afů¦Gi dvh DNA cÉGek KivGZ
gvwUi DeÆiZv nËvm cvq| Bacillus denitrificans ‰gbB ‰KwU cvGi bv| dGj eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvGli Afů¦Gi bZzb dvh ŠZwi nq bv
eÅvKGUwiqv| mswÞµ¦ ‰ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK gvwUi DeÆiZv nËvm-e†w«¬GZ ‰es jvBwmmI NGU bv| myZivs, eÅvKGUwiqv a»sm nq bv| ÷ay ZvB
‘B’-AYyRxe Z^v eÅvKGUwiqvi ài‚Z½ mnGRB Abyaveb Kiv hvq| bq, AGbK eÅvKGUwiqv dvh «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nIqvi ciciB
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 23

AÅvw´ŸevGqvwUK wbtmiGYi gvaÅGg dvhGK cÉwZnZ KGi| dGj ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb, ˆhgb- mvjdvi WvBAÝvBGWi ˆauvqv gkv
‰GÞGòI eÅvKGUwiqv a»sm nq bv| ZvovGZ ev ˆgGi ˆdjGZ cvGi| wewf®² ivmvqwbK c`v^Æ I wewKiY
myZivs, DcwiDÚ weGkÏlYgƒjK ‰ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK mnGRB ˆevSv hvq w`Gq e®¬ÅvZ½ m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGg gkvi eskweÕ¦vi ˆiva Kiv hvq|
ˆh, ‘B’, ‘C’ «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nGj a»sm nGZI cvGi Avevi bvI nGZ cvGi| KvGRB, DcwiDÚ eÅeÕ©v MÉnGYi gvaÅGg gÅvGjwiqv ˆivM cÉwZGiva
Kiv mÁ¿e|
cÉk
² 38 wbw`ÆÓ¡ ciRxexi msKÌgGY gvbyGli iÚ Õ¼Í¸Zv ‰es
cÉk
² 39 MZivZ ˆ^GK Zvwbqvi ewgmn cÉej Wvqwiqv, ‰GZ Zvi
Kuvcywbmn R¾i AvGm| ZGe wPwKrmGKi civgkÆ QvovI wewf®²fvGe
kixi Vvív nGq hvq ‰es iÚPvc KGg hvq| Avevi Zvi ev®¬ex
ciRxexi ÞwZ ˆ^GK gvbyl iÞv ˆcGZ cvGi|
wiZv KGqKw`b aGi cÉPí R¾Gi AvKÌv¯¦, mvG^ kixGi eÅ^v I iÅvk
K. BGKvjwRKÅvj wcivwgW Kx? 1
ˆ`Lv wMGqGQ|
L. cvGgjv `kv ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
K. KÅvcGmvwgqvi Kx? 1
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ iÚռ͸Zvi KviY eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi ciRxex ˆ^GK cwiòvGYi Dcvq weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 L. gÅvGjwiqv ciRxexi `ywU ˆcvlK cÉGqvRb ˆKb? 2
wkLbdj: 7 I 8 [Xv. ˆev. 2017] M. Zvwbqvi ˆivMwUi RbÅ `vqx RxevYyi ‰KwU Av`kÆ MVGbi
38 bs cÉGk²i Dîi eYÆbv `vI| 3
N. wiZvi ˆivGMi KviY I cÉwZKvi, Zvwbqvi ˆivM ˆ^GK
K Lv`ÅRvjGKi webÅvm mgw®¼Z wcivwgW AvK‡wZi QKB nGjv wf®² weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
BGKvjwRKÅvj wcivwgW| wkLbdj-3 I 6 [w`. ˆev. 2017]
L cwiGeGk cvwb ÷wKGq ˆMGj Ulothrix-‰i ˆcÉvGUvµÏvÕ¡ wefÚ 39 bs cÉ Gk² i Dîi
nGq KGjvwb m†wÓ¡ KGi ‰es wgDwmGjR wbtm†Z AveiYxGZ AcZÅ  K fvBivm KÅvcwmGWi cÉwZwU ˆcÉvwUb AYyB nGjv KÅvcGmvwgqvi|
ˆKvlàGjv Ave†Z ^vGK| ‰ AeÕ©vGK ejv nq cvGgjv `kv| cvGgjv  L gÅvGjwiqv ciRxexi RxebPKÌ mÁ·®² KiGZ ˆhŒb I AGhŒb PKÌ
`kv ŠkevjGK ÷Ó•Zv ˆ^GK iÞv KGi| AbyK„j cwiGeGk KGjvwb AãvAãxfvGe RwoZ| Avevi ‰PKÌ `ywU ‰KwU ˆcvlKG`Gn mÁ·®²
ˆ^GK RyGÕ·vi m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGg bZzb Škevj mƒò ŠZwi nq| nq bv| ciRxexwU gkKxi ˆ`Gn ˆhŒb Rbb ‰es gvbyGli ˆ`Gn
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ jÞYmgƒn ˆhgb iÚռ͸Zv ‰es Kuvcywbmn R¾i AGhŒb Rbb mÁ·®² KGi| myZivs ciRxexwUi cƒYÆvã RxebPKÌ mÁ·®²
‰i KviY gÅvGjwiqv ciRxex (Plasmodium vivax). A Kivi RbÅB `ywU ˆcvlK cÉGqvRb| A
ˆivMRxevYyevnx AÅvGbvwdwjm RvZxq Õ¨x gkKx hLb ˆKvb myÕ©  M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Zvwbqvi ˆivMwU nGjv KGjiv| Avi ‰B
gvbylGK `skb KGi ZLb gkKxi jvjvi mvG^ ˆivM RxevYyi ˆivGMi RbÅ `vqx RxevYy nGjv eÅvKGUwiqv| wbGÁ² eÅvKGUwiqvi
ˆÕ·vGivGRvGqU gvbeG`Gn cÉGek KGi| ˆncvwUK mvBGRvMwbi ci Av`kÆ MVGbi eYÆbv ˆ`Iqv nGjv
gÅvGjwiqvi RxevYy iGÚi ˆjvwnZ KwYKv AvKÌgb KGi ‰es ˆmLvGb cÉwZwU eÅvKGUwiqvg ˆKvlGK wNGi ‰KwU Ro ˆKvl cÉvPxi ^vGK|
AGhŒb cÉwKÌqvq eske†w«¬ KGi hvGK ‰wiG^ËvmvBwUK mvBGRvMwb ‰i cÉavb Dcv`vb ˆccwUGWv™ÏvBKvb| eü eÅvKGUwiqvGZ ˆKvl
eGj| ˆjvwnZ KwYKvi Afů¦Gi ˆgUvwKÌG¶ŸvGgGivGRvGqU cÉvPxiGK wNGi RwUj KGeÆvnvBGWÈU w`Gq ev cwjGccUvBW w`Gq MwVZ
wnGgvG™ÏvwebGK Lv`Å wnGmGe MÉnY KGi| cieZÆxGZ ˆjvwnZ iÚ ‰KwU cyi‚ Õ¦i ^vGK, hvGK KÅvcwmDj eGj| AGbK eÅvKGUwiqvGZ
KwbKv ˆfGã ˆgGivGRvGqU ˆewiGq AvGm ‰es cybivq bZzb ˆjvwnZ ‰KwU dÑÅvGRjvg ev ‰KvwaK dÑÅvGRjv ^vGK| dÑÅvGRjv QvovI
KwYKv AvKÌgY KGi| ‰fvGe ˆjvwnZ iÚ KwYKvi fvãGbi dGj ˆKvGbv eÅvKGUwiqvGZ LvGUv I kÚ wcwj ^vGK| mvBGUvµÏvRgGK
AvKÌv¯¦ eÅwÚi iÚռ͸Zv ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| ˆeÓ¡b KGi mRxe µÏvRgvGggGeËb AewÕ©Z| eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvGli
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ iÚռ͸Zv ev Kuvcywbmn R¾i jÞYàGjv ˆ`GL µÏvRgvGggGeËb KLGbv KLGbv ˆfZGii w`GK fuvR nGq ˆgGmvGRvg
mnGRB ˆevSv hvq ˆh Plasmodium viva bvgK ciRxexi msKÌgGb MVb KGi| mvBGUvµÏvRwgK ˆggGeËb w`Gq cwiGewÓ¡Z AeÕ©vq
gvbyl gÅvGjwiqv ˆivGM AvKÌv¯¦ nq| gÅvGjwiqv ˆivM cÉwZGivGa mvBGUvµÏvRg AewÕ©Z| mvBGUvµÏvRg eYÆnxb, Õ¼œQ| ‰GZ we`Ågvb
wbÁ²wjwLZ c`GÞcàGjv ˆbIqv ˆhGZ cvGi A ^vGK ˆQvU ˆQvU ˆKvl Mn»i, PweÆ, kKÆiv RvZxq Lv`Å, ˆcÉvwUb, LwbR
gkvi cÉRbbGÞò a»sm: gkKx e«¬, cPv cvwbGZ wWg cvGo ‰es c`v^Æ| mvBGUvµÏvRGg AewÕ©Z DGÍÏLGhvMÅ AãvYy nGjv gyÚ
ˆmLvGb wWg dzGU jvfÆv I wcDcv `kvi weKvk NGU| ZvB gkv ivBGevGRvg ‰es cwjivBGevGRvg| ˆKvGl myMwVZ wbDwKÑqvGmi
wbaGbi RbÅ gkvi cÉRbbGÞòàGjv webvk KivB Dîg| cwieGZÆ ˆKej gvò ‰KwU ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ^vGK, hv mvBGUvµÏvRGg
gkvi jvfÆv I wcDcv a»sm: ˆhme RjvkGq gkKx wWg cvGo AewÕ©Z| eü eÅvKGUwiqvGZ e†nr ˆKÌvGgvGmvg QvovI ‰KwU Þz`ËvKvi
ˆmLvGb cvwbi Ici ˆKGivwmb ev ˆcGUÇvj RvZxq ˆZj wQwUGq w`Gj I e†îvKvi ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ^vGK, hvGK µÏvRwgW eGj| A
cvwbi Dci ‰KwU cvZjv Õ¦i m†wÓ¡ nq| dGj ‰ Õ¦i ˆf` KGi N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wiZvi ˆivGMi KviY I cÉwZKvi, Zvwbqvi
gkKxi jvfÆvàGjvi cGÞ evZvm MÉnY mÁ¿eci bv nIqvq Zviv gviv ˆivM ˆ^GK wf®²| KviY
hvq| we‰BPwm, WvGqjwWÈb BZÅvw` KxUbvkK Ilya ˆZGji mvG^ wiZvi ˆivGMi jÞY ˆ^GK ˆevSv hvq, Zvi ˆWãy R¾i nGqGQ hv
wgwkGq cvwbGZ wQwUGq w`Gj gkKxi jvfÆv I wcDcv gviv hvq| fvBivmRwbZ| KviY KGqKw`b aGi cÉP´£ R¾i ^vKv, mvG^ kixGi
RjvkGq KB, LjGm, ˆZjvwcqv RvZxq jvfÆv Lv`K gvQ PvGli eÅ^v I iÅvk ˆ`Lv ˆ`Iqv ˆWãy R¾Gii jÞY| Avi ‰ ˆivM ˆ^GK
gvaÅGg gkKxi jvfÆv I wcDcv a»sm Kiv hvq| cÉwZKvGii RbÅ cÉ^gZ ‰mwcwib RvZxq Ilya cwiZÅvM KiGZ nGe|
cƒYÆvã gkKx wbab: `skb D`ÅZ gkKx nvZ ev gmKzBGUv iÅvGKU eÅ^v I R¾i KgvGbvi RbÅ cÅvivwmUvgj RvZxq Jlya w`GZ nq|
w`Gq ˆgGi ˆdjv| wewf®² duvG`i mvnvGhÅ gkKx aiv| wewf®² iGÚi mvgÅZv iÞvi RbÅ ˆµÏwUGjU UÇv´ÖwdDkb ‰i cÉGqvRb cGo|
24 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

ˆivMxGK cÉPzi cvwb, dGji im I Zij Lvevi w`GK nq| gv^vq cvwb N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPò 'B' nGjv ‰K aiGbi fvBivm| gvbe
Xvjv, MvGqi Nvg gyGQ ˆ`Iqv, ˆfRv Kvco w`Gq kixi Õ·é KGi KjÅvGY fvBivm ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| wbGP Zv weGkÏlY Kiv
ˆ`qv ˆivMxi RbÅ dj`vqK nq| nGjv
Aciw`GK, Zvwbqvi ˆivMwU nGjv KGjiv ‰es Zv eÅvKGUwiqvRwbZ| i. cÉwZGlaK ŠZwiGZ: em¯¦, ˆcvwjI, ˆµÏM, UvBdGqW, RjvZâ
KviY ewgmn cÉej Wvqwiqv, kixi Vv´£v nGq hvIqv, iÚ KGg hvIqv
cÉf‡wZ ˆivGMi wUKv ev fÅvwÝb ŠZwiGZ fvBivGmi evwYwRÅK
‰àGjv meB KGjiv ˆivGMi jÞY| Avi ‰ ˆivGMi cÉwZKvi nGjv-
eÅenvi weGklfvGe ài‚Z½cƒYÆ|
KGjiv ˆivMxi ˆ`n ˆ^GK AwZgvòvq ˆei nGq hvIqv| ZvB cvwb I
ii. wRbZî½ I AvYweK Rxewe`Åvq: wRbZî½xq ‰es AvYweK
jeGYi mg®¼Gqi RbÅ wkivq mÅvjvBb ˆ`Iqv| mvG^ WvGei cvwb I
Lvevi mÅvjvBb w`GZ nq| ‰Qvov WvÚvGii civgGkÆ AÅvw´ŸevGqvwUK Rxewe`Åv (Molecular Biology) welqK wewf®² cÉKvi
BbGRKkb w`GZ nq| ˆgvU K^v ˆivMxi ˆ`Gn hvGZ cvwbkƒYÅZv ˆ`Lv cixÞvgƒjK MGelYvq fvBivm eÅen†Z nq|
bv w`GZ cvGi Zvi eÅeÕ©v KiGZ nq| iii. eÅvKGUwiIdvh wnGmGe: wKQy fvBivm gvbyGli RbÅ ÞwZKviK
DcGii AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK Õ·Ó¡fvGeB ˆevSv hvq ˆh, wiZvi ˆivGMi eÅvKGUwiqvGK a»sm KGi AvgvG`i DcKvi KGi|
KviY I cÉwZKvi, Zvwbqvi ˆivM ˆ^GK mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc wf®²| iv. Ilya wnGmGe: UvBdGqW, KGjiv, iÚ Avgvkq, ˆµÏM BZÅvw`
bvgK eÅvKGUwiqvRwbZ ˆivGM KGqKwU dvh fvBivm Ilya
cÉk
² 40
wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq|
v. ˆcvKvgvKo `gGb: fvBivmGK KwZcq ÞwZKviK I
wec`RbK KxUcZã `gGb eÅenvi Kiv nq| hyÚivGÓ¡Ç
Nuclear Polyhydrosis Virus-ˆK cZãbvkK wnGmGe cÉGqvM
Kiv nq|
B vi. weeZÆb msKÌv¯¦ Z^Å cÉgvGY: Rxe m†wÓ¡ cÉwKÌqv I weeZÆGbi aviv
A mÁ·GKÆ ævbjvf Kivi AbÅZg cÉavb Dcv`vb nGœQ fvBivm,
K. HIV Kx? 1 KviY fvBivGm ‰KB mvG^ Ro ‰es RxGei ŠewkÓ¡Åvejx iGqGQ|
L. ˆnGgvGiwRK ˆWãy ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 vii. dzGji ˆmŒ±`hÆ e†w«¬GZ: wUDwjc dzGji cvcwoGZ wewf®² Qvc
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPò A cÉwZwbwaZ½Kvix AYyRxGei `Ë‚Z gƒjZ fvBivGmi AvKÌgY| QvchyÚ wUDwjc dzj ˆmŒ±`GhÆi RbÅ
msLÅv e†w«¬ cÉwKÌqv wPGòi mvnvGhÅ ˆ`LvI| 3
wek¼LÅvZ|
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPò 'B' ˆK KxfvGe gvbe KjÅvGY KvGR
viii. ŠRweK wbq¯¨Y: eZÆgvbKvGj ŠRweK wbq¯¨GY fvBivmGK eÅenvi
jvMvGbv hvq? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
Kiv nq| AGÕ¡Èwjqvq LiGMvk wbq¯¨GY wgGÝvfvBivmGK
wkLbdj: 1 I 4 [Kz. ˆev. 2017]
eÅenvi Kiv nq|
40 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K HIV nGjv gvbyGli ‰BWm ˆivM m†wÓ¡Kvix fvBivm| A
 cÉk
² 41 'X' I 'Y' DfqB R¾Gi AvKÌv¯¦ nGjI cÉKvwkZ jÞY wf®²|
'X' ‰i cÉPí gv^v eÅ^vmn AwÕ© mw®¬GZ eÅ^v ‰es Pvgovq jvj
L mvaviY ˆWãyR¾Gii RwUj i…cB nGjv ˆnGgvGiwRK ˆWãyR¾i| iÅvk ˆ`Lv hvGœQ| 'Y' ‰i Kuvcywbmn R¾i, ewg ewg fve I iÚռ͸Zv
‰GZ KGqKw`b ci ˆivMxi bvK, gyL `uvGZi gvwo I Z½GKi wbGP ˆ`Lv w`GqGQ|
iÚÞiY ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| cvqLvbvi mvG^ iÚ ˆhGZ cvGi| iÚewg nGZ K. µÏvRwgW Kx? 1
cvGi| iGÚ µÏvwUGjU fxlY nËvm cvq ‰es iÚ RgvU euvaGZ cvGi bv|
L. jvBwUK PKÌ ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPò A nGjv eÅvKGUwiqv| w«¼fvRb c«¬wZGZ
 M. 'Y' ˆh R¾Gi AvKÌv¯¦ ˆmB RxevYywU gkKxi KÌGci wfZi
eÅvKGUwiqv `Ë‚Z msLÅv e†w«¬ KGi ^vGK| wbGP w«¼fvRb cÉwKÌqv wPGòi RxebPGKÌi ˆh Ask mÁ·®² KGi Zvi wPwn×Z wPò `vI| 3
mvnvGhÅ ˆ`LvGbv nGjv N. 'X' ˆh R¾Gi AvKÌv¯¦ ˆmB RxevYywUGK Rxe I RGoi
ˆKvlwSwÍÏ ˆKvlcÉvPxi ˆhvMmƒò ejv nq@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆKvlwSwÍÏGZ hyÚ ‰KwU ˆKvlwSwÍÏi (ˆgGmvGRvGgi
wkLbdj: 1 I 7 [P. ˆev. 2017]
DNA AYyDNA e†w«¬ AYy mGã DNA- ‰i mshywÚ
e†w«¬ gvZ‡GKvl 41 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
DNA-i Dfq cvGk
(ZxiwPn×) cÉwZwjcb K eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆKvGl ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ewnf„ÆZ ˆMvjvKvi Õ¼Z¯¨ DNA

`ywU m`†k AvcZÅ ˆKvGli m†wÓ¡ ÷i‚
B nGjv µÏvRwgW|
bZzb ˆKvlcÉvPxi (KvGjv `vM)
I ˆKvlwSwÍÏi e†w«¬i dGj L fvBivm ˆKvGbv ˆcvlK ˆKvl AvKÌgGYi mgq ˆcvlK ˆKvGl
DNA-AYy `ƒGi mGi hvGœQ
eskMZxq eÕ§ cÉGeGki ci fvBivGmi msLÅve†w«¬ NUGZ cvGi|
`yB DNA-AYyi gvSLvGb e†w«¬iZ DNA-cÉwZwjcb mÁ·®²
ˆKvlcÉvPxi I ˆKvlwSwÍÏ
ˆcvlK ˆKvl ˆfGO hLb AGbKàGjv wfwiqb gyÚ nq ZLb ˆmB
wPò: ‰KwU eÅvKGUwiqvGg ([Link]) w«¼fvRb AeÕ©vGK fvBivGmi jvBwUK PKÌ eGj| ˆhgb [Link] ˆK
AvKÌgYKvix T2 dvh fvBivGm jvBwUK PKÌ mÁ·®² nq|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 25

M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ 'Y' gÅvGjwiqv R¾Gi AvKÌv¯¦| gkKxi KÌGci dÑvGRjvg

wfZi MÅvwgU m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGg gÅvGjwiqvi RxevYyi ˆhŒb cÉRbb mÁ·®² KÅvcwmDj
nq, hvGK MÅvwgGUvMwb eGj| gkKxi KzGci ˆfZi gÅvGjwiqv RxevYy dÑÅvGRjvg
ˆKvlcÉvPxi
ˆh ˆhŒb cÉRbb ev MÅvwgGUvMwb mÁ·®² KGi Zvi wPwn×Z wPò wbGÁ² mvBGUvµÏvRwgK ˆggGeËb
ˆ`Iqv nGjv A ivBGevGmvg
ˆgGmvGmvg
ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
ivBGevGRvg
fwjDwUb
µÏˆgGmvGRvg
vmwgW
DIwKGbU (RvBGMvU) wbGlK ˆKvY
gÅvGKÌvMÅvwgU (Õ¨xMÅvwgU)
gÅvGKÌvMÅvwgGUvmvBU µÏvRwgW
gvBGKÌvMÅvwgGUvmvBU wcwj

gvBGKÌvMÅvwgU
wbGlK wPò : ‰KwU Av`kÆ eÅvKGUwiqvg ˆKvl
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ MÉ‚c A ‰i ˆivM m†wÓ¡Kvix AYyRxe nGjv
‰ÝdÑÅvGRGjkb fvBivm| fvBivGmi Rxexq ŠewkGÓ¡Åi gGaÅ AbÅZg nGjv mRxe
ˆKvGli Afů¦Gi ‰iv eske†w«¬ KGi| ˆhgb, T2 dvh fvBivm E.
wPò: gkKxi KÌGci wfZi Plasmodium-‰i MÅvwgGUvMwb coli eÅvKGUwiqvq eske†w«¬ KGi| fvBivm Z^v T2 dvh ‰i esk
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ 'X' ˆWãyR¾Gi AvKÌv¯¦ hv ‰KwU fvBivm NwUZ weÕ¦vi weGkÏlY KiGj mnGRB ˆevSv hvq ‰iv esk weÕ¦vGii RbÅ
ˆivM| fvBivm AwZ AvYyexÞwYK AGKvlxq eÕ§ hv ˆcÉvwUb I wbDwKÑK AGbÅi Dci wbfÆikxj| T2 dvGhi esk weÕ¦vi
AÅvwmW w`Gq MwVZ| fvBivGmi gGaÅ Rxexq ‰es Ro Dfq ŠewkÓ¡ÅB msKÌgY chÆvq : eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvGli msÕ·GkÆ Avmv nGZ fvBivm
DNA eÅvKGUwiqvGgi ˆKvGli Afů¦Gi cÉGek chƯ¦ ‰ chÆvGqi
jÞ Kiv hvq| fvBivm mRxe ˆKvGli Afů¦Gi eske†w«¬ KiGZ cvGi,
weÕ¦‡wZ| Õ·kÆK Z¯§i mvnvGhÅ ‰wU [Link] eÅvKGUwiqvGgi MvGq ˆjGM
cvkvcvwk ‰G`i gGaÅ cÉKiY m†wÓ¡ I cwieÅwµ¦ NUGZI ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰me
hvq| ˆjGM ^vKv Õ©vGbi ˆKvl cÉvPxi wQ`Ë nGq hvq ‰es fvBivm
Rxexq ŠewkÓ¡Å| Avevi, mRxe ˆKvGli evBGi fvBivm ˆKvGbv ŠRweK
÷aygvò Zvi ˆRGbwUK eÕ§ (DNA) eÅvKGUwiqvg ˆKvGl A¯¦tGÞc «¼viv
KvhÆKjvc NUvGZ cvGi bv ‰es ‰G`i ˆKvGbv mvBGUvµÏvRg, wbDwKÑqvm,
cÉGek KwiGq ˆ`q|
wecvKxq ‰bRvBg wKQyB ^vGK bv ˆhàGjv Ro ŠewkÓ¡Å| myZivs ejv msLÅve†w«¬ chÆvq: fvBivm DNA I ˆcÉvwUb AveiY MVb ‰es bZzb
hvq, Rxe I Ro Dfq cÉKvi ŠewkÓ¡Å fvBivGm cwijwÞZ nq eGjB fvBivm MVb chƯ¦ ‰ chÆvGq weÕ¦‡wZ| AwZ A͸ mgGqi gGaÅ fvBivm
‰GK Rxe I RGoi ˆhvMmƒò ejv nq| DNA eÅvKGUwiqvGgi ‰bRvBgGK msMwVZ KGi AGbK bZzb
cÉk
² 42 MÉ‚c A : BbdÑzGqév, em¯¦, RjvZâ fvBivm DNA ‰es ˆmB mvG^ ˆcÉvwUb AveiY ŠZwi KGi| ˆkl
MÉ‚c B : hßv, wbDGgvwbqv, wUGUbvm chÆvGq DNA I ˆcÉvwUb AveiY wgGj bZzb fvBivm m†wÓ¡ KGi|
K. wfwiqb Kx? 1 weMjb chÆvq: eÅvKGUwiqvGgi ˆKvl cÉvPxi wQ®² KGi bZzb fvBivmàGjvi
ˆei nGq AvmvGK weMjb chÆvq eGj|
L. ˆWãy ˆKb gvbyGli RbÅ wec`äbK? 2
‰fvGe gvò 30 wgwbU mgGqi gGaÅ 300 bZzb fvBivm m†wÓ¡ nGZ
M. MÉ‚c B ‰i ˆivM m†wÓ¡Kvix AYyRxGei wPwn×Z wPò AsKb KGiv| 3
cvGi| A
N. MÉ‚c A ‰i ˆivM m†wÓ¡Kvix AYyRxe meÆ`vB AGbÅi mnvqZvq DchyÆÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq ˆh, fvBivm meÆ`vB AGbÅi
eskweÕ¦vGi mÞg DwÚwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 mnvqZvq A^Ævr E. coli eÅvKGUwiqvi mnvqZvq eskweÕ¦vGi mÞg|
wkLbdj-3 I 4 [wm. ˆev. 2017]
42 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉk
² 43

K wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW I ‰GK wNGi AewÕ©Z KÅvcwmW mg®¼Gq MwVZ


‰K ‰KwU msKÌgYÞg mÁ·ƒYÆ fvBivm KYvB nGjv wfwiqb| A
L ˆWãy ‰KwU dÑÅvwffvBivm RwbZ ˆivM| ‰ ˆivGM AvKÌv¯¦ eÅwÚi
kixGii wewf®² AsGk eÅ^v nq| wnGgvGiwRK ˆWãy R¾Gii ˆÞGò
`uvGZi gvwo, bvK I gyL w`Gq iÚÞiY nq| Avw¯¨K iÚÞiY nGZ
cvGi| iGÚ AbyPwKÌKv Lye KGg hvq| hG^vchyÚ wPwKrmv bv nGj wPò: A wPò: B
ˆivMx gvivI ˆhGZ cvGi| ‰mKj KviGY ˆWãy gvbyGli RbÅ K. KGjiv ˆivGMi RxevYyi bvg ˆjGLv| 1
wec`RbK| A L. w«¼wefvRb cÉwKÌqvwU eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M. A AYyRxGei MVb eYÆbv KGiv| 3
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ MÉ‚c ‘B’ A^Ævr hßv, wbDGgvwbqv wUGUbvm ˆivM

N. gvbeKjÅvGY B AYyRxGei f„wgKv ˆjGLv| 4
m†wÓ¡Kvix AYyRxewU nGjv eÅvKGUwiqv| wbGP eÅvKGUwiqvi wPwn×Z wPò
wkLbdj: 2 I 5 [iv. ˆev. 2016]
AsKb Kiv nGjv A
26 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

43 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉk

² 44 iwdK I kwdK AYyRxe wbGq MGelYvMvGi KvR
K KGjiv ˆivGMi RxevYy nGjv Vibrio cholerae bvgK eÅvKGUwiqv|
 KiGQb| iwdGKi MGelYvi welqeÕ§ nGœQ AGKvlxq ˆivM
L w«¼wefvRb nGjv Avw`GKvlx RxGei ‰K aiGbi AGhŒb cÉRbb
 m†wÓ¡Kvix AYyRxe ‰es kwdGKi Avw`GKvlxq AYyRxe| iwdGKi
chÆGeÞGY Rvbv ˆMj Zvi AYyRxe kwdGKi AYyRxeGK fÞGYi
cÉwKÌqv| ‰ cÉwKÌqvi ÷i‚GZ gvZ‡GKvlwU wKQyUv jÁ¼vGU nq ‰es
gvaÅGg msLÅv e†w«¬ cvq|
ˆKvlwUi gaÅfvGMi ˆKvl cÉvPxGi ejq AvKvGi msGKvPb m†wÓ¡ nq|
K. ˆgUvKvBGbwmm Kx? 1
‰ msGKvPb KÌgk ˆKvlGKG±`Êi w`GK Mfxi nGZ ^vGK| ‰KB mgGq L. ‰G´£wgK Rxe ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
ˆKvGli wbDwKÑIeÕ§ WvGÁ¼j AvKvi aviY KGi| ‰ici msGKvPb M. iwdK I kwdGKi eÅen†Z AYyRxe `ywUi cv^ÆKÅ KGiv| 3
Mfxi nGq ˆMGj wbDwKÑIeÕ§mn ˆKvlwU `y’fvGM wefÚ nq ‰es `ywU N. iwdGKi chÆGeÞYwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
AcZÅ ˆKvGli m†wÓ¡ nq| eÅvKGUwiqv mvaviYZ w«¼wefvRb c«¬wZGZ wkLbdj: 1, 2 I 4 [w`. ˆev. 2016]
eske†w«¬ KGi ^vGK| 44 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M wPò-A ˆZ ˆ`LvGbv AYyRxewU nGjv T2- eÅvKGUwiIdvh|
 K ˆKvl wefvRGbi ˆgUvGdR `kvq wÕ·´£j hG¯¨i welyexq AçGj
wPò-A ˆZ cÉ`wkÆZ AYyRxewU nGjv T2- eÅvKGUwiIdvh| wbGP T2-dvh ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi webÅÕ¦ nIqvB nGjv ˆgUvKvBGbwmm|
fvBivGmi MVb eYÆbv Kiv nGjv@
L ˆhme Rxe (Dw«¿` I cÉvYx) ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ cÉvwYGfŒMwjK Açj
T2-dvh fvBivGmi ˆ`nGK `ywU cÉavb AsGk fvM Kiv hvq, h^v gv^v
eÅZxZ AbÅ ˆKv^vI cvIqv hvq bv, ZvG`iGK H AçGji ‰G´£wgK
I ˆjR| gv^vwU Õ¹xZ I lofzRvK‡wZi| ‰wU ˆcÉvwUb AYy w`Gq ŠZwi|
Rxe ejv nq| ˆhgb Nwoqvj IwiGq´Ÿvj AçGji ‰G´£wgK cÉvYx|
‰i Š`NÆÅ cÉvq 93-100 nm ‰es cÉÕ© 65 nm| ^wji gGZv ‰ Õ¹xZ ‰G`iGK IwiGq´Ÿvj Açj eÅZxZ AbÅ ˆKvGbv AçGj cvIqv hvq bv|
AsGki ˆfZGi w«¼-mƒòK ‰KwU DNA AYy cuÅvPvGbv AeÕ©vq ^vGK| ‰B
DNA-ˆZ 60,000 ˆRvov wbDwKÑIUvBW ^vGK| DNA-ˆZ wRb ^vGK M iwdGKi eÅen†Z AYyRxewU nGjv fvBivm ‰es kwdGKi eÅen†Z

cÉvq 150wU| T2-dvGhi ˆjGRi cÉavb AskwU ‰KwU duvcv bGji gGZv| AYyRxewU nGjv eÅvKGUwiqv| wbGP ‰G`i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆ`qv nGjv
ˆjRwUi Š`NÆÅ cÉvq 95-110 nm ‰es eÅvm cÉvq 15-25 nm| ˆjGRi fvBivm eÅvKGUwiqv
DcwifvGM myÕ·Ó¡ PvKwZi gGZv ‰KwU Kjvi AvGQ| ˆjGRi Afů¦Gi i. ‰iv AGKvlxq ‰es ‰GZ i. ‰iv ˆKvlxq ‰es ‰GZ Avw`
ˆKvGbv DNA ˆbB| wbGPi w`GK ‰KwU ˆemGµÏU, KuvUvi gGZv 6wU wbDwKÑqvm ˆbB| cÉK‡wZi wbDwKÑqvm ^vGK|
Õ·vBK I 6wU Õ·kÆK Z¯§ AvGQ| ˆjR, Kjvi, ˆemGµÏU, Õ·vBK ‰es ii. ‰iv mRxe ˆKvGli ii. mRxe ˆKvGli evBGi
Õ·kÆK Z¯§ meB ˆcÉvwUb «¼viv MwVZ| T2-eÅvKGUwiIdvh fvBivGmi evBGi eske†w«¬ KiGZ eske†w«¬ KiGZ cvGi|
ˆ`Gn ˆKvGbv wbDwKÑqvm, ˆKvlcÉvPxi I AbÅ ˆKvGbv Þz`Ëvã ˆbB| cvGi bv|
iii. ‰GZ mvBGUvµÏvRg ev iii. ‰GZ mvBGUvµÏvRg I wewf®²
N wPò B ‰i AYyRxewU nGjv eÅvKGUwiqv| gvbeKjÅvGY eÅvKGUwiqv

AbÅ ˆKvGbv Þz`Ëvã ˆbB| Þz`Ëvã AvGQ|
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi ^vGK|
iv. ‰G`i ˆ`Gn ˆKvGbv iv. ‰G`i ˆ`nGKvGl ‰bRvBg
wPwKrmv ˆÞGò wewf®² cÉvYiÞvKvix AÅvw´ŸevGqvwUK eÅvKGUwiqv «¼viv
‰bRvBg ^vGK bv| ^vGK|
ŠZwi nq| wewf®² cÉwZGlaK wUKv ˆhgb KGjiv, hßv, UvBdGqW,
v. fvBivGmi wbDwKÑK v. eÅvKGUwiqvi wbDwKÑK
wW. wc. wU. BZÅvw` ˆivGMi wUKv eÅvKGUwiqv nGZ cÉÕ§Z Kiv nq| AÅvwmW KÅvcwmGWi AÅvwmW KÅvcwmGWi gGaÅ
K‡wl ˆÞGò eÅvKGUwiqv gvwUi ŠRe c`v^Æ mçq KGi DeÆiZv e†w«¬ gGaÅ AeÕ©vb KGi| AeÕ©vb KGi bv|
KGi| bvbvwea AveRÆbv cPvGbvi gvaÅGg eÅvKGUwiqv ŠRe mvi cÉÕ§Z vi. ‰G`i gGaÅ DNA ev vi. ‰G`i ˆKvGl DNA I RNA
KGi| wKQy eÅvKGUwiqv gvwUGZ bvBGUÇvGRb mse®¬b KGi Avevi wKQy RNA ˆhGKvGbv ‰K cÉKvi Dfq cÉKvi wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW
eÅvKGUwiqv wkg RvZxq Dw«¿G`i gƒGj bwWDj m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGg gvwUi wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW ^vGK| ^vGK|
DeÆiZv e†w«¬ KGi| wKQy eÅvKGUwiqv RwgGZ ÞwZKi cZã wbq¯¨GY
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ iwdGKi eÅen†Z AYyRxewU nGjv T2
Avevi wKQy eÅvKwUwiqv dmGji djb e†w«¬GZI eÅen†Z nq|
eÅvKGUwiIdvh| ‰ dvh fvBivGmi msLÅve†w«¬i c«¬wZGK Abywjcb
wk͸ ˆÞGòI eÅvKGUwiqvi eÅenvi eÅvcK| Pv, Kwd, ZvgvK BZÅvw`
eGj| T2 dvh fvBivGmi ˆÞGò msLÅve†w«¬i ˆKŒkj KGqKwU avGc
cÉwKÌqvRvZKiGY, `y™¬RvZ wkG͸, cvU wkG͸, Pvgov ŠZwi, jÅvKwUK
mÁ·®² nq| wbGP msLÅve†w«¬i ˆKŒkj eYÆbv Kiv nGjv
AÅvwmW ŠZwi, AÅvwmGUvb ŠZwi BZÅvw` wewf®² KvGR eÅvKGUwiqv
c†Ó¤j™² nIqv: T2 dvh Escherichia coli eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆKvlcÉvPxGii
eÅen†Z nq| wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb Õ·kÆKZ¯§ ‰es Õ·vBGKi mvnvGhÅ c†Ó¤j™² nq|
gvbyGli AG¯¨i E. coli I AbÅvbÅ eÅvKGUwiqv wfUvwgb-we, wfUvwgb- AbycÉGek: c†Ó¤j™² nIqvi ci Õ·kÆK Z¯§i mvnvGhÅ fvBivm Zvi
ˆK, wfUvwgb-we2, ˆdvwjK AÅvwmW, evGqvwUb cÉf‡wZ c`v^Æ cÉÕ§Z I ˆ`nwUGK eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆKvlcÉvPxGii h^vÕ©vGb Ave«¬ KGi ‰es
mieivn KGi ^vGK| wRb cÉGKŒkGjI eÅvKGUwiqvi ài‚Z½ Acwimxg| jvBGmvRvBg ‰bRvBGgi KvhÆKvwiZvq eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆKvlcÉvPxGi wQ`Ë
‰QvovI AveRÆbv cPGb, cqtwbÓ•vkGb, cvwbGZ fvmgvb ˆZj m†wÓ¡ KGi| dvR ˆjGRi ˆcÉvwUb AveiYGK evBGi ˆiGL ÷aygvò
AcmviGYI eÅvKGUwiqvi hG^Ó¡ f„wgKv iGqGQ| DNA-ˆK eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆKvGl cÉGek Kivq|
DwÍÏwLZ mKj ˆÞòB gvbeKjÅvGYi RbÅ| ZvB gvbeKjÅvGY myµ¦Kvj: AbycÉGeGki 12-22 wgwbU mgq chƯ¦ fvBivGmi DNA ˆK
eÅvKGUwiqvi f„wgKv AbÕ¼xKvhÆ| ˆcvlK ˆKvGl ˆ`Lv hvq bv| ‰LvGb dvh DNA ˆcvlK ˆKvGli
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 27

ˆKÌvgvwUb eÕ§i gGaÅ cÉGek KGi ‰es ˆcvlGKi eskMZxq Avevi kwdGKi avbGÞGZi ˆivM jÞYàGjv ˆ`GL ˆevSv hvq avb
wKÌqvKjvc wbGRi wbq¯¨GY ˆbq| MvQàGjv wjd eÐvBU ˆivGM AvKÌv¯¦ nGqGQ| ‰wU Xanthomonas
dvGhi Aã Drcv`b: ˆKvGli ˆK±`Êvsk eivei cwjgvGiR ‰bRvBGgi oryzae bvgK eÅvKGUwiqvi AvKÌgGY nGq ^vGK| ‰ ˆivM cÉwZGivGa
mnvqZvq eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvGli wbDwKÑIUvBW eÅenvi KGi bZyb dvh wkÞK kwdKGK wbÁ²wjwLZ civgkÆ w`GqwQGjb
DNA-i Abywjwc ŠZwi nq| bZzb dvh DNA ˆ^GK ˆh mRNA ŠZwi i. ˆivM cÉwZGivaÞg cÉKiY Pvl KiGZ nGe|
nq Zv ˆcvlK ˆKvGli ivBGevGRvgxq dÅvÙwiGZ (dvGhi RbÅ) ii. exR ecGbi cƒGeÆ Rwgi AvMvQv webvk KiGZ nGe|
ˆcÉvwUGbi ˆLvjm ŠZwi KGi ^vGK| iii. exR ecGbi cƒGeÆ exR ˆkvab KGi wbGZ nGe|
bZzb T2 dvh m†wÓ¡: ˆcvlK ˆKvGli Afů¦Gi AcZÅ DNA I ˆcÉvwUb iv. cvZv bv ˆKGU Pviv ˆivcb KiGZ nGe ‰es bvBGUÇvGRb mvi
ˆLvjm ŠZwii ci ‰K Kwc DNA AYy ˆcÉvwUb ˆLvjGm cÉGek KGi| mgqgZ mwVK cwigvGY cÉGqvM KiGZ nGe|
ˆkGl jvBGmvRvBg ‰i msGkÏl NGU ‰es bZzb KvhÆKi T2 dvh ŠZwi v. RwgGZ cvwb ˆmGPi mgq weÐwPs cvDWvi eÅenvi KiGZ nGe|
nq| N Avmjvg I kwdK DfGqi dmjB AYyRxe «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ ‰es
weMjb ev jvBwmm: jvBGmvRvBg ‰bRvBGgi Abyi…c ˆKvGbv c`v^Æ Dfq dmGjB cÉv^wgK AeÕ©vq `vGMi m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ| ‰GÞGò ˆivM
ˆcvlK ˆKvl nGZ m†wÓ¡ nIqvi KviGYB ˆcvlK ˆKvlcÉvPxGii `ywUi wgj ^vKGjI ‰G`i cÉwZKvGii Dcvq wf®²|
wgDGKvGcÉvwUb KgGµÏÝ RvZxq ˆhŒM ÞwZMÉÕ¦ nq| ‰i dGj AvmjvGgi ˆcuGc evMvbGK wis Õ·U ˆivM ˆ^GK iÞvi RbÅ AvKÌv¯¦
ˆKvlcÉvPxi we`xYÆ nq ‰es AcZÅ T2 dvh evBGi wbMÆZ nq| ˆcuGc MvQàGjvGK kbvÚ KGi Zv evMvb ˆ^GK ZzGj gvwUi wbGP cyuGZ
‰fvGeB T2 eÅvKGUwiIdvh fvBivmwUi msLÅv e†w«¬ NGU ^vGK| ˆdjGZ nGe| myÕ© mej MvQàGjvGK Rvj w`Gq ˆXGK w`GZ nGe
hvGZ cZGãi gvaÅGg ˆivGMi weÕ¦vi evavMÉÕ¦ nq| ˆhGnZz ‰wdW
cÉk
² 45 Avmjvg I kwdK «¼v`k ˆkÉwYi Qvò| DfGqi evev
RvZxq cZGãi gvaÅGg ‰ ˆivM Qovq ˆmRbÅ ˆcwÕ¡mvBW ˆÕ·É
K‡lK| AvmjvGgi ‰KwU ˆcuGci evMvb AvGQ| Avmjvg jÞ KGi
KiGZ nGe| ˆivMvKÌv¯¦ RwgGZ ˆcuGc MvGQi cÉ‚wbs e®¬ ivLGZ nGe,
cvZvi ˆeuvUv I dGj ŠZjvÚ cvwb-wmÚ Mvp meyR `vM m†wÓ¡
KviY KuvUv-ˆQov Õ©vb w`Gq ˆivMvKÌgY NGU|
nGqGQ| ˆcuGc njy` nGq hvq ‰es cyÓ¡ nevi AvGMB SGi cGo| Avevi kwdGKi avbGÞZGK wjd eÐvBU ˆivM ˆ^GK iÞvi RbÅ
kwdK Zvi evevi mvG^ avb ˆÞGZ wMGq ˆ`GL cvZvq ˆfRv AaÆÕ¼œQ cÉ^GgB AvKÌv¯¦ MvQàGjvGK mwiGq wbGq cywoGq ˆdjGZ nGe|
jÁ¼v `vGMi m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ| `vMàGjv KÌgk njG` mv`v eYÆ aviY ˆivMvKÌv¯¦ cvZvq ˆÕ¡ÈcGUvmvBwKÑb AÅvw´ŸevGqvwUK ˆÕ·É KiGj mydj
KiGQ| `yB e®¬y wgGj KGjGRi Rxeweævb wkÞGKi wbKU ˆ^GK cvIqv hvq| ˆivMjÞGYi mvG^ mvG^ Granosan M A^ev Agrosan
‰ mgmÅv `ƒixKiGYi civgkÆ MÉnY KGi DcK‡Z nGjv| sws cÉGqvGM mydj cvIqv hvq| RwgGZ cvwb ˆmGPi mgq ZvGZ weÐwPs
K. w«¼c` bvgKiY Kx? 1 cvDWvi (2 ˆ[Link]./ˆnÙi) eÅenvi KiGZ nGe| ‰GZ ˆivGMi cÉGKvc
L. gvki‚g ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 KGg hvq|
M. RxeweævGbi wkÞK ˆivM cÉwZGivGa Avmjvg I kwdKGK DchyÆÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq, Avmjvg I kwdGKi mgmÅv
Kx civgkÆ w`GqwQGjb? 3 ‰KB aiGbi nGjI cÉwZKvGii Dcvq wf®²|
N. Avmjvg I kwdGKi mgmÅv ‰KB aiGbi nGjI cÉwZKvGii
cÉk
² 46
Dcvq wf®²| KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
wkLbdj-3 I 6 [Kz. ˆev. 2016] ‘X’
45 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ICBN ‰i bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx MY I cÉRvwZ bvgK `ywU cG`i

mg®¼Gq ˆKvGbv RxGei ŠeævwbK bvg cÉ`vbB nGjv w«¼c` bvgKiY|
L Agaricus MYfzÚ QòvKB gvki‚g bvGg cwiwPZ| ‰iv g†ZRxex wPò: A wPò: B
QòvK| ‰G`i ˆ`n gvBGmwjqvg ‰es dÌzUewW ‰B `yB AsGk wefÚ|
dÌzUewWi wbGPi w`GK `ívKvi Õ¡vBc ‰es Õ¡vBGci DcGi QvZvi bÅvq K. gÅvGjwiqv ˆivGMi RxevYyi bvg ˆjGLv| 1
cvBwjqvm we`Ågvb| Õ¡vBc ‰es cvBwjqvm wgGj QvZvi bÅvq dÌzUewW L. ˆncvwUK mvBGRvMwb ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
MVb KGi eGj ‰G`iGK ‘eÅvGOi QvZv’ bvGgI AwfwnZ Kiv nq| M. DóxcGKi 'B' wPGòi MVb eYÆbv KGiv| 3
N. 'A' ‰i esk e†w«¬GZ 'B' ‰i ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
M AvmjvGgi ˆcuGc evMvGbi ˆivM jÞYàGjv ˆ`GL ˆevSv hvq ˆh,
wkLbdj-3 I 4 [wm. ˆev. 2016]
ˆcuGc MvQàGjv wisÕ·U ˆivGM AvKÌv¯¦ nGqGQ| ‰wU fvBivmNwUZ
46 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ˆivM| ‰ ˆivM cÉwZGivGa RxeweævGbi wkÞK AvmjvgGK wbÁ²wjwLZ
civgkÆ w`GqwQGjb K gÅvGjwiqv ˆivGMi RxevYyi bvg Plasmodium vivax.

i. ˆivM cÉwZGivaÞg RvGZi Pvl KiGZ nGe| L gvbyGli hK‡Z ˆKvGl gÅvGjwiqv ciRxexi ˆh AGhŒb Rbb mÁ·®²
ii. AvKÌv¯¦ MvQ kbvÚ KGi AcmviY KiGZ nGe| nq ZvGK ˆncvwUK mvBGRvMwb eGj| ˆncvwUK mvBGRvMwb
iii. PRSV gyÚ exR ˆ^GK Drcvw`Z Pviv RwgGZ ˆivcY KiGZ nGe| wbÁ²wjwLZ `ywU chÆvGqi gvaÅGg mÁ·®² nq| h^v- 1. wcÉ-
iv. PRSV cÉwZGivaÞg RvGZi ˆcuGci Pvl KiGZ nGe| ‰wiG^ËvmvBwUK ˆncvwUK mvBGRvMwb, 2. ‰GÝv-‰wiG^ËvmvBwUK
v. AvKÌv¯¦ evMvGbi ˆfZGi bZzb KGi Pviv ˆivcb Kiv hvGe bv| ˆncvwUK mvBGRvMwb|
28 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

M DóxcGKi wPò ‘B’ nGœQ eÅvKGUwiqv| cÉwZwU eÅvKGUwiqv 47 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

ˆKvlGK wNGi ‰KwU Ro ˆKvlcÉvPxi ^vGK| ‰i cÉavb Dcv`vb K Škevj I QòvK wgwjZfvGe mÁ·ƒYÆ c†^K aiGbi ˆh Dw«¿G`i

ˆccwUGWv™ÏvBKvb| eü eÅvKGUwiqvq ‰i ˆKvlcÉvPxiGK wNGi RwUj m†wÓ¡ KGi Zv nGjv jvBGKb|
KGeÆvnvBGWÈU ev cwjGccUvBW w`Gq MwVZ ‰KwU cyi‚ Õ¦i ^vGK, L ˆhme fvBivm eÅvKGUwiqvGK AvKÌgY Kivi gvaÅGg eske†w«¬
hvGK KÅvcwmDj eGj| AGbK eÅvKGUwiqvGZ ‰KwU dÑÅvGRjvg ev KGi ‰es eÅvKGUwiqvGK a»sm KGi ZvG`iGK ejv nq
‰KvwaK dÑÅvGRjv ^vGK| dÑÅvGRjv QvovI ˆKvGbv eÅvKGUwiqvGZ eÅvKGUwiIdvh ev dvh| dvh ‰i ˆRGbwUK eÕ§ eÅvKGUwiqvGgi
LvGUv I kÚ wcwj ^vGK| Avevi eÅvKGUwiqvi mvBGUvµÏvRgGK ˆeÓ¡b ˆ`Gn cÉGek KGi ‰es ‰K mgq eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvlwU a»sm nGq hvq|
KGi mRxe µÏvRgvGggGeËb AewÕ©Z| eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvGli ˆhgb: T2-eÅvKGUwiIdvh E. coli-ˆK a»sm KGi|
µÏvRgvGggGeËb KLGbv KLGbv ˆfZGii w`GK fuvR nGq ˆgGmvGRvg
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ iwdK gÅvGjwiqv ˆivGM AvKÌv¯¦| ‰B ˆivGMi
MVb KGi| mvBGUvµÏvRwgK ˆggGeËb w`Gq cwiGewÓ¡Z AeÕ©vq
RxevYyi bvg Plasmodium vivax.
mvBGUvµÏvRg AewÕ©Z| mvBGUvµÏvRg eYÆnxb, Õ¼œQ| ‰GZ we`Ågvb
^vGK ˆQvU ˆQvU ˆKvl Mn»i, PweÆ, kKÆiv RvZxq Lv`Å, ˆcÉvwUb, LwbRgÅvGjwiqv ˆivM nGj wbÁ²wjwLZ jÞYàGjv cÉKvk cvq
cÉv^wgK chÆvGq gv^vaiv, ewg ewg fve, Awb`Ëv, LvevGi Ai‚wP, ˆcwki
c`v^Æ| mvBGUvµÏvRGg AewÕ©Z DGÍÏLGhvMÅ AãvYy nGjv gyÚ
eÅ^v BZÅvw` DcmMÆ ˆ`Lv hvq| ˆivMxi ZjGcGU eÅ^v I wbtk¼vm-
ivBGevGRvg ‰es cwjivBGevGRvg| ˆKvGl myMwVZ wbDwKÑqvGmi
cÉkv¼ Gm Amyweav m†wÓ¡ nq| w«¼Zxq chÆvGq ˆivMxi kxZ Abyf„Z nq ‰es
cwieGZÆ ˆKej gvò ‰KwU ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ^vGK, hv mvBGUvµÏvRGg
Kuvcywb w`Gq R¾i AvGm| R¾i 105-106 dvGibnvBU chƯ¦ nGZ
AewÕ©Z| eü eÅvKGUwiqvGZ e†nr ˆKÌvGgvGmvg QvovI ‰KwU Þz`Ë I
cvGi| KGqK N¥Ÿv ci R¾i KGg hvq| Z‡Zxq chÆvGq ˆivMxi ˆ`Gn
e†îvKvi ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ^vGK, hvGK µÏvRwgW ejv nq|
RxevYyi msLÅv AmÁ¿efvGe ˆeGo hvIqvi KviGY `Ë‚Z iGÚi ˆjvwnZ
N DóxcGKi wPò-‘A’ nGjv T2-eÅvKGUwiIdvh ‰es wPò-‘B’ nGjv KwYKv fvOGZ ^vGK| iÚkƒbÅZv ˆ`Lv ˆ`q, µÏxnv I gwÕ¦Ó• AvKÌv¯¦
eÅvKGUwiqvg (E. coli)| ˆh mKj fvBivm eÅvKGUwiqvGK AvKÌgY nGq ˆivMxi g†ZzÅ chƯ¦ nGZ cvGi|
‰es a»sm KGi ZvG`i eÅvKGUwiIdvh eGj| T2-eÅvKGUwiIdvh
N iwdK gÅvGjwiqv R¾Gi AvKÌv¯¦| aviYv Kiv nGZv ˆh ciRxexi
ZvG`i eske†w«¬i ˆÞGò eÅvKGUwiqvGK (E. coli) AvKÌgY KGi ‰es
ˆ`n ˆ^GK wbtm†Z wnGgvRGqb bvgK welvÚ iéK c`vG^Æi KviGY ev
ZvG`i ˆ`nvfů¦Gi msLÅv e†w«¬i gvaÅGg eÅvKGUwiqvGK a»sm KGi
ˆKvGbv weleÕ§ ÞiGYi dGj gvbyGli ˆ`Gni Zvcgvòv ˆeGo hvq ‰es
^vGK| 'A' Z^v eÅvKGUwiIdvGhi msLÅve†w«¬ A^Ævr eske†w«¬ cÉwKÌqv R¾i AvGm| wK¯§ eZÆgvb aviYv Abyhvqx gÅvGjwiqv ˆivGM AvKÌv¯¦
weGkÏlY KiGj ˆ`Lv hvq ZvG`i eske†w«¬i ˆÞGò B-‰i ài‚Z½ gvbyGli ˆ`Gni ˆjvwnZ iÚ KwYKvi cÉvPxi ˆfGO ˆgGivRGqUàGjv
Acwimxg| T2-eÅvKGUwiIdvh ZvG`i eske†w«¬i ˆÞGò cÉ^Gg E. iÚiGm cÉGek KGi| ˆgGivRGqUàGjv ewnivMZ eÕ§ hv iGÚi
coli eÅvKGUwiqvGgi ˆKvlcÉvPxGii mGã mshyÚ nq| cGi Õ¼vfvweK cwiGek bÓ¡ KGi ˆ`q| ‰ ewnivMZ eÕ§àGjvGK a»sm
‰bRvBGgi KvhÆKvwiZvq eÅvKGUwiqvGgi cÉvPxGi wQ`Ë ŠZwii gvaÅGg Kivi RbÅ iGÚi ˆk¼ZKwYKv cvBGivGRb bvgK ‰K cÉKvi c`v^Æ
dvh DNA eÅvKGUwiqvg ˆKvGl cÉGek Kivq| eÅvKGUwiqvg ˆKvGli ÞiY KGi| ˆk¼ZKwYKv hLb AwZwiÚ cvBGivGRb ÞiY KGi ZLb
Afů¦Gi AmsLÅ dvh DNA ‰es dvh ˆKvU ˆcÉvwUb ŠZwi nq| dvh gwÕ¦GÓ•i nvBGcv^Åvjvgvm Ask, weGkl KGi Zvc msGe`x ˆKvlàGjv
ˆKvU ˆcÉvwUb cieZÆxGZ bZzb dvGhi gv^v, ˆjR, Õ·kÆKZ¯§ I Dóxµ¦ nq| ZLb ˆcÉvÕ¡v™ÏÅvwWb, gGbvAÅvgvBb cÉf‡wZ ivmvqwbK
Õ·vBK ŠZwi KGi| ‰ici AcZÅ dvh DNA ‰es AbÅvbÅ ˆcÉvwUb c`v^Æ ˆewoGq AvGm| ‰ Lei nvBGcv^ÅvjvgvGmi ˆcQb w`KUvq
AskàGjv hyÚ nGq AmsLÅ bZzb T2-dvh ŠZwi nq| meGkGl ˆcŒuQvGj ˆfGmvGgvUi Õ²vqyZ¯§ DGîwRZ nq| ‰ DGîRbv ˆ`Gni
eÅvKGUwiqvGgi ˆKvlcÉvPxi weMjGbi gvaÅGg AcZÅ T2- cÉv¯¦xq AçGji iÚbvwjàGjvGK msKzwPZ KGi dGj ˆ`n ˆ^GK
eÅvKGUwiIdvhàGjv evBGi ˆei nGq AvGm| ‰fvGe 'A' Z^v T2-dvh AwZwiÚ Zvc ˆei nGZ cvGi bv| ‰ KviGYB ˆ`Gni Zvcgvòv
Zvi eske†w«¬ KGi ^vGK| ‰LvGb DGÍÏL Kiv hvq ˆh, 'A' -‰i Õ¼vfvweK AeÕ©vi Zzjbvq AGbK ˆeGo hvq| ˆ`Gni ‰ Zvc e†w«¬GK
eske†w«¬ 'B' Z^v eÅvKGUwiqvGgi Afů¦GiB NGU ^vGK ‰es 'B' ‰i R¾i eGj| wVK ‰ KviGYB iwdGKi kixGi R¾i AvGm|
AbycwÕ©wZGZ 'A' ‰i eske†w«¬ mÁ·ƒYÆi…GcB AmÁ¿e|
cÉk
 ² 48 gwb I gyÚv `yB ˆevb, PëMÉvg ˆ^GK evwo ˆdivi
myZivs, weGkÏlYgƒjK ‰ AvGjvPbv ˆkGl ejv hvq ˆh, 'A'-‰i
KGqKw`b ci Zviv `y’RbB R¾Gi AvKÌv¯¦ nGqGQ| ZGe ZvG`i
eske†w«¬GZ 'B' -‰i ài‚Z½ Acwimxg|
R¾Gii cÉK‡wZ ‰K bq| gwbi Kuvcywbmn R¾i AvmGjI gyÚvi nVvr
cÉk
 ² 47 iwdGKi R¾i| WvÚvi Zvi iÚ cixÞv KGi ejGjb, KGiB cÉP´£ R¾i ‰GmwQj| iÚ cixÞvq ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, gwb
R¾Gii KviY gkKx evwnZ ‰KGKvlx Rxe hv gvbyGli hK‡Z ˆKvl I iÚռ͸Zv Avi gyÚvi iGÚ AbyPwKÌKvi msLÅv AGbK Kg ˆMGQ|
ˆjvwnZ KwYKv a»sm KGi| K. Avw`GKvl Kx? 1
K. jvBGKb Kx? 1 L. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
L. eÅvKGUwiIdvh ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 M. gwb I gy Ú vi R¾ Gii jÞGYi gGaÅ Zz j bvgƒ j K AvGjvPbv
Ki| 3
M. DóxcGKi ˆivGMi RxevYyi bvg I ˆivM jÞY ˆjGLv| 3
N. gwb I gyÚvi R¾i wbq¯¨GY weGklGæi civgkÆ weGkÏlY Ki| 4
N. iwdGKi R¾Gii KviY weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
wkLbdj-7 I 8
wkLbdj-3 I 8 [Xv. ˆev. 2015]
[h. ˆev. 2016]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 29

48 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉk

² 49 Dw«¿`weævb KÑvGm wkÞK ‰gb ‰KwU AYyRxe wbGq
K ˆh ˆKvGl ˆKvGbv myMwVZ wbDwKÑqvm ^vGK bv ˆmB ˆKvlB Avw`GKvl|
 AvGjvPbv KiwQGjb hv Avw`GKvlx ‰es ‰K aiGbi e†îvKvi ŠRe
L ˆKvGbv RxeGKvl ˆ^GK ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ wRb enbKvix DNA LívYy AYywewkÓ¡|
c†^K KGi wf®² ‰KwU RxeGKvGli DNA-‰i mGã ˆRvov w`Gq K. ccyGjkb wK? 1
ZvGZ Kvw›ÞZ ŠewkGÓ¡Åi cÉKvk NUvGbvi ˆKŒkjGK ˆRGbwUK L. ˆnUvGivgiwdK RbytKÌg ejGZ wK eyS? 2
Bwéwbqvwis eGj| ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis-‰i gvaÅGg DNA AYyi M. DóxcGK ewYÆZ RxGei wPwn×Z wPò `vI| 3
Kvw›LZ Ask eÅvKGUwiqv ˆ^GK gvbyGl, Dw«¿` ˆ^GK cÉvYxGZ, cÉvYx N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ weGkl ŠRe AYyGK gvbeKjÅvGY KvGR
ˆ^GK Dw«¿G` Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ| ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis-‰i jvMvGbv hvq  weGkÏlY Ki| 4
gvaÅGg ŠZwi RxeGK GMO ev GEO ev UÇv´ÖGRwbKm& ejv nq| wkLbdj-4 I 5 [w`. ˆev. 2015]
M DóxcGK ewYÆZ gwb I gyÚvi R¾Gii weGkl jÞY ˆ^GK ˆevSv 49 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
hvq ˆh, gwb gÅvGjwiqv R¾Gi ‰es gyÚv ˆWãy R¾Gi AvKÌv¯¦ nGqGQ| K ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb ‰KB mgGq evmKvix ‰KB cÉRvwZi ‰K`j

wbGP gwb I gyÚvi R¾Gii jÞGYi gGaÅ A^Ævr gÅvGjwiqv I ˆWãy RxeGK ejv nq ccyGjkb|
R¾Gii jÞGYi gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv  L ˆh RbytKÌGg MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK chÆvq I ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK chÆvq `ywU
gÅvGjwiqv R¾Gii cÉ^g w`GK gv^v aiv, ewg ewgfve, Awb`Ëv BZÅvw` AvKvi-AvK‡wZGZ wf®² ZvGK ˆnUvGivgiwdK RbytKÌg eGj| Pteris ‰i
jÞY ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| AbÅw`GK ˆWãy R¾Gii ˆÞGò cÉ^gw`GK kxZ kxZ RxebPGKÌ ˆÕ·vGivdvBU chÆvq ˆek `xNÆ ‰es MÅvwgGUvdvBU chÆvq ˆek
Abyf„Z nGq nVvr cÉPí R¾i ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| gÅvGjwiqv R¾Gii ZxeËZvq mswÞµ¦ ‰es Dfq chÆvq AvKvi-AvK‡wZGZ wf®² cÉK‡wZi I Õ¼Z¯¨| ‰
Kuvcywb AvGm ‰es R¾i 104-106 dvGibnvBU chƯ¦ nGq ^vGK| ZGe KviGY Pteris ‰i- RbyKÌg ˆnUvGivgiwdK cÉK‡wZi|
ˆWãy R¾Gi ˆZgb Kuvcywb AvGm bv ‰es Zvcgvòv 103-105 dvGibnvBU M DóxcGK E. coli eÅvKGUwiqvGK BwãZ Kiv nGqGQ| wbGP ‰
chƯ¦ DGV ^vGK| 48 N¥Ÿv ci ci Kvcywb w`Gq R¾i Avmv gÅvGjwiqv eÅvKGUwiqvi wPwn×Z wPò ˆ`Iqv nGjv
ˆivGMi cÉavb jÞY, ZGe ˆgi‚`Gíi eÅ^vmn ˆKvgGi eÅ^v ˆWãy
R¾Gii weGkl jÞY| gÅvGjwiqv AvKÌv¯¦ ˆivMxi ˆjvwnZ KwYKv `Ë‚Z dÑÅvGRjvg
fvOGZ ^vGK, dGj iÚkƒbÅZv ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| wK¯§ ˆWãy AvKÌv¯¦ ˆivMxi
iGÚ µÏvwUGjU fxlYfvGe KgGZ ÷i‚ KGi| gÅvGjwiqv AvKÌv¯¦ ˆivMxi KÅvcwmDj
bvK, gyL, ˆPvL, `uvGZi gvwo ev Z½GKi wbGP KLbB iÚ ÞiY nGZ mvBGUvµÏvRwgK
ˆggGeËb
ˆ`Lv bv ˆMGjI ˆWãy ˆivMxi ˆÞGò ‰i ˆh ˆKvGbvwU NUGZ cvGi|
ivBGevGRvg
N gwb I gyÚvi R¾i wbq¯¨GY A^Ævr gÅvGjwiqv I ˆWãy wbq¯¨GY
ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
weGklGæi civgkÆ wbGP weGkÏlYgƒjK AvGjvPbvi gvaÅGg ZzGj aiv
fwjDwUb
nGjv
µÏvmwgW
gÅvGjwiqv R¾i nGj iÚ cixÞvi gvaÅGg wbwøZ nGZ nGe ‰es ˆ`wi
bv KGi `Ë‚Z WvÚvGii wbKU ˆhGZ nGe| gÅvGjwiqv R¾Gii AbyGgvw`Z
Ilya nGjv KzBbvBb| WvÚvGii civgkÆ Abyhvqx ‰ Ilya ˆmeb KiGZ
nGe| Avevi, gÅvGjwiqv R¾Gii RxevYy Õ¨x Anopheles gkKx enb
KGi| ‰ gkKxi `skGbi dGjB gÅvGjwiqv R¾i nGq ^vGK| ZvB
gÅvGjwiqv R¾i ˆ^GK iÞv cvIqvi RbÅ gkKxi cÉRbb ˆÞò a»sm
wPò: E. coli eÅvKGUwiqv
KiGZ nGe| NGi gkvix eÅenvi KGiI R¾Gii nvZ ˆ^GK iÞv cvIqv
hvGe| AbÅw`GK ˆWãy R¾i nGjI iÚ cixÞvi gvaÅGg wbwøZ nGZ N DóxcGK AvGjvwPZ ŠRe AYywU nGjv ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ewnf„ÆZ
nGe| ˆWãy R¾Gi ˆivMxGK KLbB ‰mwcwib RvZxq Ilya ˆ`Iqv hvGe e†îvKvi DNA AYy hv µÏvRwgW bvGg cwiwPZ| weævbx Laderberg
(1952) [Link] eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvGl meÆc^ É g µÏvRwgGWi m®¬vb cvb|
bv, ‰wU ˆivMxi g†ZzÅ NUvGZ cvGi| eÅ^v I R¾i KgvGbvi RbÅ
AvYweK eskMwZwe`Åvi MGelYvi wewf®² ˆÞGò µÏvRwgW eÅvcKfvGe
cÅvivwmUvgj RvZxq Ilya w`GZ nGe| ˆivMxGK cÉPzi cvwb, dGji im
eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis, wRb ˆKÑvwbs BZÅvw` KvGR
I Zij Lvevi w`GZ nGe| gv^vq cvwb Xvjv, MvGqi Nvg gyGQ ˆ`Iqv,
µÏvRwgW AZů¦ DcGhvMx evnK wnGmGe KvR KGi| µÏvRwgW DNA
ˆfRv Kvco w`Gq kixi Õ·é KGi ˆ`Iqv ˆivMxi RbÅ dj`vqK|
eÅenvi KGi AvaywbK Rxe cÉhywÚi wewf®² ˆÞGò Af„ZcƒeÆ mvdjÅ
‰Qvov Aedes gkKx ˆhGnZz ‰ ˆivGMi RxevYy enb KGi ZvB ‰B
cvIqv wMGqGQ| ˆhgb gvbyGli Bbmywjb, wRb ˆKÑvwbs, ˆivM I
gkKx wbaGbi gvaÅGgI ˆWãy R¾Gii nvZ ˆ^GK iÞv cvIqv mÁ¿e|
ˆcvKvgvKo cÉwZGiva ÞgZvmÁ·®² Dw«¿` Drcv`b BZÅvw`
‰ gkv gqjv cvwbGZ R¯Ãvq ZvB dzGji Ue, Uvqvi, WÈvg, nvwo-
DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| DÚ e†îvKvi µÏvRwgWGK gvbeKjÅvGY eÅvcKfvGe
cvwZj BZÅvw`GZ ˆhb cvwb RGg bv ^vGK ˆm w`GK jÞ ivLGZ nGe| eÅenvi Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ KviY DÚ e†îvKvi DNA ˆZ mw®²GewkZ
Dfq aiGbi R¾i wbq¯¨GYi ˆÞGò ‰me civgkÆ weGklGæi ^vKGZ wRbGK AbÅRxGe Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv mÁ¿e nq hv Rxe cÉhywÚwe`Åvi
cvGi| KvRGK eüjvsGk mnR KGi w`GqGQ|
30 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ‰Uv cwiÓ•vi ˆh E. coli I Agrobacterium iwbi ˆivM wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ WvÚvGii civgkÆ nGe
tumefaciens ‰ cÉvµ¦ e†îvKvi µÏvRwgWGK gvbeKjÅvGY eÅvcKfvGe gwbGK Lvevi mÅvjvBb ev Iivj mÅvjvBb evi evi cvb KivGbv|
eÅenvi Kiv hvq| ‰GZ ˆivMx wWnvBGWÈkGb AvKÌv¯¦ nq bv ‰es `Ë‚Z ˆivM wbivgq NGU|
cÉk
 ² 50 iwb I gwb cixÞv ˆkGl knGi gvgvi evwoGZ ˆeovGZ gwb gyGL Lvevi mÅvjvBb ˆLGZ bv cviGj WvÚvGii civgkÆ Abyhvqx
ZvGK B´ŸviGfbvm mÅvjvBb ˆ`qv| ZvGK cÉPzi Zij Lvevi ˆLGZ
ˆMGj mµ¦vnLvGbK ci ˆ`Lv ˆMj iwbi cÉPí R¾imn kixGi jvjGP
ˆ`qv| ZvGK wekÉvGg ivLv| ‰Qvov WvÚvGii civgkÆ Abyhvqx
iGOi iÅvk ‰es gwbi ewgmn PvjGavqv cvwbi gZ gj ZÅvM Kivi
ˆUUÇvmvBwKÑb RvZxq AÅvw´ŸevGqvwUK gwbGK ˆ`qv ˆhGZ cvGi|
jÞY ˆ`Lv w`j|
K. ˆRGbwUK ˆKvW Kx? 1 N iwb I gwbi ˆivMjÞY weGePbv KiGj ˆevSv hvq ˆh, iwb ˆWãy
L. mvBKvGmi g…jGK ˆKvivjGqW gƒj ejv nq ˆKb? 2 I gwb KGjiv ˆivGM AvKÌv¯¦ nGqGQ| DfGqi ˆivM weÕ¦vGii ˆÞGò
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ iwb I gwbi ˆivGMi bvg DGÍÏLmn ˆivM cwiGeGki AeÕ©v ài‚Z½cƒYÆ wbqvgK wnGmGe KvR KGi|
wbq¯¨GY WvÚvGii civgkÆàGjv wjL| 3 ˆWãy ˆivM weÕ¦vGi cwiGekxq ài‚Z½: ˆWãy ‰KwU fvBivmRwbZ
N. DfGqi ˆivM weÕ¦vGii ˆÞGò cwiGekxq ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY ˆivM| ‰wWm cÉRvwZi gkKx ˆWãy fvBivGmi evnK wnGmGe KvR
Ki| 4 KGi I msKÌgY NUvq| Ave«¬ cwiÓ•vi cvwbGZ ‰wWm gkvi
eskweÕ¦vi NGU| cwiZÅÚ Uvqvi, dzGji Ue, ‰qvi Kzjvi ev wdÌGRi
wkLbdj-3, 6 I 8 [e. ˆev. 2015]
wbGPi Ask, fvãv KvP ev gvwUi cvò cÉf‡wZ, ˆhLvGb cvwb ˆek
50 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
KGqKw`b Ave«¬ ^vGK ‰gb Õ©vGb ‰wWm gkv emevm KGi| ˆWãy
K wbDwKÑIUvBW ev bvBGUÇvGRb ˆeGmi ˆh MÉ‚c ˆKvb AÅvwgGbv
msKÌwgZ ‰wWm gkv gvbylGK `skb KiGj gkKxi jvjvi mvG^
AÅvwmGWi msGKZ MVb KGi ZvGK eskMZxq msGKZ ev ˆRGbwUK
RxevYy gvbeG`Gn cÉGek KGi| ZvB cwiGeGk ‰wWm gkv emevGmi
ˆKvW eGj|
DchyÚ eÅeÕ©v A^Ævr ˆek wKQyw`b Ave«¬ cwiÓ•vi cvwb ˆKv^vI
L mvBKvm Dw«¿G`i cÉavb gƒj ռ͸թvqx| ˆm KviGY ˆMvovq RGg ^vKGj Zv ˆWãy ˆivM weÕ¦vGi AbyK„j f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
AÕ©vwbK gƒj m†wÓ¡ nq| AÕ©vwbK gƒj ˆ^GK wKQy kvLvgƒj gvwUi KGjiv ˆivM weÕ¦vGi cwiGekxq ài‚Z½: KGjiv ‰KwU eÅvKGUwiqv
DcGii w`GK DGV AvGm ‰es Lye NbfvGe «¼ÅvMÉ kvLv webÅvm MGo RwbZ ˆivM| KGjiv RxevYy «¼viv `ƒwlZ Lvevi A^ev cvwb MÉnY
ˆZvGj| gƒjàGjv ‰K cÉKvi eÅvKGUwiqv «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nq| ‰ Qvov KiGj gvbyl ‰ ˆivGM AvKÌv¯¦ nq| ˆivMxi gjgƒGòi gvaÅGgI ‰
ˆmLvGb Nostoc, Anabaena bvgK mvqvGbveÅvKGUwiqv «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ ˆivGMi msKÌgY NUGZ cvGi| ˆhme AçGj cqtwbÓ•vkb I we÷«¬
nGq ˆKvivGji gGZv ˆ`Lvq| ZvB mvBKvGmi gƒjGK ˆKvivjGqW gƒj Lvevi cvwbi h^vh^ eÅeÕ©v ˆbB ˆmme AçGj KGjiv `Ë‚Z weÕ¦vi
ejv nq| jvf KGi ^vGK| mgy`Ë DcK„jxq Açj ‰es ˆbvbvcvwbi b`-b`xGZ
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ iwb ˆWãy R¾Gi ‰es gwbi KGjiv ˆivGM KGjivi RxevYy ˆeuGP ^vKGZ cvGi| ‰Qvov KwVbvwÕ© gvQ, KuvKov,
AvKÌv¯¦| iwbi ˆivM wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ WvÚvGii civgkÆ nGe wSbyK, kvgyK I wPswoi gGaÅI KGjiv RxevYy ˆeuGP ^vGK ‰es Zv
KGjivi Drm nGq `uvovGZ cvGi| mvaviYZ AvKÌv¯¦ ˆivMxi gj,
‰ ˆivGM iÚÞiGYi mÁ¿vebv ^vKvq AÅvmwcwib RvZxq Ilya cwinvi
`ƒwlZ cvwb ‰es LvG`Åi gvaÅGg KGjiv RxevYyi cÉv^wgK msKÌgY
Kiv| iGÚi mvgÅZv iÞvi RbÅ µÏvwUGjU UÇv´ÖwdDkb ev iÚ`vb|
NGU| KGjiv ˆivMxi ewg, weQvbvcò, cvwb, Lv`Å I gvwQ «¼viv
R¾Gii ZxeËZvq ˆivMxi gv^vq cvwb ˆ`qv| iwbGK cÉPzi cwigvY cvwb
ˆivGMi ˆMŒY msKÌgY NGU| ZvB KGjiv ˆivGMi weÕ¦vGii ˆÞGòI
I Zij Lvevi ˆLGZ ˆ`qv| ˆivMxi AeÕ©v RwUj nGj AekÅB
cwiGekxq ài‚Z½ Acwimxg|
nvmcvZvGj wbGZ nGe|

cçg AaÅvq: Škevj I QòvK

cÉk
² 11 2010 mvGj evsjvG`Gki DîivçGj ˆMvjAvjyi Kví I L cyKzi ev RjvavGi cywÓ¡i cwigvY ˆeGo ˆMGj wKQy bxjvf meyR
cvZv ‰KwU weGkl QòvK «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nq| dGj dmGji eÅvcK ŠkevGji msLÅv AwZgvòvq e†w«¬ cvq, hvGK IqvUvi eÐ~g eGj| ‰GZ
ÞwZ nq| Aci ‰KwU QòvK «¼viv NbemwZcƒYÆ ‰jvKvi ˆQvU RjvavGii cvwb `ƒwlZ nIqvq LvIqv I eÅenvGii AbycGhvMx nq| dGj
ˆQGjGgGqiv ˆewk AvKÌv¯¦ nq| RjvavGii gvQ gGi hvq| Nostoc, Mycocystis ‰ aiGbi Škevj|A
K. jvBGKb Kx?  1
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉ^g ˆivMwU nGjv Avjyi wejwÁ¼Z a»mv ˆivM|
L. IqvUvi eÐ~g ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
ˆivGMi KviY Oomycetes ˆkÉwYi QòvK Phytophthora infestans|
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉ^g ˆivMwUi ciRxexi MVb eYÆbv ‰ QòvGKi gvBGmwjqvg Õ¼œQ, kvLvw®¼Z wmGbvmvBwUK nvBwd «¼viv
KGiv| 3
MwVZ| ˆcvlK ˆ`Gni Av¯¦tGKvlxq AçGj gvBGmwjqvg weÕ¦vi jvf
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ w«¼Zxq ˆivMwU ˆ^GK cwiòvGYi DcvqKGi ‰es ˆejbvKvi ev kvLvw®¼Z nGÕ¡vwiqv «¼viv ˆcvlK ˆKvl nGZ
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
Lv`Å ˆkvlY KGi|
wkLbdj-5 [Kz . ˆev. 2017]
gvBGmwjqvg nGZ còi®¬È cG^ KwbwWIGdvi àœQvKvGi evBGi
11 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ˆewiGq AvGm| KwbwWIGdvGii cÉvG¯¦ Õ¼œQ I wWÁ¼vK‡wZi KwbwWqv
K Škevj I QòvK mnveÕ©vGbi gvaÅGg mÁ·ƒYÆ c†^K aiGbi ˆh Drc®² nq| KwbwWqvi AMÉcÉv¯¦ D`MZ I Õ¼œQ cÅvwcjv wewkÓ¡|

Dw«¿G`i m†wÓ¡ KGi ZvB nGjv jvBGKb| A KwbwWIGdviwU KwbwWqvi wbGPi Ask ˆ^GK e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK ‰es
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 31

KwbwWqvwU cvGk¼Æi w`GK mGi cGo| KwbwWqv msj™² AsGk  M DóxcGK ewYÆZ meyR Dw«¿`wU nGjv Ulothrix bvgK Škevj| A
KwbwWIGdvGi Õ¹xZ ˆbvW m†wÓ¡ nq| cÉwZ KwbwWIGdvGi ‰fvGe 8  wbGP Ulothrix-‰i AGhŒb Rbb wPGòi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvGbv nGjv
10wU chƯ¦ KwbwWqv Drc®² nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq| evZvm ev ˆmGPi cvwb
«¼viv KwbwWqv QwoGq cGo ‰es bZzb msKÌgY ÷i‚ KGi| AvenvIqvi RyGÕ·vGii AâzGivªMg
Dci KwbwWqvi AâzGiv`Mg wbfÆi KGi| ÷Ó•, cwiÓ•vi, RyGÕ·vi (n)
AvenvIqvq KwbwWqv mivmwi AâzwiZ nq| Av`ËÆ ˆgNjv AvenvIqv
I wbÁ²Zvcgvòvq KwbwWqv RyGÕ·vivbwRqv wnGmGe KvR KGi ‰es ‰i
ˆcÉvGUvµÏvÕ¡ LwíZ nGq AGbKàGjv RyGÕ·vi Drc®² KGi| RyGÕ·vi
e†îvKvi, w«¼dÑvGRjvhyÚ|
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ w«¼Zxq ˆivMwU nGjv `uv` ev WvgÆvGUvdvBGUvwmm| ˆfwmKj
Trichophyton rubrum QòvK «¼viv ‰ ˆivM nq| wbGP ˆivMwU ˆ^GK
RyGÕ·vGii wbMÆgb
cwiòvGYi Dcvq weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv A RyGÕ·vivwéqvg
i. Pvgov cwiÓ•vi I ÷Ó• ivLGZ nGe|
bZzb wdjvGg´Ÿ
ii. mywZi ˆgvRv I A¯¦evÆ m eÅenvi KiGZ nGe|
iii. AbÅ KvGiv eÅen†Z ˆcvlvK, ˆZvqvGj, wPi‚bx eÅenvi Kiv hvGe bv|
iv. ˆMvmGji ci fvGjvfvGe kixi gyQGZ nGe|
cwiYZ Ulothrix
v. ˆcvkvK h^vmÁ¿e wXGjXvjv coGZ nGe| wPò: Ulothrix-‰i AGhŒb Rbb
vi. weQvbvi ˆZvlK, Pv`i I Kvco wKQyw`b cici cwiÓ•vi KiGZ
nGe| N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Dw«¿`GMvÓ¤x `ywU nGjv Škevj I QòvK| ˆiYyÕ©jx
A^ev ˆhŒbvã MVb eÅZxZ ˆh Rbb cÉwKÌqvmÁ·®² nq ZvGK AãR Rbb
vii. gv^vi Z½GK `uvG` AvKÌv¯¦ eÅwÚi eÅen†Z evwjk, Uzwc, wPi‚bx,
KuvwP RxevYygyÚ ivLGZ nGe| eGj| Škevj ‰es QòvK Dfq Dw«¿` ˆMvÓ¤xGZB AãR Rbb cwijwÞZ
viii. AvKÌv¯¦ Õ©vGb QòvKbvkK cvDWvi ev KÌxg hvGZ Miconazole, nq| Dw«¿` `ywUi AãR RbGbi ZzjbvgƒjK eYÆbv wbGP ˆ`qv nGjv
Clotrimazole-‰i gZ Dcv`vb AvGQ jvMvGbv ˆhGZ cvGi| ˆ`Gni AskweGkl ˆ^GK mivmwi bZzb eskai Drcv`Gbi gvaÅGg
ix. ‰gb Kvco civ DwPZ bq hv AvKÌv¯¦ Õ©vGb Nmv jvGM I Škevj Zvi AãR Rbb mÁ·®² KGi ^vGK| ‰GÞGò ‰KGKvlx
AÕ¼wÕ¦ ˆeva nq| Škevj w«¼wefvRb cÉwKÌqvq wefÚ nGq `ywU AcZÅ Škevj Drc®²
x. AvKÌv¯¦ nGj cÉGZÅKw`b ivGZi Kvco I weQvbv cwiÓ•vi KiGZ KGi| ˆhgb Chlorella| AbÅw`GK CÕ¡ RvZxq ‰KGKvlx QòvK
nGe| AbyK„j cwiGeGk w«¼wefvRb cÉwKÌqvq eskweÕ¦vi NUvq| Avevi,
xi. AvKÌgY ˆewk nGj WvÚvGii civgGkÆ QòvKbvkK wKÌg eÅenvi hvw¯¨K AvNvZ ev ˆfŒZ KviGY eüGKvlx ŠkevGji KGjvwb ev
I wcj ˆmeb Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| wdjvGg´Ÿ LwíZ nGj cÉwZwU Lí nGZ ‰KwU bZzb Škevj Drc®²
nq| ˆhgb Ulothrix| QòvGKi ˆÞGòI hvw¯¨K AvNvZ ev
cÉk
 ² 12 mgvãG`nx Dw«¿G`i wKQymsLÅK meyR, Avevi wKQymsLÅK cwiGeGki KviGY gvBGmwjqvg LwíZ nGj cÉwZ Lí ˆ^GK bZzb
AmeyR nGq ^vGK| meyRàGjvi gGaÅ eüGKvlx ‰KwUGZ MvWÆj gvBGmwjqvg MwVZ nq| ˆhgb Penicillium| KwZcq ‰KGKvlx
ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ we`Ågvb| AmeyRàGjvi gGaÅ ‰KwU ˆeKvwi wkG͸ cÉRvwZGZ ˆKvl ˆ^GK Dce†w«¬ AvKvGi evW Drc®² nq hv gvZ‡G`n
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb ivGL|’ ˆ^GK wewœQ®² nGq bZzb Škevj Drc®² KGi| ˆhgb Protosiphon|
K. nGjvKvwcÆK QòvK Kx? 1 AGbK ‰KGKvlx QòvGK AbyK„j cwiGeGk gvZ‡GKvGli cÉvPxi
L. AvBGmvMÅvwg ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vGb Õ¹xZ nGq Dce†w«¬ AvKvGi evW ev Kzuwo Drc®²
M. DóxcGK ewYÆZ meyR Dw«¿`wUi AGhŒb Rbb wPGòi mvnvGhÅ KGi hv cieZxÆGZ cÉvPxi m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGg gvZ‡GKvl ˆ^GK c†^K nGq
ˆ`LvI| 3 bZzb QòvK Drc®² KGi| ˆhgb Sacchromyces|
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Dw«¿` ˆMvÓ¤x `ywUi AãR RbGbi Avevi, mƒòvKvi bxjvf meyR ŠkevGji UÇvBGKvg LwíZ nGj cÉwZwU
ZzjbvgƒjK eYÆbv `vI| 4 Lí cieZxÆGZ AâzwiZ nGq bZzb mƒò MVb KGi| ˆhgb Nostoc,
wkLbdj-2 I 3 [P. ˆev. 2017] Chara RvZxq ŠkevGj ivBRGqGWi DcGi I wbGPi cGeÆ Lv`Å
12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi mçGqi dGj wUDevi Drc®² nq| gvZ‡G`n ˆ^GK wUDevi wewœQ®² nGq
K ˆh QòvGKi mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆ`n RbbvGã cwiYZ nq ZvB nGjv bZzb Škevj ŠZwi nq| wK¯§ QòvK ŠkevGji gGZv ‰i…c wUDevi

nGjvKvwcÆK QòvK| A wKsev niGgvGMvwbqv m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGg AãR Rbb mÁ·®² KGi bv|

 cÉk
L evwnÅK AvKvi-AvK‡wZ I cÉK‡wZMZ mv`†kÅcƒYÆ `ywU MÅvwgGUi ² 13 iweb ZvG`i AvjyGÞGZ wKQy Avjyi cvZvi wKbvivq ˆQvU
wgjbGK AvBGmvMÅvwg eGj| ‰B aiGbi MÅvwgU ‰KB ^ÅvjvGm A^ev ˆQvU meyR-aƒmi eGYÆi cvwbGfRv `vM ‰es wKQy cvZvq KvjGP
wf®² wf®² ^ÅvjvGm Drc®² nGZ cvGi| KLbI KLbI wdjvGg´ŸwewkÓ¡ `vMmn cPb ˆ`LGZ ˆcj| ˆÞGZi cvGk ivLv ˆMvei mvGii Õ§Gc
ŠkevGji ‰KB wdjvGgG´Ÿi wf®² wf®² ˆKvGl ‰àGjv Drc®² nq| QvZvi gZ MVbwewkÓ¡ ‰K cÉKvi eYÆnxb Dw«¿` jÞ Kij|
ˆhgb Ulothrix| A K. jvBGKb Kx? 1
32 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

L. Agiv webÅvm ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 cÉk²14 K‡wlwe` wg. nK ‰KRb AvjyPvlxi dvGgÆ wMGq ˆ`LGZ

M. DóxcGKi Dw«¿G`i m†Ó¡ ˆivGMi cÉwZKvi c«¬wZ eÅvLÅv ˆcGjb Avjyi cvZvi wKbvivq KvjGP ˆfRv `vMmn cPb m†wÓ¡
KGiv| 3 nGqGQ| ‰B AeÕ©v DGîviGYi RbÅ wZwb AvjyPvlxGK civgkÆ
N. ˆMvei mvGii Õ§Gc `†kÅgvb eÕ§i A^Æ‹bwZK ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY w`Gjb|
KGiv| 4 K. µÏvRwgW Kx? 1
wkLbdj-4 I 5 [wm. ˆev. 2017]
L. nvBweËWvBGRkb ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
13 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ K‡wlweG`i civgkÆàGjv DGÍÏL KGiv| 3
K Škevj I QòvK mnveÕ©vGbi gvaÅGg mÁ·ƒYÆ c†^K aiGbi ˆh
 N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cvZvi AÕ¼vfvweK jÞGYi RbÅ `vqx
Dw«¿G`i m†wÓ¡ KGi ZvB jvBGKb| A RxevYyi ŠewkÓ¡Åmn Zv weÕ¦vGi cwiGekxq AeÕ©v eÅvLÅv
L MfÆvkGqi Afů¦Gi ˆh wUmyÅ ˆ^GK wWÁ¼K m†wÓ¡ nq ˆm wUmyÅGK KGiv| 4
Agiv eGj| MfÆvkGqi ˆfZGi Agivi webÅvm c«¬wZGK ejv nq wkLbdj-5 [w`. ˆev. 2016]
AgivwebÅvm| AgivwebÅvm wewf®² aiGbi nGZ cvGi| ˆhgb: AÞxq, 14 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
eü cÉv¯¦xq, gƒjxq BZÅvw`| A K eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆKvGl ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ewnf„ÆZ ˆMvjvKvi Õ¼Z¯¨ DNA-
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆivMwU nGjv Avjyi wejwÁ¼Z a»mv ˆivM| ‰ B nGjv µÏvRwgW|
ˆivGMi cÉwZKvGii RbÅ wbÁ²wjwLZ c«¬wZ MÉnY KiGZ nGe| L wRbMZ ŠewkGÓ¡Å wf®² `yB ev ZGZvwaK Dw«¿G`i gGaÅ civMvqb
i. Avjyi PvGli mgq ˆivM gyÚ Avjy exR wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv NwUGq D®²Z ŠewkGÓ¡Åi bZzb RvZ D«¿veb c«¬wZGK ejv nq
cÉGqvRb| ˆivM cÉeY ‰jvKv ˆ^GK exR Avjy msMÉn Kiv wVK bq| nvBweËWvBGRkb| ‰wU Dw«¿` Õ¼cÉRbGbi ‰KwU c«¬wZ| wbwøZ
ii. exR ecGbi AvGM 1% ˆeuvG`Æv wgkÉY ev AbÅ ˆKvGbv civMvqGbi DGóGkÅ ‰es D®²Z RvZ m†wÓ¡i jGÞÅB RxGei gGaÅ
QòvKbvkK w`Gq exR ˆkvab KGi eÅenvi Kiv `iKvi| nvBweËWvBGRkb NUvGbv nq|
iii. MvGQi Š`NÆÅ 6 Bwçi eo nGj ev eqm ‰K gvm nGj 15 w`b
M DóxcGK Avjyi wejwÁ¼Z a»mv ˆivGMi cÉwZ BwãZ Kiv nGqGQ|
ci ci QòvK ˆivaK Ilya ˆÕ·É Kiv cÉGqvRb hvGZ ˆivM
DÚ ˆivM wbq¯¨GY K‡wlweG`i civgkÆàGjv nGjv
msKÌgY nGZ bv cvGi|
ˆivM jÞY cÉKvk cvIqvi mvG^ mvG^B QòvKbvkK ˆÕ·É KiGZ
iv. RwgGZ AwZwiÚ ˆmP I bvBGUÇvGRb mvi cÉGqvGM ˆivM weÕ¦vi
nGe| cÉ^GgB 1% ˆeuvG`ÆvwgkÉY wQwUGq ev Kcvi-jvBg WvÕ¡ cÉGqvM
`Ë‚ZZi nq| ‰RbÅ AwZwiÚ ˆmP I bvBGUÇvGRb mvi eÅenvi
KGi ˆivGMi weÕ¦vi ˆiva Kiv hvq| cvwb I cvwb cÉevn ˆivGMi
cwinvi KiGZ nGe|
ˆmGK´£vwi weÕ¦vi NUvq| ZvB cvwb ˆmP mxwgZ ivLGZ nGe| Avjy
v. eZÆgvGb ˆek wKQy ˆivM cÉwZGivax RvZ AvweÓ•‡Z nGqGQ|
PvGli RbÅ myÕ© I RxevYy gyÚ exR eÅenvi KiGZ nGe| AekÅB
msKÌgY ˆ^GK euvPvi RbÅ ‰me ˆivM cÉwZGivax RvZ Avev`
ˆivMgyÚ ‰jvKv ˆ^GK exR Avjy msMÉn KiGZ nGe| Rwg ˆ^GK Avjy
Kiv cÉGqvRb| A dmj DVvGbvi ci me cwiZÅÚ AveRÆbv cywoGq ˆdjGZ nGe| ‰KB
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆMvei mvGii Õ§Gc `†kÅgvb eÕ§wU nGjv RwgGZ cÉwZ eQi Avjy Pvl bv KGi 1/2 eQi ci ci Pvl KiGj
Agaricus ‰GK gvki‚g ejv nq| wbGP ‰i A^Æ‹bwZK ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY ˆivGMi weÕ¦vi Kg nGZ cvGi| QòvK cÉwZGivaÞg ‘RvZ’ jvMvGZ
Kiv nGjv nGe| AvMvg RvZ Pvl KiGj ˆivM AvKÌgGYi AvGMB dmj ZzGj
Agaricus A^Æ‹bwZKfvGe wewf®² ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| `ywU ˆbqv hvq| cvZv ˆ^GK AvjyGZ hvGZ ˆivM msKÌgY bv nq, ˆmRbÅ
cÉRvwZ Qvov Agaricus ‰i mKj cÉRvwZGK Lv`Å wnGmGe eÅenvi Avjy msMÉGni cƒGeÆ mvBbÝ ev AÅvGgvwbqvg ^vGqvmvqvGbU Ilya
Kiv hvq| A. brunnescens ‰es A. bitorquis mvivweGk¼ eÅvcK wQwUGq MvGQi cvZv SwiGq ˆdjGZ nq| ˆhme Õ©vGb ‰ ˆivM nq
cwigvGY evwYwRÅKfvGe Pvl nq| ‰Qvov AbÅ ‰KwU fÞYGhvMÅ ˆmLvGb MvQ 8-10 Avãyj eo nGjB WvqG^b ‰g-45 ev ˆeuvG`Æv
ˆgGVv QòvK nGjv A. campestris| mgMÉ weGk¼ gvki‚Ggi eÅvcK wgÝPvi bvgK QòvKbvkK 15 w`b cici wQUvGZ nGe|
Pvwn`v ^vKvq ‰es ‰i mnR Drcv`b c«¬wZ ^vKvGZ eÅvcK N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cvZvi AÕ¼vfvweK jÞY nGjv Avjyi wejwÁ¼Z
KgÆmsÕ©vGbi myGhvM nGqGQ| gvki‚Ggi Ilywa gƒjÅ eüwea| ˆhgb- a»mv ˆivM| ‰B ˆivGMi RbÅ `vqx RxevYy nGjv Phytophthora
‰Uv ˆLGj kixGi ˆivM cÉwZGiva ÞgZv evGo| ‰wU WvqvGewUK infestans bvgK QòvK| ‰B QòvGKi gvBGmwjqvg Õ¼œQ, kvLvw®¼Z,
ˆivMxi Av`kÆ Lvevi| wbqwgZ ˆLGj n†`GivM, DœP iÚPvc wbivgq wmGbvmvBwUK nvBwd «¼viv MwVZ| ˆcvlK ˆ`Gni Av¯¦tGKvlxq AçGj
nq| `uvZ I nvo MVGb KvhÆKi| KÅv´Övi I wUDgvi cÉwZGiva KGi| gvBGmwjqvg weÕ¦vi jvf KGi ‰es ˆejbvKvi ev kvLvw®¼Z nGÕ¡vwiqv
PzjcvKv I Pzjcov cÉwZGiva KGi| Agaricus gvaÅGgi RwUj «¼viv ˆcvlK ˆKvl nGZ Lv`Å ˆkvlY KGi| gvBGmwjqvg nGZ còi®¬È
ˆhŒMàGjvGK ˆfGO gvwUGK DeÆi KGi ˆZvGj| Agaricus cG^ KwbwWIGdvi àœQvKvGi evBGi ˆewiGq AvGm| KwbwWIGdvGii
xanthodermus ‰es A. silircola ˆek welvÚ wK¯§ cÉvYNvZx bq| cÉvG¯¦ Õ¼œQ I wWÁ¼vK‡wZi KwbwWqv Drc®² nq| KwbwWqv ˆ`LGZ
ZGe AbÅvbÅ gvki‚g AwaK welvÚ hv ˆLGj gvbyGli g†ZyÅ nGZ cvGi| AGbKUv Dce†îvKvi ev wWÁ¼Kvi, cyi‚ cÉvPxi wewkÓ¡ wK¯§ gv^vUv
gvki‚g ˆhLvGb R¯Ãvq ˆmLvGb ŠRe eÕ¦yi NvUwZ ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| ‰Qvov cvZjv I AaÆÕ¼œQ| cÉwZwU KwbwWqvGg ‰KvwaK wbDwKÑqvm cÉPzi
MvGQi àuwo, Lo I euvGki Ici RG¯Ã ‰àGjvi cÉf„Z ÞwZ KGi| `vbv`vi ˆcÉvGUvµÏvRg ‰es mwçZ Lv`Å ^vGK|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 33

AvenvIqv ˆgNjv I Av`ËÆ ^vKGj DÚ QòvKwU `Ë‚Z weÕ¦vi jvf KGi| KGi eÅenvi Kiv `iKvi| MvGQi Š`NÆÅ 6 Bwçi eo nGj ev eqm
Zvcgvòv AGcÞvK‡Z ˆewk ‰es evZvGm Rjxq evÓ· Kg ^vKGj ‰K gvm nGj 15 w`b ci ci QòvK ˆivaK Ilya ˆÕ·É Kiv cÉGqvRb
QòvGKi KwbwWqv mivmwi AâzwiZ nGq bZzb MvQGK AvKÌgY KGi| hvGZ ˆivM msKÌgY nGZ bv cvGi| RwgGZ AwZwiÚ ˆmP I
ZGe Zvcgvòv AGcÞvK‡Z Kg ‰es evZvGm RjxqevÓ· AwaK ^vKGj bvBGUÇvGRb mvi cÉGqvGM ˆivM weÕ¦vi `Ë‚ZZi nq| ‰RbÅ AwZwiÚ
cÉwZwU KwbwWqvg ˆ^GK AGbKàGjv w«¼dÑvGRjvhyÚ RyGÕ·vi Drc®² nq ˆmP I bvBGUÇvGRb mvi eÅenvi cwinvi KiGZ nGe| eZÆgvGb ˆek
‰es cvwb ev evZvGmi mvnvGhÅ AvGkcvGki RwgGZ QwoGq cGo| wKQy ˆivM cÉwZGivax RvZ AvweÓ•‡Z nGqGQ| msKÌgY ˆ^GK euvPvi
‰fvGeB ˆivMwU `Ë‚Z QwoGq cGo| Avjyi wejwÁ¼Z a»mv ˆivGMi RbÅ ‰me ˆivM cÉwZGivax RvZ Avev` Kiv cÉGqvRb|
weÕ¦vGi cwiGekxq AeÕ©v eÅvcK f„wgKv cvjb KGi| DcwiDÚ Dcvq AejÁ¼Gbi gvaÅGg Avjyi wejywÁ¼Z a»mv ˆivM nGZ
cwiòvY cvIqv mÁ¿e|
cÉk²15 1840 `kGKi ˆkGli w`GK AvqvijÅvG´£ Pig `ywfÆÞ ˆ`Lv

ˆ`q| cÉvq `k jÞ ˆjvK bv ˆLGq gviv hvq| AfvGei Zvobvq cÉvq cÉk
² 16 WvÚvi ‰KRb DœPiÚPvc I WvqvGewUm ˆivMxGK ‰K
wek jÞ ˆjvK ˆ`k ZÅvM KGi| KviY Abym®¬vb KiGZ wMGq aiGbi ˆKÑvGivwdjwenxb, g†ZRxex, QvZvi bÅvq MVbwewkÓ¡ Dw«¿`
weævbxiv ˆ`GLb ˆh, AvqvijÅvG´£i cÉavb dmj ˆMvjAvjyGZ ‰K ˆLGZ ejGjb|
aiGbi goK jvMvq ‰ `ywfÆÞ ˆ`Lv w`GqwQj| K. ‰bRvBg wK? 1
K. wbDwKÑK ‰wmW Kx? 1 L. ivBGevR I wWAwÝivBGevR myMvi ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wjL|2
L. wmGbvmvBU gvBGmwjqvg ejGZ Kx eyS? 2 M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Dw«¿`wUi MVb eYÆbv Ki| 3
M. DóxcGK wbG`ÆwkZ ˆivMwUi jÞY wjL| 3 N. DwÍÏwLZ Dw«¿`wU gvbe KjÅvGY mnvqK  gZvgZ `vI| 4
N. DÚ ˆivM ˆ^GK cwiòvGYi Dcvq weGkÏlY Ki| 4 wkLbdj-3 I 4 [h. ˆev. 2015]
wkLbdj-5 [wm. ˆev. 2015] 16 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
15 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆh ŠRe ivmvqwbK c`v^Æ RxeG`Gn A͸ gvòvq we`Ågvb ˆ^GK
K AmsLÅ wbDwKÑIUvBW cwjgvi m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGg ˆh AÅvwmW ŠZwi
wewKÌqvi nviGK Z½ivw®¼Z KGi wK¯§ wewKÌqv ˆkGl wbGRiv AcwiewZÆZ
KGi ZvB nGjv wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW|
^vGK ZvB nGjv ‰bRvBg|
L QòvGKi ˆÞGò AGbKàGjv nvBwd ‰KGò AeÕ©vb KGi QòvK
L ivBGevR I wWAwÝivBGevR myMvGii gGaÅ AGbK cv^ÆKÅ
‰i ˆ`n MVb KiGj ZvGK gvBGmwjqvg eGj| QòvGKi DÚ
iGqGQ| ivBGevR myMvi ‰i gƒj Dcv`vb RNA ‰es wWAwÝivBGevR
gvBGmwjqvg ‰K ev ‰KvwaK wbDwKÑqvm hyÚ nGZ cvGi| eü
‰i gƒj Dcv`vb DNA| Mvp HCl AÅvwmGWi mvG^ ivBGevR wewKÌqv
wbDwKÑqvmhyÚ gvBGmwjqvgGK wmGbvmvBwUK gvBGmwjqvg eGj|
KGi dviwdDivj AÅvwmW ‰es wWAwÝivBGevR, ˆjfzwjwbK AÅvwmW
M DóxcGK AvGjvwPZ ˆivMwU nGjv Avjyi wejwÁ¼Z a»mv ˆivM hv ŠZwi KGi| AvbweK MVGb ivBGevGR 5wU AwÝGRb I
Late blight of Potato bvGg cwiwPZ| Phytophthora infestans wWAwÝevBGivGR 4wU AwÝGRb cigvYy iGqGQ| ivBGevGRi 2bs
bvgK QòvGKi AvKÌgGY ‰ ˆivM nq| wbGÁ² DÚ ˆivGMi jÞYmgƒn KveÆb cigvYyi mGã OH MÉ‚c ^vGK, wK¯§ wWAwÝivBGevGR 2bs
ˆ`Iqv nGjv| KveÆGb H ^vGK|
cÉv^wgK chÆvGq ˆivGMi jÞY Avjy MvGQi Dcwi AsGk ˆ`Lv ˆMGjI  M WvÚvi ˆivMxGK ˆh, ˆKÑvGivwdjwenxb, g†ZRxex, QvZvi bÅvq
cieZÆx mgGq f„wbÁ²Õ© Ask ˆhgb wUDeviI AvKÌv¯¦ nq| cÉ^Gg Dw«¿`wU ˆLGZ ejGjb ˆmwU nGjv gvki‚g| gvki‚g ‰KwU QòvK hvi
MvGQi cvZvq ˆfRv nvjKv ev`vwg eGYÆi ÞZ ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| ‰ ÞZ ŠeævwbK bvg nGjv Agaricus|
Ask KÌGg aƒmi I cGi KvjGP eYÆ aviY KGi| cvZvi AvMv I
wKbvivq ˆivM ÷i‚ nq I `Ë‚Z ‰wU mgMÉ cvZv I KvGí QwoGq cGo| ‰wUi MVGb wewf®² aiGbi ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉKvk cvq| ‰KwU cƒYÆvã
‰RbÅ KGqK w`Gbi gGaÅ MvGQi mgÕ¦ cvZv SjGm hvIqvi gGZv Agaricus-‰i ˆ`n `y’wU AsGk wefÚ| ‰KwU Š`wnK Ask Z^v
÷wKGq hvq| ‰ mgq ZxeË cPv mewRi M®¬ QovGZ ^vGK| MvGQi gvBGmwjqvg ‰es AciwU Rbb Ask Z^v dÌzUewW|
cvZv cixÞv KiGj ˆivMvKÌv¯¦ cvZvi wbÁ²ZGj mv`v mƒòvKvi gvBGmwjqvg AZů¦ kvLv-cÉkvLv wewkÓ¡, mƒòvKvi, `vbv`vi mvBGUv-
gvBGmwjqvg ˆ`Lv hvq| ÷Ó• cwiÓ•vi AvenvIqvq ˆivGMi cÉGKvc µÏvRg, cÉwZGKvGl ‰KvwaK wbDwKÑqvmhyÚ ‰es cÉPzi Mn»i ‰i
Kg ˆ`Lv hvq I cvZvq ev`vwg `vM ˆQvU I mxwgZ ^vGK| ZxeË mg®¼Gq MwVZ| gvBGmwjqvg-‰ mwçZ Lv`Å wnGmGe ŠZjwe±`y ^vGK|
msKÌgGY Avjyi wUDevi AvKÌv¯¦ nq, ÷KGbv gvwUGZ ˆivM AvKÌv¯¦ gvBGmwjqvGg `woi gGZv nvBdvj Ask ^vGK, ‰ AskGK ivBGRvgdÆ
wUDevi AÕ¼vfvweK ev`vwg eYÆ aviY KGi ‰es ÷Ó• cPb ˆ`Lv hvq| ejv nq| ‰KwU gvki‚g ‰Kw`Gb ‰K wKGjvwgUvi `xNÆ nvBwd ŠZwi
‰ aiGbi Avjyi ˆLvmv KzPGK hvq I Mvp eYÆ ˆ`Lvq| ˆLvmvi wbGP KGi|
ev`vwg gwiPvi jÞY ˆ`Lv hvq| ˆfRv gvwUGZ Avjyi wUDevGii wUmyÅ
cƒYÆvã dÌzUewW ˆ`LGZ QvZvi gGZv ‰es ‰wU gvwUi DcGi evoGZ
big nq ‰es `Ë‚Z Av`ËÆcPb ˆ`Lv ˆ`q|
^vGK| cwiYZ AeÕ©vq dÌzUewWi `y’wU Ask ^vGK| ˆMvovi w`GK
N DóxcGK AvGjvwPZ ˆivMwU nGjv Avjyi wejwÁ¼Z a»mv ˆivM| DÚ Kví ev e†G¯¦i bÅvq AskGK Õ¡vBc ‰es DcGii w`GK QvZvi bÅvq
ˆivM nGZ cwiòvGYi KZKàGjv Dcvq wbGÁ² weGkÏlY nGjv@ AskGK cvBwjqvm ejv nq| Õ¡vBGci Ea»ÆvsGk AvswUi bÅvq ‰KwU
Avjyi PvGli mgq ˆivM gyÚ Avjy exR wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv cÉGqvRb| c`Æv ^vGK hvGK AÅvbyjvm eGj| ‰QvovI cvBwjqvGmi Aâxq ZGj
ˆivM cÉeY ‰jvKv ˆ^GK exR Avjy msMÉn Kiv wVK bq| exR ecGbi c`Ævi gGZv AmsLÅ wMj AixqfvGe Szj¯¦ AeÕ©vq ^vGK| wMj ev
AvGM 1% ˆeuvG`ÆvwgkÉY ev AbÅ ˆKvGbv QòvKbvkK w`Gq exR ˆkvab jÅvwgwjGZ AmsLÅ eÅvwmwWqv m†wÓ¡ nq| cÉwZwU eÅvwmwWqvGgi kxGlÆ
34 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

AvãyGji bÅvq PviwU AsGki gv^vq ‰KwU KGi eÅvwmwWIGÕ·vi Pvl nq| ‘gvki‚g’ ‰i Pvl ˆek jvfRbK KzwUi wkG͸ cwiYZ
Drc®² nq| ˆÕ·viàGjv AbyK„j cwiGeGk AâzwiZ nGq bZzb nGqGQ|
gvBGmwjqvg ŠZwi KGi| gvki‚Gg Auvk ˆewk ^vKvq ‰es kKÆiv I PweÆ Kg ^vKvq WvqvGewUm
N DwÍÏwLZ Dw«¿` Agaricus ev gvki‚g gvbe KjÅvGY wewf®²fvGe ˆivMxi RbÅ ‰KwU Av`Æk Lvevi| ‰GZ kKÆiv, ˆcÉvwUb, PweÆ,
eÅen†Z nq| wfUvwgb, LwbR jeY ‰gb mg®¼Gq AvGQ hv kixGii BwgDb
‘gvki‚g’ wewf®² wfUvwgb mg†«¬ nIqvq c†w^exi eüG`Gk ‰KwU wmGÕ¡gGK D®²Z KGi| hvi dGj MfÆeZx gv I wk÷iv ‰wU wbqwgZ
mywcÉq Lv`Å wnGmGe cwiwPZ| ‰RbÅ c†w^exi eüG`Gk ‰i Pvl nq| ˆLGj ˆ`Gni ˆivM cÉwZGiva ÞgZv ˆeGo hvq| ‰GZ cÉPzi DrGmPK
eZÆgvGb evsjvG`GkI ‰i eÅvcK Pvl ÷i‚ nGqGQ| ‰wU UvUKv I AvGQ hv nRGg mnvqK, LvevGi i‚wP evGo ‰es ˆcGUi cxov wbivgq
msiwÞZ Dfq AeÕ©vq evRvGi wewKÌ nq| evsjvG`Gki eo eo KGi| ‰GZ ˆjvfvÕ¡vwbb, ‰bUvGWwbb I BwiUvGWwbb ^vGK hv
ˆnvGUjàGjvGZ Lv`Å wnGmGe, weGkl KGi myÅc ŠZwiGZ gvki‚g kixGii ˆKvGjGÕ¡ij KgvGbvi RbÅ AbÅZg Dcv`vb| gvki‚g
eÅen†Z nq| eZÆgvGb AvgvG`i MÉvgxY mgvGRI gvki‚g eÅenvi wbqwgZ ˆLGj DœP iÚPvc I n†`GivM wbqw¯¨Z ^vGK|
RbwcÉq nGq DGVGQ| Lv`Å wnGmGe evsjvG`Gk KGqKwU gvki‚g weGk¼i AGbK ˆ`Gk gvki‚g AZů¦ `vwg Lvevi| eÅvcKfvGe gvki‚g
cÉRvwZi Pvl nGœQ| AvGgwiKv I BDGivGc gvki‚Ggi cÉRvwZi eÅvcK Pvl I iµ¦vwbi gvaÅGg Avgiv AGbK ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv ARÆb KiGZ
cvwi|

lÓ¤ AaÅvq: eËvGqvdvBUv I ˆUwiGWvdvBUv

cÉk
² 10 wkÞK cyiGbv ivRevoxi ˆ`Iqvj nGZ A«¿zZ cÉK‡wZi N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK ^ÅvjGqW Dw«¿`wU nGjv
mP„o cÞj ˆhŒwMK cvZv mgw®¼Z Dw«¿`wU msMÉn KGi wkÞv^ÆxG`i Riccia| Riccia-i ˆkÉwYwebÅvmMZ AeÕ©vb I cwiGekxq mƒPK wbGP
ejGjb ‰i Rbbvã cÉavb Dw«¿G` bv ˆ^GK c†^K AGã m†wÓ¡ nq| weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv
wkÞK Ue ˆ^GK Aci ‰KwU ^ÅvjGqW «¼ÅvMÉ-kvLvw®¼Z ˆkÉwYwebÅvmMZ AeÕ©vb:
MÅvGgGUvdvBU Dw«¿` wbGq eYÆbv KiGjb| RMr : Plantae
K. mviwmGbU fvGbÆkb KvGK eGj? 1 wefvM : Bryophyta
L. wjwcGWi ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆjGLv| 2 ˆkÉwY : Hepaticopsida
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ A«¿zZ cÉK‡wZi MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK MVGbi eMÆ : Marchantiales
eYÆbv `vI| 3 ˆMvò : Ricciaceae
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK ^ÅvjGqW Dw«¿`wUi MY : Riccia
ˆkÉwYwebÅvmMZ AeÕ©vb I cwiGekxq mƒPK wnGmGe wbG`Æk cwiGekxq mƒPK : Riccia cwiGek `ƒlGYi mƒPK wnGmGe KvR KGi|
KGi Zv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4KÌgeaÆgvb RbmsLÅv e†w«¬, Zvcgvòv e†w«¬, cwiGeGk fvix avZz
wkLbdj-2 I 4 [h. ˆev., e. ˆev. 2017]
ˆhgb Kcvi, KÅvWwgqvg, ˆKvevΟ BZÅvw`i AvwaGKÅi KviGY
10 bs cÉGk²i Dîi RGj-Õ©Gj `ƒlY NGU| wK¯§ ‰me `ƒwlZ cwiGeGk Riccia R¯ÃvGj
K dvGbÆi KwP cvZvi KzíwjZ webÅvmGK mviwmGbU fviGbkb eGj| ‰i kvixie†îxq KvhÆKjvGci dGj `ƒlY ˆiva nq| KviY ‰iv
L wjwcW eYÆnxb, Õ¼v`nxb I M®¬nxb| ‰wU cvwbGZ A`ËeYxq wK¯§ cwiGeGk ŠRe c`v^Æ msGhvRGb f„wgKv cvjb KGi| ‰RbÅ ˆ`Gk-
wewf®² ŠRe `ËveGK `ËeYxq| ‰wU dÅvwU AÅvwmGWi ‰Õ¡vi wnGmGe weG`Gk wewf®² ˆÞGò cwiGek `ƒlY ˆivGa Riccia eÅen†Z nq| A
^vGK| Av`ÆËweGkÏlY KiGj ‰iv dÅvwU AÅvwmW I w™ÏmviGj cwiYZ nq| 
cÉk
² 11
cvwbi ˆPGq nvjKv ZvB ‰wU cvwbGZ fvGm| AvYweK IRb e†w«¬i
mvG^ mvG^ ‰i MjbvsK e†w«¬ cvq| 2n 2n

M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ A«¿zZ cÉK‡wZi Dw«¿`wU nGjv dvbÆ| ‰ dvGbÆi

 n n
MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK Ask nGjv ˆcÉv^Åvjvm| wbGP dvbÆ ˆcÉv^ÅvjvGmi
MVb eYÆbv Kiv nGjv: 2n 2n
n n n n
AbyK„j cwiGeGk cÉwZwU dvbÆ ˆÕ·vi AâzwiZ nGq n†rwcívKvi, wefvRb A wefvRb B
PÅv¶Ÿv I meyR eGYÆi MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK ˆcÉv^ÅvGmi R¯Ã ˆ`q|
ˆcÉv^ÅvjvGmi wKbviv ‰K ˆKvlÕ¦i wewkÓ¡ ‰es ˆK±`ÊÕ©j eüGKvlx K. KÅvcwmW Kx? 1
Õ¦iwewkÓ¡| ‰GZ ˆKvGbv cwienbZ¯¨ ˆbB| ‰i AMÉfvM cÉkÕ¦ ‰es L. ˆKvivjGqW gƒj ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
ˆmLvGb ‰KwU Mfxi LuvR ^vGK, hvGK AMÉÕ© LuvR eGj| AMÉÕ© M. DóxcGKi ˆKvb wefvRb ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡ KGi?  eÅvLÅv
LuvGRi wbGP AGbKàGjv Õ¨x Rbbvã ev AvwKÆGMvwbqvg ^vGK| KGiv| 3
ˆcÉv^ÅvjvGmi wbGP mi‚ cÉvG¯¦ mƒòvKvi ‰KGKvlx ˆKvgj ivBRGqW N. Pteris-‰i RbyKÌGg DóxcGKi Dfq ˆKvl wefvRbB
^vGK| ivBRGqW gvwU ˆ^GK Lv`Åim ˆkvlY KGi| ivBRGqWàGjvi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
gvGS AGbKàGjv e†¯¦nxb ˆMvjvKvi cysRbbvã ev AÅvG¯©wiwWqvg mgw®¼Z AaÅvq 2 I 6 [Xv. ˆev. 2016]
^vGK|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 35

11 bs cÉGk²i Dîi nÅvµÏGqW ˆÕ·vi (n) m†wÓ¡ nGZv bv| dGj MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK chÆvGqi
K fvBivGmi wbDwKÑK AÅvwmWGK wNGi AewÕ©Z ˆcÉvwUb AveiYB ˆcÉvG^jvm Dw«¿` Z^v ÷KÌvYy I wWÁ¼vYy ŠZwi eÅvnZ nGZv| ‰GZ

nGjv KÅvcwmW| Pteris Dw«¿G` ˆKvGbv myÕ·Ó¡ RbyKÌg ˆ`Lv ˆhGZv bv|

L mvgyw`ËK ˆKvivGji bÅvq MVbwewkÓ¡ Cycas-‰i gƒjGK ejv nq  cÉk

² 12 Avwiqvb ˆMvgZx b`xi ZxGi ˆeovGZ wMGq cÉevngvb
ˆKvivjGqW gƒj| Cycas-‰i cÉavb gƒj bÓ¡ nGq «¼ÅvMÉ kvLvwewkÓ¡ cvwbi avGi ‰K aiGbi AkvL mƒòvKvi Dw«¿` ˆ`LGjv| ‰Qvov ˆm
AÕ©vwbK gƒj ŠZwi nq| hv cGi eÅvKGUwiqv, Nostoc I Anabaena b`xi ZxGi muÅvZmuÅvGZ gvwUGZ PÅv¶Ÿv, «¼ÅvMÉ kvLvw®¼Z welgc†Ó¤
RvZxq mvqvGbveÅvKGUwiqv «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nq| dGj ‰ gƒjàGjv mi‚ bv ^Åvjvm ˆMvjvKvi PKÌvKvGi AeÕ©vb KiGZ ˆ`LGjv|
nGq mvgyw`ËK ˆKvivGji gGZv AvK‡wZ aviY KGi| Cycas-‰i ‰ K. QòvK Kx? 1
aiGbi gƒjGK ZLb ejv nq ˆKvivjGqW gƒj| L. ˆnUvGivgiwdK RbyKÌg eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
M DóxcGKi wefvRb-A I wefvRb-B «¼viv h^vKÌGg gvBGUvwmm I M. DóxcGKi cÉ^GgvÚ Dw«¿`wUGZ ˆhŒb Rbb KxfvGe NGU? 3
gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRbGK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| ‰ `ywU ˆKvl wefvRGbi N. DóxcGKi AvGjvPÅ Dw«¿` `yGUvi gGaÅ wgj I Awgj LuyGR
gGaÅ wefvRb-B ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡ KGi| KviY wefvRb-B Z^v gvGqvwmm ˆei KGiv| 4
ˆKvl wefvRGb KÌwmsIfvi NGU ^vGK| KÌwmsIfvGii KviGY  mgw®¼Z AaÅvq 5 I 6 [iv. ˆev. 2016]
ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ AsGki wewbgq Z^v wRb wewbgGqi 12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
mvG^ mvG^ RxGei PvwiwòK ŠewkGÓ¡ÅiI wewbgq NGU| dGj RxGe
K ciGfvRx ev g†ZRxex ^ÅvGjvdvBwUK ev wmGbvmvBwUK RxemgƒnB
wewPòÅZv AvGm| wbGÁ²vÚ eÅvLÅvi gvaÅGg welqwU cwiÓ•vi Kiv hvq-
nGjv QòvK|
‰K ˆRvov mgmsÕ© ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi `ywU bbwmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ
AsGki wewbgq nIqvGK KÌwmsIfvi eGj| KÌwmsIfvGii cÉ^Gg `ywU  L wKQy Dw«¿G`i RxebPGKÌ `ywU Rbyi chÆvqKÌwgK AveZÆb NGU| ‰i
bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi ‰KB Õ©vb eivei ˆfGã hvq| cGi ‰KwUi ‰KwU ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK Rby ‰es AciwU MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK Rby| hLb
AsGki mvG^ AciwUi AbÅ Ask cybivq ˆRvov jvGM| dGj ˆKvGbv Dw«¿G`i ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK Dw«¿`G`n ‰es MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK
KvqvRgv m†wÓ¡ nq| ˆkl chÆvGq cÉv¯¦xqKiGYi gvaÅGg ˆKÌvgvwUGWi Dw«¿`G`n AvKvi-AvK‡wZGZ wf®² aiGbi nq ZLb ‰ aiGbi
wewbgq ˆkl nq| KÌwmsIfvGii dGj ˆKÌvgvwUGWi gGaÅ AsGki RbyKÌgGK welgvK‡wZi ev ˆnUvGivgiwdK RbyKÌg ejv nq| ˆhgb
wewbgq NGU, mvG^ mvG^ wRGbiI wewbgq NGU| ˆhGnZz wRb RxGei Pteris ‰ ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK chÆvq `xNÆ, MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK chÆvq
mKj PvwiwòK ŠewkÓ¡Å enb KGi, ZvB wRGbi wewbgGqi dGj mswÞµ¦ ‰es Dfq chÆvq AvKvi-AvK‡wZGZ wf®² cÉK‡wZi I Õ¼Z¯¨|
PvwiwòK ŠewkGÓ¡ÅiI wewbgq nq| dGj RxGei PvwiwòK cwieZÆb  M cÉevngvb cvwbi avGi Avwiqvb ˆh Dw«¿`wU ˆ`LGZ ˆcj Zv nGjv
NGU I RxGe ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡ nq| Ulothrix bvgK Škevj| ‰àGjv meÆ`v RjvkGq ev cvwbi avGi
myZivs, mswÞµ¦ ‰ eÅvLÅv ˆ^GK Õ·Ó¡fvGe ˆevSv hvq ˆh, DóxcGKi R¯Ãvq ‰es AkvL mƒòvKvi nGq ^vGK| Ulothrix Škevj
wefvRb-B B ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡ KGi| ˆnUvGiv^ÅvwjK| ‰i ˆhŒb wgjb AvBGmvMÅvgvm cÉK‡wZi| ˆnvΣdvÕ¡
N Pteris Dw«¿G`i RbyKÌGg DóxcGKi wefvRb-A A^Ævr gvBGUvwmm Qvov ˆh ˆKvGbv ‰KwU ˆKvGli ˆcÉvGUvµÏvÕ¡ wefvRGbi gvaÅGg 8-
‰es wefvRb-B A^Ævr gvGqvwmm DfqB ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| 64wU AcZÅ ˆcÉvGUvµÏvÕ¡ m†wÓ¡ KGi| cÉwZwU AcZÅ ˆcÉvGUvµÏvÕ¡ ‰KwU
‰ ˆKvl wefvRb `ywUi AbycwÕ©wZGZ Pteris-‰i RbyKÌg AmÁ¿e| bvmcvwZ AvK‡wZi evBdÑÅvwRGjU MÅvwgGU i…cv¯¦wiZ nq| ‰KwU
Pteris-‰i cÉavb Dw«¿` ˆ`nwU ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK (2n) chÆvGqi| ˆfwmKj «¼viv cwiGewÓ¡Z AeÕ©vq ‰iv AeÕ©vb KGi ‰GK ejv nq
wWµÏGqW (2n) RvBGMvU ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK chÆvGqi cÉ^g ˆKvl| ‰wU MÅvwgUÅvwéqvg| ‰iv MÅvwgUÅvwéqvGgi cÉvPxGi m†Ó¡ wQ`ËcG^ ˆei nGq
evi evi gvBGUvwmm wefvRGbi gvaÅGg wefvwRZ nGq bZzb AvGm ‰es ˆfwmKGji Aejywµ¦i ci gyÚfvGe muvZGi ˆeovq| `ywU
ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK Z^v wWµÏGqW Dw«¿` m†wÓ¡ KGi| cieZÆxGZ axGi axGi wf®² wdjvGg´Ÿ nGZ `y’wU MÅvwgU ‰Gm ˆhŒb wgjb mÁ·®² KGi ‰es
Zv cƒYÆvã wWµÏGqW Pteris Dw«¿G` cwiYZ nq| cwiYZ Pteris ‰KwU Pvi dÑvGRjvhyÚ wWµÏGqW RvBGMvU m†wÓ¡ KGi| RvBGMvU
Dw«¿G`i còK wKbvGi ˆÕ·vivwéqvg m†wÓ¡ nq| ˆÕ·vivwéqvGgi wKQyKvj mPj ^vGK ‰es cGi wekÉvgKvj KvUvq| wekÉvGgi cƒGeÆ ‰iv
Afů¦Gi wWµÏGqW ˆÕ·vi gvZ‡GKvl Drc®² nq| gvGqvwmm ˆKvl cÉPzi Lv`Å mçq KGi ‰es Pviw`GK ‰KwU cÉvPxi m†wÓ¡ KGi|
wefvRGbi gvaÅGg ˆÕ·vi gvZ‡GKvl ˆ^GK nÅvµÏGqW (n) ˆÕ·vi ŠZwi wekÉvgKvj ˆkGl ‰GZ wgGqvwmm wefvRb NGU ‰es 4-16 wU
nq| ˆÕ·vi AbyK„j cwiGeGk AsKzwiZ nGq nÅvµÏGqW ˆcÉvG^jvm nÅvµÏGqW RyGÕ·vi m†wÓ¡ nq| RvBGMvU cÉvPxi we`xYÆ nIqvi gvaÅGg
bvgK Õ¼Z¯¨ MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK Dw«¿` m†wÓ¡ KGi| ˆcÉvG^jvGm m†Ó¡ RyGÕ·viàGjv ˆei nGq AvGm ‰es Aâzivqb I wefvRGbi gvaÅGg
AÅvG¯©wiwWqvg I AvwKÆGMvwbqvGg h^vKÌGg ÷KÌvYy I wWÁ¼vYy ŠZwi bZzb Škevj mƒò MVb KGi|
nq| ‰iv mKGjB nÅvµÏGqW| cieZÆxGZ ÷KÌvYy I wWÁ¼vYyi wgjGbi ‰fvGeB DóxcGKi Dw«¿` A^Ævr Ulothrix ŠkevGji ˆhŒb Rbb NGU|
dGj wWµÏGqW (2n) RvBGMvU ŠZwi nq, hv ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK chÆvGqi  N DóxcGKi AvGjvPÅ Dw«¿` `ywUi ‰KwU nGjv Škevj ‰es AciwU
cÉ^g ˆKvl| ‰B RvBGMvU evi evi gvBGUvwmm wefvRGbi gvaÅGg eËvGqvdvBUv|
cybivq cƒYÆvã ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK Pteris Dw«¿G`i R¯Ã ˆ`q| ‰fvGe Škevj I eËvGqvdvBUvi gGaÅ AGbK wgj iGqGQ| Škevj I
Pteris Dw«¿G`i RxebPGKÌ RbyKÌg NGU ^vGK| DchyÆÚ AvGjvPbv eËvGqvdvBUv DfGqB mvGjvKmsGkÏlYKvix meyR, Õ¼GfvRx ‰es
ˆ^GK ˆevSv hvq ˆh, gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRb bv NUGj RvBGMvU AcyÓ·K Dw«¿`| DfGqB RjvkGq ev muÅvZmuÅvGZ Õ©vGb R¯Ãvq|
ˆ^GK ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK Pteris Dw«¿G`i R¯Ã nGZv bv| Avevi DfGqiB ˆKvl myGKw±`ÊK| Škevj I eËvGqvdvBUv DfGqB ^ÅvjGqW
ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK Dw«¿G`i ˆÕ·vi gvZ‡GKvGl gvGqvwmm bv NUGj A^Ævr mwZÅKvGii gƒj, Kví I cvZv ‰G`i ˆbB| DfqB bb-
36 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

fvÕ•zjvi Dw«¿` A^Ævr cwienY wUmyÅwenxb| ‰G`i DfGqiB AãR Aciw`GK ^ÅvjvGmi wbÁ²vsGk AewÕ©Z eYÆnxb AçjwU nGjv mçqx
I ˆhŒb Rbb nGq ^vGK| Açj| ‰ AçjwU NbfvGe mwäZ, ˆKÑvGivwdjwenxb ˆKvl wbGq
Avevi Škevj I eËvGqvdvBUvi gGaÅ hG^Ó¡ Awgj LyuGR cvIqv hvq| MwVZ| ˆKvlàGjvGZ cÉPzi Õ¡vPÆ mwçZ ^vGK| meGPGq wbGPi Õ¦Gii
Škevj ‰KGKvlx nGZ cvGi wK¯§ eËvGqvdvBUv eüGKvlx Dw«¿`| ˆKvlàGjv ˆQvU ‰es ‰KGò ‰KwU AwewœQ®² wbÁ²Z½K MVb KGi|
ŠkevGji Rbbvã mvaviYZ ‰KGKvlx, eüGKvlx nGjI Zv ˆKvGbv wbÁ²Z½GKi ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv ˆKvl ˆ^GK ‰KGKvlx ivBRGqW ‰es
e®¬Åv ˆKvlveiY w`Gq ˆewÓ¡Z bq; Aciw`GK eËvGqvdvBUvi Rbbvã eüGKvlx ˆÕ•j MwVZ nq| A
eüGKvlx ‰es e®¬Åv ˆKvlveiY w`Gq Ave†Z| ŠkevGji RvBGMvU N DóxcGKi 'B' wPòwU Pteris Dw«¿G`i bZzb ˆÕ·vGivdvBU| A^Ævr
Õ¨xRbbvGã ^vKv AeÕ©vq KLbI eüGKvlx ö…GY cwiYZ nq bv; cÉK‡Z AG^Æ 'B' Dw«¿`wU nGjv Pteris| A
AbÅw`GK eËvGqvdvBUvi Õ¨x RbbvGãi Afů¦Gi eüGKvlx ö…Y ^vGK|
Pteris Dw«¿G`i RxebPGKÌ myÕ·Ó¡ RbytKÌg ˆ`Lv hvq, KviY ‰LvGb
ŠkevGji ˆhŒb Rbb AvBGmvMÅvgvm, AÅvbvBGmvMÅvgvm I EMÅvgvm
ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK chÆvGqi mvG^ MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK chÆvGqi cvjvKÌg NGU
aiGbi nGZ cvGi; eËvGqvdvBUvi ˆhŒb Rbb EMÅvgvm aiGbi|
^vGK| Pteris Dw«¿` ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK chÆvGqi A^Ævr wWµÏGqW (2n)|
ŠkevGji AGhŒb Rbb nGZ cvGi wK¯§ eËvGqvdvBUvi AGhŒb Rbb nq
Pteris Dw«¿G`i cvZvi wKbvivq Drc®² ˆÕ·vi gvZ‡GKvl gvGqvwmm
bv| wefvRGbi gvaÅGg nÅvµÏGqW (n) ˆÕ·vi Drc®² KGi| ˆÕ·vi nGjv
cÉk
² 13 MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK chÆvGqi cÉ^g ˆKvl| AbyK„j cwiGeGk ‰B ˆÕ·vi
AâzwiZ nGq n†rwcívKvi meyR ˆcÉv^Åvjvm bvgK Õ¼Z¯¨ MÅvwgGUvdvBU
m†wÓ¡ KGi| ˆcÉv^ÅvjvGm m†Ó¡ AvwKÆGMvwbqvg, AÅvG¯©wiwWqvg ‰es
‰G`i gGaÅ m†Ó¡ wWÁ¼vYy I ÷KÌvYy meB nÅvµÏGqW| ‰G`i gGaÅ wbGlGKi
dGj ŠZwi nq wWµÏGqW DGÕ·vi (2n), hv ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK chÆvGqi
cÉ^g avc| DGÕ·vi AâzwiZ nGq ‰es KÌgvMZ gvBGUvwmm cÉwKÌqvq
wefvwRZ nGq m†wÓ¡ KGi bZzb Õ¼GfvRx ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK Pteris Dw«¿`|
wPò: A Pteris-‰ ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK chÆvq `xNÆ, MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK chÆvq ˆek
wPò: B mswÞµ¦ ‰es Dfq chÆvq AvKvi-AvK‡wZGZ wf®² cÉK‡wZi I Õ¼Z¯¨|
K. wÕ¡wj Kx? 1 ‰i…c RbytKÌgGK ejv nq ˆnUvGivgiwdK RbytKÌg|
L. ˆKvlPKÌ ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 myZivs Pteris ‰i RxebPGKÌi mswÞµ¦ eYÆbv ˆ^GK Õ·Ó¡fvGe ˆevSv
M. wPò 'A' ‰i A¯¦MVÆ b eYÆbv KGiv| 3 hvq ˆh, ‰ Dw«¿`wU RbytKÌg mÁ·®² KGi| A
N. DóxcGKi 'B' Dw«¿G`i ˆnUvGivgiwdK RxebPKÌ iGqGQ cÉk
 ² 14 cwiGeGki µÏvw´Ÿ RMGZ cÉvq mKj m`mÅ meyR I
DwÚwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 Õ¼GfvRx| ‰G`i ‰KwU Dw«¿` 'A' hvG`i ^Åvjvm «¼ÅMÉ kvLvwewkÓ¡
wkLbdj-2 I 4 [wm. ˆev. 2016] ‰es gƒGji cwieGZÆ ivBRGqW ^vGK| Aci Dw«¿` 'B' hvG`i ˆ`n,
13 bs cÉGk²i Dîi gƒj, Kví I cvZvq wefÚ ‰es ‰iv kvLvwenxb|
K ˆcwimvBKj Õ¦i ˆ^GK AviÁ¿ KGi fvÕ•zjvi ev´£jmn ˆK±`Ê
 K. mvGjvKmsGkÏlY KvGK eGj? 1
chƯ¦ AskB nGjv wÕ¡wj| A L. C3 Dw«¿` ejGZ Kx eySvq? 2
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ Dw«¿` `ywUi ŠewkÓ¡Å eYÆbv Ki| 3
L ˆKvl m†wÓ¡, ‰i e†w«¬ ‰es cieZÆxGZ wefvRb ‰ wZbwU KvR ˆh
N. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK 'B' Dw«¿` ‰i RxebPKÌ weGkÏlY Ki| 4
PGKÌi gvaÅGg mÁ·®² nq ZvGK ˆKvlPKÌ eGj| ˆKvlPKÌ B´ŸviGdR
wkLbdj-2 I 4 [P. ˆev. 2015]
‰es gvBGUvwUK ˆdR wbGq MwVZ| B´ŸviGdR nGjv ˆKvl wefvRb
14 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
÷i‚ Kivi cÉÕ§wZ ceÆ| Avi gvBGUvwUK ˆdGR ˆcÉvGdR, ˆcÉv-
K ˆh ŠRe ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvq Dw«¿` mƒGhÆi AvGjv, cvwb, CO2 ‰es
ˆgUvGdR, ˆgUvGdR, AÅvbvGdR I ˆUGjvGdR avcàGjv NGU ^vGK|
ˆKÑvGivwdGji mnvqZvq kKÆiv RvZxq Lv`Å cÉÕ§Z KGi ZvB
M DóxcGKi wPò-'A' nGjv Riccia Dw«¿`| ‰i A¯¦MÆVGb `ywU Açj mvGjvKmsGkÏlY|
ˆ`Lv hvq| AçjwU nGjv mvGjvKmsGkÏlYKvix Açj ‰es mçqx L ˆh mKj Dw«¿` mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi A®¬Kvi chÆvGq wZb
Açj| wbGP ‰i A¯¦MÆVb eYÆbv Kiv nGjv KveÆbwewkÓ¡ Õ©vqx ˆhŒM ŠZwi KGi ZvG`i C3 Dw«¿` eGj|
mvGjvKmsGkÏlYKvix AçjwU meyR eGYÆi ‰es AvîxKiGYi mvG^ bvwZkxGZvú AçGji Dw«¿`mgƒGn mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi A®¬Kvi
RwoZ| ‰LvGb Lvov mvwiGZ mwäZ ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡hyÚ AGbK ˆKvl chÆvGqi ÷i‚GZ ˆKvlÕ© ivBeyGjvR wemdmGdU bvgK 5-KveÆb
^vGK| ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡hyÚ ‰ Lvov mvwiàGjvGK AvîxKiY mƒò eGj| ˆhŒGMi mvG^ KveÆb-WvBAÝvBW hyÚ nGq ‰KwU AÕ©vqx 6-
cvkvcvwk AewÕ©Z mƒòàGjvi gvGS ‰KwU msKxYÆ duvKv Õ©vb ^vGK| KveÆbwewkÓ¡ ˆhŒM Drc®² nq| ‰B AÕ©vqx ˆhŒMwU ZvrÞwYKfvGe
‰B duvKv Õ©vbB evqybvwj| cÉwZwU evqybvwj ^ÅvjvGmi c†Ó¤G`Gk ˆfGO `yB AYy 3-KveÆb wewkÓ¡ ˆhŒM 3- dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK ‰wmW
‰KwU mvaviY wQG`Ëi gvaÅGg D¯ÃyÚ nq| ‰gb wQ`Ëc^GK evqyi®¬È Drc®² KGi| ‰ aiGbi Dw«¿G`i A®¬KvichÆvGqi cÉ^g Õ©vqx c`v^Æ
eGj| AvîxKiY mƒGòi meGPGq DcGii ˆKvlwU AGcÞvK‡Z eo ‰es 3- KveÆbwewkÓ¡ nIqvq ‰iv C3 Dw«¿` wnGmGe cwiwPZ| ˆhgb@
Õ¼œQ| eYÆnxb ‰ ˆKvlàGjv ‰KGò ‰KwU wewœQ®² Da»ÆZ½K MVb KGi| avb, Mg BZÅvw`|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 37

M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Dw«¿` `ywUi gGaÅ ‘A’ nGjv Riccia Dw«¿` ‰es M. DóxcK 'B' ‰i ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK chÆvGqi wPwn×Z wPò
‘B’ nGjv Pteris Dw«¿`| AsKb Ki| 3
Riccia-i ˆ`n ^ÅvjGqW A^Ævr ˆ`n gƒj, Kví ‰es cvZvq wefÚ Kiv N. DóxcK wPwn×Z A I B ‰i mvG^ Zzjbv Ki| 4
hvq bv| ‰i ^Åvjvm meyR, kvwqZ, PÅvcUv «¼ÅvMÉ kvLvwewkÓ¡ ‰es wkLbdj-2 I 4 [h. ˆev. 2015]
cÉwZ kvLvi gv^v LuvRhyÚ| ZvQvov ‰B ^ÅvjvGmi wbÁ²c†GÓ¤ `yB cÉKvi 15 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
‰KGKvlx ivBRGqW ‰es eüGKvlx ˆÕ•j we`Ågvb| Riccia-‰i K RwUj ˆKvlcÉvPxi wewkÓ¡ ˆKvlxq AãvYywenxb, cÉvKGKÌw±`ÊK

wewf®² cÉRvwZ muÅvZGmuGZ gvwUGZ, Av`ËÆ cÉvPxGii MvGq RG¯Ã| ‰KGKvlx AYyRxeB eÅvKGUwiqv|
elÆvKvGj ‰iv AwaK R¯Ãvq| L ˆWãy R¾Gii jÞY wnGmGe R¾Gii ÷i‚GZ kixi gÅvR gÅvR KGi I
Aciw`GK Pteris-i ˆ`n gƒj, Kví ‰es cvZvq wefÚ Kiv hvq| ‰i gv^v eÅ^v Abyf„Z nq| cÉv^wgK AeÕ©vq ˆ`Gni wewf®² Õ©vGb iÅvk
Kví ivBGRvGg i…cv¯¦wiZ nq ‰es iÅvGg´Ÿv w`Gq ivBGRvg AvœQvw`Z ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| ˆPvGLi ˆKvGY iÚ RgGZ ˆ`Lv hvq I ˆPvL jvj nGq
^vGK| ‰G`i cvZv ˆhŒwMK, KwP AeÕ©vq KzíwjZ ^vGK| hvq| R¾i mvaviYZ weiwZ ˆ`q bv ev ռ͸ weiwZi ci wdGi AvGm|
ˆÕ·vivwéqv ‰KwòZ nGq còGKi wKbvivq ˆmvivm MVb KGi| ZxeË msKÌgGY cÉPí R¾i, wcV eÅ^v, nvo eÅ^v, gvsmGckx eÅ^v
Pteris-i MÅvwgGUvdvBU ev ˆcÉvG^jvm meyR, n†rwcívKvi ‰es ‰iv ‰gbwK ˆPvL bvovGZI eÅ^v Abyf„Z nq| ZxeËZvq AGbK mgq bvK
mnevmx| ‰iv mvaviYZ cyivZb I fvOv muÅvZmuÅvGZ cÉvPxGi R¯Ãvq| w`Gq iÚÞiY ˆ`Lv w`GZ cvGi| ˆivMx Aemv`MÉÕ¦ nGq cGo, ewg
cyivZb BGUi Õ¦„GcI R¯Ãvq| ewg fve nq| ˆgi‚`G´£i eÅ^vmn ˆKvgGi eÅ^v ‰B ˆivGMi weGkl
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ‘B’ Dw«¿` nGjv Pteris hvi RxebPGKÌ jÞY| R¾Gii gvivñK AeÕ©vq ˆivMxi k¼vm KÓ¡ nq|
ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK ‰es MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK Rbyi AbyKÌg NGU| M DóxcGK wPò B nGjv Pteris ˆcÉvG^jvm ‰i| wbGP Pteris ‰i
AcyÓ·K Dw«¿G`i gGaÅ ˆUwiGWvdvBUv MÉ‚Gci Pteris AwZ cwiwPZ ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK chÆvGqi wPwn×Z wPò AsKb Kiv nGjv
‰KwU dvbÆ| Pteris Dw«¿G` myÕ·Ó¡ RbyKÌg we`Ågvb| KviY ‰LvGb
MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK Rbyi mvG^ ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK Rbyi AbyKÌGgi gvaÅGg
cÉv^wgK cò
RxebPKÌ mÁ·®² nq| ‰iv ˆÕ·vGivdvBU Z^v wWµÏGqW (2n)| Pteris-
‰ ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK chÆvq `xNÆ ‰es MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK chÆvq mswÞµ¦|
‰G`i RbyKÌg ˆnGUvGivgiwdK| Kví
Pteris nGZ Drc®² ˆmvivGm ˆÕ·vivwéqvg ^vGK ‰es ‰B
ˆÕ·vivwéqvGgi KÅvcwmDGji gGaÅ ˆÕ·vi gvZ‡GKvl Drc®² nq hv ˆcÉv^Åvjvm
wWµÏGqW (2n)| wgGqvwmm wefvRGbi gvaÅGg ˆÕ·vi gvZ‡GKvlwU
wefvwRZ nGq nÅvµÏGqW (n) ˆÕ·vi Drc®² KGi hv MÅvwgGUvdvBGUi
cÉ^g avc| ‰B nÅvµÏGqW ˆÕ·vi AbyK„j cwiGeGk AâzwiZ nGq ivBRGqW
nÅvµÏGqW ˆcÉvG^jvm bvgK Õ¼Z¯¨ MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK chÆvGqi m†wÓ¡ gƒj
KGi| ˆcÉvG^jvGm cys ‰es Õ¨x Rbbvã h^vKÌGg AÅvG¯©wiwWqvg ‰es
AvwKÆGMvwbqvg Drc®² nq ‰es ‰G`i gGaÅ ÷KÌvYy I wWÁ¼vYy Drc®² nq wPò : Pteris-‰i bZyb ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK Dw«¿`
hvi meB nÅvµÏGqW| ‰B ÷KÌvYy I wWÁ¼vYyi gGaÅ wbGlGKi gvaÅGg
N DóxcGKi wPò 'A' Riccia-‰i ^Åvjvm ‰es wPò 'B' dvbÆ
Drc®² nq wWµÏGqW DGÕ·vi (2n) hv ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK chÆvGqi cÉ^g
ˆcÉvG^jvm| ‰iv wf®² cÉRvwZi Dw«¿` nGjI wbÁ²wjwLZ mv`†kÅ ˆ`Lv
avc| Drc®² DGÕ·vi AâzwiZ nGq KÌgvMZ gvBGUvwmm cÉwKÌqvq
hvq
wefvwRZ nGq m†wÓ¡ KGi bZzb Õ¼GfvRx, ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK Pteris
DfqB MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK Dw«¿` I meyR eGYÆi Õ¼GfvRx ^Åvjvm|
Dw«¿`| Avi ‰fvGeB RbyKÌGgi gvaÅGg Pteris Dw«¿G`i RxebPKÌ
DfGq Rbbvã aviY KGi| DfGq AâxqZGj ivBRGqW ‰es ˆÕ•j
mÁ·®² nq| enb KGi|
cÉk
² 15 Avevi ‰G`i gGaÅ ˆek wKQy Šemv`†kÅ jÞ Kiv hvq 
Riccia ‰i Dw«¿`G`n ivBRGqW, big Kví I cvZvq wefÚ Avi
Pteris ‰i Dw«¿`G`n gƒj, Kví I cvZvq wefÚ| Riccia ‰i Kví
evqexq I kÍ•còwenxb wK¯§ Pteris ‰i Kví ivBGRvg RvZxq ‰es
iÅvGg´Ÿv bvgK kÍ•cò hyÚ| Riccia ‰i Dw«¿` MÅvwgGUvdvBU (n)|
wK¯§ Pteris ‰i Dw«¿` ˆÕ·vGivdvBU (2n)| Riccia ‰i ˆÕ·vi
A B
AâzwiZ nGq ˆcÉvGUvGbgv m†wÓ¡ KGi wK¯§ Pteris ‰i ˆÕ·vi AâzwiZ
K. eÅvKGUwiqv wK? 1
nq ˆcÉvG^jvm m†wÓ¡ KGi| Riccia ‰i ÷KÌvYy w«¼dÑÅvGRjv wewkÓ¡ wK¯§
L. ˆWãyR¾Gii jÞYmgƒn wjL| 2
Pteris ‰i ÷KÌvYy eüdÑÅvGRjv wewkÓ¡|
38 cvGéix m†Rbkxj Rxeweævb cÉ^g cò  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

mµ¦g AaÅvq: b™²exRx I Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿`

cÉk
² 45 w`bv A I B `ywU Dw«¿` chÆGeÞY KiGjv| A-ˆZ cÉk
² 46 A = gc. Dgc. + ♂cy2 cys3+3M_1
e†ØvKvi civMavbx ˆ`LGjv ‰es B-ˆZ cvjGKi bÅvq MfÆgyí +

ˆ`LGZ ˆcj| B =  ♂De†5 e†(5)`5cys ()M_(5)
+
K. ˆiYycò Kx? 1
K. cyÓ·còwebÅvm Kx? 1
L. Rxe¯¦ RxevkÄ Kx@ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 L. «¼ÅvMÉ kvLvw®¼Z ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ 'B' Dw«¿G`i dzGji cyÓ· cÉZxK Aâb M. A I B msGKGZi Dw«¿`àGjv ˆh ˆMvGòi cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGi
KGiv| 3 ZvG`i gGaÅ Zzjbv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi 'A' ˆMvGòi Dw«¿`mgƒn gvbeRxeGb ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ N. B msGKGZi Dw«¿`wUi Dce†wZ fvjGfU, e†wZ fvjGfU,
f„wgKv cvjb KGi- weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 `j UzBGÕ¡W ‰es AgivwebÅvm AÞxq nGj Zvi cyÓ·
wkLbdj: 4 I 5 [P. ˆev. 2019]
cÉZxK ˆKgb nGe AsKb KGi ˆ`LvI| 4
45 bs cÉGk²i Dîi wkLbdj: 4 I 5 [wm. ˆev. 2019]
K ˆÕ·vi enbKvix PÅv¶Ÿv, jÁ¼v I KvÓ¤j cÉK‡wZi còK nGjv A46 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ˆÕ·vGivwdj ev ˆiYycò| A
K KvGíi kxlÆgK
 y zj ˆ^GK Drc®² kvLvi Dci cyGÓ·i webÅvmB nGjv
L eZÆgvbKvGji ˆKvGbv RxweZ RxGei ŠewkÓ¡Å AZxZKvGji ˆKvGbv cyÓ·còwebÅvm| A
RxevkÄ RxGei ŠewkGÓ¡Åi mvG^ wgj mÁ·®² nGj ZvGK Rxe¯¦ RxevkÄ L hLb ˆKvGbv RxGei Aã wefÚ nGq cÉwZevi `ywU kvLv m†wÓ¡
eGj| Cycas Rxe¯¦ RxevGkÄi ‰KwU cÉK‡Ó¡ D`vniY| ˆKbbv Cycas KGi, ZLb ZvGK «¼ÅvMÉ kvLvw®¼Z ejv nq| «¼ÅvMÉ kvLvw®¼Z kvLv
Dw«¿` Cycadales eGMÆi A¯¦MZÆ | ‰B eGMÆi AGbK Dw«¿` ‰Lb Riccia-ˆZ ˆ`Lv hvq| «¼ÅvMÉ kvLvw®¼Z Riccia ^Åvjvm e†îvKvGi
wejyµ¦ ‰es ‰G`iGK RxevkÄ wnGmGe cvIqv hvq| A mwäZ ˆ^GK ˆivGRU AvK‡wZ MVb KGi| A
M DóxcGK B «¼viv Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿`GK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| M DóxcGKi A msGKZwU Poaceae ‰es B msGKZwU Malvaceae

wbGP Poaceae ˆMvGòi dzGji cyÓ· cÉZxK Aâb Kiv nGjv ˆMvGòi cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGi| Poaceae ˆMvòwU Malvaceae ˆMvò ˆ^GK
gvZ‡AÞ wf®²| wbGP ‰G`i gGaÅ Zzjbv Kiv nGjv
kƒbÅ™Ïyg
DóxcGKi wPò-D «¼viv Poaceae ˆMvòGK ‰es wPò-E «¼viv
cÅvwjqv
Malvaceae ˆMvòGK wbG`Æk Kiv nGqGQ| wbGP Poaceae I
Õ¨xÕ¦eK
Malvaceae ˆMvGòi Zzjbv Kiv nGjv
cysÕ¦eK i. Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` ‰KexRcòx, wK¯¦y Malvaceae
cyÓ·cyU ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` w«¼exRcòx|
ˆjgv ii. Poaceae Dw«¿G` wgDwmGjR AbycwÕ©Z, wK¯§ Malvaceae
ˆMvGòi Dw«¿G`i KwP KvGí ev dzGj wgDwmGjR DcwÕ©Z|
wPò: Poaceae ˆMvGòi cyÓ· cÉZxK
iii. Poaceae ˆMvGò cÉavb gƒGji cwieGZÆ àœQgƒj ^vKGZ ˆ`Lv
N DóxcGK A ˆMvòwU nGjv Malvaceae| Malvaceae ˆMvGòi ˆMGjI, Malvaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿G` cÉavb gƒj we`Ågvb|
Dw«¿`mgƒn gvbeRxeGb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| wbGP Zv weGkÏlY
iv. Poaceae ˆMvGòi wkivwebÅvm mgv¯¦ivj, wK¯¦y Malvaceae
Kiv nGjv@
ˆMvGòi cvZvi wkivwebÅvm RvwjKvKvi|
Malvaceae ˆMvGòi A¯¦fzÆÚ ˆXuoGmi KwP dj cÉavbZ mewR wnGmGe v. Poaceae ˆMvGòi cyÓ·webÅvm Õ·vBKGjU cÉK‡wZi, ˆhLvGb
eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰Qvov myÅc ŠZwiGZI eÅen†Z nq| ‰wU eügƒò Malvaceae ˆMvGò mvBGgvm cÉK‡wZi cyÓ·webÅvm ˆ`Lv hvq|
ˆivGM DcKvwi| ˆXuoGm ˆjŒn ^vKvq wbqwgZ ˆLGj kvixwiK `yeÆjZv vi. Poaceae ˆMvGòi cyGÓ· e†wZ I `j Avjv`v Kiv hvq bv, wK¯¦y
`ƒi nq| Rev cÉavbZ dzGji RbÅ evMvGb ev evwoi AvwObvq jvMvGbv Malvaceae ˆZ Avjv`vfvGe ˆ`Lv hvq|
nq, Rev dzGji im Pzj cov e®¬ KGi, bZzb Pzj R¯Ãvq, Pyj KvGjv vii. Poaceae ˆZ 1wU MfÆcò I 2wU MfÆgyí ˆ`Lv hvq, wK¯¦y
nq ‰es gv^v Vvív ivGL| Rev dzj AkÆ I iÚ Avgvkq ˆivGM Malvaceae ˆMvGò mvaviYZ 5wU MfÆcò ‰es 5wU MfÆgyí
DcKvwi| KvcÆvGmi dj Z^v exRZ½K ˆ^GK KvcÆvm Zzjv cvIqv hvq| ˆ`Lv hvq|
‰ Zzjv ˆUÝUvBj wkG͸i cÉavb KuvPvgvj| ‰Qvov RxevYygyÚ KGi viii. Poaceae ˆMvGòi AgivwebÅvm gƒjxq, cÞv¯¦Gi Malvaceae
ŠkjÅ wPwKrmvq eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰i exR ˆ^GK ˆZj cvIqv hvq| ˆMvGòi AgivwebÅvm AÞxq|
ˆgÕ¦vcvGUi Auvk w`Gq `wo, PU cÉf‡wZ ŠZwi nq| ˆKbvd ˆgÕ¦vi  N DóxcGK B «¼viv Malvaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ|
evKj ˆ^GK Auvk cvIqv hvq hv w`Gq iwk, PU, eÅvM cÉf‡wZ ŠZwi Gk² cÉ`î ŠewkGÓ¡Åi mg®¼q NwUGq wbGP DÚ Malvaceae ˆMvGòi
cÉ
nq| Õ©jc«Â dzGji ˆmŒ±`GhÆi RbÅ ‰G`i evMvGb jvMvGbv nq| dzGji cyÓ· cÉZxK AsKb KGi wPwn×Z Kiv nGjv
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 39
gvZ‡AÞ nq| AvGLi im ˆ^GK ào I wPwb ŠZwi Kiv nq| ˆgvjvGmm ˆ^GK
Dce†wZ dviGgG´Ÿkb cÉwKÌqvq AÅvjGKvnj, wfGbMvi ŠZwi nq| DjyLo
e†wZ KzuGoNGii QvDwb ŠZwi ev KvMGRi Dcv`vb wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| euvk
cvcwo M†n wbgÆvY I KvMR ŠZwiGZ eÅenvi Kiv nq| KzwUi wkG͸ euvk
Õ¨xÕ¦eK
cysÕ¦eK wewf®² cÉKvi Avmevecò I M†nmävi DcKiY ŠZwiGZ eÅenvi Kiv
nq| `yeÆvNvm DcvG`q c÷Lv`Å| iÚcvZ e®¬ I ÞZ wbivgGq ˆflR
wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆjey Nvm myM®¬x ˆZj I cÉmvabx wkG͸
eÅenvi Kiv nq| Lv`Å`ËeÅ ŠZwiGZ ˆjey Nvm myM®¬x wnGmGe eÅenvi
wPò: Malvaceae ˆMvGòi Rev dzGji cyÓ·cÉZxK
Kiv nq| hGei QvZz DcvG`q mnRcvPÅ I Õ¼vÕ©ÅcÉ` Lv`Å|
cÉk
² 47 ‰ eQi wgwgi evev RwgGZ myMw®¬ euvkgwZ avGbi Pvl evwYwRÅKfvGe niwjÝ, KgµÏÅvb RvZxq Lv`Å`ËGeÅi Dcv`vb wnGmGe
KGi ˆek jvfevb nGqGQb| Lvevi mgq wgwg gvGK ejj, avbmn eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆRvqvi Lv`ÅkmÅ wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq|
‰B ˆMvGòi AvGiv Dw«¿` evsjv`Gki Lv`Å wbivcîv I A^ÆbxwZGZ ‰fvGe gvbeRxeGb Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿`mgƒn ZvrchÆcƒYÆ f„wgKv
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| cvjb KGi|
K. wmGbvmvBU Kx? 1
L. BÞzGK C4 Dw«¿` ejv nq ˆKb? 2 cÉk
² 48
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Dw«¿`wUi cyÓ· cÉZxK AuvK| 3
N. DóxcGKi ˆkl DwÚwUi ZvrchÆ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
wkLbdj: 4 [e. ˆev. 2019]
47 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K eüwbDwKÑqvm wewkÓ¡, cÉÕ© cÉvPxiwenxb gvBGmwjqvgB nGjv
wmGbvmvBU| A wPò : A wPò : B
L weævbx M.D. Hatch ‰es C.R. Slack (1966) BÞz MvQ wbGq K. cyÓ· cÉZxK Kx? 1
weÕ¦i MGelYv KGi KveÆb weRviGYi ˆh MwZc^ AvweÓ•vi KGib L. b™²e xRx I Ave†
Z exRx Dw«¿ G `i gGaÅ cv^Æ K Å ˆjGLv| 2
ˆmLvGb CO2 ‰i MÉnxZv 3-KveÆbwewkÓ¡ dmGdvBbj cvBi‚wfK M. DcGivÚ 'B' wPòwU ˆh ˆMvGòi Zvi kbvÚKvix ŠewkÓ¡Å
AÅvwmW ‰es Drc®² cÉ^g Õ©vqx c`v^Æ 4-KveÆbwewkÓ¡ AÝvGjv ˆjGLv| 3
AÅvwmwUK AÅvwmW| cÉ^g Õ©vqx c`v^Æ-4 KveÆbwewkÓ¡ nIqvq ‰B N. DcGivÚ wPò `y wUi mswkÏ Ó ¡ ˆMvGòi A^Æ ‹ bwZK ài‚
Z ½
PKÌGK C4 PKÌI ejv nq| Avi ˆhme Dw«¿G` C4 PGKÌi gvaÅGg KveÆb weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
AvîxKiY NGU ˆmàGjvGK C4 Dw«¿` eGj| BÞz-Dw«¿G` C4 PKÌ ˆ`Lv  wkLbdj: 4 I 5 [Xv. ˆev., w`. ˆev., wm. ˆev., h. ˆev. 2018]
hvq| ZvB BÞzGK C4 Dw«¿` ejv nq| A 48 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ Dw«¿`wU nGjv avb, hv Poaceae ˆMvGòi  K ˆh cÉZxGKi mvnvGhÅ ˆKvGbv cyGÓ·i wewf®² Õ¦eGKi msLÅv, AeÕ©vb,
Dw«¿`| wbGP avGbi cyÓ· cÉZxK Aâb Kiv nGjv ZvG`i webÅvm BZÅvw` ˆ`LvGbv nq ˆmB cÉZxKB nGjv cyÓ· cÉZxK|
gvZ‡AÞ
kƒbÅ™Ïyg L b™²exRx I Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿G`i cv^ÆKÅ wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv

cÅvwjqv b™²exRx Dw«¿` Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿`
Õ¨xÕ¦eK i. dzGj MfÆvkq ^vGK bv| i. dzGj MfÆvkq ^vGK|
cysÕ¦eK ii. MfvÆkq bv ^vKvq dj ii. MfÆvkq dGj cwiYZ nq|
cyÓ·cyU Drc®² nq bv|
ˆjgv iii. dj nq bv eGj exRcò iii. dj nq ZvB exR dGji
b™² AeÕ©vq ^vGK| ˆfZGi ^vGK|
wPò: Poaceae ˆMvGòi cyÓ· cÉZxK iv. w«¼wbGlK nq bv| iv. w«¼wbGlK nq|
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ avGbi ˆMvòwU nGjv Poaceae| Poaceae M DóxcGKi B-wPòwU Malvaceae ˆMvGòi| wbGP Malvaceae
ˆMvGòi Dw«¿`mgƒn wek¼ Z^v evsjvG`Gki Lv`Å wbivcîv I A^ÆbxwZGZ
ˆMvGòi kbvÚKvix ŠewkÓ¡Å DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| wbGP Zv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv i. ‰ ˆMvGòi Dw«¿G`i KwP Aã wcwœQj c`v^ÆhyÚ|
avb evsjvG`Gki cÉavb Lv`ÅkmÅ wnGmGe cwiwPZ| Lo DœPgvGbi ii. ‰G`i mvaviYZ gyÚcvk¼Æxq Dccò ^vGK|
ˆMvLv`Å| avGbi Kuzov ˆ^GK ˆfvRÅ ˆZj I nuvm-gyiwMi Lv`Å ŠZwi iii. cvcwoi webÅvm UzBGÕ¡W|
Kiv nq| Mg Lv`ÅkmÅ wnGmGe mgv`†Z| i‚wU, cGivUv, weÕ•zU, iv. cysGKki eü, ‰KàœQ, cysGKkixq bvwjKv MVb KGi|
cvDi‚wU cÉf‡wZ ŠZwiGZ Mg eÅenvi Kiv nq| MGgi Lo ˆMvLv`Å I v. civMavbx e†ØvKvi I ‰K cÉGKvÓ¤ wewkÓ¡|
R¾vjvwb wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| fzëvexR ˆ^GK AvUv, KbÆGdÑÝ cÉf‡wZ vi. civMGiYy eo I K¥ŸwKZ|
ŠZwi nq| wewf®² DcvG`q Lvevi ŠZwii DcKiY wnGmGe f„ëv eÅen†Z vii. AgivwebÅvm AÞxq|
40 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

N DóxcGK wPò A I B Dw«¿` `ywU h^vKÌGg Poaceae I Malvaceae M wPò L nGjv e†ØvKvi ‰KcÉGKvÓ¤x civMavbx hv Malvaceae
ˆMvGòi| A^ÆbxwZGZ DÚ `ywU ˆMvGòi Dw«¿`B weGkl Ae`vb ˆiGL ˆMvGòi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ ŠewkÓ¡Å| wbGP ‰ ˆMvGòi kbvÚKvix ŠewkÓ¡Å
^vGK| wbGP ˆMvò `ywUi A^Æ‹bwZK ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv
weGk¼i cÉvq 60% gvbyGli cÉavb Lv`Å fvZ, hv avb ˆ^GK Drc®² nq| i. ‰ ˆMvGòi Dw«¿G`i KwP Aã wcwœQj c`v^ÆhyÚ|
Avi avb nGjv Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿`| ‰Qvov Mg, fzëv, he, ˆRvqvi, ii. ‰G`i mvaviYZ gyÚcvk¼Æxq Dccò ^vGK|
wPbv, KvDb cÉf‡wZ Lv`ÅkmÅ wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| i‚wU, cGivUv, iii. cvcwoi webÅvm UzBGÕ¡W|
cvDi‚wU ŠZwiGZ Mg eÅvcKfvGe eÅen†Z nq| MGgi Lo ˆMv-Lv`Å I iv. cysGKki eü, ‰KàœQ, cysGKkixq bvwjKv MVb KGi|
R¾vjvwb wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| `ƒeÆvNvmmn KwZcq ZvRv I ÷KGbv Nvm v. civMavbx e†ØvKvi I ‰K cÉGKvÓ¤ wewkÓ¡|
c÷Lv`Å wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| ‰Qvov AvGLi im ˆ^GK wPwb I ào vi. civMGiYy eo I K¥ŸwKZ|
ŠZwi Kiv nq| wPUvào ˆ^GK B^vbj I ˆgw^GjGUW wÕ·wiU ŠZwi Kiv vii. AgivwebÅvm AÞxq|
nq| euvk, bjLvMov BZÅvw` ˆ^GK KvMR ŠZwi Kiv nq| Av`vNvm I N DóxcGKi wPò K avGbi cyÓ· cÉZxK hvi cÉwZwbwaZ½Kvix ˆMvòwU
ˆjeyNvm ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ myMw®¬ ˆZj cÉmvabx wkG͸ eÅen†Z nq| ‰QvovI nGjv Poaceae| weGk¼i cÉvq 60% gvbyGli cÉavb Lv`Å fvZ, hv avb
KwZcq cÉRvwZi Nvm ivÕ¦v I euvGai gvwU Þq ˆivaKG͸ `y’cvGk ˆ^GK Drc®² nq| Avi avb nGjv Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿`| ‰Qvov
jvMvGbv nq| ‰B meàGjvB Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿`| Mg, fzëv, he, ˆRvqvi, wPbv, KvDb cÉf‡wZ Lv`ÅkmÅ wnGmGe eÅen†Z
Aciw`GK, Malvaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` gƒjZ mewR wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| i‚wU, cGivUv, cvDi‚wU ŠZwiGZ Mg eÅvcKfvGe eÅen†Z nq|
nq| ˆhgb ˆXuoGm ˆjŒn ^vKvq wbqwgZ ˆLGj kvixwiK `yeÆjZv `ƒi MGgi Lo ˆMv-Lv`Å I R¾vjvwb wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| `ƒeÆvNvmmn
nq| ‰Qvov myÅc ŠZwiGZ ˆXuom eÅen†Z nq| Rev cÉavbZ dzGji KwZcq ZvRv I ÷KGbv Nvm c÷Lv`Å wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| ‰Qvov
evMvb ŠZwiGZ eÅen†Z nq| KvcÆvGmi dj ˆ^GK KvcÆvm Zzjv cvIqv AvGLi im ˆ^GK wPwb I ào ŠZwi Kiv nq| wPUvào ˆ^GK B^vbj I
hvq| wK¯§ ‰ ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` wek¼ Lv`Å wbivcîvq ˆZgb ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ ˆgw^GjGUW wÕ·wiU ŠZwi Kiv nq| euvk, bjLvMov BZÅvw` ˆ^GK
f„wgKv cvjb KGi bv, hv Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` KGi ^vGK ‰es KvMR ŠZwi Kiv nq| Av`vNvm I ˆjeyNvm ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ myMw®¬ ˆZj
‰KwU ˆ`Gki A^ÆbxwZGZ eÅvcK Ae`vb ivGL| cÉmvabx wkG͸ eÅe†nZ nq| ‰QvovI KwZcq cÉRvwZi Nvm ivÕ¦v I
myZivs DchyÆÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ‰ K^v ejv hvq ˆh, Poaceae euvGai gvwU Þq ˆivaKG͸ `y’cvGk jvMvGbv nq| A
ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` Malvaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` evsjvG`Gki A^ÆbxwZGZ Aciw`GK, wPò L nGjv Malvaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿G`i civMavbx|
AwaK ài‚Zc½ ƒYÆ| ‰B ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` gƒjZ mewR wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| ˆhgb ˆXuoGm
cÉk
² 49 ˆjŒn ^vKvq wbqwgZ ˆLGj kvixwiK `yeÆjZv `ƒi nq| ‰Qvov myÅc
ŠZwiGZ ˆXuom eÅen†Z nq| Rev cÉavbZ dzGji evMvb ŠZwiGZ
eÅen†Z nq| KvcÆvGmi dj ˆ^GK KvcÆvm Zzjv cvIqv hvq| wK¯§ ‰
ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` wek¼ Lv`Å wbivcîvq ˆZgb ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi
bv, hv Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` KGi ^vGK ‰es ‰KwU ˆ`Gki
A^ÆbxwZGZ eÅvcK Ae`vb ivGL|
myZivs DchyÆÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ‰ K^v ejv hvq ˆh, Poaceae
wPò : ‘K’ wPò : ‘L’
ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` Malvaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` ˆ^GK AGbK ˆewk
A^Æ‹bwZK ài‚Z½ enb KGi|
K. Rxe¯¦ RxevkÄ Kx? 1
L. cyÓ·cyU ejGZ Kx ˆevS? cÉk
2  ² 50
M. DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ wPò ‘L’ cÉwZwbwaZ½Kvix ˆMvGòi
kbvÚKvix ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆjGLv| 3
N. “DóxcGKi wPò ‘K’ cÉwZwbwaZ½Kvix ˆMvòwU wPò ‘L’
cÉwZwbwaZ½Kvix ˆMvò AGcÞv AwaK A^Æ‹bwZK ài‚Z½ enb
KGi|” weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
wkLbdj-== [Kz. ˆev. 2017] wPò : A wPò : B
49 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K. meGPGq eo ÷KÌvYy cvIqv hvq ˆKvb Dw«¿G`? 1
K eZÆgvbKvGji ˆh RxweZ Dw«¿G`i ŠewkÓ¡Å AZxZKvGji ˆKvGbv
 L. cyÓ·msGKZ ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
RxevkÄ Dw«¿G`i ŠewkGÓ¡Åi mvG^ wgjmÁ·®² ZvB Rxe¯¦ RxevkÄ| A M. wPò A ˆh Dw«¿`vsk Zvi gƒGji weGkl MVGbi KviY eÅvLÅv
L e†wZ I `jGK hLb AvK‡wZ I eGYÆ c†^K Kiv hvq bv ZLb KGiv| 3
‰G`iGK ‰KGò cyÓ·cyU ejv nq| mKj cywÓ·KvGZ cyÓ·cyU ˆbB| N. wPò A ‰es wPò B wf®² wf®² Dw«¿` ˆMvÓ¤xi A¯¦MÆZ
ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv Dw«¿G`i cywÓ·KvGZ Þz`ËvKvi `ywU cyÓ·cyU ^vGK hvGK weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
jwWwKDj ejv nq| A wkLbdj-1 I 3 [P. ˆev. 2017]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 41

50 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 51 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

K meGPGq eo ÷KÌvYy cvIqv hvq Cycas bvgK Dw«¿G`| A
 K hLb cys I Õ¨x MÅvwgGUi gGaÅ evwnÅK I AvPiGY ˆKvGbv cv^ÆKÅ
L cyGÓ·i wjã, wewf®² Õ¦eK, cÉGZÅK Õ¦eGKi m`mÅ msLÅv I ˆ`Lv hvq bv ZLb ZvGK AvBGmvMÅvgvm eGj| A
AeÕ©vb, ZvG`i mg I Amg mshywÚ, géwicGòi DcwÕ©wZ I  L ˆh Rxe AvRxeb ev RxeGbi ˆKvGbv ‰K ev ‰KvwaK chÆvGq Rxeb
AbycwÕ©wZ cÉf‡wZ Z^Å ˆh msGKGZi mvnvGhÅ cÉKvk Kiv nq ZvGK aviGYi RbÅ wf®² cÉRvwZfzÚ RxeG`Gni ˆfZGi ev evBGi evm KGi
cyÓ· msGKZ eGj| ˆhgb Rev dzGji cyÓ· msGKZ:  +♂ De†5 e†(5) ˆcvlGKi ÞwZmvab KGi ZvGK ciRxex eGj| ˆhgb: gÅvGjwiqv
`(5) cys () 
M(5)| A RxevYy, BGevjv fvBivm BZÅvw`| A

M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPò 'A' «¼viv Cycas-‰i ˆgMvGÕ·vGivwdjGK  M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cGii Dw«¿G`i ˆMvò nGjv Malvaceae|
wbG`Æk Kiv nGqGQ| Cycas-‰i gƒGji MVb weGkl aiGbi, Malvaceae ˆMvGòi kbvÚKvix ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv wbÁ²i…c A
ˆKvivjGqW cÉK‡wZi| A i. ‰ ˆMvGòi Dw«¿G`i KwP Aã wcwœQj c`v^ÆhyÚ|
cÉv^wgK chÆvGq Cycas-‰i cÉavb gƒj ^vGK| Bnv ռ͸թvqx KviY ii. ‰G`i mvaviYZ gyÚcvk¼Æxq Dccò ^vGK|
wKQy w`Gbi gGaÅ cÉavb gƒj bÓ¡ nGq hvq| cGi ˆmLvGb AÕ©vwbK iii. cvcwoi webÅvm UzBGÕ¡W|
gƒj m†wÓ¡ nq| AÕ©vwbK gƒj KLGbv KLGbv gvwUi wVK wbGP e†w«¬ iv. cysGKki eü, ‰KàœQ, cysGKkixq bvwjKv MVb KGi|
cvq| ˆmLvGb f„wgZGji Dci AmsLÅ LvGUv LvGUv «¼ÅvMÉ kvLvi m†wÓ¡ v. civMavbx e†ØvKvi I ‰K cÉGKvÓ¤ wewkÓ¡|
KGi| f„wgi DcwiZGj «¼ÅvMÉ kvLvwewkÓ¡ ‰ mKj gƒj ‰K cÉKvi vi. civMGiYy eo I K¥ŸwKZ|
eÅvKGUwiqv «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nq| gƒGji gGaÅ eÅvKGUwiqvi e†w«¬i mvG^ vii. AgivwebÅvm AÞxq|
mvG^ Nostoc, Anabaena bvgK mvqvGbveÅvKGUwiqv «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦  N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉ^g ˆMvòwU nGjv Poaceae| ‰B ˆMvGòi
nq| dGj AvKÌv¯¦ gƒjàGjv Õ¼vfvweK mi‚ bv nGq weK‡Z AvK‡wZ aviY Dw«¿G`i ài‚Z½ meÆvwaK| avb, Mg, fzëv, ˆRvqvi, he, evwjÆ, wPwb, KvDb
KGi, hv mvgyw`ËK ˆKvivGji gGZv ˆ`LGZ| ‰gb gƒjGK ˆKvivjGqW BZÅvw` gvbyGli cÉavb Lv`Å ˆhvMvb w`Gq ^vGK| c†w^exi 60% ˆjvGKi
gƒj eGj| ˆKvivjGqW gƒGji A¯¦MÆVGb gaÅ KGUÆGÝ Anabaena I
cÉavb Lv`Å fvZ ‰es eü ˆjvGKi cÉavb Lv`Å i‚wU, nvRvi cÉRvwZi Nvm,
Nostoc AeÕ©vb KGi, ‰es ‰B AskGK Škevj Õ¦i eGj|
Lo, MGgi f„wg BZÅvw` Mi‚, gwnl, QvMj, ˆfov BZÅvw` M†ncvwjZ c÷i
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPò 'A' nGjv b™²exRx Dw«¿` Cycas-‰i cÉavb Lv`Å wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| myZvi mvBwRs Kivi RbÅ eÕ¨ wkG͸
ˆgMvGÕ·vGivwdj ‰es wPò 'B' nGj Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿` Rev dzGji MGgi AvUv eÅen†Z nq| fzëvi ˆRBb ˆcÉvwUb ˆ^GK K‡wòg myZv ŠZwi
jÁ¼GœQ`| b™²exRx Dw«¿` I Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿` wbÁ²wjwLZ wewf®² nq| wk͸ KviLvbvq fzëv LyeB gƒjÅevb| euvk, bjLvMov I AvGLi
ŠewkGÓ¡Åi KviGY wf®² wf®² Dw«¿` ˆMvÓ¤xi A¯¦MÆZ| ˆQveov ˆ^GK KvMR ŠZwi Kiv nq| wKQy Nvm nGZ myMw®¬ ˆZj cvIqv
b™²exRx Dw«¿G`i dzGj MfÆvkq ^vGK bv| MfÆvkq bv ^vKvq dj hvq, hv cÉmvab wkG͸ eÅen†Z nq| ‰QvovI f„wgÞq ˆivGa euvk, AvL,
Drc®² nq bv| wK¯§ Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿G`i dzGj MfÆvkq ^vGK| Avi Svo~Nvm BZÅvw` Dw«¿` eÅen†Z nq| A
MfÆvkq cieZxÆGZ dGj cwiYZ nq| dj nq ZvB Ave†ZexRx
Dw«¿G`i exR dGji ˆfZGi ^vGK| wK¯§ b™²exRx Dw«¿G`i dj nq bv 
cÉk
² 52 ♂ De†5 e†(5) `5 cys () M(5)  P
eGj exR b™² AeÕ©vq ^vGK| b™²exRx Dw«¿G`i civMGiYy mivmwi +
wWÁ¼K iG®¬È cwZZ nGjI Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿G`i civMGiYy MfÆgyGí gc.♂% cy2 cys3+3 M1  Q
+
cwZZ nq| Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿G`i w«¼wbGlK NGU, ZvB mmÅ wUǵGÏ qW|
K. b™²exRx Dw«¿` KvGK eGj? 1
wK¯§ b™²exRx Dw«¿G`i w«¼-wbGlK NGU bv, ZvB kuvm nÅvµÏGqW ‰es
L. ˆKvivjGqW gƒj ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
wbGlGKi cƒGeÆ m†wÓ¡ nq| Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿G`i RvBGjg wUmyÅGZ cÉK‡Z
M. DóxcGKi P ˆMvGòi kbvÚKvix ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆjGLv| 3
ˆfGmjGKvl ‰es ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅGZ mãxGKvl ^vGK| wK¯§ b™²exRx
N. P I Q ˆMvò `y’wUi ài‚Z½ AvGjvPbv KGiv| 4
Dw«¿G`i RvBGjg wUmyÅGZ mwZÅKvi ˆfGmj ˆKvl ^vGK bv|
wkLbdj: 4 I 5 [h. ˆev. 2016]
cÉk
² 51 Avwe`v gÅvWvg KÑvGm cÉ^Gg mgv¯¦ivj wkivwebÅvm cvZv 52 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
I cyÓ· Õ·vBKGjU aiGbi Dw«¿` wbGq AvGjvPbv KiwQGjb| cGi K fvÕ•zjvi Dw«¿G`i gGaÅ hvG`i dzj nq, wK¯§ dj nq bv, exR

e†ØvKvi civMavbxwewkÓ¡ ‰KwU Dw«¿G`i wPò cÉ`kÆb KGib| MfÆcGòi Ici Abve†Z AeÕ©vq ^vGK ZvivB b™²exRx Dw«¿`|
K. AvBGmvMÅvgvm KvGK eGj? 1
L. ciRxex ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 L Cycas Dw«¿G`i gƒGji AvK‡wZ weK‡Z nGq mvgyw`ËK ˆKvivGji
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cGii Dw«¿G`i ˆMvGòi kbvÚKvix bÅvq ˆh AvKvi aviY KGi ˆmB gƒjGK ˆKvivjGqW gƒj ejv nq|
ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆjGLv| 3 Cycas-‰i cÉavb gƒj webÓ¡ nGq AÕ©vwbK gƒj ŠZwi nq| ‰B
N. f„wgÞq ˆiva, Mevw`c÷i cvjb, LvG`Åi ˆhvMvb I wkG͸ AÕ©vwbK gƒGji wKQy Ask gvwUi DcwiZGj ‰Gm KÌgvMZ «¼ÅvMÉ
cÉ^g ˆMvGòi Dw«¿G`i ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 kvLvw®¼Z nGZ ^vGK| ‰ici gƒjàGjv eÅvKGUwiqv «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nq
wkLbdj: 4 I 5 [h. ˆev.; e. ˆev. 2017] ‰es kxlÆ Õ¹xZ nGq ˆKvivGji i…c aviY KGi|
42 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

M DóxcGKi P ˆMvòwU nGjv Dw«¿G`i Malvaceae ˆMvò| Malvaceae 

L Rev dzGji cyÓ· cÉZxK wbÁ²i…c
ˆMvGòi kbvÚKvix ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv nGjv gvZ‡AÞ
i. ‰ ˆMvGòi Dw«¿G`i KwP Aã wcwœQj c`v^ÆhyÚ| Dce†wZ
ii. ‰G`i mvaviYZ gyÚcvk¼Æxq Dccò ^vGK| e†wZ
iii. cvcwoi webÅvm UzBGÕ¡W| cvcwo
Õ¨xÕ¦eK
iv. cysGKki eü, ‰KàœQ, cysGKkixq bvwjKv MVb KGi|
cysÕ¦eK
v. civMavbx e†ØvKvi I ‰K cÉGKvÓ¤ wewkÓ¡|
vi. civMGiYy eo I K¥ŸwKZ|
vii. AgivwebÅvm AÞxq| wPò: Rev dzGji cyÓ·cÉZxK
N DóxcGK P I Q Dw«¿` `ywU h^vKÌGg Poaceae I Malvaceae M DóxcGKi w«¼Zxq MÉ‚Gci Dw«¿`wU nGjv Malvaceae ˆMvGòi
ˆMvGòi| A^ÆbxwZGZ DÚ `ywU ˆMvGòi Dw«¿`B weGkl Ae`vb ˆiGL Dw«¿`| wbGP ‰ ˆMvGòi kbvÚKvix ŠewkÓ¡Å DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv
^vGK| AvgvG`i cÉavb Lv`Å fvZ hv cÉK‡Z cGÞ avb ˆ^GK ˆcGq i. ‰ ˆMvGòi Dw«¿G`i KwP Aã wcwœQj c`v^ÆhyÚ|
^vwK| gywo, wPov, ŠL BZÅvw`i cÉZÅÞ Drm nGjv avb| ‰Qvov Mg, ii. ‰G`i mvaviYZ gyÚcvk¼Æxq Dccò ^vGK|
fzëv, he, KvDb BZÅvw` gvbyGli cÉavb Lv`Å fvGZi cvkvcvwk iii. cvcwoi webÅvm UzBGÕ¡W|
AeÕ©vb KiGQ| ‰àGjv meB Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` ˆ^GK Avgiv iv. cysGKki eü, ‰KàœQ, cysGKkixq bvwjKv MVb KGi|
ˆcGq ^vwK| ‰Qvov wPwb ev ào ŠZwi nq AvL ˆ^GK| ‰B AvLI v. civMavbx e†ØvKvi I ‰K cÉGKvÓ¤ wewkÓ¡|
Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿`| eZÆgvGb gvbyGli Lv`Å Pvwn`v wgwUGq vi. civMGiYy eo I K¥ŸwKZ|
weG`Gk Pvj, wPwb BZÅvw` iµ¦vwbi gvaÅGg Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` vii. AgivwebÅvm AÞxq|
A^ÆbxwZGZ weGkl Ae`vb ivLGQ| ÷ay ZvB bq, Poaceae ˆMvGòi N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉ^g ˆMvòwU nGjv Poaceae| ‰B ˆMvGòi
AbÅvbÅ Dw«¿G`i gGaÅ M†n wbgÆvGbi mvgMÉx wnGmGe eÅen†Z nGœQ, Dw«¿G`i ài‚Z½ meÆvwaK| avb, Mg, fzëv, ˆRvqvi, he, evwjÆ, wPwb, KvDb
‰gbwK euvk wbwgÆZ ˆ`vjbv, ˆLjbv cÉf‡wZ weG`Gk iµ¦vwb nGœQ hv BZÅvw` gvbyGli cÉavb Lv`Å ˆhvMvb w`Gq ^vGK| c†w^exi 60% ˆjvGKi
cGivÞfvGe A^ÆbxwZGK MwZkxj KiGQ| AbÅw`GK, Malvaceae cÉavb Lv`Å fvZ ‰es eü ˆjvGKi cÉavb Lv`Å i‚wU, nvRvi cÉRvwZi
ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` KvcÆvm ˆ^GK eÕ¨ ŠZwii cÉavb DcKiY myZv cvIqv Nvm, Lo, MGgi f„wg BZÅvw` Mi‚, gwnl, QvMj, ˆfov BZÅvw`
hvq| ‰Qvov ˆgÕ¦v Dw«¿` ˆ^GK D®²Z gvGbi Auvk ŠZwi nq| Avevi M†ncvwjZ c÷i cÉavb Lv`Å wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| myZvi mvBwRs Kivi
D®²Z mewR wnGmGe Avgiv ˆh ˆXuom LvB Zv ‰ ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` RbÅ eÕ¨ wkG͸ MGgi AvUv eÅen†Z nq| fzëvi ˆRBb ˆcÉvwUb ˆ^GK
ˆ^GKB ˆcGq ^vwK| ZvB Malvaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` AvgvG`i eÕ¨ K‡wòg myZv ŠZwi nq| wk͸ KviLvbvq fzëv LyeB gƒjÅevb| euvk,
ŠZwii KuvPvgvj ‰es mewR mieivn KGi hv cGivÞfvGe AvgvG`i bjLvMov I AvGLi ˆQveov ˆ^GK KvMR ŠZwi Kiv nq| wKQy Nvm nGZ
A^ÆbxwZGZ Ae`vb ivGL| myMw®¬ ˆZj cvIqv hvq, hv cÉmvab wkG͸ eÅen†Z nq| ‰QvovI
myZivs DÚ `ywU MÉ‚Gci Dw«¿` Lv`Å,kmÅ, eÕ¨ ŠZwii KuvPvgvj, ˆLjbv f„wgÞq ˆivGa euvk, AvL, Svo~Nvm BZÅvw` Dw«¿` eÅen†Z nq|
Avmevecò, mewR BZÅvw` Drcv`b KGi Pvwn`v wgwUGq iµ¦vwbi myZivs, DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ˆevSv hvq ˆh, DóxcGKi cÉ^g
gvaÅGg AvgvG`i A^ÆbxwZGZ Ae`vb ivGL| ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` Qvov cÉvwYRMZ APj|

cÉk
² 53 wkÞK KÑvGm QvòG`i evsjvG`Gki A^Æ‹bwZK ài‚Z½mÁ·®² cÉk
² 54 Rq ‰KwU dzj chÆGeÞY KiGZ wMGq jÞÅ Kij; dzjwU
Dw«¿` mÁ·KÆ ejGjb| wZwb ejGjb, ‰KwU MÉ‚Gci Dw«¿` AvgvG`i Dfwjã, UÇvBGgivm, cyÓ·cyU ‰es ‰K MfÆcòwewkÓ¡|
cÉavb Lv`Å Drcv`b KGi ‰es AbÅ ‰KwU MÉ‚Gci Dw«¿` AvgvG`i K. cwj mÅvKvivBW Kx? 1
Kvco ŠZwii KuvPvgvj cÉ`vb KGi| L. ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg ejGZ wK eyS? 2
M. DÚ dzGji cyÓ·cÉZxK AsKb Ki| 3
K. cyÓ·msGKZ Kx? 1
N. DóxcGKi dzjwUi ˆMvò “wek¼Lv`Å wbivcîvq” ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ
L. Rev dzGji cyÓ·cÉZxK AuvK| 2
f„wgKv cvjb KGi|  weGkÏlY Ki| 4
M. DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ w«¼Zxq MÉ‚Gci Dw«¿G`i ˆMvGòi
wkLbdj-== [w`. ˆev. 2015]
kbvÚKvix ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆjGLv| 3
54 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉ^g MÉ‚Gci ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` Qvov
K ˆh KvGeÆvnvBGWÈUGK Av`ËÆ weGkÏlY KiGj AGbKàGjv

cÉvwYRMZ APj weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 gGbvmÅvKvivBW ‰KK cvIqv hvq ZvB cwjmÅvKvivBW|
wkLbdj-== [e. ˆev. 2016]
L ˆh ‰bRvBg cÉGqvM KGi DNA AYyi mywbw`ÆÓ¡ Ask KZÆb Kiv
A53 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
hvq ZvGK ˆimwUÇKkb ‰bRvBg ejv nq| wewf®² aiGbi eÅvKGUwiqv
K cyGÓ·i wjã, wewf®² Õ¦eK, cÉGZÅK Õ¦eGKi m`mÅ msLÅv I AeÕ©vb, ˆ^GK ‰ chƯ¦ cÉvq 250wU ˆimwUÇKkb ‰bRvBg c†^K Kiv nGqGQ|

ZvG`i mg I Amg mshywÚ, géwicGòi DcwÕ©wZ I AbycwÕ©wZ cÉf‡wZ ˆhgb- Eco RI, Hind III, Bam HI cÉf‡wZ| ˆimwUÇKkb ‰bRvBgGK
Z^Å ˆh msGKGZi mvnvGhÅ cÉKvk Kiv nq Zv nGjv cyÓ·msGKZ| DNA KZÆGbi mƒß QywiKv wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 43

M RGqi chÆGeÞYK‡Z dzjwU Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿G`i| dzjwUi 

 M DóxcGKi w«¼Zxq bgybvwU nGjv Malvaceae ˆMvGòi kbvÚKvix
cyÓ·cÉZxK wbGP Aâb Kiv nGjv: ŠewkÓ¡Å| wbGP Malvaceae ˆMvGòi cyGÓ·i gvZ‡AGÞi Zzjbvq wewf®²
gvZ‡AÞ Õ¦eGKi cyÓ· còàGjvi AeÕ©vb msLÅv, cyÓ·cò webÅvm cÉf‡wZ
kƒbÅ™Ïyg
cÉZxKx wPGòi mvnvGhÅ ˆ`LvGbv nGjv gvZ‡AÞ
cÅvwjqv
Õ¨xÕ¦eK Dce†wZ
cysÕ¦eK e†wZ
cyÓ·cyU cvcwo
ˆjgv Õ¨xÕ¦eK
wPò: Poaceae ˆMvGòi cyÓ·cÉZxK cysÕ¦eK

N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆ`GL ˆevSv hvq dzjwU Poaceae

ˆMvGòi Dw«¿G`i| Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿`àGjv A^Æ‹bwZKfvGe wPò: Malvaceae ˆMvGòi cyÓ·cÉZxK
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| avb c†w^exgq cÉavb Lv`ÅkmÅ wnGmGe
cwiwPZ| Lo DœPgvGbi ˆMvLv`Å| avGbi Kzov ˆ^GK ˆfvRÅ ˆZj I N DóxcGKi cÉ^g bgybvwU Poaceae ˆMvòfzÚ| evsjvG`Gki

nuvm-gyiwMi Lv`Å ŠZwi Kiv nq| Mg Lv`ÅkmÅ wnGmGe mgv`†Z| i‚wU, A^ÆbxwZGZ Poaceae ˆMvGòi weGkl f„wgKv iGqGQ|
cGivUv, weÕ•zU, cvDi‚wU cÉf‡wZ ŠZwiGZ Mg eÅenvi Kiv nq| MGgi
DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cyÓ·wU nGjv Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿G`i| DwÍÏwLZ
Lo ˆMvLv`Å I R¾vjvwb wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| fzëvexR ˆ^GK AvUv,
ˆMvGòi Dw«¿`àGjv A^Æ‹bwZKfvGe ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| avb
KbÆGdÑÝ cÉf‡wZ ŠZwi nq| nuvm-gyiwMi cÉavb Lv`Å wnGmGe cwiwPZ|
c†w^exgq cÉavb Lv`ÅkmÅ wnGmGe cwiwPZ| Lo DœPgvGbi ˆMvLv`Å|
wewf®² DcvG`q Lvevi ŠZwii DcKiY wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| AvGLi
avGbi Kzov ˆ^GK ˆfvRÅ ˆZj I nuvm-gyiwMi Lv`Å ŠZwi Kiv nq|
im ˆ^GK ào I wPwb ŠZwi Kiv nq| ˆgvjvGmm ˆ^GK dviGgG´Ÿkb
cÉwKÌqvq AÅvjGKvnj, wfGbMvi ŠZwi nq| DjyLo KzuGo NGii QvDwb Mg Lv`ÅkmÅ wnGmGe mgv`†Z| i‚wU, cGivUv, weÕ•zU, cvDi‚wU cÉf‡wZ
ŠZwi ev KvMGRi Dcv`vb wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| euvk M†n wbgÆvY I ŠZwiGZ eÅenvi Kiv nq| MGgi Lo R¾vjvwb wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq|
KvMR ŠZwiGZ eÅenvi Kiv nq| KzwUi wkG͸ euvk wewf®² cÉKvi fzëvexR ˆ^GK AvUv, KYÆGdÑÝ cÉf‡wZ ŠZwi nq| nuvm-gyiwMi cÉavb
Avmeve I M†nmävi DcKiY ŠZwiGZ eÅenvi Kiv nq| `yeÆvNvm Lv`Å ‰es wewf®² DcvG`q Lvevi ŠZwii DcKiY wnGmGeI eÅen†Z
DcvG`q c÷ Lv`Å| iÚcvZ e®¬ I ÞZ wbivgGq ˆflR wnGmGe nq| AvGLi im ˆ^GK ào I wPwb ŠZwi Kiv nq| gjvGmm ˆ^GK
eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆjey Nvm myM®¬x ˆZj I cÉmvabx wkG͸ eÅenvi dviGgG´Ÿkb cÉwKÌqvq AÅvjGKvnj, wfGbMvi ŠZwi nq| DjyLo KzuGo
Kiv nq| Lv`Å`ËeÅ ŠZwiGZ ˆjey Nvm myM®¬x wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv NGii QvDwb ŠZwi ev KvMGRi Dcv`vb wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| euvk M†n
nq| hGei QvZz DcvG`q mnRcvPÅ I Õ¼vÕ©ÅcÉ` Lv`Å| wbgÆvY I KvMR ŠZwiGZ eÅenvi Kiv nq| KzwUi wkG͸ euvk wewf®²
evwYwRÅKfvGe niwjÝ, KgµÏÅvb RvZxq Lv`Å`ËGeÅi Dcv`vb wnGmGe cÉKvi Avmeve I M†nmävi DcKiY ŠZwiGZ eÅenvi Kiv nq|
eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆRvqvi Lv`ÅkmÅ wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq| `yeÆvNvm DcvG`q c÷ Lv`Å| iÚcvZ e®¬ I ÞZ wbivgGq ˆflR
wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆjey Nvm myM®¬x ˆZj I cÉmvabx wkG͸
cÉk
 ² 55 wkÞK eÅenvwiK KÑvGm `yBwU bgybv cyÓ· ˆ`LvGjb
eÅenvi Kiv nq| Lv`Å`ËeÅ ŠZwiGZ ˆjey Nvm myM®¬x wnGmGe eÅenvi
cÉ^gwUi MfÆgyí cvjGKi bÅvq| w«¼ZxqwUi civMavbx e†ØvKvi|
Kiv nq| he ev evwjÆ hGei QvZz DcvG`q mnRcvPÅ I Õ¼vÕ©ÅcÉ`
K. gÅvGjwiqv Kx? 1
Lv`Å| evwYwRÅKfvGe niwjÝ, KgµÏÅvb RvZxq Lv`Å`ËGeÅi Dcv`vb
L. cvwbi mvGjvKwefvRb ejGZ Kx eyS? 2 wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆRvqvi Lv`ÅkmÅ wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv nq|
M. DóxcGKi w«¼Zxq bgybv cyÓ·wUi gvZ‡AGÞi Zzjbvq wewf®²
Õ¦eGKi cyÓ·còàGjvi AeÕ©vb, msLÅv cyÓ·cò webÅvm cÉk
 ² 56 gv eKzjGK ˆXoGmi fvwR w`Gq BR-27 avGbi fvZ ˆLGZ
cÉf‡wZ ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉwZKx wPGòi mvnvGhÅ ˆ`LvI| 3 w`Gj, weævGbi Qvòx wnGmGe eKzj ejj, LveviwU ˆek DcvG`q wQj|
N. DóxcGKi cÉ^g bgybv cyÓ·wU ˆh ˆMvGòi cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGi K. dGUvdmGdvivBGjkb Kx? 1
evsjvG`Gki A^ÆbxwZGZ Zvi f„wgKv weGkÏlY Ki| 4 L. wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ wW‰bI ejGZ wK eyS? 2
wkLbdj-4 I 5 [wm. ˆev. 2015] M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ Dw«¿` `ywUi ˆMvò kbvÚKvix
55 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv wjL| 3
K gÅvGjwiqv nGjv Plasmodium vivax bvgK ‰K aiGbi ciRxex
 N. DÚ ˆMvò«¼Gqi A^Æ‹bwZK ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY Ki| 4
«¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ R¾i| wkLbdj-4 I 5 [e. ˆev. 2015]
L dGUvwmbG^wmm cÉwKÌqvq ˆh AwÝGRb wbMÆZ nq Zv APKÌxq 56 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
dGUvdmGdvivBGjkb chÆvGq cvwbi fvOGbi dGj m†wÓ¡ nq| cvwbi  K mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq AvGjvK kwÚ eÅenvi KGi ADP I A‹Re
‰i…c fvObGK cvwbi mvGjvKwefvRb eGj| cvwbi mvGjvKwefvRGbi dmGdU-‰i mg®¼Gq ATP ŠZwii cÉwKÌqvB nGjv dGUvdmGdvivBGjkb|
dGj dGUvwmGÕ¡g-2 ˆh BGjKUÇb nvivq cvwb nGZ BGjKUÇb ‰Gm Zv
cƒiY KGi| APKÌxq dGUvdmGdvivBGjkb cÉwKÌqv PjvKvjxb  L wRb cÉGKŒkjMZ ˆh cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg ˆKvGbv RxGei DNA-ˆZ
AeÅvnZfvGe cvwb ˆ^GK PSII ˆZ BGjKUÇb mieivn nGZ ^vGK| Kvw›LZ MvVwbK cwieZÆb Avbv hvq ZvGK wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚ
44 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

eGj| wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚi ˆÞGò weGkl ‰bRvBGgi mvnvGhÅ iv. cysGKki eü, `jj™², cysGKkixq bvwjKv MfÆ`Gíi Pvwiw`GK ˆewÓ¡Z|
ˆKvGbv DNA AYyGK `y’Õ©vGb ˆKGU wbw`ÆÓ¡ Ask (wRb) c†^K KGi v. civMavbx ‰K cÉGKvÓ¤ wewkÓ¡ ‰es e†ØvKvi|
AbÅ ˆKvGbv RxGei DNA AYyi Kvw›ÞZ Õ©vGb mw®²GewkZ Kiv nq| vi. civMGiYy e†nr ‰es K´ŸwKZ|
‰ cÉhywÚGZ Drc®² KvBGgwiK DNA nGjv wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA| N DóxcGKi ˆXom I BR-27 avb nGjv h^vKÌGg Dw«¿G`i
M DóxcGK BR-27 avb I ˆXuom-‰i K^v DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ hviv Malvaceae I Poaceae ˆMvò| ‰B ˆMvò `y’wU Lv`Å Drcv`b ˆ^GK
cÉK‡ZcGÞ h^vKÌGg Poaceae ‰es Malvaceae ˆMvGòi A¯¦f„ÆÚ| ÷i‚ KGi AvgvG`i A^ÆbxwZGZI ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi ^vGK|
wbGPi ‰G`i kbvÚKvix ŠewkÓ¡Å DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv  Avgiv Malvaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` KvcÆvm ˆ^GK eÕ¨ ŠZwii cÉavb
Poaceae ˆMvò:
DcKiY myZv cvB| Avevi myÕ¼v`y mewR wnGmGe Avgiv ˆh ˆXuom LvB
Zv ‰B ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` ˆ^GKB ˆcGq ^vwK| ‰B Malvaceae ˆMvGòi
i. Kví mvaviYZ bjvKvi, gaÅceÆ duvcv|
Dw«¿` AvgvG`i eÕ¨ ŠZwii KuvPvgvj ‰es mewR mieivn KGi hv
ii. cvZv wjwMDj wewkÓ¡|
AvgvG`i A^ÆbxwZGZI cGivÞfvGe Ae`vb ivGL| AbÅw`GK,
iii. cyÓ·webÅvm Õ·vBKGjU|
AvgvG`i cÉavb Lv`Å fvZ hv cÉK‡ZcGÞ avb ˆ^GK ˆcGq ^vwK| gywo,
iv. civMavbx meÆgyL|
wPov, ŠL BZÅvw`i cÉZÅÞ Drm nGjv avb| ‰Qvov Mg f„ëv, he,
v. MfÆgyí cvjGKi bÅvq| KvDb BZÅvw` gvbyGli cÉavb Lv`Å fvGZi cvkvcvwk AeÕ©vb KiGQ|
vi. cvZvi wkivwebÅvm mgv¯¦ivj| ‰àGjv meB Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` ˆ^GK Avgiv ˆcGq ^vwK|
vii. gƒj àœQ cÉK‡wZi ‰Qvov wPwb I ào ˆh AvL ˆ^GK ŠZwi nq, ˆmB AvLI Poaceae
viii. cvZv mij I ‰Kv¯¦i| ˆMvGòi Dw«¿`| ÷ay ZvB bq Poaceae ˆMvGòi AbÅvbÅ Dw«¿G`i gGaÅ
Malvaceae ˆMvò: M†n wbgÆvGYi mvgMÉxI iGqGQ ˆhgb-euvk, Qb, DjyLo BZÅvw`|
i. KwP Aã wcwœQj c`v^ÆhyÚ| ‰gbwK euvk wbwgÆZ ˆ`vjbv, ˆLjbv cÉf‡wZ weG`Gk iµ¦vwb KGi
ii. mvaviYZ gyÚcvk¼xÆq Dccò ^vGK| A^ÆbxwZGK MwZkxj KiGZ mnvqZv KiGQ| ‰fvGeB DóxcGKi
iii. cvcwoi webÅvm UzBGÕ¡W ˆMvò `y’wU AvgvG`i RxeGb ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi|

AÓ¡g AaÅvq: wUmyÅ I wUmyÅZ¯¨

cÉk
² 44 gƒjGivg

‰wcGeÐgv

KGUÆÝ
A B C D
K. ‰wcWvwgÆm Kx? 1
L. Pteris ‰i cwienb KjvàœQGK nÅvGWÈvGmw´ŸÈK ejvi KviY wc^ ˆi
‰G´£vWvwgÆm
eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
ˆcwimvBKj
M. DóxcK ‘D’ ˆh Dw«¿`vskGK wbG`Æk KGi Zvi A¯¦MÆVGbi ˆcÉvGUvRvBGjg
wPwn×Z wPò AsKb KGiv| 3 ˆgUvRvBGjg
N. DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ A, B I C ‰i gGaÅ wgj I AwgjàGjv gäv ˆdÑvGqg
ˆjGLv| 4 wPò: ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿`gƒGji A¯¦MÆVb
 wkLbdj: 3 I 4 [h. ˆev. 2019]N DóxcGK A, B I C «¼viv h^vKÌGg mgcvk¼Æxq gyÚ, mgw«¼cvk¼Æxq
44 bs cÉGk²i Dîi gy Ú ‰es mgcvk¼Æxq e«¬ cÉK‡wZi fvÕ•zjvi ev´£jGK ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ|
K wUmyÅ nGZ Dw«¿`G`Gni meGPGq evBGi ˆh AveiYx Õ¦i MwVZ nq ‰G`i gGaÅ ˆek wKQy wgj I Awgj iGqGQ| ‰G`i mKGji ˆÞGòB
RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg DcwÕ©Z| mgcvk¼Æxq gyÚ cÉK‡wZi fvÕ•zjvi
ZvB ‰wcWvwgÆm| A
ev´£Gji RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqGgi gvGS KÅvwÁ¼qvg ^vKGjI mgcvk¼Æxq
L ˆh ˆKw±`ÊK fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gj RvBGjg ˆKG±`Ê AeÕ©vb KGi ‰es e«¬ cÉK‡wZi fvÕ•zjvi evíGii gvGS ˆKvGbv KÅvwÁ¼qvg ^vGK bv|
ˆdÑvGqg ZvGK mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆeÓ¡b KGi ivGL ZvGK nÅvGWÈvGmw´ŸÈK fvÕ•zjvi AbÅw`GK, mgw«¼cvk¼Æxq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gj RvBGjg wUmyÅi Dfq cvGk¼Æ
ev´£j eGj| Pteris ‰i cwienb KjvàGœQ ‰B ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv cwijwÞZ KÅvwÁ¼qvg ^vGK| mgcvk¼Æxq gyÚ I mgcvk¼Æxq e«¬ cÉK‡wZi fvÕ•zjvi
nq eGj ‰GK nÅvGWÈvGmw´ŸÈK ejv nGq ^vGK| A ev´£Gji ‰K w`GK RvBGjg ‰es Aciw`GK ˆdÑvGqg ^vGK| wK¯§
M DóxcK ‘D’ ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿` gƒGji cÉÕ©GœQ`GK wbG`Æk KGi| mgw«¼cvk¼Æxq gyÚ cÉK‡wZi fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji gvSLvGb RvBGjg ‰es
wbGP ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿` gƒGji A¯¦MÆVGbi wPwn×Z wPò Aâb Kiv nGjv ‰i Dfq cvGk¼Æ ˆdÑvGqg ^vGK| ‰iv mKGjB mshyÚ cÉK‡wZi
fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 45

1. mshyÚ : RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg ‰KB eÅvmvGaÆi Dci ‰KB àGœQ

cÉk
² 45 hyÚfvGe AeÕ©vb KiGj ZvGK mshyÚ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j eGj|
‰wU Avevi 2 cÉKvi| h^v
N i. mgcvk¼Æxq: RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg ‰KB eÅvmvGaÆ cvkvcvwk
AeÕ©vb KiGj ZvGK mgcvk¼Æxq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j eGj|
Avevi RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqGgi gvGS KÅvwÁ¼qvg ^vKGj ZvGK
O
gyÚ mgcvk¼Æxq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j ‰es KÅvwÁ¼qvg bv ^vKGj
M
ZvGK e«¬ mgcvk¼Æxq ev´£j eGj|
ˆdÑvGqg
ˆdÑvGqg
K. ˆcwimvBKj Kx? 1 KÅvwÁ¼qvg
RvBGjg
L. ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i Kví I gƒGji gGaÅ `yBwU cv^ÆKÅ RvBGjg
ˆjGLv| 2
M. DóxcGKi M, N I O ‰i KvR ˆjGLv| 3 wPò: mgcvk¼Æxq gyÚ wPò: mgcvk¼Æxq e«¬
N. DóxcGKi M I N ‰i AeÕ©vb wfwîK ˆkÉwYwebÅvm ii. mgw«¼cvk¼Æxq: ˆh fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji gvSLvGb RvBGjg ‰es
wPòmn eYÆbv KGiv| 4 Zvi Dci I wbP Dfq cvGk `yB Lí ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅ ^vGK
wkLbdj-2 [Xv. ˆev. 2017] ZvGK mgw«¼cvk¼Æxq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j eGj|
45 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ˆdÑvGqg
ewntKÅvwÁ¼qvg
K A¯¦tZ½GKi wbGP ‰es fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji evBGi ‰K ev ‰KvwaK
 RvBGjg
Õ¦Gi webÅÕ¦ weGkl wUmyÅB nGjv ˆcwimvBKj| A
A¯¦tKÅvwÁ¼qvg
L ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿`i gƒj I KvGíi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbGÁ² ˆ`qv A¯¦tGdÑvGqg
nGjv@ wPò: mgw«¼cvk¼Æxq (gyÚ)
i. ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i KvGíi fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j mshyÚ mgcvk¼Æxq 2. Aixq: RvBGjg ev´£j I ˆdÑvGqg ev´£j wf®² wf®² eÅvmvGaÆ
A^ev mgw«¼cvk¼Æxq| Aciw`GK gƒGji fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j Aixq| cvkvcvwk AeÕ©vb KiGj ZvGK Aixq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j eGj|
ii. KvGíi gƒjZ½GKi evBGi wKDwUKj ^vGK, wK¯§ gƒGji gƒjZ½GKi
ˆdÑvGqg
evBGi wKDwUKj ^vGK bv| A
RvBGjg
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPGòi M, N I O wPwn×Z AskàGjv nGjv ˆdÑvGqg,
RvBGjg I KÅvwÁ¼qvg wUmyÅ| wbGP ‰àGjvi KvR ˆjLv nGjv A
ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅi KvR: wPò: Aixq
i. ‰B wUmyÅi cÉavb KvR nGjv mvgwMÉKfvGe cvZvq msGkÏwlZ 3. ˆKw±`ÊK : ‰ aiGbi fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gj RvBGjg A^ev ˆdÑvGqg
Lv`ÅeÕ§ Dw«¿G`i wewf®² AsGk cwienb Kiv| ˆKG±`Ê ^vGK ‰es AbÅwU ZvGK wNGi AeÕ©vb KGi| ‰wU
ii. ‰Qvov Lv`Å mçq I `†pZv cÉ`vb KivI ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅi KvR| `y’aiGbi| h^v
RvBGjg wUmyÅi KvR: i. nÅvGWÈvGmw´ŸÈK : ‰GÞGò RvBGjg ˆKG±`Ê ^vGK ‰es
i. cvwb I cvwbGZ `Ëexf„Z LwbR jeY Dw«¿G`i gƒj nGZ cvZv I ˆdÑvGqg ZvGK wNGi ivGL|
AbÅvbÅ meyR AGã cwienb Kiv|
ii. Dw«¿` ˆ`nGK `†pZv cÉ`vbmn gƒj KvVvGgv MVb Kiv| ˆdÑvGqg
ii. cvwb I Lv`Å mçq KivI ‰B wUmyÅi KvR| RvBGjg
KÅvwÁ¼qvGgi KvR:
i. ˆmGK´£vwi RvBGjg I ˆmGK´£vwi ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅ m†wÓ¡ Kiv|
ii. ‰Qvov ˆmGK´£vwi gäv iwkÄ m†wÓ¡ KivI ‰B wUmyÅi KvR| wPò : nÅvGWÈvGmw´ŸÈK

N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPGòi M I N wPwn×Z Ask nGjv h^vKÌGg ii. ˆjG¶ŸvGmw´ŸÈK : ‰GÞGò ˆdÑvGqg ˆKG±`Ê ^vGK ‰es
RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅ| RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg gƒjZ fvÕ•zjvi RvBGjg ZvGK wNGi ivGL|
wUmyÅZG¯¨ AeÕ©vb KGi| Avi fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji mg®¼Gq MwVZ
RvBGjg
wUmyÅZ¯¨GK fvÕ•zjvi wUmyÅZ¯¨ ejv nq| DóxcGKi RvBGjg I
ˆdÑvGqg
ˆdÑvGqGgi AeÕ©vbwfwîK ˆkÉwYwebÅvm ejGZ gƒjZ ‰G`i AeÕ©vGbi
wfwîGZ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji ˆkÉwYwebÅvGmi K^v ejv nGqGQ| A
RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqGgi AeÕ©vGbi wfwîGZ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j wZb wPò : ˆjG¶ŸvGmw´ŸÈK
cÉKvi| h^v
46 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

cÉk
 ² 46 wkÞK eÅenvwiK KÑvGm wkÞv^ÆxG`i Dw«¿G`i A¯¦MÆVGbi – ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿` KvGíi fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j mshyÚ wK¯¦y e«¬
`yB aiGbi bgybv ˆ`LvGjb| ‰G`i gGaÅ ‰KwUGZ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j cÉK‡wZi| AbÅw`GK ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿` gƒGji A¯¦MÆVGb ˆKvGbv
mshyÚ ‰es wewÞµ¦fvGe QovGbv AbÅwUGZ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j mshyÚ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j ˆ`Lv hvq bv|
AixqfvGe mwäZ| cÉk
 ² 47
K. wÕ¡wj Kx? 1
L. kxlÆÕ© fvRK wUmyÅ ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
M. DóxcGKi cÉ^g bgybvwUi wPwn×Z wPò AsKb KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGKi bgybv `ywUi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ we`Ågvb eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 4
 wkLbdj: 4 [iv. ˆev. 2017] wPò- P
46 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K. wÕ¡wj Kx? 1
L. Õ·vBKGjU ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
K ˆcwimvBKj Õ¦i ˆ^GK AviÁ¿ KGi fvÕ•zjvi ev´£jmn ˆK±`Ê
M. DóxcGKi ‘P’ Askavix Dw«¿G`i ˆMvGòi kbvÚKvix ŠewkÓ¡Å
chƯ¦ AskB nGjv wÕ¡wj| A
ˆjGLv| 3
L gƒj, Kví, ev ‰G`i kvLv-cÉkvLvi kxGlÆ AewÕ©Z fvRK N. DóxcGKi wPGòi Dw«¿G`i gƒj I KvGíi A¯¦MÆVGb cv^ÆKÅ
wUmyÅGKB kxlÆÕ© fvRK wUmyÅ ejv nq| kxlÆÕ© fvRK wUmyÅi we`Ågvb weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
wefvRGbi gvaÅGgB ‰me Aã Š`GNÆÅ e†w«¬cÉvµ¦ nq| ‰iv cÉv^wgK AaÅvq 7 I 8 ‰i mg®¼Gq [w`. ˆev. 2017]
Õ©vqx wUmyÅ ŠZwi KGi ^vGK| cyÓ·K Dw«¿G` kxlÆÕ© fvRK wUmyÅ
47 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
‰KvwaK ˆKvl w`Gq MwVZ| A
K ˆcwimvBKj Õ¦i ˆ^GK AviÁ¿ KGi fvÕ•zjvi ev´£jmn ˆK±`Ê
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wkÞGKi cÉ`wkÆZ cÉ^g bgybvwU nGjv
chƯ¦ AskB nGjv wÕ¡wj| A
‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i KvGíi A¯¦MÆVb, KviY ‰i fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j
mshyÚ mgcvk¼Æxq I e«¬ ‰es wewÞµ¦fvGe QovGbv ^vGK| wbGÁ²  L Poaceae ˆMvGòi Dw«¿` ˆhgb avb, Mg, Nvm BZÅvw` Dw«¿G`
‰KexRcòx Dw«¿` KvG´£i A¯¦MVÆ Gbi wPwn×Z wPò AsKb Kiv nGjv mswÞµ¦ géix`í ‰es weGkl aiGbi AcyÓ·K I mcyÓ·K géixcò
wewkÓ¡ ˆh cyÓ·webÅvm ˆ`Lv hvq ZvGK Õ·vBKGjU eGj| Õ·vBKGjU
wKDwUKj
‰wcWvwgÆm cyÓ·webÅvGm géix`Gíi ˆMvovi w`GK `ywU egÆvKvi AcyÓ·K ™Ïyg,
nvBGcvWvwgÆm DcGi ‰KwU mcyÓ·K ™Ïyg ev ˆjgv ^vGK| A
MÉvD´£ wUmyÅ
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ‘P’ AskwU nGjv cvjGKi bÅvq MfÆgyí| ‰
ev´£j wm^
aiGbi MfÆgyí ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿` Z^v Poaceae ˆMvGò ˆ`Lv hvq|
wbGP Poaceae ˆMvGòi kbvÚKvix ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆjLv nGjv
ˆdÑÑvGqg i. Kví mvaviYZ bjvKvi, gaÅceÆ duvcv|
ˆgUvRvBGjg fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j
ii. cvZv wjwMDjwewkÓ¡|
ˆcÉvGUvRvBGjg iii. cyÓ·webÅvm Õ·vBKGjU|
iv. civMavbx meÆgyL|
ˆcÉvGUvRvBGjg v. MfÆgyí cvjGKi bÅvq|
Mn»i
vi. AgivwebÅvm gƒjxq|
wPò: ‰KexRcòx KvGíi cÉÕ©GœQ` vii. dj KÅvwiIcwmm| A
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wkÞK KZ‡ÆK cÉ`wkÆZ 1g I 2q bgybv nGjv  N DóxcGKi wPGòi DóxcKwU ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿` ‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å|
h^vKÌGg ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i Kví I gƒGji A¯¦MÆVb| ‰G`i A¯¦MÆVGb wbGP ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i gƒj I KvGíi A¯¦MÆVGbi Zzjbv Kiv
AGbK cv^ÆKÅ we`Ågvb| wbGÁ² Zv eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv nGjv
– gƒGji A¯¦MÆVGb fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j AixqfvGe mwäZ ^vGK wK¯¦y – gƒGji A¯¦MÆVGb fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j AixqfvGe mwäZ ^vGK wK¯¦y
KvGíi A¯¦MÆVGb Zv wewÞµ¦fvGe ^vGK| KvGíi A¯¦MÆVGb Zv wewÞµ¦fvGe ^vGK|
– gƒGji ˆÞGò ˆgUvRvBGjg ˆKG±`Êi w`GK ‰es ˆcÉvGUvRvBGjg – gƒGji ˆÞGò ˆgUvRvBGjg ˆKG±`Êi w`GK ‰es ˆcÉvGUvRvBGjg
cwiwai w`GK ^vGK| wK¯¦y KvGíi ˆÞGò ˆgUvRvBGjg cwiwai cwiwai w`GK ^vGK| wK¯¦y KvGíi ˆÞGò ˆgUvRvBGjg cwiwai
w`GK ‰es ˆcÉvGUvRvBGjg ˆKG±`Êi w`GK ^vGK| w`GK ‰es ˆcÉvGUvRvBGjg ˆKG±`Êi w`GK ^vGK|
– gƒjZ½GK wKDwUKj AbycwÕ©Z ‰es ‰GZ ‰KGKvlx gƒjGivg ˆ`Lv – gƒjZ½GK wKDwUKj AbycwÕ©Z ‰es ‰GZ ‰KGKvlx gƒjGivg ˆ`Lv
hvq| AbÅw`GK ‰KGKvlx KvGíi ewntZ½GK wKDwUKj DcwÕ©Z hvq| AbÅw`GK ‰KGKvlx KvGíi ewntZ½GK wKDwUKj DcwÕ©Z
‰es ‰GZ ˆKvGbv KvíGivg ˆ`Lv hvq bv| ‰es ‰GZ ˆKvGbv KvíGivg ˆ`Lv hvq bv|
– ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿`gƒGji A¯¦MÆVGb ˆKvGbv AatZ½K ^vGK bv wK¯¦y – ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿`gƒGji A¯¦MÆVGb ˆKvGbv AatZ½K ^vGK bv wK¯¦y
KvGíi A¯¦MÆVGb ‰KvwaK mvwi ˆKvGl MwVZ AatZ½K DcwÕ©Z| KvGíi A¯¦MÆVGb ‰KvwaK mvwi ˆKvGl MwVZ AatZ½K DcwÕ©Z|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 47

– ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿` KvGíi fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j mshyÚ wK¯¦y e«¬  cÉk² 49 kwdK mÅvi Dw«¿`weævGbi eÅenvwiK KÑvGk ‰KwU
cÉK‡wZi| AbÅw`GK ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿` gƒGji A¯¦MÆVGb ˆKvGbv Dw«¿G`i `y’wU AsGki A¯¦MÆVb AYyexÞY hG¯¨ QvòG`i ˆ`LvGjb|
mshyÚ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j ˆ`Lv hvq bv| ‰KwU AsGki ewntZ½GK ‰KGKvlx ˆivg we`Ågvb, AciwUGZ ˆivg
ˆbB wK¯§ ‰GZ wKDwUKj AvGQ|
cÉk
² 48
Õ©vqx wUmyÅ K. Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿` KvGK eGj? 1
L. ˆMŒY fvRK wUmyÅ ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
M. DóxcGKi cÉ^g AãwUi A¯¦MÆVb ‰i wPwn×Z wPò AsKb
A B C KGiv| 3
1| 1| P 1| N. DóxcGKi Aã `y’wUi fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji Zzjbv KGiv| 4
2| 2| Q 2| wkLbdj-4 [h. ˆev. 2016]
3|
49 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆhme Dw«¿G`i dzj, dj I exR Drc®² nq ‰es exR wbw`ÆÓ¡
K. KÅvwÁ¼qvg Kx? 1 AveiY w`Gq Ave†Z ^vGK ZvG`i ejv nq Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿`|
L. wie fvRK wUmyÅ ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2  L ˆh fvRK wUmyÅ ˆKvGbv Õ©vqx wUmyÅ nGZ cieZÆx mgGq Drc®² nq
M. DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ QKwU mÁ·®² KGiv| 3 ZvGK ˆMŒY fvRK wUmyÅ ejv nq| Õ©vqx wUmyÅ wefvRb ÞgZv cÉvµ¦
N. DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ P I Q ‰i mg®¼Gq MwVZ wUmyÅZG¯¨i nGq ˆMŒY fvRK wUmyÅi m†wÓ¡ KGi| ‰B ˆMŒY fvRK wUmyÅ Dw«¿G`i
ŠRweK ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 ö…YveÕ©vi AGbK cGi m†wÓ¡ nq|
wkLbdj-1 I 3 [Kz. ˆev. 2017] M DóxcGKi cÉ^g AãwU nGjv ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i gƒGji
48 bs cÉGk²i Dîi A¯¦ MÆVGbi| KviY ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i gƒGji ewntZ½GK ‰KGKvlx
ˆivg ^vGK| wbGP ‰KwU ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i gƒGji A¯¦MÆVGbi
K w«¼exRcòx Dw«¿` KvGíi RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅi gvGS wPwn×Z wPò ˆ`Iqv nGjv

AeÕ©vbKvix fvRK wUmyÅB nGjv KÅvwÁ¼qvg| A
gƒjGivg
L ˆh fvRK wUmyÅi ˆKvlàGjv ‰KwU ZGj wefvwRZ nq, dGj
‰wcGeÐgv
ˆKvlàGjv ŠiwLK fvGe ‰K mvwiGZ AeÕ©vb KGi ‰es ˆ`LGZ
eyGKi cuvRGii gGZv ˆ`Lvq ZvGK wie fvRK wUmyÅ eGj| ˆhgb
ewaÆúz RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅ| A
M DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ QKwU wbÁ²ic
 … A
KGUÆÝ
Õ©vqx wUmyÅ

(A) mij wUmyÅ (B) ˆhŒwMK ev RwUj wUmyÅ (C) wbtmÉvex ev ÞiYKvix wUmyÅ
wc^ ˆi
1. cÅvGibKvBgv 1. RvBGjg (P) 1. Zi‚Þxi wUmyÅ ‰G´£vWvwgÆm
2. ˆKvGjbKvBgv 2. ˆdÑvGqg (Q) 2. MÉw¯© wUmyÅ ˆcwimvBKj
3. ˆÕ•ÑGibKvBgv ˆcÉvGUvRvBGjg
ˆgUvRvBGjg
N DóxcGKi P nGjv RvBGjg I Q nGjv ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅ| ‰G`i «¼viv gäv ˆdÑvGqg
MwVZ cwienY wUmyÅZ¯¨ Dw«¿` RxeGb AwZ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb wPò: ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿`gƒGji cÉÕ©GœQ`
KGi ^vGK| A N DóxcGKi Aã `ywUi ‰KwU ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i gƒj I AciwU
RvBGjg wUmyÅ Dw«¿G`i RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq cvwb I `Ëexf„Z LwbR jeY Kví| wbGP ‰G`i fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji gGaÅ Zzjbv Kiv nGjv
Dw«¿G`i wewf®² AGã ˆcŒuGQ ˆ`q| Avevi mvGjvKmsGkÏlGY ŠZwi – gƒGji A¯¦MÆVGb fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j AixqfvGe mwäZ ^vGK wK¯¦y
Lv`Å ˆ`Gni cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx wewf®² AsGk cwienY KGi ˆdÑvGqg KvGíi A¯¦MÆVGb Zv wewÞµ¦fvGe ^vGK|
wUmyÅ| ÷ay ZvB bq, cwienY wUmyÅZ¯¨ Dw«¿`G`nGK `†pZv cÉ`vb – gƒGji ˆÞGò ˆgUvRvBGjg ˆKG±`Êi w`GK ‰es ˆcÉvGUvRvBGjg
KGi| myZivs cwienb wUmyÅZ¯¨ ˆhGnZz Dw«¿G`i myÕ©-mej ^vKvi cwiwai w`GK ^vGK| wK¯¦y KvGíi ˆÞGò ˆgUvRvBGjg cwiwai
RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq LwbR jeY cwienb KGi ‰es mvGjvKmsGkÏlGY w`GK ‰es ˆcÉvGUvRvBGjg ˆKG±`Êi w`GK ^vGK|
ŠZwi Lv`Å wewf®² AGã cÉ`vGbi cvkvcvwk `†pZv cÉ`vb KGi| ZvB – gƒjZ½GK wKDwUKj AbycwÕ©Z ‰es ‰GZ ‰KGKvlx gƒjGivg ˆ`Lv
ejv hvq Dw«¿G`i e†w«¬, weKvk I AwÕ¦Z½ iÞvq cwienY wUmyÅZG¯¨i hvq| AbÅw`GK ‰KGKvlx KvGíi ewntZ½GK wKDwUKj DcwÕ©Z
ài‚Z½ Acwimxg| A ‰es ‰GZ ˆKvGbv KvíGivg ˆ`Lv hvq bv|
48 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

– ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿`gƒGji A¯¦MÆVGb ˆKvGbv AatZ½K ^vGK bv wK¯¦y N jÅveGiUwiGZ wkÞK mvwKeGK ˆh Dw«¿`vsGki cÉÕ©GœQ`
KvGíi A¯¦MÆVGb ‰KvwaK mvwi ˆKvGl MwVZ AatZ½K DcwÕ©Z| chÆGeÞY KiGZ w`GqwQGjb Zv wQj ‰KwU ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i
– ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿` KvGíi fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j mshyÚ wK¯¦y e«¬ KvGíi cÉÕ©GœQ`| KviY mvwKe cÉÕ©GœQ`wUGZ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£jàGjv
cÉK‡wZi| AbÅw`GK ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿` gƒGji A¯¦MÆVGb ˆKvGbv wfwî Kjvq wewÞµ¦fvGe QovGbv ˆ`GLwQj, hv ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i
mshyÚ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j ˆ`Lv hvq bv| KvGíi ŠewkÓ¡Å enb KGi| ‰QvovI ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i ewntZ½GK
wKDwUKj DcwÕ©Z ‰es KvíGivg AbycwÕ©Z| AatZ½K
cÉk
² 50 Zvwmb I mvwKe jÅveGiUwiGZ 2wU Dw«¿`vsGki cÉÕ©GœQ` ˆÕ•ÑGibKvBgv wUmyÅ w`Gq MwVZ| ‰i KGUÆÝGK ewntwÕ¡jxq I
chÆGeÞY Kivi mgq wkÞK ZvwmbGK ejGjb, “ˆ`L, fvÕ•zjvi A¯¦twÕ¡jxq AçGj fvM Kiv hvq bv| ‰KexRcòx KvGí cwiPKÌ
ev´£j Aixq msLÅvq 7wU”| mvwKeGK ejGjb, “ˆ`L, fvÕ•zjvi ˆbB| AatZ½GKi wbP nGZ ˆK±`Ê chƯ¦ KGUÆÝ we`Ågvb| ‰GK
ev´£jàGjv wfwîKjvq wewÞµ¦fvGe QovGbv”| mvaviY KGUÆÝ I A¯¦tZ½GK fvM Kiv hvq bv| ‰i wewÞµ¦ fvÕ•zjvi
K. KÅvwÁ¼qvg Kx? 1 ev´£j mshyÚ mgcvk¼Æxq ‰es e«¬| ‰i fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j
L. cwienb wUmyÅ ejGZ Kx eyS? 2 ˆÕ•ÑGibKvBgv ˆKvGli AveiYx «¼viv Ave†Z ^vGK| ˆgUvRvBGjg
M. ZvwmGbi chÆGeÞYK‡Z Dw«¿`vsGki cÉÕ©GœQG`i wPwn×Z wPò cwiwai w`GK ‰es ˆcÉvGUvRvBGjg ˆKG±`Êi w`GK AewÕ©Z| RvBGjg
AuvK| 3 Y ev V AvK‡wZwewkÓ¡| ‰i MÉvD´£ wUmyÅ nGZ gäv iwkÄGK c†^K Kiv
hvq bv|
N. mvwKGei chÆGeÞYK‡Z cÉÕ©GœQ`wU Dw«¿G`i ˆKvb Ask
wQj KviYmn weGkÏlY Ki| 4 mvwKGei chÆGeÞYK‡Z cÉÕ©GœQ`wUGZ DcGii ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv we`Ågvb
wkLbdj-4 [iv. ˆev. 2015] ^vKvi KviGYB Zv ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i Kví wQj|
50 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉk
² 51
K w«¼exRcòx Dw«¿` KvGíi RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅi gvGS

AewÕ©Z ‰K aiGbi fvRK wUmyÅB nGjv KÅvwÁ¼qvg|
L Dw«¿`G`Gn ˆh wUmyÅ LvG`Åi KuvPvgvj (cvwb, LwbR jeY BZÅvw`)
I ŠZwiK‡Z Lv`Å cwienY KGi ^vGK ZvGK cwienY wUmyÅ eGj|
cwienb wUmyÅ `yB cÉKvi, h^v : RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg| RvBGjg wUmyÅ
gƒj nGZ cvZv I AbÅvbÅ meyR AsGk cvwb I LwbR jeY cwienY K. ˆcÉvGUvGbgv wK? 1
KGi| ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅ cvZv I AbÅvbÅ meyR AsGk cÉÕ§ZK‡Z Lv`Å`ËeÅ L. KvqvRgv ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
Dw«¿`G`Gni AbÅvbÅ mRxe AsGk cwienY KGi| M. DóxcKwU AbÅ wUmyÅàœQ ˆ^GK Avjv`v  eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
M ZvwmGbi chÆGeÞYK‡Z Dw«¿`vskwU wQj ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i N. "A' I "B" ‰i cviÕ·wiK AeÕ©vGbi wfwîGZ DÚ
gƒGji cÉÕ©GœQ`| KviY ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i gƒGji fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j wUmyÅàœQ ŠewPòÅcƒYÆ  weGkÏlY Ki| 4
Aixq ‰es msLÅvq QGqi AwaK nq|  wkLbdj-3 [w`. ˆev. 2015]
wbGP ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿G`i gƒGji cÉÕ©GœQG`i wPwn×Z wPò AsKb Kiv 51 bs cÉ Gk² i Dîi
nGjv| K gm RvZxq Dw«¿G`i ˆÕ·vi AâzGiv`MGgi gvaÅGg m†Ó¡ meyR

Þz`ËvKvi kvLvw®¼Z ˆ`nB ˆcÉvGUvGbgv|
gƒjGivg
L `yB bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUGWi ‘X’ AvK‡wZi ˆRvovÕ©jGK KvqvRgv
‰wcGeÐgv eGj| cÉ^g wgGqvwmm wefvRGbi cÅvKvBwUb DcchÆvGqi ˆkGli
w`GK evBfÅvGjG´Ÿi ˆhGKvGbv `ywU bb-wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUW mÁ¿eZ
‰KB Õ©vGb ˆfGO wMGq cybivq ‰KwUi mvG^ AbÅwUi ˆRvov jvGM|
dGj H ˆRvov Õ©vGb ‘X’ AvK‡wZi m†wÓ¡ nq hv KvqvRgv bvGg
cwiwPZ|
KGUÆÝ M DóxcGKi wPòwU Aixq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji| Aixq fvÕ•zjvi
ev´£Gj RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg Avjv`vfvGe wf®² wf®² ev´£Gji m†wÓ¡ KGi
‰es RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg ev´£j Avjv`v eÅvmvGaÆ cvkvcvwk AeÕ©vb
KGi| wK¯§ AbÅ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gj wf®² i…c ˆ`Lv hvq| ˆhgb
wc^ ˆi
ˆKw±`ÊK fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gj RvBGjg wKsev ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅi ˆhGKvGbv
‰G´£vWvwgÆm
‰KwU ˆKG±`Ê AeÕ©vb KGi ‰es AbÅwU evwni nGZ Pviw`GK wNGi
ˆcwimvBKj
ivGL| Avevi mgcvk¼Æxq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gj ‰KLí ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅ ‰es
ˆcÉvGUvRvBGjg
‰KLí RvBGjg wUmyÅ ‰KB eÅvmvGaÆ cvkvcvwk AeÕ©vb KGi| Aixq
ˆgUvRvBGjg
fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gj RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqGgi gvSLvGb memgq KÅvwÁ¼qvg
gäv ˆdÑvGqg AbycwÕ©Z| wK¯§ gyÚ mgcvk¼Æxq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gj RvBGjg I
wPò: ‰KexRcòx Dw«¿`gƒGji cÉÕ©GœQ` ˆdÑvGqGgi gvSLvGb KÅvwÁ¼qvg ^vGK| mvaviYZ Aixq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gj
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 49

RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg àGœQi msLÅv mgvb nq wKsev ˆewk nq| wK¯§ L AaÆmsiÞYkxj AbywjcGb cÉwZwU AcZÅ DNA AYyi `ywU mƒGòi
ˆKw±`Êq I mgcvk¼Æxq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji ˆÞGò ‰i…c ˆ`Lv hvq bv| gGaÅ ‰KwU gvZ‡ DNA AYy ˆ^GK ˆcGq ^vGK|
Aixq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gj cvkvcvwk ‰KwUGZ RvBGjg ^vKGj cGiiwUGZ ‰ aiGbi Abywjcb c«¬wZGZ gvZ‡ DNA-i nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬bx
ˆdÑvGqg ^vGK| A^Ævr RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg àœQ wf®² eÅvmvGaÆ AΟviGbU wejywµ¦i gvaÅGg mƒò 2wU c†^K nGq hvq ‰es cÉGZÅK mƒòGK QuvP
ev chÆvqKÌGg ^vGK| wK¯§ AbÅ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji ˆÞGò RvBGjg I (ˆUgGµÏU) wnGmGe eÅenvi KGi cwicƒiK `ywU mƒGòi msGkÏlY NGU|
ˆdÑvGqg wewÞµ¦ fvGe hvq| Aixq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j ÷ay mcyÓ·K Dw«¿G`i M DóxcGK Dw«¿G`i evqexq ˆh Ask nGZ evÓ·vKvGi cvwb ˆei
gƒGjB cvIqv hvq| AbÅvbÅ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j Dw«¿G`i gƒj Qvov AbÅ nIqvi K^v ejv nGqGQ Zv gƒjZ cvZvi còi®¬È| wbGP còiG®¬Èi
AsGk (ˆhgb, Kv´£) cvIqv hvq| wK¯§ AbÅvbÅ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji wPwn×Z wPò AsKb Kiv nGjv
msLÅv wbw`ÆÓ¡ bq| Aixq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji msLÅv ‰KexRcòx
Dw«¿G`i gƒGj 6 ev Zvi AwaK ‰es w«¼exRcòx Dw«¿G`i gƒGj 2  4wU
nq|
Z½Kxq ˆKvl
DchyÆÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ejv hvq ˆh, DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wUmyÅàœQ
AbÅG`i ˆ^GK Avjv`v| i®¬È
N DóxcGK AvGjvwPZ Ask ‘A’ I ‘B’ nGjv h^vKÌGg RvBGjg I iÞxGKvl
ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅ| RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅi ZzjbvgƒjK AeÕ©vGbi ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡
Ici wbfÆi KGi DÚ wUmyÅàœQ ŠewPòÅcƒYÆ agÆ cÉ`kÆb KGi| DÚ
ŠewPòÅGK 3 fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| h^v: mshyÚ, Aixq I ˆKw±`ÊK|
mshyÚ: RvBGjg ‰es ˆdÑvGqg ‰KB eÅvmvGaÆi Ici ‰KB àGœQ
hyÚfvGe AeÕ©vb KiGj ZvGK mshyÚ fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j eGj| Bnv wPò : còiG®¬Èi MVb
N DóxcGK evÓ·vKvGi cvwb ˆei KGi ˆ`Iqv Aã ejGZ còi®¬È
Avevi 2 cÉKvi h^v: mgcvk¼xÆq I mgw«¼cvk¼xÆq|
‰es cvZvi wKbviv ˆ^GK ˆdvUvq ˆdvUvq cvwb ˆei KGi ˆ`Iqv Aã
mgcvk¼xÆq: RvBGjg ‰es ˆdÑvGqg ‰KB eÅvmvGaÆ cvkvcvwk AeÕ©vb
ejGZ nvBWvG^vW ev cvwb còi®¬ÈGK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| ‰G`i gGaÅ
KiGj ZvGK mgcvk¼xÆq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j eGj| Avevi RvBGjg I ˆek wKQy mv`†kÅ I Šemv`†kÅ jÞ Kiv hvq| wbGP Aã `ywUi mv`†kÅ
ˆdÑvGqg ‰i gvGS KÅvwÁ¼qvg ^vKGj ZvGK gyÚ mgcvk¼xÆq fvÕ•zjvi I Šemv`†kÅ ev Zzjbv DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv
ev´£j ‰es KÅvwÁ¼qvg bv ^vKGj ZvGK e«¬ mgcvk¼xÆq ev´£j eGj| mv`†kÅ
mgw«¼cvk¼xÆq: ˆh fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji gvSLvGb RvBGjg ‰es Zvi Dci  còi®¬È I nvBWvG^vW DfGqB Dw«¿G`i ˆ`n ˆ^GK cvwb ˆei
I wbP Dfq cvGk `yB Lí ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅ ^vGK ZvGK mgw«¼cvk¼xÆq KGi ˆ`Iqvi KvR KGi ^vGK|
fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j eGj|  còi®¬È I nvBWvG^vW Dfq AãB Dw«¿G`i cvZvq AeÕ©vb KGi|
Aixq: RvBGjg ev´£j I ˆdÑvGqg ev´£j wf®² wf®² eÅvmvGaÆ cvkvcvwk Šemv`†kÅ
AeÕ©vb KiGj ZvGK Aixq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j eGj|  còi®¬È evÓ·vKvGi cvwb ˆei KGi ˆ`Iqvi c^ Aciw`GK
ˆKw±`ÊK: RvBGjg A^ev ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅi ˆh ˆKvGbv ‰KwU ˆKG±`Ê nvBWvG^vW ZijvKvGi cvwb ˆei KGi ˆ`Iqvi c^|
^vKGj ZvGK ˆKw±`ÊK fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j eGj| RvBGjg ˆKG±`Ê I  còiG®¬Èi ˆLvjv I e®¬ nIqv iÞxGKvl «¼viv wbqw¯¨Z nq wK¯§
ˆdÑvGqg Kjv RvBGjgGK wNGi ^vKGj ZvGK RvBGjg ˆKw±`ÊK nvBWvG^vGW ˆKvGbv iÞxGKvl ^vGK bv|
fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j eGj| ‰KBfvGe ˆdÑvGqg ˆKG±`Ê AeÕ©vb KiGj  còi®¬È «¼viv còi®¬Èxq cÉGÕ¼`b NGU Aciw`GK nvBWvG^vW «¼viv
ZvGK ˆdÑvGqg ˆKw±`ÊK fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j eGj| cvwb wbMÆgb ev MvGUkb NGU|
DchyÆÚ AvGjvPbvi cwiGcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq, RvBGjg I ˆKÑvGqg wUmyÅi  còi®¬È mvaviYZ w`Gbi ˆejv ˆLvjv ^vGK ‰es ivGZ e®¬ ^vGK
cviÕ·wiK AeÕ©vGbi KviGYB wUmyÅàœQ ŠewPòÅcƒYÆ nq| wK¯§ nvBWvG^vW w`b ivZ meÆ`v ˆLvjv ^vGK|
cÉk
 ² 52 RxeweævGbi wkÞK KÑvGm Qvò/QvòxG`iGK Dw«¿G`i  còi®¬È ÷ay cvZvi ewntZ½GK AeÕ©vb KGi Avi nvBWvG^vW
evqexq Ask nGZ evÓ·vKvGi cvwb ˆei nIqvi cÉwKÌqv eYÆbv mvaviYZ cvZvi cÉvG¯¦ ev kxGlÆ wkivi WMvq ˆ`Lv hvq|
KiGjb| ‰Qvov wZwb AviI RvbvGjb ˆh ˆKvb ˆKvb Dw«¿G` ˆkl
cÉk
² 53 wkÞK MGelYvMvGi Dw«¿G`i ‰KwU Ask cixÞv KGi
ivGZ cvZvi wKbviv ˆ^GK ˆdvUvq ˆdvUvq cvwb wbMÆgb nq|
QvòG`i ejGjb ˆh, ‰LvGb ˆh ˆKvlàœQ iGqGQ Zvi wefvRGbi
K. w«¼-wbGlK Kx? 1 gvaÅGg Dw«¿` Š`NÆÅ I eÅvGm e†w«¬ cvq| ‰me ˆKvlàGjv Nb
L. AaÆ-msiÞYkxj Abywjcb KxfvGe nq? 2 mw®²weÓ¡ nIqvq ‰G`i gGaÅ Av¯¦:ˆKvlxq duvK ^vGK bv|
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ evÓ·vKvGi cvwb ˆei nIqv AGãi K. cwjivBGevGRvg Kx? 1
wPwn×Z wPò AsKb KGiv| 3 L. mvBKvGmi gƒjGK ˆKvivjGqW gƒj ejv nq ˆKb? 2
N. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ Aã `ywUi Zzjbv KGiv| 4 M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ ˆKvlàGœQi AeÕ©vb I Drcwîi Dci
wkLbdj-5 [Kz. ˆev. 2015] ˆkÉwYwefvRb Ki| 3
52 bs cÉGk²i Dîi N. DóxcGK ewYÆZ wUmyÅi msGM KGUÆÝ AçGji wUmyÅi
K ‰KB mgGq wWÁ¼vYyi mvG^ ‰KwU cysMÅvwgGUi wgjb I ˆmGK´£vix MVbMZ cv^ÆKÅ weGkÏlY Ki| 4
wbDwKÑqvGmi mvG^ Aci cysMÅvwgGUi wgjbB nGjv w«¼-wbGlK| wkLbdj-1 [P. ˆev. 2015]
50 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

53 bs cÉGk²i Dîi bv| AbÅw`GK KGUÆÝ AçGji wUmyÅGZ ˆKvl Mn»i ^vGK| hvw¯¨K
K AGbKàGjv ivBGevGRvg ‰KwU RNA mƒò w`Gq mshyÚ ^vKGj KvGR fvRK wUmyÅi ˆKvGbv f„wgKv ˆbB, Avey KGUÆÝ MVbKvix wUmyÅ

ZvG`i cwjivBGevGRvg ejv nq| Dw«¿` ˆ`Gni hvw¯¨K `†pZv evovq| fvRK wUmyÅi ˆKvlàGjv RxweZ|
AbÅw`GK KGUÆÝ AçGii wUmyÅi ˆKvlàGjv RxweZ ev g†Z DfqB
L mvBKvGmi gƒj eÅvKGUwiqv, mvqvGbveÅvKGUwiqv «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦
nGZ cvGi|
nGj ˆKvivGji gGZv ˆ`Lvq eGj ‰G`i ˆKvivjGqW gƒj ejv nq|
AZ‰e, DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbv nGZ ejv hvq fvRK wUmyÅ ‰es KGUÆÝ
mvBKvGmi cÉavb gƒj ռ͸թvqx nIqvq wKQy AÕ©vwbK gƒj m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰B
AçGji cÅvGibKvBgv wUmyÅ MVbMZfvGe mÁ·ƒYÆ wf®²|
AÕ©vwbK gƒj ˆ^GK wKQy kvLvgƒj gvwUi DcGii w`GK DGV ‰Gm Lye
NbfvGe `ÅvMÉ kvLvwebÅvm MGo ˆZvGj| ‰B gƒjàGjv eÅvKGUwiqv I  cÉk
² 54
Nostoc, Anabaena bvgK mvqvGbveÅvKGUwiqv «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nGq ˆKvivGji
gGZv MVb m†wÓ¡ KGi| ZvB ‰B gƒjàGjvGK ˆKvivjGqW gƒj ejv nq|
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ˆKvlàœQ nGjv fvRK ˆKvl ev fvRK wUmyÅ|
AeÕ©vb AbymvGi fvRK wUmyÅ wZb aiGbi
kxlÆÕ© fvRK wUmyÅ: gƒj, Kví ev ‰G`i kvLv-cÉkvLvi kxGlÆ ‰ A B
aiGbi wUmyÅi AeÕ©vb| KZK cvZv I dGji kxGlÆ cvIqv hvq| ‰B K. ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm Kx? 1
aiGbi wUmyÅi wefvRGbi gvaÅGg ‰me Aã Š`GNÆÅ e†w«¬cÉvµ¦ nq| L. gvBGUvwmm I gvGqvwmm ˆKv^vq NGU? 2
wbGewkZ fvRK wUmyÅ: `ywU Õ©vqx wUmyÅi gvGS ‰ aiGbi wUmyÅi M. DóxcK A, DóxcK B ˆ^GK wf®² KviY ˆjGLv| 3
AeÕ©vb| ‰iv cògƒGj gaÅcGeÆi ˆMvovq ev ceÆmw®¬i wbGP ^vKGZ N. DóxcK A ‰i mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ Dw«¿G`i gƒGji A¯¦MÆVbMZ
cvGi| ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆjGLv| 4
 wkLbdj: 3 I 4 [h. ˆev. 2015]
cvk¼xÆ q fvRK wUmyÅ: gƒj ev KvGíi cvk¼Æ eivei jÁ¼vjwÁ¼fvGe
AewÕ©Z fvRK wUmyÅB cvk¼xÆ q fvRK wUmyÅ| ‰ aiGbi wUmyÅI `ywU 54 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Õ©vqx wUmyÅi gvGS AeÕ©vb KGi| ‰iv ˆmGK´£vwi fvRK wUmyÅ| K ‰K AYy ™ÏyGKvR wewf®² ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvq RvwiZ nGq `yB AYy

‰G`i wefvRGbi KviGY Dw«¿G`i ˆmGK´£vwi e†w«¬ NGU| cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmGW cwiYZ nIqvi cÉwKÌqvB nGjv ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm|
Drcwî AbymvGi fvRK wUmyÅGK wZb aiGbi| L gvBGUvwmm eüGKvlx RxGei wefvRbÞg ˆ`nGKvGl NGU ^vGK|
cÉviwÁ¿K fvRK wUmyÅ: gƒj ev KvGíi AMÉfvGMi kxlÆG`Gk ‰KwU Þz`Ë ‰KGKvlx myGKw±`ÊK RxGeI gvBGUvwmm NGU| Avi DœPGkÉwYi
Açj iGqGQ ˆhLvb ˆ^GK cÉvBgvwi fvRK wUmyÅi Drcwî NGU ZvB wWµÏGqW Dw«¿G`i Rbb AGãi wWµÏGqW Rbb gvZ‡GKvGl ‰es
cÉviwÁ¿K fvRK wUmyÅ| ‰ Açj ˆ^GKB cÉ^g e†w«¬ ÷i‚ nq| wbÁ²GkÉwYi nÅvµÏGqW Dw«¿G`i RvBGMvGU gvGqvwmm ˆKvl wefvRb msNwUZ
cÉvBgvwi fvRK wUmyÅ: gƒj ‰es KvGíi kxGlÆ ˆh fvRK wUmyÅ ^vGK nq|
ZvB cÉvBgvwi fvRK wUmyÅ| ‰G`i wefvRGbi dGj Dw«¿` Š`GNÆÅ
M DóxcGK A nGjv gyÚ mgcvk¼Æxq ‰es B nGjv Aixq fvÕ•zjvi
e†w«¬cÉvµ¦ nq|
ev´£j| gyÚ mgcvk¼Æxq I Aixq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j ‰KwU AciwUi
ˆmGK´£vwi fvRK wUmyÅ: ˆh fvRK wUmyÅ ˆKvGbv Õ©vqx wUmyÅ nGZ
ˆ^GK wf®², KviY
Drc®² nq ZvGK ˆmGK´£vwi fvRK wUmyÅ eGj| KKÆ KÅvwÁ¼qvg ‰B gyÚ mgcvk¼Æxq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j mshyÚ aiGbi wK¯§ Aixq fvÕ•zjvi
fvRK wUmyÅi D`vniY| ev´£j mshyÚ aiGbi bq| gyÚ mgcvk¼Æxq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gj KÅvwÁ¼qvg
N DóxcGK ewYÆZ wUmyÅ nGjv fvRK wUmyÅ| fvRK wUmyÅi mGã DcwÕ©Z wK¯§ Aixq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gj KÅvwÁ¼qvg AbycwÕ©Z ^vGK|
KGUÆÝ AçGji wUmyÅi (‰K cÉKvi Õ©vqx wUmyÅ) MVbMZ hG^Ó¡ gyÚ mgck¼Æxq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j b™²exRx I w«¼exRcòx Dw«¿G` cvIqv
cv^ÆKÅ we`Ågvb| hvq Aciw`GK mKj Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿G` Aixq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j cvIqv
wbGP fvRK wUmyÅi mvG^ KGUÆÝ AçGji wUmyÅi MVbMZ cv^ÆKÅ hvq| gyÚ mgcvk¼Æxq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j mvaviYZ Dw«¿G`i KvGí cvIqv
weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv hvq wK¯§ Aixq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j mvaviYZ mcyÓ·K Dw«¿G`i g…Gj
fvRK wUmyÅi AeÕ©vb Dw«¿G`i ewaÆúz AçGj| Avi nvBGcvWvwgÆGmi cvIqv hvq| gyÚ mgcvk¼Æxq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqGgi
wbP ˆ^GK ‰G´£vWvwgÆm chƯ¦ AçjwU nGjv KGUÆÝ| fvRK wUmyÅ gvGS KÅvwÁ¼qvg bvgK fvRK wUmyÅ DcwÕ©Z ^vGK Aciw`GK Aixq
AcwiYZ ˆKvGl MwVZ ‰es ˆKvlàGjv wefvRbÞg| AbÅw`GK fvÕ•zjvi ev´£Gji RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg ‰KB AGÞi c†^K c†^K
KGUÆÝ AçGji wUmyÅi ˆKvlàGjv cwiYZ ˆKvGl MwVZ ‰es eÅvmvGaÆ wf®² wf®² àGœQ AeÕ©vb KGi|
ˆKvlàGjv wefvRGb AÞg| fvRK wUmyÅi ˆKvlàGjv AvqZvKvi, N wPGòi 'A' «¼viv gyÚ mgcvk¼Æxq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ|
wWÁ¼vKvi, cçfzR ev lofzRvKvi nq| Aciw`GK KGUÆÝ AçGji gyÚ mgcvk¼Æxq fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j mvaviYZ w«¼exRcòx Dw«¿G`i KvGí
wUmyÅ cÉavbZ cÅvGibKvBgv RvZxq ˆKvl nIqvq ˆMvjvKvi ev cvIqv hvq| 'A' ‰i mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ Dw«¿`wU nGjv w«¼exRcòx Dw«¿`|
wWÁ¼vKvi nq| fvRK wUmyÅi ˆKvlàGjv NbfvGe mw®²GewkZ ^vGK w`¾exRcòx Dw«¿G`i gƒGji A¯¦MÆVbMZ ŠewkÓ¡Å wbÁ²i…c
‰es ‰G`i gGaÅ Av¯¦tGKvlxq duvKvÕ©vb ^vGK bv| KGUÆÝ AçGii ‰wcGeÐgv ev gƒjZ½K wKDwUKjwenxb ‰es ‰KGKvlx ˆivg wewkÓ¡|
wUmyÅi cvkvcvwk ˆKvGli gGaÅ Av¯¦tGKvlxq duvK ^vGK| w«¼exRcòx Dw«¿G`i gƒGj nvBGcvWvwgÆm ˆbB| cwiPKÌ ‰Kmvwi ˆKvl
fvRK wUmyÅi ˆKvGl wbDwKÑqvm myÕ·Ó¡, eo ‰es ˆKvlGKG±`Ê w`Gq MwVZ| fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j Aixq ‰es ‰Kv¯¦ifvGe mwäZ|
AewÕ©Z ‰es ˆKvGl Nb mvBGUvµÏvRg ^vGK| AcicGÞ KGUÆÝ ˆgUvRvBGjg ˆKG±`Êi w`GK I ˆcÉvGUvRvBGjg cwiwai w`GK
AçGji wUmyÅi wbDwKÑqvm ˆKvGli ‰KcvGk¼Æ AeÕ©vb KGi ‰es AewÕ©Z| RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg àœQ mvaviYZ 2-4wU| gäv AZů¦
mvBGUvµÏvRg ZZUv Nb bq| fvRK wUmyÅGZ ˆKvGbv ˆKvlMn»i ^vGK ˆQvU ‰es cÅvGibKvBgv ˆKvl w`Gq MwVZ|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 51

beg AaÅvq: Dw«¿` kvixiZî½

cÉk
 ² 78 ivGk` KPz MvGQi cvZvi wKbvivq cvwbi DcwÕ©wZ ˆ`GL myÕ©fvGe ˆeGo DVGZ cviGe bv; dGj ˆKvGbv ‰K mgq Dw«¿G`i
wkÞKGK cÉk² Kij| wZwb ejGjb Bnv ‰K aiGbi iG®¬Èi KvR| g†ZzÅ NUGe| Avevi, còi®¬È Dw«¿G`i mvGjvKmsGkÏlGY weGkl
‰iKg AviI ‰K aiGbi i®¬È AvGQ hv cvZvi Ea»Æ I wbÁ²ZGK Ae`vb ˆiGL ^vGK| KviY, mvGjvKmsGkÏlGY ˆh CO2 ‰i cÉGqvRb
^vGK| nq Zv còiG®¬Èi gvaÅGgB ˆKvGl ˆcuŒQvq| myZivs còiG®¬Èi
K. wbDwKÑImvBW Kx? 1 AbycwÕ©wZGZ Dw«¿G`i ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠRweK cÉwKÌqv- mvGjvKmsGkÏlY
L. KÅvmGcwiqvb wÕ¡Èc Kx? 2 AmÁ¿e| AbÅw`GK, Dw«¿`G`Gn cÉGqvRbxq kwÚ Drcv`b cÉwKÌqv
M. DóxcGK ˆkl AsGk wbG`ÆwkZ i®¬ÈwUi MVb wPòmn eYÆbv k¼mGbI còi®¬È mivmwi AskMÉnY KGi ^vGK| k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq Dw«¿`
KGiv| 3 còiG®¬Èi gvaÅGg evqygíj ˆ^GK O2 MÉnY ‰es CO2 evqygíGj
N. Dw«¿G`i ŠRewbK KvGR i®¬È `ywUi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 ZÅvM Kivi gvaÅGg kwÚ Drcv`b KGi| Drcvw`Z ‰ kwÚ Dw«¿G`i
 AaÅvq 8 I 9 ‰i mg®¼Gq [Xv. ˆev. 2019] wewf®² ŠRweK KvGRi MwZGK AeÅvnZ ivGL| mswÞµ¦ ‰ AvGjvPbv
ˆ^GK mnGRB Abyaveb Kiv hvq ˆh, DóxcGKi i®¬È `ywU Dw«¿G`i
78 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ŠRweK KvGR ài‚Zc½ ƒYÆ f„wgKv ivGL|
K ‰K AYy bvBGUÇvGRbNwUZ ÞviK I ‰K AYy ˆcG´ŸvR ÷ÅMvi hyÚ
nGq MwVZ ™ÏvBGKvmvBW ˆhŒMB nGjv wbDwKÑImvBW| cÉk
² 79
L Dw«¿G`i A¯¦tZ½GKi ˆKvlàGjvi ˆfZGii cÉvPxi wdZvi bÅvq mƒhÆ
MÅvm
wjMwbb I myGewiGbi AvÕ¦iY w`Gq ˆewÓ¡Z ^vGK, hvGK KÅvmGcwiqvb
wÕ¡Èc eGj| AGbK mgq ‰ Õ¦Gi cÉPzi ˆk¼Zmvi KwYKv Rgv nq, ZLb
H2O Rxe-E Rxe-F
‰ Õ¦iGK ejv nq ˆk¼Zmvi AveiY| weævbx KÅvmGcwi 1865 mvGj
KÅvmGcwiqvb wÕ¡Èc jÞ KGib| CO2
M DóxcGKi ˆkl AsGk wbG`ÆwkZ i®¬ÈwU nGjv còi®¬È| wbGP
K. ˆÕ¡vgvUv Kx? 1
wPòmn ‰i MVb eYÆbv Kiv nGjv L. wjwgwUs dÅvÙi ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
M. DóxcGK Drc®² MÅvGmi Drm eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGK 'E' I 'F' RxGe msNwUZ cÉwKÌqvi Zzjbv KGiv| 4
Z½Kxq ˆKvl  wkLbdj: 7 I 8 [iv. ˆev. 2019]

i®¬È 79 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

iÞxGKvl K cvZv ‰es KwP KvGíi Ea»Æ I wbÁ²ZGji ewntZ½GK AewÕ©Z `ywU
ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ iÞxGKvl w`Gq cwiGewÓ¡Z mƒÞÄ i®¬ÈB nGjv ˆÕ¡vgvUv| A
L hLb ˆKvGbv ŠRe ivmvqwbK wewKÌqv ‰KvwaK cÉfveK «¼viv cÉfvweZ
nq, ZLb H wewKÌqvi nvi meGPGq Kg gvòvi cÉfveK w`Gq wbaÆvwiZ
wPò : còiG®¬Èi MVb nq| ‰B Kg gvòvi cÉfveKwUGK wjwgwUs dÅvÙi eGj| ˆhgb-
còi®¬È cvZvi DcwiZGj `ywU AaÆP±`ÊvK‡wZi iÞxGKvl ‰es ‰G`i mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi ˆÞGò wjwgwUs dÅvÙi nGjv CO2| evqyGZ CO2 ‰i
w`Gq ˆewÓ¡Z i®¬È wbGq MwVZ| còiG®¬Èi iÞxGKvGl ‰KwU myÕ·Ó¡ nvi evoGj mvGjvKmsGkÏlYI evoGe, CO2 KgGj mvGjvKmsGkÏlYI
wbDwKÑqvm, eü ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ I Nb mvBGUvµÏvRg ^vGK| iÞxGKvGli KgGe|
Pviw`GK AewÕ©Z mvaviY Z½Kxq ˆKvl nGZ ‰KUz wf®² AvK‡wZi M DóxcGK Drc®² MÅvmwU nGjv AwÝGRb| ‰wU mvGjvKmsGkÏlY
Z½Kxq mnKvix ˆKvl ^vGK| cÉwKÌqvq Drc®² nq| mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi wewKÌqvwU nGjv A
N DóxcGKi i®¬È `ywUi ‰KwU còi®¬È ‰es AciwU cvwbi®¬È| AvGjv
Dw«¿G`i ŠRweK KvGR i®¬È `ywU ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| cvZvi 6CO2 + 12H2O  C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
ˆKÑvGivwdj
AMÉcÉv¯¦ ev wKbvivq cvwb còi®¬È ^vGK| ‰ aiGbi i®¬È weGkl
‰LvGb ˆ`Lv hvGœQ, ‰K AYy ™ÏyGKvR ŠZwi nIqvi gvaÅGg 6 AYy O2
cwiwÕ©wZGZ Dw«¿`GK iÞvq Zij AvKvGi Dw«¿` ˆ`n ˆ^GK cvwb
wbMÆZ nq| wewKÌqvq AskMÉnY KGi CO2 I H2O| AZ‰e,
wbMÆZ KGi| cÉP´£ MiGg ‰ i®¬È w`Gq cvZvi wKbvivq we±`y we±`y
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq wbMÆZ AwÝGRGbi Drm `ywU nGZ cvGi
AvKvGi cvwb Rgv nq| ‰QvovI, còiG®¬Èi gvaÅGg Dw«¿G`i
‰KwU nGjv CO2 ‰es AciwU H2O| wKQy weævbxi cixÞv «¼viv Zv
AwaKvsk cÉGÕ¼`bB NGU ^vGK| cÉGÕ¼`Gbi dGj gvwU ˆ^GK Dw«¿`
wbYÆq Kiv hvq|
ˆ`Gn cvwb I LwbR jeY ˆcuŒQvq| Avevi, cvwbiG®¬Èi gvaÅGg hLb
iweb wnj CO2 ‰i AbycwÕ©wZGZ c†^KK‡Z ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡, cvwb I wKQy
Dw«¿` ˆ`Gni AwZwiÚ cvwb Zij AvKvGi evBGi wbMÆZ nq ZLb
A‹Re RviK Z^v nvBGWÈvGRb MÉvnK ‰KGò AvGjvGZ ivGLb| cixÞv
‰iB dGj gvwU ˆ^GK cvwb I LwbR jeY Dw«¿` ˆ`Gn ˆcuŒQvq|
ˆkGl ˆ`Lv hvq, CO2-‰i AbycwÕ©wZGZ ˆKvGbv kKÆiv ŠZwi nq bv,
cvwbi AbycwÕ©wZGZ Dw«¿` ˆ`Gn ˆKvGbv aiGbi ŠRweK KvR
wK¯§ AwÝGRb wbMÆZ nq| AvmGj cvwbi nvBGWÈvGRb A‹Re RviK Z^v
mwVKfvGe mÁ·®² nq bv| ŠRweK KvR mwVKfvGe bv PjGj Dw«¿`
nvBGWÈvGRb MÉvnKGK weRvwiZ KGi ‰es AwÝGRb ˆei nGq AvGm|
52 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

AvGjv 1 80 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

A (A‹Re RviK) + H2O  AH2 + 2 O2
ˆKÑvGivwdj K Škevj I QòvK wgwjZfvGe mÁ·ƒYÆ c†^K aiGbi ˆh Dw«¿G`i
fÅvb bxj mvGjvKmsGkÏlYKvix mvjdvi eÅvGÙwiqvi ˆÞGò ˆ`Lvb ˆh, m†wÓ¡ KGi Zv nGjv jvBGKb| A
mvjdvi eÅvGÙwiqv cvwbi cwieGZÆ H2S MÅvm I CO2 eÅenvi KGi L BGjKUÇb UÇv´ÖGcvUÆ wmGÕ¡Gg AvGjvi DcwÕ©wZGZ ATP ŠZwii
kKÆiv I cvwb Drc®² KGi| wK¯§ ˆmLvGb ˆKvGbv AwÝGRb wbMÆZ nq cÉwKÌqvGK AwÝGWwUf dGUvdmGdvivBGjkb ejv nq| ‰ cÉwKÌqvGZ
bv| ZGe mvjdvi AYy wbMÆZ nq| KZàGjv BGjKUÇb evnGKi gvaÅGg BGjKUÇb NADH ev FADH2
AvGjv ˆ^GK O2-‰ Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| gvBGUvKw´£ÈqvGZ msNwUZ weGkl ‰
2H2S + CO2  2S + (CH2O) + H2O
ˆKÑvGivwdj cÉwKÌqvwU ‰GivweK RxGei ATP cÉvwµ¦i cÉavb Drm| A
KÅvwjGdvwbÆqv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi mÅvgyGqj i‚Geb I KvGgb ˆZRwÕ˜q M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ AwZwiÚ cvwb wegyÚKiY mÁ·wKÆZ cvZvi
O218 (AwÝGRGbi ˆZRwÕ˜q AvBGmvGUvc) «¼viv cvwbi AwÝGRbGK gGaÅ AewÕ©Z wbw`ÆÓ¡ AãwU nGjv còi®¬È| wbGP còiG®¬Èi MVb
wPwn×Z KGib ‰es H cvwbGZ KZàGjv Škevj RvZxq Dw«¿` ˆiGL eYÆbv Kiv nGjv
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvi djvdj jÞ KGib|
AvGjv 18
cvZvi DcwiZGj AewÕ©Z `ywU AaÆP±`ÊvK‡wZi iÞxGKvl ‰es ‰G`i
6CO2 + 12H2O18  C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 w`Gq ˆewÓ¡Z i®¬È wbGq còi®¬È MwVZ| còiG®¬Èi iÞxGKvGl ‰KwU
ˆKÑvGivwdj
ˆ`Lv ˆMj ˆh, wbMÆZ AwÝGRb ˆZRwÕ˜q| ‰KB c«¬wZGZ KveÆb myÕ·Ó¡ wbDwKÑqvm, eü ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ I Nb mvBGUvµÏvRg ^vGK|
18 iÞxGKvGli cÉvPxi meÕ©vGb mgvbfvGe cyi‚ bv nGq iG®¬Èi w`K ˆewk
WvBAÝvBW ‰i AwÝGRbGK O2 «¼viv wPwn×Z KGi ‰es Õ¼vfvweK cyi‚ nq| ‰B Amg cyi‚Z½ còi®¬È ˆLvjv I eG®¬ weGkl f„wgKv ivGL|
cvwb eÅenvi KGi ‰KB cixÞv Kiv nGjv| iÞxGKvGli Pvwiw`GK AewÕ©Z mvaviY Z½Kxq ˆKvl nGZ ‰KUz wf®²
AvGjv 18 AvKvi-AvK‡wZi Z½Kxq mnKvix ˆKvl ^vGK| còiG®¬Èi wbGP ‰KwU
6CO218 + 12H2O  C6H12O2 + 6H2O18 + 6O2
ˆKÑvGivwdj eo evqyKzVzix ^vGK|
‰evi ˆ`Lv ˆMj ˆh, kKÆiv I cvwbGZ ˆZRwÕ˜q AwÝGRb we`Ågvb| N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ AãwU A^Ævr còi®¬È Dw«¿G`i wewf®²
wK¯§ mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi dGj wbMÆZ AwÝGRb ˆgvGUB ˆZRwÕ˜q bq| kvixie†îxq cÉwKÌqv msNUGb ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ mnvqK wnGmGe KvR KGi|
‰ mKj cixÞvàGjvi gvaÅGg mG±`nvZxZfvGe cÉgvwYZ nq ˆh, còiG®¬Èi gvaÅGg Dw«¿G`i AwaKvsk cÉGÕ¼`bB NGU ^vGK| cÉGÕ¼`Gbi
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq wbMÆZ meUzKz AwÝGRGbi DrmB cvwb| ‰i dGj gvwU ˆ^GK Dw«¿`G`Gn cvwb I LwbR jeY ˆcuŒQvq| cvwbi
mvgvbÅZg AskI KveÆb WvBAÝvBW ˆ^GK AvGm bv| AbycwÕ©wZGZ Dw«¿`G`Gn ˆKvGbv aiGbi kvixie†îxq cÉwKÌqv
N DóxcGKi E I F RxGe msNwUZ cÉwKÌqv `ywU nGjv mwVKfvGe mÁ·®² nq bv| kvixie†îxq KvR mwVKfvGe bv PjGj
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY I k¼mb| wbGP cÉwKÌqv `ywUi Zzjbv Kiv nGjv Dw«¿` myÕ©fvGe ˆeGo DVGZ cviGe bv, dGj ˆKvGbv ‰K mgq
Dfq cÉwKÌqvB Dw«¿G`i ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠRweK cÉwKÌqv nGjI mvGjvKmsGkÏlGY Dw«¿G`i g†ZzÅ NUGe| Avevi, còi®¬È Dw«¿G`i mvGjvKmsGkÏlGY
Lv`Å ŠZwii gvaÅGg kwÚ mwçZ nq eGj ‰wU DcwPwZgƒjK cÉwKÌqv, weGkl Ae`vb ˆiGL ^vGK| KviY, mvGjvKmsGkÏlGY ˆh CO2 ‰i
Avi k¼mGb Lv`Å ˆfGO kwÚ wbMÆZ nq eGj ‰wU AcwPwZgƒjK cÉGqvRb nq Zv còiG®¬Èi gvaÅGgB ˆKvGl ˆcuŒQvq| myZivs
cÉwKÌqv| ˆKej w`Gbi ˆejvq ˆKÑvGivwdj wewkÓ¡ meyR ˆKvGl A^Ævr còiG®¬Èi AbycwÕ©wZGZ Dw«¿G`i ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ kvixie†îxq cÉwKÌqv
Dw«¿G` mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqv PGj| AbÅw`GK RxeG`Gn (Dw«¿` I mvGjvKmsGkÏlY AmÁ¿e|
cÉvYx) w`b-ivZ 24 N¥Ÿv k¼mb cÉwKÌqv PGj| mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq AbÅw`GK, Dw«¿`G`Gn cÉGqvRbxq kwÚ Drcv`b cÉwKÌqv k¼mGbI
Ask MÉnYKvix cÉavb Dcv`vb cvwb I KveÆb WvBAÝvBW ‰es còi®¬È mivmwi AskMÉnY KGi ^vGK| k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq Dw«¿`
Drcvw`Z eÕ¦y ™ÏyGKvR, AwÝGRb I cvwb| k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq còiG®¬Èi gvaÅGg evqygíj ˆ^GK O2 MÉnY ‰es CO2 evqygíGj
AskMÉnYKvix cÉavb Dcv`vb ™ÏyGKvR I AwÝGRb ‰es Drcvw`Z eÕ¦y ZÅvM Kivi gvaÅGg kwÚ Drcv`b KGi| mswÞµ¦ ‰ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK
KveÆb WvBAÝvBW, cvwb I kwÚ| mnGRB Abyaveb Kiv hvq ˆh, DóxcGKi AãwU A^Ævr còi®¬È
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq AvGjvK kwÚ wÕ©wZ kwÚGZ cwiYZ nGjI Dw«¿G`i wewf®² kvixie†îxq cÉwKÌqvq ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv ivGL|
k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq ivmvqwbK wÕ©wZkwÚ MwZkwÚGZ i…cv¯¦wiZ nq| mgÕ¦
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY wewKÌqv ˆKvGli ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡i Afů¦Gi msNwUZ  cÉk
² 81 wg. ‘X’ ŠeævwbK `ËeÅvw`i ˆ`vKvb nGZ A I B ivmvqwbK
nq| Avi k¼mGbi wewKÌqvàGjv mvBGUvµÏvRg ‰es gvBGUvKw´£Èqvq c`v^Æ mg†«¬ `ywU cÅvGKU wKbGjb| A I B cÅvGKGU cÉvµ¦ eÕ§GZ
mÁ·®² nq| ivmvqwbK c`v^Æ h^vKÌGg 6-KveÆb wewkÓ¡ AÅvjGWvR ‰es wKGUvR
kyÅMvi| c`v^Æ `ywU ciÕ·i AvBGmvgvi nGjI cÉ^gwU mvGjvKmsGkÏlY
cÉk
 ² 80 Dw«¿G`i gƒj KZ‡ÆK ˆkvwlZ cvwbi AwZwiÚ cvwb mvaviYZ cÉwKÌqvq Drc®² nq ‰es w«¼ZxqwU mivmwi Drc®² nq bv|
cvZvi gGaÅ AewÕ©Z ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ AGãi gvaÅGg evqygíGj gyÚ nq| K. wjwcW KvGK eGj? 1
K. jvBGKb Kx? 1 L. ‘mKj ‰bRvBgB ˆcÉvwUb, wK¯§ mKj ˆcÉvwUb ‰bRvBg
L. AwÝGWwUf dGUvdmGdvivBGjkb ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 bq’ ˆKb? 2
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ AwZwiÚ cvwb wegyÚKiY mÁ·wKÆZ M. A I B cÅvGKGUi eÕ§GZ cÉvµ¦ ivmvqwbK c`vG^Æi MvVwbK
AãwUi MVb eYÆbv KGiv| 3 msGKZmn eYÆbv KGiv| 3
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ AãwU Dw«¿G`i wewf®² kvixie†îxq N. DóxcGK mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq Drc®² c`v^ÆwU KxfvGe
cÉwKÌqv msNUGb ài‚Z½cƒYÆfvGe mnvqK weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 ŠZwi nq Zv mij wewKÌqvi gvaÅGg weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
 wkLbdj: 3 I 5 [Ky. ˆev. 2019]  AaÅvq 3 I 9 ‰i mg®¼Gq [wm. ˆev. 2019]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 53

81 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉk

 ² 82 meyR Dw«¿` Lv`Å cÉÕ§ZKvGj KveÆb AvîxKiY KGi|
K KveÆb, nvBGWÈvGRb I AwÝGRGbi mg®¼Gq MwVZ ˆÕ²nRvZxq cÉRvwZGfG` KveÆb AvîxKiGYi c^ PGKÌ wf®²Zv jÞ Kiv hvq|
c`v^ÆGK wjwcW eGj| A Avg, KuvVvj BZÅvw` Dw«¿G` ‰K aiGbi c^ PGKÌi gvaÅGg ‰es
L AÅvwgGbv AÅvwmGWi cwjgviGK ˆcÉvwUb eGj| RxeG`Gni mKj fƒëv, BÞz BZÅvw` Dw«¿G` AvGiK aiGbi c^ PGKÌi gvaÅGg KveÆb
AvîxKiY mÁ·®² nq|
AGã MvVwbK eÕ§ wnGmGe ˆcÉvwUb we`Ågvb| ‰gbwK RxeG`Gni K. ATP-‰i cƒYÆbvg ˆjGLv| 1
wewf®² ŠRewbK cÉwKÌqvq wbq¯¨YKvix wewf®² ‰bRvBg, niGgvb, L. mwKÌq cwiGkvlGY wecvKxq kwÚi cÉGqvRb ˆKb? eÅvLÅv
AÅvw´ŸewW cÉf‡wZ ˆcÉvwUb w`Gq ŠZwi| Aciw`GK, RxeGKvGl we`Ågvb KGiv| 2
ˆcÉvwUbagÆx ŠRe ˆhŒM ռ͸gvòvq DcwÕ©Z ˆ^GK ŠRe ivmvqwbK M. DóxcGKi cÉ^g Dw«¿` `y’wUi KveÆb AvîxKiGYi c^ PKÌ
wewKÌqvi nviGK Z½ivw®¼Z KiGZ mvnvhÅ KGi ‰bRvBg| AÅvwgGbv cÉevn wPGòi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvI| 3
AÅvwmWB ‰bRvBGgi gƒj MvVwbK Dcv`vb| ZvB ejv hvq, mKj N. DóxcGKi w«¼Zxq Dw«¿` `y’wUi KveÆb AvîxKiY c^ cÉ^g
‰bRvBgB ˆcÉvwUb, wK¯§ mKj ˆcÉvwUb ‰bRvBg bq| A Dw«¿` `ywU nGZ wf®² weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
 wkLbdj: 6 [h. ˆev. 2019]
M DóxcGKi A I B cÅvGKGU h^vKÌGg 6-KveÆbwewkÓ¡ AÅvjGWvR
‰es wKGUvR ÷ÅMvi cvIqv wMGqwQj| ‰iv h^vKÌGg ™ÏyGKvR ‰es 82 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
dÌzGÙvR| wbGP MvVwbK msGKZmn ‰G`i eYÆbv ˆ`Iqv nGjv A K ATP ‰i cƒYÆbvg Adenosine Triphosphate| A
L wecvKxq kwÚi mnvqZvq NbZ½ KÌGgi wei‚G«¬ Avqb ˆkvlY
™ÏyGKvR: ‰wU ‰K aiGbi ˆnGÝvR gGbvmÅvKvivBW| ‰i MVGb
cÉwKÌqvGK mwKÌq cwiGkvlY eGj| mwKÌq cwiGkvlY cÉwKÌqvq NbZ½
AÅvjwWnvBW (CHO) ^vKvq ‰G`i AÅvjGWvGnGÝvR eGj| wbGP bwZgvòvi wecixGZ Avqb cÉevwnZ nq| A^Ævr Kg NbGZ½i ewntÕ© `ËeY
‰i MvVwbK msGKZ ˆ`Iqv nGjv ˆ^GK ˆewk NbGZ½i ˆKvl `ËeGYi w`GK cÉevwnZ nq| NbZ½ bwZgvòvi
wecixZ w`GK Avqb ˆkvwlZ nIqvi RbÅ wecvKxq kwÚi cÉGqvRb nq|
M DóxcGKi cÉ^g Dw«¿` `y’wU nGjv Avg, KuvVvj hv KÅvjwfb PKÌ
ev C3 MwZc^ cÉ`kÆb KGi| KveÆb AvîxKiGYi MwZcG^i PKÌ cÉevn
wPGòi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvGbv nGjv
H
CO2
wPò : -D ™ÏyGKvR ‰i MvVwbK msGKZ
RuBP
dÌzGÙvR: dÌzGÙvR ™ÏyGKvGRi bÅvq ˆnGÝvR RvZxq gGbvmÅvKvivBW| ‰i MVGb (5-KveÆb) wKGUv AÅvwmW (6-KveÆb
ADP+Pi
wKGUv (=CO) MÉ‚c ^vKvq ‰GK wKGUvGnGÝvR eGj| dGji iGm AwaK AÕ©vqx ˆhŒM)

cwigvGY dÌzGÙvR cvIqv hvq| wbGP ‰i MvVwbK msGKZ ˆ`Iqv nGjv 3-PGA
ATP
KÅvjwfb (3-KveÆb)
NADPH + H+
H ˆKjwfb PKÌ ATP
CH2OH O PKÌ
ADP+Pi
C H OH C RU-5P 3-PGAL
NADP+
HO (5-KveÆb) (3-KveÆb)
C C CH2OH
DHAP
OH H (3-KveÆb)
wPò: dÌzGÙvR-‰i MvVwbK msGKZ Fr.1,1.6BP
Fr. 6BP
(6-KveÆb)
N DóxcGK mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq Drc®² cÉ^g c`v^ÆwU nGjv ‘A’ Pi Fr. 6P (6-KveÆb)
A^Ævr ™ÏyGKvR| mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi A®¬Kvi chÆvGq KveÆb weRviGYi
gvaÅGg ™ÏyGKvR ŠZwi nq| wbGP mij wewKÌqvi gvaÅGg nÅvP-ÕÏÅvK Glu 6P (6-KveÆb)

MwZcG^ ™ÏyGKvR ŠZwii cÉwKÌqvwU ˆ`LvGbv nGjv

ˆgGmvwdj wUmyÅ ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ ev´£j wm^ ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ Glucose
NADPH+H+ NADP (6-KveÆb)
AÝvGjv gÅvwjK gÅvwjK
AÅvwmwUK AÅvwmW
Starch
gÅvwjK wWnvBGWÈvwRGbR AÅvwmW AÅvwmW ˆk¼Zmvi
wjwcW ‰wmW
AÅvwgGbv AÅvwmW
dmGdvBGbvj cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW

H3PO4
AÕ©vqxGhŒM
CO2 N DóxcGKi w«¼Zxq Dw«¿` `ywU A^Ævr BÞz I f„ëv-ˆZ nÅvP I ÕÏÅvK
ˆKjwfb PKÌ
KveÆwÝGjR

wWKvGeÆvwÝGjR

NADP+
PKÌ ‰es cÉ^g Dw«¿` `ywU A^Ævr Avg I KuvVvGj KÅvjwfb PGKÌi
CO2
NADH+H+ RUBP
gvaÅGg Lv`Å ŠZwi nq| wbGP ‰G`i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv
cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW KvBGbR
™ÏyGKvR Dfq PGKÌi gvaÅGg Dw«¿G` ™ÏyGKvR ŠZwi nq, ZGe C3 PGKÌi Zyjbvq
dmGdvBGbvj cvBi‚wfK cvBi‚wfK
cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW AÅvwmW AÅvwmW C4 PGKÌ mvGjvKmsGkÏlY nvi ˆewk nIqvq ™ÏyGKvR Drcv`bI ˆewk
nGq ^vGK| C3 PGKÌ 1, 5-ivBeyGjvR wemdmGdU CO2 MÉvnK wK¯¦y
(PEP) ADP+Pi ATP

wPò: C4 Dw«¿G`i MwZcG^ kKÆiv ev ™ÏyGKvR ŠZwi C4 PGKÌ dmGdvBGbvj cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW nGjv CO2 MÉvnK| C3 PGKÌ
54 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

cÉ^g Õ©vqx c`v^Æ nGjv 3-dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK AÅvwmW ˆhLvGb C4 PGKÌi I LwbR jeGYi NvUwZ ˆ`Lv ˆ`q, dGj Dw«¿` XGj cGo ‰es AGbK
cÉ^g Õ©vqx c`v^Æ nGjv 4-KveÆbwewkÓ¡ AÝvGjv AÅvwmwUK AÅvwmW| mgq gvivI hvq| kxZKvGj gvwUGZ cvwbi cwigvY KGg ˆMGj
AwaK AvGjvi cÉLiZvq C3 PKÌ e®¬ nGjI C4 PKÌ PjGZ ^vGK| cÉGÕ¼G`Gbi nvi ‰KB ^vKGj cÉK‡wZ ZLb MvGQi cvZvGK SwiGq
cÉwZ wgwjqGb 50-150 cwigvY CO2 ^vKGj C3 PGKÌ ˆ`q| ‰QvovI cÉGÕ¼`b cÉwKÌqvi KviGY Dw«¿`GK cÉGqvRGbi Zzjbvq
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY nq| wK¯¦y cÉwZ wgwjqGb wbÁ²Zg 0.10 cwigvY CO2 AwZwiÚ cvwb ˆkvlY KiGZ nq| cÉGÕ¼`b cÉwKÌqv ˆhGnZz DcKvGii
^vKGjI C4 PGKÌ mvGjvKmsGkÏlY PjGZ ^vGK| C3 PGKÌi RbÅ cig cvkvcvwk Dw«¿G`i ÞwZ KGi, ZvB ‰B cÉwKÌqvGK Dw«¿G`i RxeGb
Zvcgvòv 10-25 ˆm. nGjI C4 PGKÌi RbÅ cig Zvcgvòv 30-45 AwZ cÉGqvRbxq ÞwZ bvGgI AwfwnZ Kiv nq| ZvB ejv hvq, Dw«¿`
ˆm.| C3 PKÌ Õ¼qsmÁ·ƒYÆ wK¯¦y C4 PGKÌi mGã C3 PKÌ mÁ·wKÆZ| RxeGb DóxcGKi ‰B kvixiZvwî½K cÉwKÌqvwU A^Ævr cÉGÕ¼`Gbi ài‚Z½
cÉk
 ² 83 cÉPí MiGgi w`Gb `ycyGi eo MvGQi wbGP wKQyUv kxZj AGbK|
Abyfe Kij ivGmj| ciw`b KÑvGm ‰i KviY RvbGZ PvBGj wkÞK cÉk
² 84 Dw«¿` KZƆK ˆkvwlZ cvwbi ˆewki fvMB cvZvq AweÕ©Z
ejGjb ˆh, ‰K cÉKvi iG®¬Ëi gaÅ w`Gq cvwb evÓ· AvKvGi ˆewiGq weGkl Þz`vË ã w`Gq evqygíGj QwoGq cGo|
cwiGek kxZj ivGL| K. wbwÓ˜q cwiGkvlY Kx? 1
K. w«¼wbGlK Kx? 1 L. AwÝGWwUf dmGdvivBGjkb ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
L. TCA PKÌ ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Þz`ËvãwUi MVb eYÆbv KGiv| 3
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ iG®¬Èi MVb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3 N. Dw«¿G`i wewf®² ŠRe-ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvq DÚ AãwUi
N. DóxcGKi kvixiZvwî½K cÉwKÌqvwU Dw«¿` RxeGb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv iGqGQ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4  AaÅvq 3 I 5 ‰i mg®¼Gq [iv. ˆev., Kz. ˆev., P. ˆev., e. ˆev. 2018]
 wkLbdj: 3 I 5 [e. ˆev. 2019]
84 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
83 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K ˆh cwiGkvlY cÉwKÌqvq Avqb ˆkvlGYi RbÅ ˆKvGbv wecvKxq
K ‰KB mgGq ‰KwU wWÁ¼vYyi mvG^ ‰KwU cysMÅvwgGUi wgjb I kwÚi cÉGqvRb nq bv ˆmB cwiGkvlYB nGjv wbwÓ˜q cwiGkvlY| A
ˆmGK´£vwi wbDwKÑqvGmi mvG^ Aci cysMÅvwgGUi wgjb cÉwKÌqvB nGjv
L BGjKUÇb UÇv´ÖGcvUÆ wmGÕ¡Gg (ETS) ATP ŠZwii cÉwKÌqvGK ejv nq
w«¼wbGlK| A
AwÝGWwUf dmGdvivBGjkb| ETS-‰ BGjKUÇGbi Õ©vbv¯¦Gii mgq ˆh
L k¼mGbi ˆh RwUj wewKÌqv PGKÌ AÅvwmUvBj Co-A AÝvGjv AÅvwmwUK kwÚ wbMÆZ nq Zv w`Gq ADP ‰i mvG^ Pi hyÚ nGqB ŠZwi nq ‰ ATP|
AÅvwmGWi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi CO2 I cvwb cÉÕ§Z KGi ‰es PKÌ ˆkGl AwÝGWwUf dmGdvivBGjkb ˆKvGli gvBGUvKw´£Èqvi wKÌwÕ¡GZ NGU|
AÝvGjv AÅvwmwUK AÅvwmW cybivq ŠZwi nGq PKÌwU MwZkxj ^vGK ZvGK
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cvZvi weGkl Þz`ËvãwU nGjv còi®¬È| wbGP
ˆKÌem PKÌ ev TCA PKÌ eGj| ‰B PGKÌi cÉ^g Drc®² c`v^Æ mvBwUÇK
AÅvwmW nIqvq ‰GK mvBwUÇK AÅvwmW PKÌI ejv nq| mvBwUÇK AÅvwmGW còiG®¬Èi MVb eYÆbv Kiv nGjv
wZbwU KvGeÆvwÝj (COOH) MÉ‚c ^vKvq ‰GK eZÆgvGb UÇvB- cvZvi DcwiZGj AewÕ©Z `ywU AaÆP±`ÊvK‡wZi iÞxGKvl ‰es ‰G`i
KvGeÆvwÝwjK AÅvwmW PKÌ, msGÞGc TCA Cycle ejv nq| w`Gq ˆewÓ¡Z i®¬È wbGq còi®¬È MwVZ| còiG®¬Èi iÞxGKvGl ‰KwU
myÕ·Ó¡ wbDwKÑqvm, eü ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ I Nb mvBGUvµÏvRg ^vGK|
M DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ i®¬ÈwU nGjv còi®¬È| wbGP ‰i MVb eÅvLÅv
iÞxGKvGli cÉvPxi meÕ©vGb mgvbfvGe cyi‚ bv nGq iG®¬Èi w`K ˆewk
Kiv nGjv
cyi‚ nq| ‰B Amg cyi‚Z½ còi®¬È ˆLvjv I eG®¬ weGkl f„wgKv ivGL|
cvZvi DcwiZGj AewÕ©Z `ywU AaÆP±`ÊvK‡wZi iÞxGKvl ‰es ‰G`i
iÞxGKvGli Pvwiw`GK AewÕ©Z mvaviY Z½Kxq ˆKvl nGZ ‰KUz wf®²
w`Gq ˆewÓ¡Z i®¬È wbGq còi®¬È MwVZ| còiG®¬Èi iÞxGKvGl ‰KwU
AvKvi-AvK‡wZi Z½Kxq mnKvix ˆKvl ^vGK| còiG®¬Èi wbGP ‰KwU
myÕ·Ó¡ wbDwKÑqvm, eü ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ I Nb mvBGUvµÏvRg ^vGK|
eo evqyKzVzix ^vGK|
iÞxGKvGli cÉvPxi meÕ©vGb mgvbfvGe cyi‚ bv nGq iG®¬Èi w`K ˆewk
cyi‚ nq| ‰B Amg cyi‚Z½ còi®¬È ˆLvjv I eG®¬ weGkl f„wgKv ivGL| N Dw«¿G`i wewf®² ŠRe-ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvq DóxcGKi AãwU A^Ævr
iÞxGKvGli Pvwiw`GK AewÕ©Z mvaviY Z½Kxq ˆKvl nGZ ‰KUz wf®² còi®¬È ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi ^vGK| wbGPi weGkÏlYgƒjK
AvKvi-AvK‡wZi Z½Kxq mnKvix ˆKvl ^vGK| còiG®¬Èi wbGP ‰KwU AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK Zv mnGRB ˆevSv hvq| ˆhgb A
eo evqyKzVzix ^vGK| Dw«¿` mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq kKÆiv RvZxq Lv`Å ŠZwi KGi ^vGK|
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ kvixiZvwî½K cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv cÉGÕ¼`b cÉwKÌqv| ‰ cÉwKÌqvi RbÅ CO2, cvwb, AvGjv I ˆKÑvGivwdj AZÅvekÅK| Dw«¿`
cÉwKÌqvwU Dw«¿G`i RbÅ AZů¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| ‰B cÉwKÌqvwU Dw«¿G`i RxeGb ˆ`Gn ‰ ŠRe-ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvwU msNUGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq CO2
DcKvwi ‰es AcKvwi `ywU f„wgKvB cvjb KGi| cÉGÕ¼`b cÉwKÌqvi còiG®¬Èi gvaÅGgB cÉGek KGi| Avevi, Dw«¿` ˆ`Gn kwÚ ŠZwii
KviGY Dw«¿G`i RvBGjg evwnKvq Uvb cGo dGj Dw«¿G`i gƒjGivg ˆÞGò k¼mb wKÌqv NGU| k¼mb wKÌqvq, weGkl KGi mevZ k¼mGb O2
gvwU ˆ^GK cvwb I LwbR jeY ˆkvlY KGi Dw«¿G`i wewf®² AsGk AvekÅK ‰es ‰ O2 còiG®¬Èi gvaÅGgB ˆKvGl cÉGek KGi| A^Ævr
ˆcuŒQvq| ‰B cvwb Dw«¿G`i mvGjvmsGkÏlGYi RbÅ AZů¦ ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ| k¼mb bvgK ŠRe-ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvwUGZI còiG®¬Èi ài‚Z½ iGqGQ|
‰QvovI ˆKvGli wewf®² wKÌqv-wewKÌqvi RbÅI ‰B cvwb mwKÌq f„wgKv Dw«¿G`i cÉGÕ¼`b cÉwKÌqvi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ AãàGjv còi®¬È ‰es cÉGÕ¼`Gbi
ivGL| cÉGÕ¼`b cvZvGK AZÅwaK Mig nIqv ˆ^GK iÞv KGi ‰es dGjB Dw«¿` ˆ`Gn gvwU ˆ^GK cvwb I LwbR jeY DGîvwjZ nq|
DchyÚ Zvcgvòv wbq¯¨Y KGi| ‰QvovI ‰B cÉwKÌqv Dw«¿G`i wewf®² cvwb ˆhGKvGbv aiGbi ŠRe-ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ DcKiY
AsGk cGivÞfvGe Lv`Å cwienb KGi| ‰me DcKvix f„wgKvi ‰es wewf®² aiGbi LwbR jeYI ŠRe-ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvq f„wgKv
cvkvcvwk cÉGÕ¼`b cÉwKÌqv wKQy AcKvix f„wgKvI cvjb KGi| gƒj ivGL| myZivs ejv hvq, còi®¬È wewf®²fvGe Dw«¿G`i ŠRe-ivmvqwbK
nGZ cvwb ˆkvlGYi ˆPGq cÉGÕ¼`Gbi nvi ˆewk nGj Dw«¿` ˆ`Gn cvwb cÉwKÌqvq ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv ˆiGL ^vGK|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 55

cÉk
² 85 Dw«¿G` ‰KwU ˆKvlxq AãvYy kKÆiv RvZxq Lv`Å ŠZwi cÉk
² 86
(A) C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O  6CO2 + 12H2O + 38ATP
KGi| ˆmB Lv`Å ‰KwU ŠRewbK cÉwKÌqvq ˆfGO kwÚ Drc®² nq|A (B) C6H12O6  C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP
K. wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW Kx? 1
L. ˆRGbwUK ˆKvW ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 K. KÅvjwfb PGKÌ Drc®² cÉ^g Õ©vqx c`vG^Æi bvg Kx? 1
M. DóxcGKi AãvYywUi wPwn×Z wPò AsKb KGiv| 3
L. dGUvGimwcGikb ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉwKÌqv `ywUi gGaÅ Zzjbv KGiv| 4
M. DóxcGKi A ‰es B cÉwKÌqvi Awf®² chÆvqwU QKvKvGi ˆ`LvI|3
 AaÅvq 1 I 9 ‰i mg®¼Gq [iv. ˆev. 2017]
N. DóxcGKi cÉwKÌqv `ywUGZ kwÚ I `ËeÅ Drcv`b gvòvi
85 bs cÉGk²i Dîi wf®²Zv iGqGQ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
K AmsLÅ wbDwKÑIUvBW cwjgvi m†wÓ¡i gvaÅGg ˆh AÅvwmW ŠZwi nq
 wkLbdj-8 [w`. ˆev. 2017]
ZvB nGjv wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW| A 86 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
L ˆRGbwUK ˆKvW nGjv DNA AYyi wbDwKÑIUvBGWi AbyKÌg ‰i K KÅvjwfb PGKÌi cÉ^g Õ©vqx c`v^Æ nGjv wZb KveÆbwewkÓ¡ 3-

ˆcÉvwUGbi AÅvwgGbv ‰wmGWi AbyKÌGgi ‰KwU ˆhvMvGhvM c«¬wZ|
dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK AÅvwmW| A
DNA AYyGZ cvkvcvwk AewÕ©Z wZbwU bvBGUÇvGRb ˆem wgwjZfvGe
‰KwU mwKÌq ˆRGbwUK ˆKvW wnGmGe KvR KGi| ˆcÉvwUb msGkÏlGY L AvGjvi mvnvGhÅ O2 MÉnY ‰es CO2 ZÅvM Kivi cÉwKÌqv nGjv
AUG mƒPbv ˆKvW wnGmGe ‰es UAA, UAG A^ev UGA-‰i ˆh dGUvGimwcGikb| meyR Dw«¿G` C3 PKÌ Z^v KÅvjwfb PKÌ PjvKvGj
ˆKvGbv ‰KwU mgvwµ¦ ˆKvW wnGmGe KvR KGi| A cwiGeGk ZxeË AvGjv I DœP Zvcgvòv m†wÓ¡ nGj dGUvwmbG^wmm bv
nGq dGUvGimwcGikb NGU| ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡ CO2 ‰i cwigvY Kg ‰es
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ AãvYywU nGjv ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ hv mvGjvKmsGkÏlY
cÉwKÌqvq kKÆiv RvZxq Lv`Å cÉÕ§Z KGi| wbGP ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡i wPwn×Z O2 ‰i cwigvb ˆewk nGjB dGUvGimwcGikb nq| A
wPò Aâb Kiv nGjvA M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ A (mevZ k¼mb) ‰es B (AevZ k¼mb) cÉwKÌqv
`ywUi Awf®² chÆvqwU nGjv ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm| wbGP ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm
ewntÕ¦i avcwU QGKi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvGbv nGjv A
A¯¦tÕ¦i
ˆÕ¡Èvgv jÅvGgjvg ™ÏyGKvR
ATP
ivBGevGRvg ˆnGÝvKvBGbR Mg++
MÉvbvg ADP

ˆÕ¡Èvgv ™ÏyGKvR-6 dmGdU

ˆZjwe±`y dmGdv™ÏyGKv
^vBjvKGqW AvBGmvgvGiR
ˆk¼Zmvi `vbv
dÌzGÙvR-6 dmGdU
DNA
wPò: ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡i wewf®² Ask dmGdv dÌzGÙvKvBGbR ATP
Mg++
ADP
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ 1g cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv mvGjvKmsGkÏlY ‰es 2q dÌzGÙvR 1,6-wemdmGdU
cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv k¼mb| wbGÁ² cÉwKÌqv `ywUi gGaÅ Zzjbv Kiv nGjv A AÅvGΣvGjR
 Dfq cÉwKÌqvB Dw«¿G`i ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠRweK cÉwKÌqv nGjI UÇvGqvR
3-dmGdv
mvGjvKmsGkÏlGY Lv`Å ŠZwii gvaÅGg kwÚ mwçZ nq eGj ‰wU w™ÏmÅviÅvj&wWnvBW
AvBGmvgvGiR WvBnvBGWÈvwÝ
AÅvwmGUvb dmGdU
DcwPwZgƒjK cÉwKÌqv, Avi k¼mGb Lv`Å ˆfGO kwÚ wbMÆZ nq eGj dmGdvw™ÏmviÅvjwWnvBW
Pi 2NAD+

‰wU AcwPwZgƒjK cÉwKÌqv| wWnvBGWÈvwRGbR

+H2O
2NADH+H+
1,3-wemdmGdv
 ˆKej w`Gbi ˆejvq ˆKÑvGivwdj wewkÓ¡ meyR ˆKvGl A^Ævr 2 AYy w™ÏmvwiK AÅvwmW
Dw«¿G` mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqv PGj| AbÅw`GK RxeG`Gn (Dw«¿` dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK 2ADP

I cÉvYx) w`b-ivZ 24 N¥Ÿv k¼mb cÉwKÌqv PGj| AÅvwmW KvBGbR

2ATP
3-dmGdv
 mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq AskMÉnYKvix cÉavb Dcv`vb cvwb I 2 AYy w™ÏmvwiK AÅvwmW
KveÆb WvBAÝvBW ‰es Drcvw`Z eÕ¦y ™ÏyGKvR, AwÝGRb I dmGdvw™ÏmvGiv
cvwb| k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq AskMÉnYKvix cÉavb Dcv`vb ™ÏyGKvR I wgDGUR

AwÝGRb ‰es Drcvw`Z eÕ¦y KveÆb WvBAÝvBW, cvwb I kwÚ| 2 AYy

2-dmGdv
w™ÏmvwiK AÅvwmW
 mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq AvGjvK kwÚ ivmvqwbK kwÚGZ cwiYZ
BGbvGjR
nGjI k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq ivmvqwbK kwÚ mwçZ MwZkwÚGZ 2H2O
2-dmGdvBGbvj
i…cv¯¦wiZ nq| 2 AYy
cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW
 mgÕ¦ mvGjvKmsGkÏlY wewKÌqv ˆKvGli ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡i Afů¦Gi cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW 2ADP
KvBGbR
msNwUZ nq| Avi k¼mGbi wewKÌqvàGjv mvBGUvµÏvRg ‰es 2ATP

gvBGUvKw´£Èqvq mÁ·®² nq| 2 AYy cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW

56 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ 6-KveÆbwewkÓ¡ kKÆiv nGZ mevZ k¼mb ‰es M DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ QKwU wbÁ²i…c A

AevZ k¼mb ‰B `ywU cÉwKÌqvq kwÚ Drc®² nq| cÉwKÌqv `ywUGZ Drc®²
kwÚi cwigvY wf®² nq| KviY A
mevZ k¼mb cÉwKÌqvwU gƒjZ wZbwU avGc msNwUZ nq| cÉ^g avGc
ˆKvGli mvBGUvµÏvRGg 6-KveÆbwewkÓ¡ cÉwZ AYy ™ÏyGKvR fvM nGq 3-
KveÆbwewkÓ¡ `yB AYy cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW I 2wU ATP Drc®² nq|
w«¼Zxq avGc cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc RvwiZ nGq wZb AYy CO2 13wemdmGdvw™ÏmvwiK
I H2O ‰es 2wU ATP Drc®² KGi| ‰B chÆvGqi AwaKvsk wewKÌqv
PKÌvKvGi AvewZÆZ nq| ‰GK ejv nq ˆKÌem PKÌ| Z‡Zxq avGc
™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm I ˆKÌem PGKÌ Drc®² NADH + H+, FADH2 nGZ
BGjKUÇb AwÝGRb-‰ Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| meGkGl BGjKUÇGbi ‰B
Õ©vbv¯¦iKvGj H2O Drc®² nq| ‰ chÆvqGK ejv nq, BGjKUÇb
UÇv´ÖGcvUÆ ˆPBb| ‰GÞGò mÁ·ƒYÆ mevZ k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq ˆgvU 38 AYy
ATP Drc®² nq|
Aciw`GK, AevZ k¼mGb Kg kwÚ Drc®² nq KviY ‰GZ AwÝGRGbi
cÉGqvRb cGo bv| AevZ k¼mb `ywU chÆvGq mÁ·®² nq| AevZ
k¼mGbiI cÉ^g avc nGjv ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm| ‰wU mevZ k¼mGbi
™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm avGci Abyi…c| ‰ avGc ‰K AYy ™ÏyGKvR ˆ^GK 2
AYy cvBi‚wfK ‰wmW, 2 AYy NADH + H+ I 2 AYy ATP Drc®²
nq| w«¼Zxq avGc cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW AmÁ·ƒYÆfvGe RvwiZ nGq B^vbj
I CO2 A^ev ÷ay jÅvKwUK AÅvwmW m†wÓ¡ KGi| ‰me ŠRe ˆhŒGM
kwÚ mwçZ ^vGK| AwÝGRb bv ^vKvi KviGY ‰me ˆhŒM ˆfGO N DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ ˆkl Drcvw`Z `ËeÅwU AÅvwmUvBj CoA| ‰wU
mij ˆhŒGM cwiYZ nGZ cvGi bv| hvi KviGY ivmvqwbK kwÚ ev ˆKÌe&m PGKÌ cÉGek KGi| wbGP ˆKÌe&m PGKÌi ŠRweK ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY
MwZkwÚ Kg Drc®² nq| Kiv nGjv A
DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ‰ K^v Õ·Ó¡fvGe ejv hvq ˆh, mevZ k¼mb ˆKÌem-PKÌ kwÚ Drcv`Gbi cÉavb ˆK±`Ê| RxGei k¼mGb Drcvw`Z
I AevZ k¼mb cÉwKÌqv `ywUGZ Drc®² kwÚi cwigvY wf®² nq| kwÚi AwaKvskB ‰B PGKÌi gvaÅGg NGU| ‰ kwÚ wewf®² wecvKxq
KvGR (LwbR jeY ˆkvlY, cvwb ˆkvlY, cwienb, e†w«¬, Pjb,
AvBGmvgvGiR
cÉk
² 87 dmGdvw™ÏmviÅvjwWnvBW HoooooooooooooI WvBnvBGWÈvwÝ cyÓ·vqb BZÅvw` KvGR) eÅen†Z nq| ‰ PGKÌ Drcvw`Z -
AÅvwmGUvb dmGdU wKGUv™ÏyUvwiK AÅvwmW I AÝvGjv AÅvwmwUK AÅvwmW bvBGUÇvGRb
wecvGKi mGã ˆhvMmƒò Õ©vcb KGi| ˆKÌem PKÌ bvBGUÇvGRb
wecvGK weGklZ AÅvwgGbv AÅvwmW Drcv`Gbi mvG^ AãvwãfvGe
RwoZ| ˆKbbv AÅvwgGbv AÅvwmW cÉÕ§wZi RbÅ AcwinvhÆ ˆhŒM
AÝvGjv AÅvwmwUK AÅvwmW, Avjdv-wKGUv™ÏyUvwiK AÅvwmW BZÅvw`
ˆKÌem PGKÌB Drc®² nq| ˆKÑvGivwdj, mvBGUÇvGKÌvg, dvBGKvwewjb,
wnGgvG™Ïvweb BZÅvw` ŠZwii Drm mvwÝwbj ˆKv-‰, ˆKÌem PGKÌi
CH3COCOOH  AÅvwmUvBj CoA AbÅZg ˆhŒM| ˆKÌem-PGKÌ Drc®² wewf®² ŠRe ‰wmW mvaviYfvGe
K. µÏvRGgvjvBwmm Kx? 1 Dw«¿G`i ‰es cÉvYxG`i ŠRe AÅvwmW wecvGK AskMÉnY KGi|
L. wjwgwUs dÅvÙi ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 DchyÆÚ AvGjvPbv nGZ ejv hvq, ˆKÌem PGKÌi ŠRweK ài‚Z½ Acwimxg|
M. ‰bRvBGgi bvgmn DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ QKwU cƒiY KGiv| 3
cÉk
² 88 A : BÞz I fzëv
N. DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ ˆkl Drcvw`Z `ËeÅwU ˆh PGKÌ cÉGek KGi
B : Avg I KuvVvj
Zvi ŠRweK ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
wkLbdj-8 [Kz. ˆev. 2017] K. wjwgwUs dÅvÙi Kx? 1
87 bs cÉGk²i Dîi L. LwbR jeY cwiGkvlY mvaviYZ mwKÌq cÉwKÌqvq NGU ˆKb?
2
K ewntAwfmÉeY cÉwKÌqvq ˆKvGli cvwb ˆewiGq hvIqvi dGj
M. A ‰i Dw«¿`mgƒn ˆh cÉwKÌqvq Lv`Å ŠZwi KGi Zv
ˆcÉvGUvµÏvRGgi msGKvPbB nGjv µÏvRGgvjvBwmm| A
ˆiLvwPGòi gvaÅGg DcÕ©vcb KGiv| 3
L mvGjvKmsGkÏlY ˆhGKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq ÷aygvò ‰KwU dÅvÙi «¼viv
N. DóxcK A ‰es DóxcK B ‰i Dw«¿`mgƒGni Lv`Å ŠZwii
mxgve«¬ nq| A^Ævr mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi nvi ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ dÅvÙGii
cÉwKÌqvi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
mgvbycvwZK dÅvÙiwUi cwigvY evoGj mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi nvi evGo
wkLbdj-6 I 7 [wm. ˆev. 2017]
‰es KgGj nvi KGg| ‰GKB wjwgwUs dÅvÙi eGj| A
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 57

88 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 89 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

K wjwgwUs dÅvÙi nGjv ˆhGKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq meyR Dw«¿G`i 
 K ‰KwU BGKvwmGÕ¡Ggi wbw`ÆÓ¡ ‰jvKvGZ ‰es wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgqKvGj
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvi nvi wbq¯¨YKvix dÅvÙi| A wewf®² Lv`ÅÕ¦Gii Rxe KZ‡ÆK eÅen†Z ˆgvU kwÚi wnmve Abyhvqx
L gvwUÕ© `ËeGY wbw`ÆÓ¡ AvqGbi NbGZ½i ˆPGq gƒjGivGgi ˆKvliGm AwâZ bKkvB nGjv kwÚi wcivwgW|
we`Ågvb AvqGbi NbZ½ ˆewk nIqv mGî½I Zv gƒjGivGg AbycÉGek L nÅvGjvdvBwUK Dw«¿G`i AwfGhvRbMZ ŠewkÓ¡Å: nÅvGjvdvBU
KiGZ ˆ`Lv hvq| Dci¯§ wbÁ²Zvcgvòv, ռ͸ AwÝGRb ev wecvGK Dw«¿G`i gƒjZ¯¨ gvwUi Lye MfxGi bv wMGq gvwUi DcGii Õ¦GiB weÕ¦‡Z
evav`vbKvix c`vG^Æi DcwÕ©wZGZ wecvGKi nvi nËvm cvIqvi mvG^ ^vGK| e†wÓ¡i mgq ‰me Dw«¿` Kg jeYvÚ cvwb ˆcGq Zv ˆkvlY
mvG^ Dw«¿G`i jeY ˆkvlY `Ë‚Z nËvm cvq| gvwUÕ© `ËeGY AvqGbi KGi ivGL| ˆRvqvi-fuvUvi UvbGK mnÅ KGi wUGK ^vKvi RbÅ AGbK
NbZ½ Kg nGjI hvGZ mwVKfvGe jeY cwiGkvlY Kiv hvq ‰RbÅ Dw«¿G` ˆVmgƒj ^vGK| ‰Qvov ‰B ˆRvqvi fuvUvi cÉwZK„jZvq exR
Dw«¿` mvaviYZ mwKÌq cÉwKÌqvq LwbR jeY ˆkvlY KGi| A ‰K Õ©vGb wUGK ^vKGZ cviGe bv eGj ‰me Dw«¿G` RivqyR
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ A ‰i Dw«¿` BÞz I fzëv nÅvP I ÕÏÅvK PGKÌi gvaÅGg AâzGiv`Mg nq| jeYvÚZvi `i‚b gvwUGZ AwÝGRGbi NvUwZ ^vKvq
Lv`Å ŠZwi KGi| wbGP ˆiLvwPGòi gvaÅGg Zv DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGjv mnGR MÅvmxq wewbgGqi RbÅ ‰G`i k¼vmgƒj ^vGK|
ˆgGmvwdj wUmyÅ ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡
NADPH+H NADP
ev´£j wm^ ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡
+
M DóxcK «¼viv RxGei ‰KwU ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ ŠRe ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqv
AÝvGjv gÅvwjK gÅvwjK k¼mGbi ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm avcwU ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| A
AÅvwmwUK AÅvwmW gÅvwjK wWnvBGWÈvwRGbR AÅvwmW AÅvwmW
wbGP ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm avcwU ˆiLvwPGòi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvGbv nGjv
dmGdvBGbvj cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW

H PO
3 4
AÕ©vqxGhŒM
CO2 ™ÏyGKvR
ˆKjwfb PKÌ
KveÆwÝGjR

wWKvGeÆvwÝGjR

NADP+ ATP
ˆnGÝvKvBGbR Mg++
CO2 ADP
NADH+H+ RUBP
™ÏyGKvR-6 dmGdU
cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW KvBGbR cvBi‚wfK
™ÏyGKvR
dmGdvBGbvj cvBi‚wfK dmGdv™ÏyGKv
cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW AÅvwmW AÅvwmW AvBGmvgvGiR
(PEP) ADP+Pi ATP
dÌGz ÙvR-6 dmGdU
wPò : nÅvP-ÕÏÅvK c^ A
dmGdv dÌGz ÙvKvBGbR ATP

N DóxcGKi A: BÞz I fzëv ˆZ nÅvP I ÕÏÅvK PKÌ ‰es B: Avg I Mg++

ADP

KuvVvGj KÅvjwfb PGKÌi gvaÅGg Lv`Å ŠZwi nq| wbGP ‰G`i gGaÅ dÌGz ÙvR 1,6-wemdmGdU
cv^ÆKÅ weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv AÅvGΣvGjR
Dfq PGKÌi gvaÅGg Dw«¿G` ™ÏyGKvR ŠZwi nq, ZGe KÅvjwfb PGKÌi UÇvGqvR
3-dmGdv
Zyjbvq nÅvP-ÕÏÅvK PGKÌ mvGjvKmsGkÏlY nvi ˆewk nIqvq ™ÏyGKvR w™ÏmÅviÅvj&wWnvBW
AvBGmvgvGiR WvBnvBGWÈvwÝ
AÅvwmGUvb dmGdU
Drcv`bI ˆewk nGq ^vGK| KÅvjwfb PGKÌ 1, 5-ivBeyGjvR Pi 2NAD+
dmGdvw™ÏmviÅvjwWnvBW
wemdmGdU CO2 MÉvnK wK¯¦y nÅvP-ÕÏÅvK PGKÌ dmGdvBGbvj wWnvBGWÈvwRGbR
+H2O
2NADH+H+
cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW nGjv CO2 MÉvnK| KÅvjwfb PGKÌ cÉ^g Õ©vqx 1,3-wemdmGdv
2 AYy w™ÏmvwiK AÅvwmW
c`v^Æ nGjv 3-dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK AÅvwmW ˆhLvGb nÅvP-ÕÏÅvK PGKÌi
dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK 2ADP
cÉ^g Õ©vqx c`v^Æ nGjv 4-KveÆbwewkÓ¡ AÝvGjv AÅvwmwUK AÅvwmW| AÅvwmW KvBGbR
AwaK AvGjvi cÉLiZvq KÅvjwfb PKÌ e®¬ nGjI nÅvP-ÕÏÅvK PKÌ 3-dmGdv
2ATP

PjGZ ^vGK| cÉwZ wgwjqGb 50-150 cwigvY CO2 ^vKGj KÅvjwfb 2 AYy w™ÏmvwiK AÅvwmW
PGKÌ mvGjvKmsGkÏlY nq| wK¯¦y cÉwZ wgwjqGb wbÁ²Zg 0.10 cwigvY dmGdvw™ÏmvGiv
wgDGUR
CO2 ^vKGjI nÅvP-ÕÏÅvK PGKÌ mvGjvKmsGkÏlY PjGZ ^vGK|
2-dmGdv
KÅvjwfb PGKÌi RbÅ cig Zvcgvòv 10 @ 25 ˆm. nGjI nÅvP- 2 AYy w™ÏmvwiK AÅvwmW
ÕÏÅvK PGKÌi RbÅ cig Zvcgvòv 30 @ 45 ˆm.| KÅvjwfb PKÌ
BGbvGjR
Õ¼qsmÁ·ƒYÆ wK¯¦y nÅvP-ÕÏÅvK PGKÌi mGã KÅvjwfb PKÌ mÁ·wKÆZ| 2H2O
2-dmGdvBGbvj
2 AYy
cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW
cÉk
² 89 ™ÏyGKvR  cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW 2ADP
KvBGbR
(X) (Y) 2ATP

K. kwÚi wcivwgW Kx? 1 2 AYy cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW

L. nÅvGjvdvBU Dw«¿G`i AwfGhvRbMZ ŠewkÓ¡Å eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2
wPò: ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm avGci ˆiLvwPò
M. DóxcGKi ŠRe ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvwU ˆiLvwPGòi mvnvGhÅ
ˆ`LvI| 3 N DóxcGK Y `ËeÅwU nGjv cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW| AevZ k¼mGb
cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmGWi AmÁ·ƒYÆ RviY NGU| AGbK AYyRxGei AevZ
N. Y `ËeÅwUi AmÁ·ƒYÆ RviY Kx Kx wkG͸ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv k¼mb wewf®² wkG͸ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
cvjb KGi Zv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 cvDi‚wU wkG͸ gq`v wPwbi mvG^ CÕ¡ ˆhvM Kiv nGj CGÕ¡i AevZ
wkLbdj-8 I 10 [iv. ˆev. 2016]
k¼mGbi dGj cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmGWi AmÁ·ƒYÆ RviGY CO2 I B^vBj
58 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

AÅvjGKvnj Drc®² nq| CO2 ‰i PvGc cvDi‚wU dzGj duvcv nq|  M wPGò cÉ`wkÆZ PKÌwU ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm cÉwKÌqvi| wbGP ‰i evKx
CGÕ¡i AevZ k¼mbGK KvGR jvwMGq g`Å wkG͸ AvãyGii im ˆ^GK avcàGjv ˆ`LvGbv nGjv
IqvBb ‰es AvGcGji im ˆ^GK wmWvi ŠZwi Kiv nq| kKÆivi mvG^
CGÕ¡i AevZ k¼mb wewKÌqvq B^vBj AÅvjGKvnj ŠZwi Kiv nq| ‰
cÉwKÌqvq AÅvjGKvnj wkG͸ weDUvbj, ˆcÉvcvbj BZÅvw`I ŠZwi Kiv
nq| `y™¬ wkG͸ `ya ˆ^GK `B, cwbi BZÅvw` ŠZwiGZ eÅvKGUwiqvi
AevZ k¼mb eÅenvi Kiv nq| Ilya wkG͸ AGbK AvqyGeÆw`K Ilya
ŠZwii ˆÞGò wewf®² WÈvGMi wgkÉGbi mvG^ wPUvào w`Gq cvò ˆXGK
w`Gj wPUvàGoi AYyRxGei AevZ k¼mGb Drc®² AÅvjGKvnj KZ‡ÆK
wewf®² WÈvGMi JlwaàY ˆkvwlZ nq| Pv cÉwKÌqvRvZKiGYi ˆÞGò
AevZ k¼mb eÅen†Z nq, dGj Pv ZvgË eYÆ cÉvµ¦ nq I myM®¬hyÚ nq|
gvsm wkG͸ wewf®² CÕ¡, KwZcq QòvK I eÅvKGUwiqvi AevZ k¼mb
eÅenvi KGi Drcvw`Z nq gvsmRvZ `ËeÅ| w^qvwgb I wiGevdÑÅvweb
bvgK wfUvwgb B1 I B2 CGÕ¡i AevZ k¼mGbi mvnvGhÅ ŠZwi Kiv nq
hv wPwKrmv ˆÞGò eÅen†Z nq|
‰ KviGY wewf®² wkG͸ cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmGWi AmÁ·ƒYÆ RviY Z^v
AevZ k¼mb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ|
cÉk
² 90 wbGPi QKwU jÞ KGiv ‰es cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI:
C6 H12 O6
ATP wPò: ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmGmi evKx avc
ˆnGÝvKvBGbR
ADP N DóxcGKi ˆiLvwPGòi gvaÅGg k¼mGbi ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm chÆvqwUGK
™ÏyGKvR 6-dmGdU ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| Dw«¿G`i RxeGb ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm cÉwKÌqvi hG^Ó¡
ài‚Z½ iGqGQ| ‰wU mevZ ‰es AevZ Dfq k¼mGbiB cÉ^g avc|
dmGdv™ÏyGKv AvBGmvgvGiR
™ÏyGKvR ˆ^GK cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW chƯ¦ m†Ó¡ wewf®² Dcv`vb wewf®²
wdÌzGÙvR 6-dmGdU
DcwPwZgƒjK cG^ ˆek wKQy msLÅK ˆKvlxq Dcv`vb m†wÓ¡ KGi|
dmGdv dÌzGÙvKvBGbR
™ÏyGKvR ˆ^GK cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW chƯ¦ ˆcuŒQvGZ ˆh ATP ev NADH
dÌzGÙvR 1, 6-wemdmGdU + H+ cvIqv hvq Zv ˆgvU myµ¦kwÚi gvò 17%| gvò 3% kwÚ
ZvckwÚ wnGmGe ˆewiGq hvq ‰es cÉvq 80% kwÚ cvBi‚wfK
AvBGmvgvGiR AÅvwmGWi gGaÅ ZLbI Rgv ^vGK| cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW m†wÓ¡B ‰B
JoooooooooooK WvB nvBGWÈvwÝ
cÉwKÌqvi gyLÅ welq| ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm cÉwKÌqvq ™ÏyGKvR ˆ^GK
AÅvwmGUvb dmGdU
cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW ŠZwi bv nGj mKj RxGeB k¼mb wKÌqv e®¬ nGq
hvGe| Dw«¿` Z^v ˆhGKvGbv RxGei RxeGb k¼mGbi ài‚Z½ Acwimxg|
K. NADP ‰i cƒYÆbvg BsGiwRGZ ˆjGLv| 1 RxGei cÉwZwU mRxe ˆKvGlB cÉwZwbqZ k¼mb cÉwKÌqv PjGZ ^vGK|
L. mvBGUvµÏvRwgK k¼mb ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 k¼mb cÉwKÌqv e®¬ nIqv gvGbB RxGei g†ZzÅ NUv| RxGei cÉwZwU
M. wPGò cÉ`wkÆZ PKÌwUi evKx avcàGjv ˆ`LvI| 3 cÉwKÌqv cwiPvjbvi RbÅ kwÚ cÉGqvRb, Avi ‰ kwÚ AvGm k¼mb
cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGg| KvGRB kwÚ Drcv`Gbi gvaÅGg RxGei mKj
N. DóxcGK ˆh PKÌwU ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ RxGei RxeGb ‰i ŠRweK cÉwKÌqv cwiPvjbv Kivi gGaÅB iGqGQ k¼mb cÉwKÌqvi cÉK‡Z
ZvrchÆ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 ài‚Z½| Dw«¿G`i LwbR jeY ˆkvlY ‰KwU ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ kvixie†îxq KvR|
wkLbdj-8 [Kz. ˆev. 2016] ‰ KvRwU mwVKfvGe mÁ·®² KiGZ cGivÞfvGe k¼mb cÉwKÌqv mvnvhÅ
90 bs cÉGk²i Dîi KGi| ‰ Qvov Dw«¿G`i Lv`Å ŠZwiGZ eÅen†Z AcwinvhÆ Dcv`vb CO2
m†wÓ¡ nq k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq| DóxcGKi ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm cÉwKÌqvwU bv
K NADP ‰i cƒYÆ bvg Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

NUGj ev evavMÉÕ© nGj k¼mb NUGe bv ev evavMÉÕ© nGe| ZvB mKj
Phosphate
RxGei RbÅ ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm AZů¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| ÷ay ZvB bq
L k¼mGbi ˆh cÉwKÌqvq ‰K AYy ™ÏyGKvR wewf®² ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvq ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm bv NUGj AYyRxGei gvaÅGg AevZ k¼mbGK KvGR
RvwiZ nGq `yB AYy cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmGW cwiYZ nq ZvGK jvwMGq ˆh cvDi‚wU wk͸, `y™¬ wk͸, g`Å wk͸ BZÅvw` MGo DGVGQ Zv
mvBGUvµÏvRwgK k¼mb eGj| ‰B cÉwKÌqvq ˆKvGbv AwÝGRGbi cÉGqvRb e®¬ nGq hvGe| dGj ˆ`k A^Æ‹bwZKfvGe ÞwZMÉÕ© nGe| myZivs,
nq bv ‰es ˆKvGli mvBGUvµÏvRGg msNwUZ nq| mvBGUvµÏvRwgK k¼mb mswÞµ¦ ‰ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK Õ·Ó¡fvGe ˆevSv hvq ˆh, RxGei RxeGb
mevZ I AevZ Dfq cÉKvi k¼mGbiB cÉ^g avc| ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cÉwKÌqv|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 59

cÉk
² 91 cÉk
² 92 ™ÏyGKvR  cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW 
A B
O2
CO2 ‰wmUvBj Co A  ˆKÌem&PKÌ  ETS
C D E

K. ˆRGbwUK ˆKvW Kx? 1

A
L. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i gvaÅGg Drcvw`Z dmj cÉPwjZ
K. msKivqb Kx? 1 c¯©v ˆ^GK D®²Z ˆKb? 2
L. mmÅ ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 M. A ˆ^GK B ŠZwii avcmgƒn ÷ay QGKi mvnvGhÅ ˆ`LvI| 3
M. DóxcGKi AãvYywUi MVb eYÆbv KGiv| 3
N. RxeRMGZ Lv`Å RviGY DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ c«¬wZwUi
N. DóxcGKi cÉwKÌqvwUi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 f„wgKv weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
mgw®¼Z AaÅvq 1 I 9 [h. ˆev. 2016] wkLbdj-8 [e. ˆev. 2016]
91 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
92 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K wRbMZ ŠewkGÓ¡Å wf®²ZvhyÚ `yB ev ZGZvwaK Dw«¿G`i gGaÅ KÌm
K ˆKvGbv AÅvwgGbv AÅvwmGWi msGKZ MVbKvix bvBGUÇvGRb ˆeGmi

NwUGq bZzb D®²Z RvZ m†wÓ¡i cÉwKÌqvB msKivqb| A
MÉ‚cB nGjv ˆRGbwUK ˆKvW|
L mmÅ nGjv ‰KwU wUǵGÏ qW ‰G´£vÕ·vgÆ hv ˆmGK´£vwi wbDwKÑqvm I
‰KwU ÷KÌvYyi wgjGbi dGj m†wÓ¡ nq| ˆmGK´£vwi wbDwKÑqvGmi mvG^  L ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i gvaÅGg Drcvw`Z dmj cÉPwjZ c¯©v
‰KwU ÷KÌvYyi wgjGbi dGj ˆh wUǵÏGqW ‰G´£vÕ·vgÆ wbDwKÑqvm MwVZ ˆ^GK D®²Z| KviY, ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i gvaÅGg Drcvw`Z
nq Zv evievi wefvRb I weKvGki gvaÅGg mmÅ MVb KGi| dmj mvaviYZ AwaK djbkxj nGq ^vGK| ZvQvov ‰ cÉwKÌqvq
mmÅwUmyÅ cÉPzi cwigvY Õ¡vPÆ, wjwcW I ˆcÉvwUb Rgv KGi| A Drcvw`Z Dw«¿`mgƒn ˆivM I ÞwZKi ˆcvKvgvKo cÉwZGivax ‰es
jeYvÚZv mwnúz nGq ^vGK| hv cÉPwjZ c¯©vq Drcvw`Z dmGji
M DóxcGKi AãvYywU nGjv ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡| mgÕ¦ ˆKÑvGivµÏvÕ¡ ‰KwU ˆPGq Dîg|
`yB Õ¦iwewkÓ¡ AvswkK AbycÉGekÅ wSwÍÏ «¼viv Ave†Z ^vGK| ‰B wSwÍÏ
wjwcW I ˆcÉvwUb «¼viv MwVZ| ‰GZ wSwÍÏ «¼viv Ave†Z ˆÕ¡Èvgv bvgK  M DóxcGKi A ˆ^GK B A^Ævr ™ÏyGKvR ˆ^GK cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW ŠZwii
cvwbMÉvnx gÅvwUÇÝ ^vGK| ˆÕ¡ÈvgvGZ AmsLÅ ^vBjvKGqW ^vGK| avcmgƒn (™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm) wbGP QGKi mvnvGhÅ ˆ`LvGbv nGjv
^vBjvKGqW ^Gj AvK‡wZi| KZàGjv ^vBjvKGqW ‰K mvG^ ‰KwUi ™ÏyGKvR

Dci ‰KwU mwäZ nGq MÉvbvg bvgK Õ§c ŠZwi KGi| `ywU cvkvcvwk ˆnGÝvKvBGbR Mg
ATP
++

MÉvbvi wKQy msLÅK ^vBjvKGqWm mƒß bvwjKv «¼viv mshyÚ ^vGK| ‰B ™ÏyGKvR-6 dmGdU
ADP

mshyÚKvix bvwjKv ˆÕ¡Èvgv jÅvGgwj bvGg cwiwPZ| ‰G`i Afů¦Gi dmGdv™ÏyGKv

ˆKÑvGivwdj we`Ågvb| ^vBjvKGqW ˆggGeËb eü ˆMvjvKvi eÕ§ enb KGi| AvBGmvgvGiR

‰i gGaÅ ATP ŠZwii mKj ‰bRvBg ^vGK| ˆggGeËbàGjvGZ AmsLÅ dÌGz ÙvR-6 dmGdU
dmGdv dÌGz ÙvKvBGbR ATP
dGUvwmbG^wUK BDwbU ^vGK| cÉwZwU BDwbGU ˆKÑvGivwdj-‰, ˆKÑvGivwdj- Mg
ADP
++

we, KÅvGivwUb, RÅvG¯©vwdGji cÉvq 300 ˆ^GK 400 AYy ^vGK| ‰QvovI dÌzGÙvR 1,6-wemdmGdU
ˆKÑvGivµÏvGÕ¡ Zvi wbRÕ¼ e†îvKvi DNA I ivBGevGRvg ^vGK hvi mvnvGhÅ AÅvGΣvGjR
wbGRi Abyi…c m†wÓ¡ I cÉGqvRbxq ˆcÉvwUb ŠZwi KGi| A UÇvGqvR
3-dmGdv AvBGmvgvGiR WvBnvBGWÈvwÝ
N DóxcGK msNwUZ cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv mvGjvKmsGkÏlY| w™ÏmÅviÅvj&wWnvBW AÅvwmGUvb dmGdU
Pi 2NAD+
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvwU mgMÉ RxeRMGZi RbÅ AZů¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| dmGdvw™ÏmviÅvjwWnvBW +H2O
wWnvBGWÈvwRGbR
cÉK‡wZGZ ‰Kgvò meyR Dw«¿`B mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq Lv`Å ŠZwi 1,3-wemdmGdv
2NADH+H+

2 AYy
KiGZ cvGi| ˆKvGbv cÉvYxB Zvi wbGRi Lv`Å wbGR ŠZwi KiGZ cvGi w™ÏmvwiK AÅvwmW
dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK
bv| LvG`Åi RbÅ ZvB mgMÉ cÉvwYKzjGK mÁ·ƒYÆfvGeB meyR Dw«¿G`i AÅvwmW KvBGbR
2ADP

Ici wbfÆi KiGZ nq| KvGRB ejv hvq, c†w^exi mKj Dw«¿` I 3-dmGdv
2ATP

cÉvYxi Lv`Å ŠZwi nq mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi gvaÅGg| cwiGeGki 2 AYy w™ÏmvwiK AÅvwmW

dmGdvw™ÏmvGiv
fvimvgÅ iÞvq, weGkl KGi O2 I CO2 ‰i mwVK AbycvZ iÞvq wgDGUR
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqv weGkl f„wgKv cvjb KGi ^vGK| cwiGeGki 2-dmGdv
fvimvgÅ bÓ¡ nGj Zv RxeRMGZi RbÅ nq ügwKÕ¼i…c| mKj Rxe 2 AYy w™ÏmvwiK AÅvwmW

k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq O2 MÉnY KGi ‰es CO2 ZÅvM KGi| ˆKej k¼mb BGbvGjR
2H2O
cÉwKÌqv PjGZ ^vKGj evqygíGj O2 MÅvGmi ռ͸Zv ‰es CO2 MÅvGmi 2 AYy
2-dmGdvBGbvj
cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW
AvwaKÅ ˆ`Lv w`Z| wK¯§ meyR Dw«¿` mvGjvKmGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq CO2 cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW 2ADP
MÉnY KGi ‰es O2 ZÅvM KGi eGj ‰LbI evqygíGj O2 I CO2 KvBGbR
2ATP

MÅvGmi fvimvgÅ eRvq iGqGQ| dGj ˆeuGP iGqGQ RxeKzj| mswÞµ¦ 2 AYy cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmW

‰ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ˆevSv hvq, DóxcGK msNwUZ mvGjvKmsGkÏlY

wPò: ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm avGci ˆiLvwPò
cÉwKÌqvwUi ài‚Z½ RxeRMGZi RbÅ Acwimxg| A
60 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ c«¬wZwU nGjv RxGei mevZ k¼mb| RxeRMGZ cvBi‚wfK ‰wmGW cwiYZ nq| wbGP ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm cÉwKÌqvwU eÅvLÅv
Lv`Å RviGY mevZ k¼mGbi f„wgKv wbGP weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv Kiv nGjv : ˆnGÝvKvBGbR ‰bRvBGgi DcwÕ©wZGZ 1 AYy ™ÏyGKvGRi
mKj RxGei Rxeb aviY Z^v Pjb, e†w«¬, Rbb cÉf‡wZ ŠRweK KvR mvG^ 1wU dmGdU hyÚ nGq ™ÏyGKvR-6 dmGdU Drc®² nq| ‰LvGb
cwiPvjbvi RbÅ kwÚi cÉGqvRb| mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvq Rxe Lv`Å ATP 1wU dmGdU nvivGbvi dGj ADP ˆZ cwiYZ nq| ‰ wewKÌqvwU
ŠZwi KGi| LvG`Åi gGaÅ wÕ©wZkwÚi…Gc kwÚ gRyZ ^vGK| LvG`Åi ‰KgyLx| dmGdv™ÏyGKv-AvBGmvgvGiR ‰bRvBGgi DcwÕ©wZGZ
gGaÅ mwçZ kwÚ Rxe mivmwi eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi bv| mevZ k¼mb ™ÏyGKvR 6-dmGdU dÌzKGUvR-6 dmGdGU cwiYZ nq| ‰ wewKÌqvwU
cÉwKÌqvq Lv`ÅwÕ©Z wÕ©wZkwÚ RvwiZ nGq eÅenviGhvMÅ kwÚGZ DfgyLx| dmGdvdÌzKGUvKvBGbR ‰bRvBGgi KvhÆKvwiZvq dÌzGÙvR-6
cwiYZ nq hv wewf®² KvGR eÅen†Z nq| mevZ k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq dmGdU, ATP ˆ^GK ‰KwU dmGdU MÉnY KGi dÌzGÙvR-1, 6-
Lv`ÅeÕ§ mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc RvwiZ nGq CO2 I cvwb ‰es wecyj cwigvY kwÚ wemdmGdGU cwiYZ nq ‰es 1wU ADP Drc®² nq| ‰B wewKÌqvwU
Drcv`b KGi| mevZ k¼mGbi wewf®² chÆvGq Lv`ÅkwÚ RvwiZ nGq ‰KgyLx| AÅvjGWvGjR ‰bRvBGgi KvhÆKvwiZvq dÌzGÙvR-1, 6
ATP, NADH2, FADH2, GTP BZÅvw` ˆhŒM Drc®² KGi| hvi
wemdmGdU ˆfGO 3 KveÆbwewkÓ¡ 1 AYy 3-dmGdvw™ÏmvivwΣnvBW
meàGjv ˆkl chƯ¦ ATP ˆZ cwiYZ nq| mevZ k¼mb 4wU avGc ‰es 1 AYy WvBnvBGWÈvwÝ AÅvwmGUvb dmGdGU cwiYZ nq|
mÁ·®² nq| h^v ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm, AÅvwmUvBj ˆKv-‰ m†wÓ¡, ˆKÌem AvBGmvgvGiR ‰bRvBGgi KvhÆKvwiZvq ‰iv ‰KwU AbÅwUGZ
PKÌ I BGjKUÇb cÉevnZ¯¨| ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm chÆvGq Lv`ÅeÕ§ ev ‰K cwiewZÆZ nGZ cvGi| dmGdvw™ÏmvivwΣnvBW wWnvBGWÈvwRGbR
AYy ™ÏyGKvR AvswkK RvwiZ nGq `yB AYy cvBi‚wfK AÅvwmGW cwiYZ
‰bRvBGgi DcwÕ©wZGZ 3-dmGdvw™ÏmvivwΣnvBW 1, 3-
nq| cieZÆx chÆvGq `yB AYy cvBi‚wfK ‰wmW ˆ^GK `yB AYy
wemdmGdvw™ÏmvwiK ‰wmGW cwiYZ nq| mveGÕ¡ÈU nGZ 1 AYy A‹Re
AÅvwmUvBj ˆKv-‰ m†wÓ¡ nq| `yB AYy AÅvwmUvBj ˆKv-‰ ˆKÌem PGKÌ
dmGdU (pi) 3-dmGdvw™ÏmvivwΣnvBGW hyÚ nq ‰es ‰wU nGZ
eü ŠRe ‰wmW, CO2, H2O, ATP, NADH2, FADH2 BZÅvw` Drc®²
nvBGWÈvGRb weZvwoZ nq| NAD weZvwoZ nvBGWÈvGRb MÉnY KGi|
KGi| mevZ k¼mGbi ˆkl chÆvGq BGjKUÇb cÉevnZG¯¨ BGjKUÇb
NADH + H+ ‰ cwiYZ nq| ‰B wewKÌqvwU DfgyLx| dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK
Õ©vbv¯¦Gii mgq wbMÆZ kwÚi gvaÅGg ATP ŠZwiGZ mvnvhÅ KGi|
myZivs ejv hvq, mevZ k¼mb Qvov Lv`ÅeÕ§i RviY mÁ¿e bq| ZvB ‰wmW KvBGbR ‰bRvBGgi KvhÆKvwiZvq-1, 3-wemdmGdvw™ÏmvwiK
RxeRMGZ Lv`ÅeÕ§i RviGY mevZ k¼mGbi f„wgKv AcwinvhÆ| ‰wmW 3-dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK ‰wmGW i…cv¯¦wiZ nq ‰es 1wU ATP Drc®²
nq| wewKÌqvwU DfgyLx| dmGdvw™ÏmvGivwgDGUR ‰bRvBGgi
cÉk
² 93 RuyB KGjR ˆ^GK `yeÆj nGq wdiGj Zvi gv ZvGK wgwÓ¡ KvhÆKvwiZvq 3-dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK ‰wmW 2-dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK ‰wmGW
kieZ ˆLGZ w`j ‰es ˆm `Ë‚Z kwÚ wdGi ˆcj| welqwU Zvi cwiYZ nq| ‰B wewKÌqvwUI DfgyLx| BGbvGjR ‰bRvBGgi
RxeweævGbi wkÞKGK ejGj, wZwb DîGi ejGjb ‰wU ‰KwU DcwÕ©wZGZ ‰K AYy cvwb AcmvwiZ nGq 2-dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK ‰wmW
gGbvmÅvKvivBGWi `ËeY wQj, hv ŠRe ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvq kwÚ nGZ dmGdvBbj cvBi‚wfK ‰wmGW cwiYZ nq| ‰B wewKÌqvwUI
Drc®² KGiGQ| DfgyLx| cvDi‚wfK ‰wmW KvBGbR ‰bRvBGgi KvhÆKvwiZvq
K. evGqvg Kx? 1 dmGdvBbj cvBi‚wfK ‰wmW cvBi‚wfK ‰wmGW cwiYZ nq| ‰
L. ‰Ý wmUz msiÞY ejGZ Kx eyS? 2 wewKÌqvq ADP nGZ ATP Drc®² nq| ‰B wewKÌqvwU ‰KgyLx|
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ mvBGUvµÏvRGg msNwUZ ŠRe ivmvqwbK N DóxcGK ˆh ŠRe ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvi K^v ejv nGqGQ Zv nGjv
cÉwKÌqvwU wjL| 3 mevZ k¼mb cÉwKÌqv| ‰ k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm ˆKvGli
N. DÚ ŠRe ivmvqwbK cÉwKÌqvq mvBGUvµÏvRg I gvBGUvKw´£Èqvq mvBGUvµÏvRGg ‰es AÅvwmUvBj Co-A m†wÓ¡, ˆKÌem& PKÌ I BGjKUÇb
m†Ó¡ kwÚi wnmve ˆUweGj DcÕ©vcb Ki| 4 cÉevnZ¯¨ (ETS) gvBGUvKw´£Èqvq NGU ^vGK|
wkLbdj-8 [Xv. ˆev. 2015]
wbGP mvBGUvµÏvRGg I gvBGUvKw´£Èqvq m†Ó¡ kwÚi wnmve ˆUweGj
93 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGjv 
K ‰KB aiGbi Rjevqy, ‰KB aiGbi gvwU, ‰KB RvZxq ŠewkÓ¡Å

mÁ·®² Dw«¿` I cÉvYx wbGq MwVZ ‰KwU e†nr I c†^KGhvMÅ mvBGUvµÏvRg gvBGUvKw´£Èqv
BGKvwmGÕ¡gB nGjv evGqvg| ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm AÅvwmUvBj ˆKÌem& PKÌ ETS meÆGgvU
Co- A m†wÓ¡
L Rxe ŠewPGòÅi Dcv`vbmgƒnGK ZvG`i gƒj evmÕ©vb ev cÉvK‡wZK
2ATP ........ ........ ......... .......... 2ATP
Õ¼vfvweK cwiGeGki evBGi euvwPGq ivLvB nGjv ‰Ý wmUz msiÞY|
2NADH + H+ .... ....... ......... 6ATP... = 6ATP
mvaviYZ ˆKvGbv RxGei AvevÕ©j wec®²MÉÕ© nGj AbÅ Õ©vGb mwiGq
2NADH + ......... 6ATP... = 6ATP
‰B c«¬wZGZ msiÞY Kiv nq| my±`i eGbi my±`ix MvQGK XvKvi H+..... 6NADH + H+ 18ATP... = 18ATP
ˆevUvwbKÅvj MvGWÆGb jvwMGq msiÞY KivB nGjv ‰Ý wmUz ..... 4ATP.... = 4ATP
msiÞGYi ‰KwU D`vniY| ‰QvovI wPwoqvLvbv, wRb eÅvsK BZÅvw` 2FADH2 .....
‰Ý-wmUz msiÞGYi D`vniY| ......... 2ATP
2ATP.....
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ mvBGUvµÏvRGg msNwUZ ŠRe ivmvqwbK
 (2GTP)...
cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv mevZ k¼mGbi ™ÏvBGKvjvBwmm cÉwKÌqv| ‰ cÉwKÌqvq 34ATP 38ATP
‰K AYy ™ÏyGKvR wewf®² ivmvqwbK wewKÌqvq RvwiZ nGq `yB AYy
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 61

cÉk
² 94 AvGm hv ˆKÑvGivwdj AYy ŠZwiGZ mnvqZv KGi| còiG®¬Èi gvaÅGg
cÉGÕ¼`b bv nGj Mg ‰i cvZvq ˆcuŒQvGZ AGbK mgq jvMZ| dGj
ˆKÑvGivwdj AYy ŠZwi Z^v Dw«¿G`i Lv`Å Drcv`Gb gvivñK eÅvNvZ
NUZ| còi®¬È wbqwgZ ˆLvjv I e®¬ nGq cÉGqvRbxq cÉGÕ¼`b NwUGq
^vGK dGj wbqwgZ mvGjvKmsGkÏlY NUGZ cvGi| cÉGÕ¼`b wbqwgZ bv
nGj mvGjvKmsGkÏlGY eÅNvZ NUGe| còiG®¬Èi gvaÅGg Dw«¿G`Gn
mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi RbÅ DchyÚ Zvcgvòv eRvq ^vGK| dGj
mvGjvKmsGkÏlY Z^v Lv`Å ŠZwi Z½ivw®¼Z nq|
ZvB ejv hvq ˆh, Dw«¿G`i Lv`Å Drcv`Gbi ˆÞGò còi®¬È ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
f„wgKv cvjb KGi ^vGK|
K. wjwcW wK? 1
L. wgG^vRxweZv ejGZ wK eyS? 2 cÉk
² 95 wbGPi wPòwU chÆGeÞY Ki ‰es wbGPi M I N cÉGk²i
M. DóxcGKi 'P' AsGki wKÌqv 'Q' Ask «¼viv wbqw¯¨Z  Dîi `vI :
eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
N. Dw«¿G`i Lv`Å Drcv`Gb DóxcGKi 'P' AsGki f„wgKv 
gƒjÅvqb Ki| 4
wkLbdj-4 I 5 [w`. ˆev. 2015]
94 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K KveÆb, nvBGWÈvGRb I AwÝGRGbi mg®¼Gq MwVZ ˆÕ²nRvZxq

c`v^ÆB nGjv wjwcW|
wPò: A wPò: B
L `ywU wf®² cÉRvwZi Rxe ciÕ·i mn-AeÕ©vGbi dGj ciÕ·i
DcK‡Z nGj DÚ mÁ·KÆGK wgG^vRxweZv eGj| wgG^vRxweZvi dGj K. BgvÕ•zGjkb KvGK eGj? 1
gƒjZ `ywU RxeB ciÕ·i ciÕ·Gii wbKU nGZ myweav jvf KGi| L. C3 I C4 Dw«¿` ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
ˆhgb wkg RvZxq Dw«¿G`i gƒGj mvqvGbveÅvKGUwiqvi AeÕ©vb hv M. B-wPGò DGÍÏwLZ AãwUi ˆLvjv I e®¬ nIqvi ˆKŒkj
wgG^vRxweZvi ‰KwU D`vniY| eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
N. wPò-A ˆh c«¬wZ wbG`Æk KGi hvi dGj ˆKvGbv ‰jvKvq
M DóxcGK AvGjvwPZ ‘Q’ I ‘P’ Ask nGjv h^vKÌGg iÞxGKvl ‰es
e†wÓ¡cvGZi mÁ¿vebv e†w«¬ cvq| welqwU weGkÏlY Ki| 4
còi®¬È| iÞxGKvl«¼Gqi Õ¹xZ A^ev wkw^j AeÕ©v còiG®¬Èi ˆLvjv wkLbdj-4 [P. ˆev. 2015]
ev e®¬ nIqv wbq¯¨Y KGi| cvwicvwk¼ÆK AeÕ©vi ˆcÉwÞGZ wewf®²
95 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
kvixie†îxq KviGY iÞxGKvGl A¯¦tAwfmÉeY I ewntAwfmÉeY NGU
^vGK| A¯¦tAwfmÉeGYi dGj iÞxGKvl cvwb ˆkvlY KGi Õ¹xZ nq K civM wemiGYi AvGM dzGji cysGKki AcmviGYi cÉwKÌqvB

‰es ‰i dGj i®¬Èmsj™² cvk¼cÆ ÉvPxi cyi‚ nIqvq ˆmw`K ˆeuGK hvq BgvÕ•zGjkb|
‰es i®¬È LyGj hvq| ‰KBfvGe ewntAwfmÉeGYi dGj iÞxGKvl«¼q L ˆh PGKÌ KveÆb-WvBAÝvBW weRviGYi cÉ^g Õ©vqx c`v^Æ 3 KveÆb
Õ¹xwZ nvwiGq wkw^j nGq cGo| dGj i®¬È e®¬ nGq hvq| ZvB ˆ`Lv wewkÓ¡ dmGdvw™ÏmvwiK ‰wmW| ˆmB PKÌGK C3 PKÌ ejv nq| C3 PKÌ
hvGœQ ˆh, iÞxGKvGli wKÌqvi dGj còiG®¬Èi AeÕ©vi cwieZÆb ˆh Dw«¿G` NGU ^vGK ˆmB Dw«¿`GK C3 Dw«¿` ejv nq| Avevi ˆh
NUGQ| PGKÌ KveÆb-WvBAÝvBW weRviGYi cÉ^g Õ©vqx c`v^Æ 4-KveÆb
wewkÓ¡ AÝvGjv ‰wmwUK ‰wmW, ˆmB PKÌGK C4 PKÌ ejv nq| C4 PKÌ
N DóxcGK AvGjvwPZ ‘P’ AskwU nGjv còi®¬È hv Dw«¿G`i Lv`Å
ˆh Dw«¿G` NGU ^vGK ˆmB Dw«¿`GK C4 Dw«¿` ejv nq| ˆhgb AvL,
Drcv`Gb f„wgKv cvjb KGi| Dw«¿` mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi gvaÅGg Lv`Å
fzëv BZÅvw` C4 Dw«¿`|
ŠZwi KGi ^vGK| ‰mgq cÉGqvRbxq CO2 còiG®¬Èi gvaÅGg Dw«¿`
evqy nGZ MÉnY KGi ‰es Drc®² O2 MÅvm ZÅvM KGi| còiG®¬Èi  M B wPGò DwÍÏwLZ AãwU còi®¬È ev ˆÕ¡vgvUv hvi ˆLvjv I e®¬
gvaÅGg cvwb evqygíGj PGj hvq dGj Dw«¿` gƒGji mvnvGhÅ mnGRB nIqv ‰i gaÅÕ© iÞxGKvl«¼Gqi wkw^j ev Õ¹xZ AeÕ©vi «¼viv
mvGjvKmsGkÏlGYi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq cvwb mieivn KiGZ cvGi| wbqw¯¨Z nq ‰es e®¬ nq ev LyGj hvq|
Dw«¿G`i Lv`Å Drcv`Gbi ˆÞGò ˆKÑvGivwdGji ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv w`Gbi ˆejvq mƒhÆvGjvGKi DcwÕ©wZGZ iÞxGKvGl mvGjvKmsGkÏlY
iGqGQ| còiG®¬Èi gvaÅGg cÉGÕ¼`Gbi dGj Dw«¿`G`Gn cvwbi ˆhUvb cÉwKÌqvq ™ÏyGKvR Drc®² nq ‰es ‰RbÅ iÞxGKvlÕ© KveÆb-WvB
cGo ZvGZ cvwbi mvG^ LwbR jeY weGkl KGi Mg cvZvq PGj AÝvBW eÅen†Z nq| dGj iÞxGKvGli pH ˆeGo hvq ‰es AÁÏZv
62 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

nËvm cvq| ‰mgq iÞxGKvGl mwçZ ˆk¼Zmvi cÉ^Gg gÅvwjK AÅvwmGW

cÉk
cwiYZ nq, cGi gÅvwjK AÅvwmW wewkÏÓ¡ nGq AÅvbvqb (gÅvGjU) I ² 96
KÅvUvqGb (H ) cwiYZ nq|
+

AÅvbvqb iÞxGKvGl mwçZ ^vGK, wK¯§ KÅvUvqb iÞxGKvl ˆ^GK

ˆewiGq cvk¼eÆ ZÆx ˆKvGl PGj hvq| ‰i dGj iÞxGKvGli ˆfZi
FYvñK AvavbhyÚ nq ‰es pH ˆeGo hvq| ‰ AeÕ©v iÞxGKvlGK
AvGiv gÅvwjK AÅvwmW msGkÏlGY D«¼y«¬ KGi| iÞxGKvGli ˆfZGi
m†Ó¡ FYvñK AvavbGK mgZvweavb Kivi RbÅ cvk¼eÆ ZÆx ˆKvl ˆ^GK
wbwÕ˜qfvGe K+ iÞxGKvGli ˆfZGi cÉGek KGi ‰es gÅvGjGUi mvG^
hyÚ nGq cUvwkqvg gÅvGjU MVb KGi| ‰B cUvwkqvg gÅvGjU ˆhŒM K. wRb Kx? 1
iÞxGKvGli AwfmÉewYK Pvc eüàGY evwoGq ˆ`q| ‰mgq L. KÌwmsIfvi ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
iÞxGKvGli imÕ¹xwZ Pvc ˆeGo hvq| iÞxGKvGli ˆfZGii w`GKi M. DóxcGKi B wPwn×Z AskwUi MVb I KvR wjL| 3
cÉvPxi AwaK cyi‚ ‰es evBGii w`GKi cÉvPxi ZzjbvgƒjK cvZjv N. DóxcGKi A wPwn×Z AskwUi wKÌqvGKŒkj pH «¼viv
nIqvq imÕ¹xwZ PvGc iÞxGKvl evBGii w`GK Õ¹xZ nGq abyGKi wbqw¯¨Z|”  weGkÏlY Ki| 4
gZ ˆeuGK hvq dGj còi®¬È LyGj hvq| wkLbdj-3 I 4 [wm. ˆev. 2015]
96 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ivGZi ˆejv wecixZgyLx NUbv NUvi KviGY iÞxGKvGl gÅvwjK
K wRb nGjv ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi ˆjvKvGm AewÕ©Z DNA AYyi mywbw`ÆÓ¡
AÅvwmW e†w«¬ cvq| gÅvwjK AÅvwmW CO2 ZÅvM KGi cvBi‚wfK
wmKzGq´Ö hv RxGei ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ ŠewkGÓ¡Åi weKvk NUvq|
AÅvwmGW cwiYZ nq hv KZàGjv avivevwnK wewKÌqv ˆkGl A`ËeYxq
ˆk¼ZmvGi i…cv¯¦wiZ nGq ˆKvGl mwçZ nGZ ^vGK| ‰i dGj L ‰K ˆRvov mgmsÕ© ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi `ywU bb wmÕ¡vi ˆKÌvgvwUW
iÞxGKvGli AwfmÉewYK Pvc nËvm ˆcGZ ^vGK ‰es cvwb `Ë‚Z ‰i gGaÅ ˆh AsGki wewbgq NGU, ZvGK KÌwmsIfvi eGj| gvGqvwmm
iÞxGKvl ˆ^GK cvk¼eÆ ZÆx ˆKvlmgƒGn ˆei nGq AvGm| ‰GZ iÞxGKvl ˆKvl wefvRGbi ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ ‰KwU avc nGjv KÌwmsIfvi, hvi dGj
wRbMZ cwieZÆb mvwaZ nq| wRbMZ cwieZÆb mvaGbi dGj m†Ó¡
wkw^j nGq còi®¬ÈGK e®¬ KGi ˆ`q|
RxGe ŠewkÓ¡ÅMZ cwieZÆb NGU|
N DóxcGKi wPò ‘A’ nGjv còi®¬È D¯ÃyÚ nIqv hv cÉGÕ¼`b cÉwKÌqvGK M DóxcGK wPwn×Z B AskwU nGjv iÞxGKvl| wbGÁ² iÞxGKvGli
wbG`Æk KGi| ‰B cÉGÕ¼`b cÉwKÌqvi dGj ˆKvGbv ‰jvKvq e†wÓ¡cvGZi MVb I KvR ˆ`Iqv nGjv@
mÁ¿vebv e†w«¬ cvq| MVb: còi®¬È cvZvi DcwiZGj `ywU AaÆP±`ÊvK‡wZi iÞxGKvl ‰es
Dw«¿` AeÅvnZfvGe Zvi gƒjGivg w`Gq cvwb MÉnY KGi ‰es Zv cvZv ‰G`i w`Gq ˆewÓ¡Z i®¬È wbGq MwVZ| còiG®¬Èi iÞxGKvGl ‰KwU
chƯ¦ ˆcuŒQvq| Dw«¿` KZ‡ÆK ˆkvwlZ cvwbi AwaKvskB evÓ·vKvGi myÕ·Ó¡ wbDwKÑqvm, eü ˆKÑvGivGµÏvÕ¡ I Nb mvBGUvµÏvRg ^vGK|
ˆewiGq hvq, KviY ˆkvwlZ cvwbi Lye mvgvbÅ Ask kvixie†îxq KvGR iÞxGKvGli Pviw`GK AewÕ©Z mvaviY Z½Kxq ˆKvl nGZ ‰KUz wf®²
eÅen†Z nq| kZKiv 90-95 fvM cvwb còiG®¬Èi gvaÅGg evÓ·vKvGi AvK‡wZi Z½Kxq mnKvix ˆKvl ^vGK|
Dw«¿` ˆ^GK ˆei nGq hvq| Dw«¿G`i ‰i…c kvixie†îxq KvRGK KvR: iÞxGKvGli Õ¹xZ I wkw^j nevi Ici wfwî KGi còi®¬È
cÉGÕ¼`b ejv nq| ˆLvGj I e®¬ nq| ZvB iÞxGKvGli cÉavb KvR nGjv còi®¬È e®¬ I
còi®¬È Dw«¿G`i LyeB ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ‰KwU Aã| còiG®¬Èi gGaÅ ˆLvjv wbq¯¨Y Kiv|
iÞxGKvl we`Ågvb| iÞxGKvl«¼Gqi Õ¹xZ ‰es wkw^j AeÕ©vB ‰i N DóxcGK A wPwn×Z AskwU nGjv còi®¬È hv ˆLvjv I e®¬ nIqv
ˆLvjv ‰es e®¬ nIqv wbq¯¨Y KGi| w`Gbi ˆejv mƒhÆvGjvGKi iÞxGKvl «¼viv wbqw¯¨Z nq| weævbx mÅvGqix (Sayre 1926) ‰i gGZ
DcwÕ©wZGZ còi®¬È LyGj hvq ‰es AwZwiÚ cvwb evÓ·vKvGi ˆei ˆk¼Zmvi I wPwbi Av¯¦tcwieZÆb ˆKvl iGmi pH ‰i RbÅ NGU|
KGi ˆ`q| ‰GÞGò iÞxGKvl«¼q cvGki ewntZ½K ˆKvl nGZ k¼mGbi dGj ivwòKvGj Drcvw`Z AwZwiÚ CO2 iÞxGKvGli
A¯¦tAwfmÉeY cÉwKÌqvq cvwb ˆkvlY KGi Õ¹xZ nq ‰es ‰i dGj ˆKvliGm `Ëexf„Z nGq KveÆwbK AÅvwmW ŠZwi KGi dGj pH KGg hvq
i®¬Èmsj™² cvk¼Æ cÉvPxi cyi‚ nIqvq Zv abyGKi gGZv ˆeuGK hvq ‰es (pH5)| ˆKvliGmi pH5 nGj dmGdvivBGjR ‰bRvBg ˆKvlÕ©
i®¬È LyGj hvq| cÉGÕ¼`Gbi gvaÅGg ˆh cvwb evÓ·vKvGi ˆewiGq hvq Zv `ËeYxq ™ÏyGKvR-1- dmGdUGK, A‹Re dmGdU ‰es A`ËeYxq
evqygíGj Rgv nGZ ^vGK| evÓ·vwqZ cvwb evqygíGj RgGZ RgGZ ˆk¼ZmvGi cwiYZ KGi| dGj ewntAwfmÉeY NGU ‰es iÞxGKvl
‰K mgq ˆgN m†wÓ¡ KGi| cÉGÕ¼`Gbi nvi hZ ˆewk nq evqygíGj Õ¹xwZ nvwiGq wkw^j nq| dGj còi®¬È e®¬ nGq hvq|
ˆgN m†wÓ¡i cwigvY ZZ ˆewk nq| cÉGÕ¼`b nvi Kg nGj e†wÓ¡cvGZi w`Gbi ˆejvq `Ëexf„Z CO2 mvGjvKmsGkÏlY cÉwKÌqvGZ eÅenvi nGq
mÁ¿vebv KGg hvq| A^Ævr cÉGÕ¼`Gbi nvi e†wÓ¡cvGZi mÁ¿vebv evwoGq hvq dGj pH ˆeGo hvq (pH7)| pH ˆeGo ˆMGj dmGdvivBGjR
ˆ`q ev KwgGq ˆ`q| ‰bRvBg A‹Re dmGdU ‰es A`ËeYxq ˆk¼ZmviGK cybivq `ËeYxq
DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbv nGZ ejv hvq, cÉGÕ¼`b Dw«¿G`i AZů¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ™ÏyGKvR-1- dmGdU ‰ cwiYZ KGi| ˆKvGl ™ÏyGKvR-1-1 dmGdU
‰KwU kvixie†îxq cÉwKÌqv hv Dw«¿` nGZ AwZwiÚ cvwb ˆei KGi w`Gq Rgv nGj ˆKvliGm wPwbi NbZ½ ˆeGo hvq ‰es A¯¦tAwfmÉeY
Dw«¿`GK cvwbi PvcgyÚ ivGL ‰es ‰i dGj e†wÓ¡cvGZi mÁ¿vebv e†w«¬ cÉwKÌqvq cvk¼eÆ ZÆx ˆKvl nGZ cvwb iÞxGKvGl cÉGek KGi| ZvB
iÞxGKvl Õ¹xZ nq| dGj còi®¬È LyGj hvq|
cvq|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 63

`kg AaÅvq: Dw«¿` cÉRbb

cÉk
² 23 wbqw¯¨Z AeÕ©vq civMvqb NwUGq eZÆgvb RvGZi dmj RvZ iGqGQ hvG`i ˆivM cÉwZGiva ÞgZv Kg| ‰gb dmjx RvGZ
nGZ D®²Z RvGZi dmj cÉeZÆb mÁ¿e| K‡wòg msKivqGbi gvaÅGg ˆivMcÉwZGivax RvZ Drcv`b Kiv nGœQ|
K. wòwgjb Kx? 1 dGj dmGji cwigvY AGbKvsGk ˆeGo hvGœQ| ‰Qvov A͸ mgGq
L. cvG^ÆGbvGRGbwmm ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 AwaK dmj cvIqvi RbÅ dmGji Avev`Kvj K‡wòg cÉRbGbi
M. DóxcGKi AvGjvGK bZzb RvZ D«¿veb cÉwKÌqv msGÞGc gvaÅGg mswÞµ¦ Kiv nGœQ| dGj ‰KB dmj eQGi KGqK evi
eYÆbv KGiv| 3 Drcv`b Kiv mÁ¿e nGq DVGQ| ‰fvGe AvgvG`i ˆ`Gki ˆgvU Lv`Å
N. “DwÍÏwLZ c«¬wZi mdj cÉGqvGMi dGjB evsjvG`k AvR Drcv`Gbi cwigvY ˆeGo hvGœQ ‰es wRwWwcGZ weGkl f„wgKv
ivLGQ| evsjvG`k avb MGelYv cÉwZÓ¤vb BGZvgGaÅ 30 RvGZi DœP
LvG`Å Õ¼qsmÁ·ƒYÆ” D`vniYmn DwÚwUi ˆhŒwÚKZv
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 djbkxj avb K‡lGKi wbKU nÕ¦v¯¦i KGiGQ| ‰i dGj ˆ`Gk Lv`Å
wkLbdj-4 I 5 [iv. ˆev. 2017]
Drcv`b 4-5 àY e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ| ZvQvov ŠZjexR, Wvj, Auvk RvZxq
dmj, AvL, kvKmewR I djR Dw«¿G`i D®²qGb bvbvgyLx AMÉMwZ
23 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
mÁ¿e nGqGQ| ‰fvGe K‡wòg msKivqb K‡wl LvGZ Drcv`b e†w«¬ KGi
K ‰KwU cysMÅvwgGUi mGã ˆmGK´£vwi wbDwKÑqvm«¼Gqi wgjbB
 ˆ`Gki wRwWwci cwigvY AGbKvsGk e†w«¬ KiGZ mÞg nGqGQ|
nGjv wòwgjb| A ‰Qvov K‡wòg cÉRbGbi gvaÅGg bZzb bZzb cÉRvwZ m†wÓ¡ mÁ¿e nGqGQ
L wbGlK Qvov wWÁ¼vYy ˆ^GK öƒY m†wÓ¡ Z^v bZzb Rxe m†wÓ¡i hv AvgvG`i Lv`Å Pvwn`vi NvUwZ cƒiY KiGQ| ˆhgb Mg I ivB
c«¬wZGK cvG^ÆGbvGRGbwmm eGj| ˆevjZv, ˆgŒgvwQ, iwUdvi BZÅvw` ‰i msKivqGb wUÇwUGmj D«¿veb Kiv nGqGQ, hv ռ͸ kxZ I cÉPí
cÉvwYG`Gn ‰es Õ·vBGivMvBiv, wgDKi, dvbÆ cÉf‡wZ Dw«¿`G`Gn ‰ kxGZ fvGjv djb ˆ`q| dGj AvgvG`i Lv`Å ZvwjKvq bZzb cÉRvwZi
aiGbi Rbb cwijwÞZ nq| cvG^ÆGbvGRGbwmm `y’cÉKvi| h^v Lv`Å A¯¦f„ÆÚ nGq AvgvG`i Lv`Å NvUwZ cƒiY KiGQ|
nÅvµÏGqW cvG^ÆGbvGRGbwmm I wWµÏGqW cvG^ÆGbvGRGbwmm| A DcGivÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq ˆh, K‡wòg msKivqb cÉhwy Úi
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wbqw¯¨Z AeÕ©vq civMvqb NwUGq eZÆgvb eÅenvGii dGjB evsjvG`k AvR LvG`Å Õ¼qsmÁ·ƒYÆ|
RvGZi dmj nGZ D®²Z RvGZi dmj D«¿veb cÉwKÌqv ejGZ gƒjZ cÉk
² 24 gvV chÆvGq eyGbv RvZ nGZ Kvw›ÞZ ŠewkÓ¡Å Avevw` RvGZ
K‡wòg msKivqb cÉwKÌqvi K^v ejv nGqGQ| wbGÁ² cÉwKÌqvwU msGÞGc Õ©vbv¯¦Gii gvaÅGg DœP djbkxj avGbi RvZ D«¿veb mÁ¿e|
eYÆbv Kiv nGjv A K. wfwiqb Kx? 1
cÉRbK wbeÆvPb, BgvÕ•zGjkb, eÅvwMs, civMGiYy msMÉn I msiÞY,
L. A¯¦twÕ¡jxq Açj ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
KÌwms, ˆjGewjs, cwicØ exR msMÉn I Rby m†wÓ¡ cÉf‡wZ avc
M. DóxcGKi cÉwKÌqvwU eYÆbv Ki| 3
AwZKÌGgi gvaÅGg ‰ cÉwKÌqvwU mÁ·®² nq|
K‡wòg msKivqGbi ÷i‚GZB ‰gb cÉRbK wbeÆvPb KiGZ nGe hvG`i N. ewYÆZ cÉwKÌqvwU A^ÆbxwZ I weeZÆGb KxfvGe f„wgKv ivGL?
fvGjv ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉPwjZ RvGZ AbycwÕ©Z| AbvKvw›ÞZ ŠewkÓ¡Å weGkÏlY Ki| 4
`ƒixKiGYi RbÅ cÉRbGKi Õ¼civMvqb Kiv nq| gvZ‡cyÓ· Dfwjã wkLbdj-4 I 5 [Xv. ˆev. 2016]
nGj Zvi Õ¼civMvqb ˆivGai RbÅ cwicØ nIqvi AvGMB cyÓ· ˆ^GK 24 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
cysGKki mwiGq ˆdjvGK ejv nq BgvÕ•zGjkb| Õ¨x wnGmGe eÅen†Z K wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW I ‰GK wNGi AewÕ©Z KÅvcwmW mg®¼Gq MwVZ

cÉRbGKi Õ¼civMvqb ˆivGai RbÅ BgvÕ•zGjkb Kiv nq| ‰K ‰KwU msKÌgYÞg mÁ·ƒYÆ fvBivm KYvB nGjv wfwiqb|
BgvÕ•zGjkGbi ci wbeÆvwPZ cÉRbK Dw«¿G`i cywÓ·Z Ask cvZjv L gƒj I KvGíi ˆcwimvBKj Õ¦i nGZ ˆK±`Ê chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z AçjGK
cwjw^b ev KvMGRi eÅvM w`Gq ˆXGK w`GZ nq| ‰GK eÅvwMs eGj| A¯¦twÕ¡jxq Açj eGj| A¯¦twÕ¡jxq Açj ˆcwimvBKj, fvÕ•zjvi
eÅvMK‡Z cysdzj ˆdvUvi ci civMGiYy ev civMavbx ˆcwUÇwWm ev ev´£j, gäv I gäv iwkÄ wbGq MwVZ| Lv`Å mçq, Lv`Å I cvwb
KvMGRi eÅvGM msMÉn Kiv nq| msM†nxZ civMavbx BgvÕ•zGjkbK‡Z cwienb, `†pZv cÉ`vb BZÅvw` A¯¦twÕ¡jxq AçGji wUmyÅàGœQi cÉavb
dzGji MfÆgyGí big Zzwji mvnvGhÅ NGm w`Gq KÌwms Kiv nq| KÌwms KvR|
Kivi ci dzj eÅvM w`Gq cybivq ˆXuGK ˆ`Iqvi ci ‰KwU UÅvM
AvUGK ˆ`qv nq| exR cwicØ nGj ˆjGejmn KvMGRi cÅvGKGU M DóxcGK DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ gvV chÆvGq eyGbvRvZ nGZ Kvw›ÞZ
exR msMÉn Kiv nq| msM†nxZ exR cieZÆx ˆgŒmyGg ecb KGi bZyb ŠewkÓ¡Å Avevw` RvGZ Õ©vbv¯¦Gii gvaÅGg DœP djbkxj avGbi RvZ
Rby m†wÓ¡ Kiv nq| D«¿veb mÁ¿e| myZivs DóxcGK BwãZ Kiv cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv K‡wòg
msKivqb|
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ K‡wòg msKivqb cÉwKÌqvi mdj cÉGqvGMi
dGjB evsjvG`k AvR Lv`Å Õ¼qsmÁ·ƒY Æ wbGÁ² D`vniYmn DwÚwUi cÉRbK wbeÆvPb, BgvÕ•zGjkb, eÅvwMs, civMGiYy msMÉn I msiÞY,
ˆhŒwÚKZv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv A KÌwms, ˆjGewjs, cwicØ exR msMÉn I Rby m†wÓ¡ cÉf‡wZ avc
eZÆgvb evsjvG`Gk K‡wòg msKivqGbi gvaÅGg eyGbv cÉRvwZi ˆivM AwZKÌGgi gvaÅGg ‰ cÉwKÌqvwU mÁ·®² nq|
cÉwZGivax ŠewkÓ¡Å Avev`x Dw«¿G`i gGaÅ Õ©vbv¯¦Gii gvaÅGg ˆivM K‡wòg msKivqGbi ÷i‚GZB ‰gb cÉRbK wbeÆvPb KiGZ nGe hvG`i
cÉwZGivax RvZ Drcv`b Kiv nGœQ| AGbK DœP djbkxj dmGji fvGjv ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉPwjZ RvGZ AbycwÕ©Z| AbvKvw›ÞZ ŠewkÓ¡Å
64 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

`ƒixKiGYi RbÅ cÉRbGKi Õ¼civMvqb Kiv nq| gvZ‡cyÓ· Dfwjã 25 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
nGj Zvi Õ¼civMvqb ˆivGai RbÅ cwicØ nIqvi AvGMB cyÓ· ˆ^GK K ˆh ˆcÉvwUb RxeG`Gn A͸gvòvq we`Ågvb ˆ^GK wewKÌqvi nviGK
cysGKki mwiGq ˆdjvGK ejv nq BgvÕ•zGjkb| Õ¨x wnGmGe eÅen†Z Z½ivw®¼Z KGi wK¯§ wewKÌqvi ci wbGRiv AcwiewZÆZ ^vGK, ˆm
cÉRbGKi Õ¼civMvqb ˆivGai RbÅ BgvÕ•zGjkb Kiv nq| ˆcÉvwUbB nGjv ‰bRvBg|
BgvÕ•zGjkGbi ci wbeÆvwPZ cÉRbK Dw«¿G`i cywÓ·Z Ask cvZjv L wbDwKÑImvBGWi dmGdU ‰Õ¡vi nGjv wbDwKÑIUvBW| ‰K AYy
cwjw^b ev KvMGRi eÅvM w`Gq ˆXGK w`GZ nq| ‰GK eÅvwMs eGj| bvBGUÇvGRbNwUZ ÞviK, ‰K AYy ˆcG´ŸvR ÷ÅMvi ‰es ‰K AYy
eÅvMK‡Z cysdzj ˆdvUvi ci civMGiYy ev civMavbx ˆcwUÇwWm ev dmGdU hyÚ nGq wbDwKÑIUvBW MVb KGi| AGbKàGjv
KvMGRi eÅvGM msMÉn Kiv nq| msM†nxZ civMavbx BgvÕ•zGjkbK‡Z wbDwKÑIUvBW dmGdU-kKÆiv-dmGdU ‰fvGe hyÚ nGq
dzGji MfÆgyGí big Zzwji mvnvGhÅ NGm w`Gq KÌwms Kiv nq| KÌwms cwjwbDwKÑIUvBW MVb KGi|
Kivi ci dzj eÅvM w`Gq cybivq ˆXuGK ˆ`Iqvi ci ‰KwU UÅvM M DóxcGK Dw«¿G`i wbGlK cÉwKÌqvi K^v ejv nGqGQ| wbGP ‰i
AvUGK ˆ`qv nq| exR cwicØ nGj ˆjGejmn KvMGRi cÅvGKGU exR wPwn×Z wPò AsKb Kiv nGjv
msMÉn Kiv nq| msM†nxZ exR cieZÆx ˆgŒmyGg ecb KGi bZyb Rby civMGiYy
m†wÓ¡ Kiv nq| MfÆgyí
MfÆ`í
N DóxcGK ewYÆZ cÉwKÌqvwU cÉK‡ZcGÞ K‡wòg msKivqb cÉwKÌqv| ‰ cysMÅvwgU
cÉwKÌqvwU AvgvG`i A^ÆbxwZ I weeZÆGb wewf®²fvGe ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv civMbvwj
ivGL|
cÉwZcv` ˆKvl
K‡wòg msKivqGbi gvaÅGg eyGbv cÉRvwZi ˆivM cÉwZGivax ŠewkÓ¡Å wWÁ¼K
Avev`x Dw«¿G`i gGaÅ Õ©vbv¯¦Gii gvaÅGg ˆivM cÉwZGivax RvZ ˆmGK´£vwi wbDwKÑqvm
wWÁ¼vYy
Drcv`b Kiv hvq| AGbK DœP djbkxj dmGji RvZ iGqGQ hvG`i
mvnvhÅKvix ˆKvl
ˆivM cÉwZGiva ÞgZv Kg| ‰gb dmjx RvGZ K‡wòg msKivqGbi
gvaÅGg ˆivMcÉwZGivax RvZ Drcv`b Kiv hvq| dGj dmGji cwigvY
AGbKvsGk evGo| ‰Qvov A͸ mgGq AwaK dmj cvIqvi RbÅ wPò : wbGlK cÉwKÌqv
dmGji Avev`Kvj K‡wòg cÉRbGbi gvaÅGg mswÞµ¦ Kiv hvq| dGj N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv wbGlK| RxeRMGZ wbGlK
‰KB dmj eQGi KGqK evi Drcv`b Kiv mÁ¿e nq| ‰fvGe ˆ`Gki wKÌqv ‰KwU AZů¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠRweK cÉwKÌqv|
ˆgvU Lv`Å Drcv`Gbi cwigvY ˆeGo hvq ‰es wRwWwcGZ weGkl cysMÅvwgGUi mvG^ Õ¨x MÅvwgGUi wgwjZ nIqvi NUbvwU nGjv wbGlK|
f„wgKv ivGL| evsjvG`k avb MGelYv cÉwZÓ¤vb BGZvgGaÅ 30 RvGZi wbGlK cÉwKÌqvq nÅvµÏGqW wWÁ¼vYy, nÅvµÏGqW cysMÅvwgGUi mvG^ wgwjZ
DœP djbkxj avb K‡lGKi wbKU nÕ¦v¯¦i KGiGQ| ‰i dGj ˆ`Gk nGq wWµÏGqW RvBGMvU Drc®² KGi| dGj Dw«¿`wUi ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
Lv`Å Drcv`b 4-5 àY e†w«¬ ˆcGqGQ| ZvQvov ŠZjexR, Wvj, Auvk msLÅvi wÕ©iZv iwÞZ nq| wbGlGKi Dóxcbvq Dw«¿`wUi wWÁ¼vkq I
RvZxq dmj, AvL, kvKmewR I djR Dw«¿G`i D®²qGb bvbvgyLx wWÁ¼K h^vKÌGg dj I exGR cwiYZ nq| wbGlGKi dGj eskaiG`i
AMÉMwZ mÁ¿e nGqGQ| ‰fvGe K‡wòg msKivqb K‡wl LvGZ Drcv`b gGaÅ bZzb ŠewkGÓ¡Åi mçvi nq| dGj Dw«¿`wUi bZzb cÉRvwZ m†wÓ¡i
e†w«¬ KGi ˆ`Gki wRwWwci cwigvY AGbKvsGk e†w«¬ KiGZ mÞg mÁ¿vebv ^vGK| wbGlGKi dGj cÉRvwZGZ ˆh cÉKiY NGU Zv Dw«¿`wUi
weeZÆGbi KuvPvgvj wnGmGe KvR KGi| ‰QvovI wbGlGKi dGj
nGqGQ| ‰Qvov K‡wòg cÉRbGbi gvaÅGg bZzb bZzb cÉRvwZ m†wÓ¡ mÁ¿e
AwaK djbkxj, mej I mnbkxj dmj Drc®² nq hv Dw«¿`GK bZzb
nGqGQ, hv weævGbi ‰KwU cÉK‡Ó¡ D`vniY| ˆhgb Mg I ivB ‰i cwiGeGk Lvc LvBGq wbGZ mvnvhÅ KGi| wbGlK wKÌqvi dGj m†Ó¡
msKivqGb wUÇwUGmj D«¿veb Kiv nGqGQ, hv ռ͸ kxZ I cÉPí kxGZ exR Dw«¿`wUi eskiÞv KGi| exGRi m†wÓ¡ bv nGj ˆewkifvM
fvGjv djb ˆ`q| Dw«¿`wUi wejyµ¦ nIqvi mÁ¿vebv ^vKGZv| Dw«¿`wUi dj I exGRi
DciB cÉvYx mÁ·É`vq weGkl KGi gvbyl wbfÆikxj|
cÉk
² 25 ˆcŒGli wgwÓ¡ ˆivG` mwilv ˆÞGZi cvGk eGm Zvwbqv jÞ
ZvB DchyÆÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ejv hvq ˆh, RxGei AwÕ¦Z½ I ŠewPòÅ
KGi cÉPzi ˆgŒgvwQ àY àY kõ KGi dzGj dzGj NyGi ˆeovGœQ| m†wÓ¡GZ wbGlGKi ZvrchÆ Acwimxg|
KviY wRævmv Kivq `v`y eGjb, “Iiv gay msMÉn KiGQ| ‰GZ
dzGj ‰gb ‰KwU cÉwKÌqv msNwUZ nq, hvGZ mwilvi djb e†w«¬ cÉk
² 26 wbGPi wPòàwj chÆGeÞY KGi M I N bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI
cvq|” :
K. ‰bRvBg Kx? 1
L. wbDwKÑIUvBW ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
M. DóxcGK ˆh cÉwKÌqvwUi K^v ejv nGqGQ Zvi wPwn×Z wPò
AsKb KGiv| 3
N. RxGei AwÕ¦Z½ I ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡GZ DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ
cÉwKÌqvwUi ZvrchÆ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 wPò: A wPò: B
wkLbdj-1 [Kz. ˆev. 2016] K. cvGgjv `kv Kx? 1
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 65

L. jvBGKbGK ˆKb wek¼Rbxb Dw«¿` ejv nq? 2 DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ejv hvq, Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿G`i wbGlK
M. wPò 'A' ˆZ ˆh wbGlGKvîi cwieZÆb nGqGQ Zv wjL| Zvi cÉwKÌqv KZàGjv chÆvqKÌwgK avc ˆkGl ‰es cwieZÆGbi gvaÅGg exR
dGj ˆh mKj cwieZÆb NGU Zvi eÅvLÅv `vI| 3 ‰es dj m†wÓ¡ KGi hv cieZÆx eskai wnGmGe KvR KGi|
N. bZzb RvZ m†wÓ¡GZ DóxcGK ewYÆZ Dfq cÉwKÌqvi gGaÅ N DóxcGK ewYÆZ cÉ^g cÉwKÌqv A^Ævr ‘A’ nGjv Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿G`i
ˆKvbwU AwaK KvhÆKi Zv weGkÏlY Ki| 4 ˆhŒb cÉRbb cÉwKÌqv I ‘B’ nGjv K‡wòg AãR cÉRbb cÉwKÌqvi àwUKjg
wkLbdj-2 I 3 [P. ˆev. 2015] c«¬wZ| D®²Z RvZ m†wÓ¡GZ ‘A’ c«¬wZwU AwaK KvhÆKi|
26 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cÉvK‡wZKfvGe Dw«¿` cÉRbb mÁ·®² nq wewf®² DcvGq| Ave†ZexRx
K AZů¦ ÷Ó• cwiGeGk Škevj gvZ‡GKvGli ˆcÉvGUvµÏvÕ¡ evievi Dw«¿G` `yB aiGbi cÉRbb ˆ`Lv hvq ‰es ‰i gGaÅ ˆhŒb cÉRbb
AbÅZg| ˆhŒb cÉRbb cÉwKÌqvq `ywU wf®² cÉK‡wZi MÅvwgGUi A^Ævr Õ¨x
wefvwRZ nGq wcwœQj AveiYx wewkÓ¡ dÑvGRjvwenxb ˆh AcZÅ
‰es cysMÅvwgGUi wgjGbi gvaÅGg exGRi m†wÓ¡ nq hv eske†w«¬ cÉwKÌqvi
ˆKvGli m†wÓ¡ KGi ZvB cvGgjv `kv|
RbÅ AZÅvekÅK| Aciw`GK cÉGqvRGbi ZvwMG` gvbyl Dw«¿G`i weGkl
L Zz±`Êv Açj, gi‚ Açj, bxim ceÆZMvòmn ˆhGKvGbv cÉwZK„j weGkl Ask eÅenvi KGi K‡wòg DcvGq Dw«¿G`i eskai Drc®² KGi hv
AeÕ©vGb R¯Ãvq eGj jvBGKbGK wek¼Rbxb Dw«¿` ejv nq| jvBGKb K‡wòg AãR Rbb bvGg cwiwPZ| K‡wòg AãR RbGbi gGaÅ LyeB
‰gb ‰KwU mÁ·É`vq hviv ‰gb me cwiGeGk RG¯Ã ˆhLvGb AbÅ cÉPwjZ ‰KwU c«¬wZ nGjv àwUKjg c«¬wZ|
ˆKvGbv Rxe ˆeuGP ^vKGZ cvGi bv| ‰iv MvGQi evKj, cvZv, ÞqcÉvµ¦ ˆhŒb RbGb RbbGKvl m†wÓ¡i cƒGeÆ wgGqvwmm wefvRb msNwUZ nq|
àwo, ˆ`qvj, evwj, cv^i, ceÆZMvò BZÅvw` eÕ§i Ici ‰iv R¯Ãvq| ‰GÞGò KÌwmsIfvi NGU eGj bZzb ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡ nq| ˆhŒb cÉRbbÞg
ˆKvGbv `ywU RxeB üeü ‰KiKg nq bv| dGj ‰G`i gGaÅ wbGlK
M wPò ‘A’ nGjv Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿G`i wbGlK wKÌqv ˆhLvGb wbGlGKi NUGj wf®² ŠewkÓ¡ÅmÁ·®² Rxe m†wÓ¡ nq| ˆhŒb cÉRbGbi dGj
ci wKQy ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cwieZÆb msNwUZ nq ‰es dj I exR m†wÓ¡ nq| wiKwÁ¼GbkGbi gvaÅGg ˆRGbwUK WvBfviwmwU ŠZwi nq| ‰i dGj
Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿G`i Õ¨xÕ¦eGK wbGlK wKÌqv mÁ·®² nq| Õ¨xÕ¦eGKi RxGei bZzb I cwiewZÆZ cwiGeGk Lvc LvBGq ˆbqvi myweav ŠZwi
MfÆvkGq wWÁ¼vYyi mvG^ cysMÅvwgU wgwjZ nIqvi gvaÅGg wbGlK nq| bZzb cÉKiY m†wÓ¡ nGZ cvGi| bZzb RvZ ŠZwii AbÅZg kZÆ
mÁ·®² nq| wbGlK mÁ·®² nevi mvG^ mvG^B wbGlGKvîi nGjv wcZvgvZv ˆ^GK eskaGii ŠewkGÓ¡Åi cwieZÆb|
cwieZÆbàGjv msNwUZ nGZ ÷i‚ KGi| Aciw`GK K‡wòg AãR cÉRbb Z^v àwUKjg nq Dw«¿G`i
ö…GYi cwiÕ¹zUb: wbwlÚ wWÁ¼vYy Z^v RvBGMvU gvBGUvwUK wefvRGbi ˆ`nGKvGli mvnvGhÅ| àwUKjg ŠZwii RbÅ wbeÆvwPZ AsGki evKj
gvaÅGg cÉ^Gg ‰KwU w«¼GKvlx Avw`ö…Y MVb KGi| Avw`ö…YwU KÌgvMZ QvwoGq ˆmLvGb ˆMvei, gvwU I Lo w`Gq ˆXGK kÚ KGi ˆeuGa ˆ`qv
wefvwRZ nGZ nGZ ‰KwU cƒYÆvã ö…GY cwiYZ nq| nq| wbqwgZ cvwb w`Gj H AsGk wKQyw`b ci AÕ©vwbK gƒj MRvq|
mGmÅi Drcwî: ˆmGK´£vwi wbDwKÑqvGmi mvG^ ÷KÌvYyi ‰KwU gƒjmn kvLvwU wewœQ®² KGi AbÅò ˆivcY KiGj Zv ˆ^GK bZzb Dw«¿`
wbDwKÑqvGmi wgjGbi gvaÅGg wUǵÏGqW (3n) ‰G´£vÕ·vgÆ wbDwKÑqvm R¯Ãvq| ‰GÞGò bZzb ˆKvGbv ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡ nq bv| A^Ævr eskai
MwVZ nq| ‰B wbDwKÑqvmwU evi evi wefvRGbi gvaÅGg mmÅ MVb mÁ·ƒYÆ gvZ‡Dw«¿G`i Abyi…c nq|
KGi| cÉk
² 27
exR m†wÓ¡: wbGlGKi ci wWÁ¼GKi ˆfZi cwieZÆGbi mvG^ mvG^
wWÁ¼GKi Z½K `ywU AGcÞvK‡Z KwVb I ÷Ó• nGq exRZ½GK cwiYZ
nq| imvGjv wWÁ¼KwU cvwb nvwiGq AGcÞvK‡Z KwVb I ÷Ó• nGq
exGR cwiYZ nq|
dj m†wÓ¡: dj nGjv i…cv¯¦wiZ MfÆvkq| wbGlGKi dGj MfÆvkq
DóxwcZ nGq dGj cwiYZ nq| wbGlK ˆkGl cyGÓ·i Õ¦eKàGjv
wbGÕ¦R nGq SGi cGo| MfÆ`í ‰es MfÆgyí ÷wKGq hvq| MfÆvkq K. AevZ k¼mb KvGK eGj? 1
dGj cwiYZ nq ‰es cieZÆxGZ Zv cwicØZv jvf KiGj gvZ‡Dw«¿` L. cÉGÕ¼`Gbi ˆbwZevPK w`KàGjv wK wK? 2
nGZ c†^K nGq hvq| M. DóxcKwU MVGbi cÉwKÌqv eYÆbv Ki| 3
wbGlGKi dGj dzGji MfÆvkq ‰es wWÁ¼GKi AGbK cwieZÆb msNwUZ N. wbGlGKi ci DóxcGKi ˆh cwieZÆb NGU Zvi ZvrchÆ
nq| weGkÏlY Ki| 4
wbGlGKi AvGM wbGlGKi ci wkLbdj-1 I 5 [h. ˆev. 2015]
1. MfÆvkq 1. dj 27 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ˆh k¼mb cÉwKÌqvq AwÝGRGbi AbycwÕ©wZGZ k¼mwbK eÕ§

2. wWÁ¼K 2. exR
AmÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc RvwiZ nq ‰es A͸ cwigvY kwÚ Drc®² nq ZvB nGjv
3. wWÁ¼vYy 3. ö…Y AevZ k¼mb|
4. ˆmGK´£vwi wbDwKÑqvm 4. mmÅ ev ‰G´£vÕ·vgÆ
L cÉGÕ¼`Gbi ˆbwZevPK w`K nGjv- cÉGÕ¼`Gbi gvaÅGg ˆ`n ˆ^GK
5. wWÁ¼Ki®¬È (gvBGKÌvcvBj) 5. exR i®¬È
evÓ·vKvGi cvwb ˆei KGi w`GZ Dw«¿G`i kwÚi AcPq nq|
6. wWÁ¼Kbvfx (nvBjvg) 6. exRbvfx cÉGÕ¼`Gbi KviGY Dw«¿G`i ˆkvwlZ cvwbi AcPq NGU| AwZwiÚ
7. wWÁ¼Kbvox (wdDwbKzjvm) 7. exRe†¯¦/exGRi ˆeuvUv cÉGÕ¼`b AGbK mgq DBjwUs NwUGq Dw«¿G`i RxebGK wec®² KGi I
8. wWÁ¼Kgƒj (KÅvjvRv) 8. exRgƒj (bÓ¡ nGq hvq) g†ZzÅ chƯ¦ ˆWGK AvGb|
66 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

M DóxcGK ewYÆZ cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv Õ¨x MÅvwgGUvdvBGUi weKvk|

 28 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Õ¨xGiYy ev ˆgMvGÕ·vi KÌgk eo nGZ ^vGK| ‰ mgq ‰i K `u
v ` ˆivGMi RxevYy i bvg nGjv- Mycrosporum canis|
wbDwKÑqvmwUI wefvwRZ nGq `ywU AcZÅ wbDwKÑqvGm cwiYZ nq|  L ATP ‰i cƒYÆ bvg Adenosine Triphosphate I NADP ‰i cƒYÆ
cieZÆxGZ ‰i bZzb m†Ó¡ AcZÅ wbDwKÑqvm `ywU AvGÕ¦ AvGÕ¦ bvg Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate|
Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGq `ywU wecixZ ˆgi‚GZ AeÕ©vb KGi| cÉwZwU ˆgi‚i
wbDwKÑqvm ci ci `y’evi wefvwRZ nGq PviwU KGi wbDwKÑqvm MVb  M DóxcGKi W. KexGii MGelYvi welqeÕ§ nGjv exRnxb dj
KGi| Dfq ˆgi‚GZ AeÕ©vb Kiv PviwU wbDwKÑqvGmi ‰KwU KGi Drcv`b| ‰ cÉwKÌqvq niGgvb cÉGqvGMi dGj wbGlK cÉwKÌqvq weN³
wbDwKÑqvm ^wji ˆK±`ÊÕ©Gj ‰Gm wgwjZ nq ‰es ‰KwU wWµÏGqW NGU A^ev wbGlGKi ci wWÁ¼K bÓ¡ nGq hvq ev AKvhÆKi nGq hvq|
ˆmGK´£vwi wbDwKÑqvm ev wbYÆxZ wbDwKÑqvm MVb KGi| ö…Y^wji dGj exR Drc®² nq bv| wbGP exRnxb dj Drcv`Gbi ˆÞGò
wWÁ¼KiG®¬Èi w`GKi ˆgi‚GZ AewÕ©Z wZbwU wbDwKÑqvGmi cÉwZwUi wbGlGKvîi cwiYwZ AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv:
PvicvGk mvgvbÅ cwigvY mvBGUvµÏvRg Rgv nGq wZbwU ˆKvGl exRnxb dj Drcv`Gbi cÉwKÌqv mvaviYZ `y’aiGbi nGZ cvGi|
cwiYZ nq| ‰ ˆKvl wZbwUGK ‰KGò MfÆh¯¨ eGj| MfÆhG¯¨i wZbwU
cÉ^gZ, AwÝb, wRGeGiwjb ev BbGWvj AÅvwmwUK AÅvwmW cÉGqvGM
ˆKvGli gaÅeZÆx AGcÞvK‡Z eo ˆKvlwUGK wWÁ¼vYy ‰es Dfq cvGki
wbGlK cÉwKÌqvq weN³ NGU| dGj MfÆvkq ˆ^GK dj Drc®² nGq hvq
ˆQvU ˆKvl `ywUGK ejv nq mvnvhÅKvix ˆKvl| ö…Y^wji wWÁ¼KgƒGji
wK¯§ exR Drc®² nq bv| ‰ cÉwKÌqvGK cvG^ÆGbvKvwcÆ eGj| w«¼ZxqZ,
w`GKi ˆgi‚GZ AewÕ©Z wbDwKÑqvm wZbwUi PvicvGkI mvBGUvµÏvRg
Nbxf„Z nGq wZbwU ˆKvGl cwiYZ nq| ‰ ˆKvlàGjv nGjv cÉwZcv` wbGlGKi ci wWÁ¼K AKvhÆKi A^Ævr bÓ¡ nGq hvq| dGj exR Drc®²
ˆKvl| ö…Y^wj ‰es ‰i Afů¦Gi we`Ågvb wWÁ¼vYy, mvnvhÅKvix ˆKvl nq bv, wK¯§ MfÆvkq ˆ^GK dj Drc®² nGq hvq| ZvQvov e†wZ, `j,
‰es ˆmGK´£vwi wbDwKÑqvmGK mwÁÃwjZfvGe ejv nq Õ¨xMÅvwgGUvdvBU| cysGKki, MfÆgyí, MfÆ`í ÷wKGq bÓ¡ nGq hvq ‰es ö…YGcvlK
wWÁ¼GKi Afů¦Gi Õ¨xMÅvwgGUvdvBU Drc®² nq| wUmyÅ, cÉwZcv`GKvl I mvnvhÅKvix ˆKvl bÓ¡ nGq hvq|
N wPòwU ‰KwU dzGji cƒYÆvã ö…Y^wji| wbGlGKi ci wPGòi ˆh N niGgvb cÉGqvGM exRnxb dj Drcv`b cÉwKÌqvGK ejv nq
cwieZÆb nq Zv wbGP AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv  cvG^ÆGbvKvwcÆ| W. Kexi ‰ cÉwKÌqvq Avg, wjPz I ZigyGRi exRnxb
MfÆvkq cwiewZÆZ nGq dj ŠZwi nq| MfÆvkq cÉvPxi cwiewZÆZ nGq dj Drcv`Gb mdj nGj ‰mKj djR Dw«¿G`i ˆhŒbRbb A^Ævr
ŠZwi KGi djZ½K| wWÁ¼K cwiewZÆZ nGq exGR cwiYZ nq| exR exGRi gvaÅGg eske†w«¬ mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc e®¬ nGq hvGe| ‰GÞGò Avg I
dGji Afů¦Gi ^vGK| wWÁ¼GKi ewntZ½K i…cv¯¦wiZ nGq exR wjPzi eske†w«¬ àwUKjg c«¬wZGZ NUvGbv mÁ¿e nGe| AbÅw`GK
ewntZ½K ‰es wWÁ¼K A¯¦tZ½K i…cv¯¦wiZ nGq ŠZwi KGi exR ZigyGRi ˆÞGò àwUKjg c«¬wZGZ eske†w«¬ mÁ¿e bv nGjI
A¯¦tZ½K| wWÁ¼vYy cwiewZÆZ nGq ŠZwi nq ö…Y| ‰wU exGRi Afů¦Gi `vevKjg c«¬wZGZ eske†w«¬ NUvGbv mÁ¿e nGe| ‰Qvov DÚ mKj
^vGK| wdDwbKzjvm i…cv¯¦wiZ nGq exGRi ˆevUv ŠZwi KGi|
djR Dw«¿G`i eske†w«¬ wUmyÅKvjPvi c«¬wZGZ mdjfvGe NUvGbv
‰fvGe wPGòi wewf®² Ask wbGlGKi ci cwiewZÆZ nGq dj ŠZwi nq|
mÁ¿e| wbGP ‰ mKj c«¬wZàGjv msGÞGc weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv 
mcyÓ·K Dw«¿G`i Rbb ˆKvl `ywU MwVZ nIqvi ci ‰G`i wgjb
NUGj dzGji MfÆvkqwU dGj ‰es wWÁ¼Kmgƒn exR ‰ cwiYZ nq| àwUKjg: àwUKjGgi RbÅ kÚ Kví wbeÆvPb KGi wbaÆvwiZ AsGki
exR Dw«¿G`i esk iÞv KGi ‰es esk e†w«¬ KGi| exGRi m†wÓ¡ bv evKj QvwoGq ˆmLvGb ˆMvei-gvwU I Lo w`Gq ˆXGK kÚ KGi `wo
nGj nqZ Dw«¿`K„Gji ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv m`mÅ wejxb nGq ˆhZ| Avevi ˆeuGa w`GZ nq| wbqwgZ ˆmLvGb cvwb w`GZ ^vKGj H Ask ˆ^GK
Dw«¿G`i dj I exR ˆLGq cÉvYxK„j, weGkl KGi gvbeRvwZ ˆeuGP AÕ©vwbK gƒj MRvq| gƒjmn kvLvwU wewœQ®² KGi gvwUGZ ˆivcY
AvGQ| wbGlGKi gvaÅGg DÚ cwieZÆb bv NUGj dj I exGRi m†wÓ¡ KiGj Zv bZzb Dw«¿`i…Gc e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK|
nZ bv| dGj LvG`Åi AfvGe cÉvYxK„j weGkl KGi gvbeRvwZ a»sm `vevKjg: gvwU msj™² kvLvi cƒeÆ AskGK gvwU w`Gq Pvcv w`Gj wKQy
nGq ˆhZ| w`Gbi gGaÅ ˆmLvb ˆ^GK bZzb gƒj m†wÓ¡ nq| gƒjmn kvLvwU wewœQ®²
cÉk
² 28 W. Kexi Avg, wjPz I ZigyGRi exRnxb dj Drcv`Gbi KGi AbÅò jvMvGj bZzb Dw«¿G`i R¯Ã nq|
ˆPÓ¡v KiGQb| wUmyÅKvjPvi: Dw«¿G`i kxlÆvMÉ ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ wnGmGe RxevYygyÚ cwiGeGk
K. `v` ˆivGMi RxevYyi bvg Kx? 1 wk÷weUc m†wÓ¡i Avev` gvaÅGg Õ©vcb Kiv nq ‰es ‰G`i Zvc I
L. ATP I NADP ‰i cƒYÆ bvg BsGiwRGZ wjL| 2 AvGjv wbqw¯¨Z ˆMÉv^ i‚Gg ivLv nq| wk÷weUc ŠZwii ci ‰G`iGK
M. W. KexGii MGelYvi welqeÕ§wUi wbGlGKvîi cwiYwZ c†^K KGi gƒj ŠZwii Avev` gvaÅGg Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv nq| gƒj ŠZwi nGj
wjL| 3 ‰mKj wk÷ Dw«¿`àGjvGK ˆUÕ¡wUDe ˆ^GK mZKÆZvi mvG^ ˆei KGi
N. W. Kexi hw` mdj nb ZvnGj DÚ Dw«¿`àGjvi eske†w«¬i gvwU fwZÆ cwjeÅvGM ev gvwUi UGe Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv nq| ‰LvGb wk÷
cÉwKÌqv weGkÏlY Ki| 4 Dw«¿`àGjv axGi axGi AwfGhvwRZ nGZ ^vGK| ‰fvGe wUmyÅKvjPvi ‰i
wkLbdj-1 I 5 [e. ˆev. 2015] gvaÅGg exRnxb DÚ djR Dw«¿G`i eske†w«¬ NUvGbv mÁ¿e|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 67

‰Kv`k AaÅvq: RxecÉhywÚ

cÉk
² 37 iv. ˆQ`bK‡Z DNA LíKmgƒn mshyÚ Kivi RbÅ DNA jvBGMR
‰bRvBg wbeÆvPb|
v. Kvw›ÞZ DNA mn evnK DNA ‰i AbywjcGbi RbÅ ‰KwU
ˆcvlK wbeÆvPb|
vi. Kvw›ÞZ DNA Lí mg®¼Gq cÉÕ§ZK‡Z wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA ‰i
ewntcÉKvk gƒjÅvqb|
K. wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉhywÚi RbK ˆK? 1
L. wRGbvg wmKzGqw´Ös ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2 N DóxcGKi cÉhywÚwU nGjv wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚ ev RxecÉhywÚ|
M. DóxcGKi cÉhwy ÚwUi mwPò eYÆbv KGiv| 3 ‰B cÉhywÚ eZÆgvb weGk¼ eüj AvGjvwPZ I AZů¦ mÁ¿ebvgq nIqvq
Rxeb RxweKvi cÉvq me ˆÞGòB ‰B cÉhywÚi mÁ¿vebvi «¼vi D¯ÃyÚ|
N. DóxcGKi cÉhywÚwUi weKvGki mvG^ Õ¼vÕ©Å wbivcîv SuywK
‰B cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi gvbyl wewf®² ˆÞGò KjÅvY ˆfvM KiGjI
mÁ·GKÆ eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
Rxe‹ewPòÅ, cÉvYx I gvbyGli Ici ‰i Õ¼vÕ©Å SzuwKI Kg bq|
 wkLbdj: 2 I 7 [iv. ˆev. 2019]
K‡wl, Õ¼vÕ©Å, R¾vjvbx, cwiGek BZÅvw`i ˆÞGò RxecÉhywÚi A^Æ‹bwZK
37 bs cÉGk²i Dîi mÁ¿vebv meÆRbÕ¼xK‡Z nGjI ‰i weKvGki mvG^ Õ¼vÕ©Å wbivcîv
K wUmyÅKvjPvi cÉhywÚi RbK nGjb Dw«¿`weævbx Gottlieb Haberlandt| SzuwKI iGqGQ| ˆhgb-
L DNA AYyi Aby‹`GNÆÅ ATGC ˆemàGjv ˆKvb AbyKÌGg mwäZ 1. ‰ cÉhywÚGZ cÉvqB AÅvw´ŸevGqvwUK cÉwZGivax wR¾b eÅenvi Kiv
^vGK Zv D`NvUb KivB nGjv wRGbvg wmGKvGqw´Ös| ‰wU AvaywbK nq hv Lv`Å wnGmGe MÉnY KiGj gvbyl AÅvw´ŸevGqvwUK cÉwZGivax
RxecÉhywÚi ‰KwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ AMÉMwZ| ‰ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg BGZvgGaÅ nGq DVGZ cvGi| dGj gvivñK Õ¼vÕ©Å SzuwKi m†wÓ¡ nGZ cvGi|
evsjvG`Gki weævbxiv cvGUi Rxeb inmÅ D`NvUb KGiGQb| ‰GZ 2. UÇv´ÖGRwbK RxGe AcÉZÅvwkZ ˆcÉvwUb m†wÓ¡ nGq Zv AÅvjvGRb
bZzb I D®²Z cÉRvwZi ˆivMgyÚ cvU Drcv`b Kiv mnR nGe| A wnGmGe KvR KiGZ cvGi|
3. wKQy GM Food gvbylmn wewf®² Õ¦bÅcvqx, weGkl KGi wk÷G`i
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ w«¼Zxq cÉhywÚwU nGjv wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚ| BGÕ¡ÈvGRb ˆjGfj e†w«¬ KGi Õ¼vÕ©ÅSzuwKi m†wÓ¡ KGi|
wbGP wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚi mwPò eYÆbv Kiv nGjv A 4. GM Food ‰i eÅenvGi RxeG`Gn welwKÌqv I cywÓ¡i
ˆKÌvGgvGmvgvj DNA
cÉavb DNA AYy fvimvgÅnxbZv ˆ`Lv w`GZ cvGi|
BDKÅvwiIwUK ˆKvl AZ‰e ejv hvq, RxecÉhywÚi Acwimxg KjÅvY mvaGbi ˆcQGbI
DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Õ¼vÕ©Å Szwu Ki mÁ¿vebv iGqGQ|
µÏvRwgW DNA
cÉk
 ² 38
AvnwiZ µÏvRwgW KZÆb Õ©j Kvw›ÞZ wRbmn
AvnwiZ DNA Lí
ˆiwÕ¡È
ˆiwÕ¡ÈKKkb
kb ‰bRvBg
‰bRvBg cÉcÉGGqvM
qvM ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg cÉG qvM
wbw`ÆÓ ¡ D NA Límgƒn
KwZÆZ µÏvRwgW Muv^b cÉv¯¦
Kvw›ÞZ DNA Lí (wRb Ask)
jvBGMR ‰bRvBGgi mvnvGhÅ
Kvw›ÞZ DNA-i cybtmsGhvRb S
wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA mshyÚ wRb

wPò
wPò : R
ˆcvlK ˆKvGl cÉGekKiY
coli ˆKvl
[Link] K. cÉRvwZ Kx? 1
wiKwÁ¼G b´Ÿ DNA Õ©vbv¯¦i L. eËvGqvdvBUGK DfPi Dw«¿` ejv nq ˆKb? 2
ˆKÑv b ˆKvl
wgwWqvGg Õ©vbv¯¦i Y
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ AYyRxewUi RbGbi c«¬wZmgƒn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
N. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis-‰ DóxcGKi “S” ‰i f„wgKv
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
 AaÅvq 4 I 11 ‰i mg®¼Gq [w`. ˆev. 2019]
38 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
wPò: wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚi avcmgƒn K cÉRvwZ nGjv meÆvwaK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi wgj mÁ·®² ‰K`j Rxe, hvG`i
i. Kvw›ÞZ DNA wbeÆvPb| gGaÅ ˆhŒb wgjGb DeÆi eskai Drc®² nq| A
ii. ‰KwU evnK wbeÆvPb, hvi gvaÅGg Kvw›ÞZ ŠewkÓ¡Å Õ©vbv¯¦i L eËvGqvdvBUv cÉavbZ Õ©Gj R¯Ãvq| ‰Qvov, elÆvKvGj Av`ËÆ I
Kiv mÁ¿e| ˆfRv muÅvZmÅuvGZ Qvqvgq cwiGeGk `je«¬ nGq R¯Ãvq| Õ©Gj
iii. wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb DNA AYyGK ˆQ`b Kivi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq R¯ÃvGjI cvwb Qvov ‰G`i Rbb, e†w«¬ I weKvk NGU bv| ‰ RbÅ
ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg wbeÆvPb| ‰G`iGK DfPi Dw«¿` ejv nq| A
68 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ AYyRxewU nGjv eÅvKGUwiqv| eÅvKGUwiqv cÉk

² 39
AãR, AGhŒb I ˆhŒb DcvGq RbbKvhÆ mÁ·®² KGi| A QòvK ŠRe AÅvwmW
AãR Rbb P= wk͸, ŠZj
I
+
wmGãj ˆmj ˆcÉvwUb
cqeRÆÅ eÅvKGUwiqv
1. w«¼-wefvRb: eÅvKGUwiqvi cÉavb Rbb c«¬wZ nGjv w«¼-wefvRb|
w«¼-wefvRb nGjv Avw` ˆKvGli Rbb cÉwKÌqv ˆhLvGb wbDwKÑqvi RxGei inmÅ
eÕ§ (DNA) mgvb `yB fvGM wefÚ nq| AbyK„j cwiGeGk Q= ATGC-i
AeÕ©vb DG¯ÃvPb
MVb cwiwa, KvR
eÅvKGUwiqv w«¼-wefvRb c«¬wZGZ eswkweÕ¦vi KGi| ‰
c«¬wZGZ ‰KwU eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvGli wbDKÑqvi eÕ§ ev DNA K. KGUÆÝ (Cortex) Kx? 1
‰i cÉwZwjcb NGU| cieZÆxGZ ˆKvl jÁ¼vq e†w«¬ cvq ‰es L. B´ŸviGdib (Interferon) ‰i ài‚Z½ Kx Kx? 2
wbDwKÑqvi eÕ§ ˆKvGli `yB cÉvG¯¦ PGj hvq| cGi ˆKvlwUi M. eRÆÅ eÅeÕ©vcbvi ˆÞGò DóxcGKi 'P' cÉwKÌqvi cÉGqvM
gaÅfvGM MZÆ KGi ˆfZGi XzGK wMGq ˆKvlwUGK `yB fvGM fvM eYÆbv KGiv| 3
KGi ˆdGj ‰es `ywU AcZÅ ˆKvGli m†wÓ¡ nq| N. DóxcGKi Q ‰i KviGY g†Z I weK‡Z eÅwÚG`i kbvÚ Kiv
2. gyKzGjv`Mg: ‰GÞGò cÉ^Gg eÅvKGUwiqvi ‰K cvk ˆ^GK ‰KwU mÁ¿e@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
ˆQvU Kzuwo ev gyKzj ˆei nq| gyKzjwU axGi axGi eo nGZ ^vGK  AaÅvq 4 I 11 ‰i mg®¼Gq [w`. ˆev. 2019]
‰es wbDwKÑqvi eÕ§ `yB LGí fvM nGq ‰KwU Lí gyKzGj cÉGek 39 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
KGi| gyKzjwU gvZ‡GKvGli cÉvq mgvb nGj c†^K nGq hvq|
K AatZ½GKi wbP nGZ AviÁ¿ KGi ˆcwimvBKGji Dci chƯ¦
AGhŒb Rbb
AskB nGjv KGUÆÝ| A
MwbwWqv: Leucothris RvZxq mƒòvKvi eÅvKGUwiqvi AMÉfvM ˆ^GK
MwbwWqv bvgK AGhŒb ‰KK m†wÓ¡ nGq cieZÆxGZ c†^K nGq hvq L B´ŸviGdib gvbyGli AwaKvsk ˆKvl nGZ wbMÆZ ‰K aiGbi DœP
‰es AbyK„j cwiGeGk c†^K eÅvKGUwiqv wnGmGe AvñcÉKvk KGi| AvYweK IRb mÁ·®² ˆcÉvwUb hv fvBivGmi cÉv^wgK msKÌgY I
ˆhŒb Rbb KÅvbmvi cÉwZGiva KGi| wewf®² cÉKvi fvBivmRwbZ ˆivM, ˆhgb-
eÅvKGUwiqvGZ ˆKvGbv cÉK‡Z ˆhŒb Rbb NGU bv| ‰LvGb gvGqvwmm Kgb ˆKvΣ ‰es ˆncvUvBwUm wbivgGq RbÅ B´ŸviGdiGbi eÅenvi
wefvRb NGU bv; ˆKvGbv MÅvwgU, wWµÏGqW ˆKvl wKsev RvBGMvU ŠZwi eÅvcK| B´ŸviGdib BwgDb wmGÕ¡gGK kwÚkvjx KGi, ˆk¼ZKwYKvi
nq bv| ‰GÞGò ‰KwU `vZv ˆKvl ˆ^GK MÉnxZv ˆKvGl µÏvmwgGWi msLÅv e†w«¬ KGi, AvKÌgYKvix ˆKvGli msLÅv e†w«¬ Kivi gvaÅGg
AbywjwcGZ Kwc Õ©vbv¯¦i nq| A^Ævr ‰ cÉwKÌqvq eskMZxq eÕ§i KÅvb&mvi ˆKvl a»sm KGi| B´ŸviGdib eÅenvi KGi RwUj
Õ©vbv¯¦i NGU| dGj eÅvKGUwiqvGZ ˆRGbwUK wiKwÁ¼Gbkb NGU| ˆncvUvBwUm-B, wKQy nvwcÆm msKÌgY, wewf®² aiGbi cÅvwcGjvgv
N DóxcGK eÅvKGUwiqvi wPò ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| wPòwUGZ 'S' wPwn×Z wPwKrmv Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ|
AskwU nGjv µÏvRwgW| wbGP µÏvRwgGWi f„wgKv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv M wPGò P «¼viv RxecÉhywÚi gvaÅGg AYyRxe eÅenvi KGi wk͸ eRÅÆ
ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ewnf„ÆZ e†îvKvi DNA AYyGK µÏvRwgW ejv nq| eÅeÕ©vcbvi gvaÅGg ŠRe AÅvwmW I ˆcÉvwUb cÉÕ¦yGZi c«¬wZ wbG`Æk
µÏvRwgGWi DNA AYy Õ¼vaxbfvGe Abywjcb KiGZ cvGi| gƒj Kiv nGqGQ| A
ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi evBGi ‰KwU AwZwiÚ I Þz`ËvKvi DNA wnGmGe KjKviLvbv I Lwb ˆ^GK wbMÆZ eRÆÅ cwiGek `ƒlY NUvq|
AwaKvsk eÅvKGUwiqvGZ µÏvRwgW AewÕ©Z| KjKviLvbv ˆ^GK wbMÆZ mvqvbvBW, ˆjW, gviKvwi, Kcvi ‰es
ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰ ˆKvGbv RxeGKvl ˆ^GK ˆKvGbv mywbw`ÆÓ¡ wRb wRsK AZů¦ welvÚ ‰es fvix avZe AYy hv `xNÆÕ©vqx `ƒwlZ c`v^Æ|
wbGq AbÅ ˆKvGbv RxeGKvGl Õ©vcb Kiv I KgÆÞg Kiv ev bZzb KjKviLvbv ˆ^GK wbMÆZ eGRÆÅ wewf®² AYyRxe R¯Ãvq ‰es eRÆÅ c`v^ÆGK
ŠewkÓ¡Å m†wÓ¡i RbÅ ˆKvGbv RxGei DNA ˆZ cwieZÆb NUvGbv nq| ˆfGO mij Dcv`vGb cwiYZ KGi| dÌv´Ö, Rvcvb, ZvBIqvb ‰es fviGZ
‰GÞGò wRb ˆKÑvwbs KiGZ nq Avi wRb ˆKÑvwbs ‰i RbÅ wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆcGUÇvwjqvg KviLvbv ˆ^GK wbMÆZ eRÆÅ c`vG^Æ ‰K aiGbi eÅvKGUwiqv
evnK ev ˆfÙGii cÉGqvRb nq| ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰ eÅen†Z R¯Ãvq hv single cell protein wnGmGe c÷ I gvbyGli Lv`Å wnGmGe
‰KwU ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ ˆfÙi nGjv µÏvRwgW| ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg «¼viv eÅen†Z nq| AYyRxGei mnvqZvq `yGai KviLvbv ˆ^GK wbMÆZ eRÆÅ
µÏvRwgGWi mywbw`ÆÓ¡ Ask KZÆb Kiv hvq| µÏvRwgW AbÅGKvGbv ˆ^GK jÅvKwUK AvwmW ŠZwi Kiv nq| KvMR I KvMGRi gí ˆ^GK
µÏvRwgW ev gƒj DNA A^ev AbÅGKvGbv RxGei ˆhGKvGbv DNA ‰i wbMÆZ eRÆÅ c`vG^Æ Torula bvgK CÕ¡ R¯Ãvq hvi gGaÅ cÉPzi Avwgl
mvG^ cybtmg®¼q KiGZ mÞg| µÏvRwgW 15kb gvGci ewnivMZ ^vGK| Saccharomyces cerevisiae ‰es Torula utilis eRÆÅ c`vG^Æi
DNA enb KiGZ cvGi| dGj ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰ mvdGjÅi
gGaÅ R¯Ãvq| ‰G`i ˆ^GK AÅvwgGbv AÅvwmW cvIqv hvq|
mvG^ evnK ev ˆfÙi wnGmGe µÏvRwgW eÅenvi Kiv hvq| µÏvRwgWB
KvMR wkG͸i KuvPvgvj weÐP KiGZ ˆKÑvwib eÅen†Z nq| ‰
ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i Avmj h¯¨ hvi «¼viv bZzb ˆRGbwUK Z^Å
eÅvKGUwiqv I AbÅvbÅ RxGe Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv nq| ˆKÑvwibRwbZ `ƒlY ˆ^GK cwiGekGK wewf®² QòvK eÅenvi KGi
AvYweK eskMwZwe`Åvi MGelYvq wewf®² ˆÞGò µÏvRwgW eÅvcKfvGe mnGRB gyÚ Kiv hvq| cvU, eÕ¨ I wPwb wkG͸i ˆmjyGjvR RvZxq
eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis, wRb ˆKÑvwbs BZÅvw` KvGR eRÆÅGKI wewf®² eÅvKGUwiqv ‰es QòvGKi gvaÅGg DcKvix mij
µÏvRwgW AZů¦ DcGhvMx evnK wnGmGe KvR KGi| µÏvRwgW DNA `ËGeÅ i…cv¯¦i Kiv hvq, dGj ‰Kw`GK cwiGek `ƒlYgyÚ nq ‰es
eÅenvi KGi ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰ Af„ZcƒeÆ mvdjÅ cvIqv Aciw`GK cÉGqvRbxq jvfRbK `ËeÅ cvIqv hvq, ˆhgb wewf®² ŠRe
wMGqGQ, ˆhgb: gvbyGli Bbmywjb, wRb ˆKÑvwbs, ˆivM I ˆcvKgvKo AÅvwmW, B^vbj, ˆcÉvwUb, wfUvwgb, AÅvwgGbv AÅvwmW, AÅvwmGUvb,
cÉwZGivax Dw«¿` Drcv`b BZÅvw`| w™Ïmvwib, ™ÏyUvbj BZÅvw`|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 69

N wPGò Q «¼viv RxGei wRGbvg wmKzGqw´ÖsGK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| gvZ‡Dw«¿` wbeÆvPb: ‰ÝµÏÅv´Ÿ msMÉGni RbÅ myÕ©-mej Dw«¿` wbeÆvPb
wRGbvg wmKzGqw´Ös ‰i cÉGqvGMi gvaÅGg g†Z I weK‡Z eÅwÚG`i mwVK Kiv nq|
I wbfÆyjfvGe kbvÚ Kiv hvq| A Avev` gvaÅg ŠZwi: Dw«¿G`i e†w«¬ I weKvGk LwbR cywÓ¡, wfUvwgb,
`ywU gvbyGli wRGbvwgK MVGb myÕ·Ó¡ cv^ÆKÅ ^vGK, weGkl KGi dvBGUvniGgvb, myGKÌvR ‰es RgvU euvavGbvi RbÅ cwigvY gGZv
DNA ‰i wbDwKÑIUvBGW (A, T, G, C) webÅvm AbyKÌGg cv^ÆKÅ AÅvMvi mg®¼Gq Avev` gvaÅg ŠZwi Kiv nq|
^vGK| gvbyGli wRGbvGg wewÞµ¦fvGe bvBGUÇvGRbNwUZ Þvi mgw®¼Z RxevYygyÚ Avev` cÉwZÓ¤v: AGUvGKÑGfi gvaÅGg Avev` gvaÅgGK
DNA chÆGeÞY KGi cÉwZwU gvbylGK kbvÚ Kiv hvq| ‰GÞGò RxevYygyÚ Kivi ci ‰ÝµÏÅv´ŸGK H Avev` gvaÅGg Õ©vcb Kiv nq|
ˆKvGbv Rxe Z^v gvbyGli DNA ˆK ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg w`Gq KZÆb cieZxÆGZ ‰me Avev`àGjvGK AvGjv I Zvcgvòv wbqw¯¨Z KGÞ ivLv
KGi DÚ DNA ˆK ˆRj BGjKGUÇvGdvGiwmGmi gvaÅGg ˆRj Õ¦Gii nq| ‰ chÆvGq ‰ÝµÏÅv´Ÿ ˆ^GK KÅvjvm ev AYyPviv ‹Zwi nq|
Dci Pvjbv Kiv nq| dGj ˆmLvGb DNA LíàGjv KÌgv®¼Gq eo gƒj Drcv`b gvaÅGg Õ©vbv¯¦i: AYyPvivàGjvGZ gƒj ŠZwii RbÅ gƒj
ˆ^GK ˆQvU wnGmGe KZàGjv mvwie«¬ eÅv´£ wnGmGe Rgv nGe| Drcv`bKvix Avev` gvaÅGg Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv nq|
weGkl dGUvMÉvwdK c«¬wZ «¼viv eÅv´£àGjvi cÉK‡wZ I cviÕ·wiK N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ W. wgRvGbi cÉhywÚwU gƒjZ wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA
AeÕ©vb Rvbv hvq| cÉGZÅK Rxe Z^v gvbyGli ‰B dGUvMÉvwdK cÉhywÚ| wewf®² ˆÞGò ‰ cÉhywÚwUi mdjZv I mÁ¿vebv Acwimxg| A
webÅvm ev QvcGK DNA finger print ev DNA profile eGj| K‡wlGÞGò D®²qGbi RbÅ ‰ cÉhywÚi mvnvGhÅ ÞwZKi ˆcvKvgvKo
DNA finger print cÉhywÚi meGPGq myweavRbK w`K nGjv, msM†nxZ cÉwZGivax dmGji RvZ D«¿veb Kiv nGqGQ| ˆhgb- wewU f„ëv, wewU
DNA bgybv AwZ mvgvbÅ nGjI ˆmLvb ˆ^GK DNA finger print avb BZÅvw` ˆjwcGWvcGUiv I KwjIcGUiv eGMÆi KxUcZGãi
ŠZwi Kiv hvq| ZvB g†Z eÅwÚ weGkl KGi `yNÆUbvq g†Z eÅwÚi weK‡Z wei‚G«¬ cÉwZGivaÞg| ‰i gvaÅGg fvBivm cÉwZGivax dmGji RvZ
ˆ`n ˆ^GK DNA msMÉn KGi ZvGK kbvÚ Kivi RbÅ DNA finger D«¿veb Kiv nGqGQ| ˆhgb-fvBivm ˆKvU ˆcÉvwUb Õ©vbv¯¦Gii gvaÅGg
print cÉhywÚ AZů¦ DcGhvMx| eZÆgvGb DNA finger print cÉhywÚGZ ˆgvRvBK fvBivm cÉwZGivax UGgGUv D«¿vweZ nGqGQ| wRbMZ
AwZ mvgvbÅ cwigvY iÚ, exhÆ, PzGji dwjKj, AkÉ‚, jvjv ‰es Nvg cwieZÆGbi gvaÅGg AvMvQvbvkK c`vG^Æi wei‚G«¬ mnbkxjZv mÁ·®²
bgybv wnGmGe eÅenvi KGi wbwøZfvGe g†Z ev weK‡Z eÅwÚGZ kbvÚ fzëv, Zzjv BZÅvw` dmGji RvZ D«¿veb Kiv nGqGQ| dmGji
Kiv mÁ¿e nGœQ| bgybv AwZ mvgvbÅ nGj cÉ^Gg PCR c«¬wZGZ cywÓ¡gvb D®²qGb wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ cÉhywÚi weGkl Ae`vb iGqGQ| ˆhgb- ‰
DNA ‰i Abywjwc ŠZwi KGi cixÞvi KvGR eÅenvi Kiv hvq| cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg wfUvwgb A mg†«¬ ˆMvGΣb ivBm D«¿veb Kiv nGqGQ|
DcGii AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ejv hvq ˆh, wPò Q A^Ævr wRGbvg ‰Qvov wPwKrmvGÞGò ‰ cÉhywÚGZ ˆKŒkjMZ cwieZÆGbi gvaÅGg CÕ¡
wmKzGqw´Ös ‰i cÉGqvGMi gvaÅGg DNA finger print cÉhywÚGZ g†Z I nGZ ˆncvUvBwUm-we fvBivGmi wUKv ŠZwi Kiv nGœQ| gvbeG`Gni
weK‡Z eÅwÚG`i kbvÚ Kiv mÁ¿e| Bbmywjb ŠZwiKvix wRb E. coli eÅvKGUwiqvq Õ©vbv¯¦i KGi
cÉk
² 40 W. ˆmvGnj MGelYvMvGi ‰KwU weGkl c«¬wZGZ Avjyi evwYwRÅKfvGe Bbmywjb ŠZwi Kiv nGœQ| ‰Qvov wewf®² cÉKvi e†w«¬
gyKyj ˆ^GK AGbKàGjv Pviv ŠZwi KGib| AbÅw`GK W. wgRvb  niGgvb, wewf®² ˆivGMi wUKvI ‰ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg ŠZwi nGœQ|
KÅvGivwUb ‰es Avqib Drc®²Kvix wRbmg†«¬ f„ëvi RvZ AvweÓ•vi myZivs ‰ cÉhywÚi cÉGqvM wewf®² ˆÞGò wecyj mdjZv Avbvi
KGib| cvkvcvwk fwelÅr mÁ¿vebvi `yqvi D¯ÃyÚ KGi w`GqGQ|
K. gvBGmwjqvg Kx? 1 cÉk
² 41
L. GM kmÅ ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Avjyi Pviv ŠZwi KxfvGe mÁ¿e? eÅvLÅv
KGiv| 3
A
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ W. wgRvb ‰i cÉhywÚwUi mÁ¿vebv eÅvLÅv
K. µÏvRwgW Kx? 1
KGiv| 4
L. ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBgGK AvYweK KuvwP ejv nq ˆKb? 2
 wkLbdj: 1 I 4 [Ky. ˆev. 2019]
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ A ŠZwii avcàGjv eYÆbv KGiv| 3
40 bs cÉGk²i Dîi N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ c«¬wZwU cÉGqvRbxq ŠReeÕ§ Drcv`Gb
K AGbKàGjv nvBwdi ‰KGò AeÕ©vGbi dGj MwVZ QòvK ˆ`nB ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv ivGL@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
gvBGmwjqvg| A  wkLbdj: 2 I 4 [Ky. ˆev. 2019]
L ˆRGbwUK gwWwdGKkGbi gvaÅGg ˆivMevjvB cÉwZGivaÞg ‰es 41 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
DœP djbkxj ˆhme Lv`Å dmj D«¿veb Kiv nq ZvG`iGK ejv nq K eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆKvGl ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ewnf„ÆZ ˆMvjvKvi Õ¼Z¯¨ DNA-
GM kmÅ| evsjvG`Gki cÉ^g GM kmÅ nGjv Bt-ˆeàb| Bt-ˆeàGb B nGjv µÏvRwgW| A
Bacillus thuringiensis eÅvKGUwiqvi Bt wRb mshyÚ Kiv nGqGQ| Bt-
L ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBgGK AvbweK KuvwP ejv nq| KviY, ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb
ˆeàGb AÅvw´ŸUwÝb RvZxq ˆcÉvwUb ŠZwi nIqvq Zv cZã cÉwZGivax ‰bRvBg DNA AYyi mywbw`ÆÓ¡ wmKzGq´Ö `ÞZvi mvG^ ˆKGU wbGZ
nq ‰es Avjv`vfvGe ˆKvGbv ˆcwÕ¡mvBW eÅenvi KiGZ nq bv| A cvGi| ‰Qvov mywbw`ÆÓ¡ wmKzGq´Ö KvUGZ wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg
M wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGg DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Avjyi Pviv ŠZwi eÅenvi Kiv nq| mvaviYZ 46 ˆRvov ÞviK Ask ˆKGU ^vGK| ‰B
Kiv mÁ¿e| wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉwKÌqvwU KGqKwU avivevwnK avGci ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg nGjv wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
gvaÅGg mÁ·®² nGq ^vGK| wbGP cÉwKÌqvwU eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv DcKiY|
70 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

M DóxcGKi wPò-A nGjv wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA| wbGP wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ 42 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

DNA ŠZwii avcmgƒn eYÆbv Kiv nGjv@ K ˆh ‰bRvBg cÉGqvM KGi DNA AYyi mywbw`ÆÓ¡ Ask KZÆb Kiv

Kvw›LZ DNA wbeÆvPb I c†^KxKiY: wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA ŠZwii cÉ^g hvq ZvB nGjv ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg| A
c`GÞc nGjv Kvw›LZ DNA wbeÆvPb| wbeÆvPGbi ci Kvw›LZ ˆKvl L wUmyÅ KvjPvGii cÉhywÚGZ ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ Õ©vcGbi ci KvjPvi cvò
ˆ^GK DNA c†^K KiGZ nq| ‰GÞGò gvZ‡GKvlGK jvBwUK Avev` KGÞ wbqw¯¨Z Zvc, Av`ËÆZv I AvGjvGK ˆiGL w`Gj
‰bRvBGgi mvnvGhÅ ˆKvlÕ© c`v^ÆmgƒnGK MwjGq ˆmw´ŸÈwdDR KGi KGqKw`Gbi gGaÅ wUmyÅwU wefÚ nGq ‰KwU AmsMwVZ I wbw`ÆÓ¡
DNA AYy c†^K Kiv nq| Aeqenxb ˆKvlwcGí cwiYZ nq| ‰GK KÅvjvm eGj|
evnK DNA wbeÆvPb: wbeÆvwPZ DNA ‰i Kvw›LZ Ask enb Kivi RbÅ
M DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ AYyRxewU nGjv ‰KwU eÅvKGUwiqv| wbGP
‰KwU evnK DNA ‰i cÉGqvRb nq| mvaviYZ Agrobacterium ‰i
µÏvRwgW DNA evnK wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq| eÅvKGUwiqvi wPwn×Z wPò Aâb Kiv nGjv A
Kvw›LZ DNA ˆK wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb KZÆb: mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg
dÑÅvGRjvg
cÉGqvM KGi Kvw›LZ DNA ‰i wbw`ÆÓ¡ AskGK Lí Kiv nq| ‰KB
‰bRvBg cÉGqvM KGi evnK DNA nGZ Abyi…c DNA Lí ˆKGU ˆei KÅvcwmDj
ˆKvl cÉvPxi
KGi ˆbIqv nq| ˆKvlwSwÍÏ
Kvw›LZ DNA LíGK evnK DNA ˆZ mshyÚKiY: Kvw›LZ DNA ivBGevGmvg
LíGK evnK µÏvRwgW DNA ˆZ Õ©vcb Kiv nq| ‰GÞGò jvBGMR ˆgGmvGmvg
ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
‰bRvBGgi mvnvGhÅ ‰ `y’aiGbi DNA ˆK mshyÚ Kiv nq| ‰fvGe
fwjDwUb
wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA ŠZwi nq|
µÏvRwgW
Kvw›ÞZ Dw«¿`GKvGl wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉGek KivGbv: Kvw›ÞZ wRb
mg†«¬ ˆKvGbv Kvw›ÞZ Dw«¿` m†wÓ¡ KiGZ nGj Kvw›ÞZ wRbGK
Kw›ÞZ Dw«¿`GKvGl Agrobacterium tumefacians-‰i gvaÅGg ev wcwj
AbÅ c«¬wZGZ Õ©vbv¯¦i KiGZ nGe ‰es cGi wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉwKÌqvq
H ˆKvl ˆ^GK bZzb I Kvw›ÞZ wRbmn bZzb cÉK‡wZi Dw«¿` m†wÓ¡ Kiv nq wPò: ‰KwU Av`kÆ eÅvKGUwiqvg ˆKvl
‰es msLÅve†w«¬ Kiv nq| ‰i…c Dw«¿`GK UÇv´ÖGRwbK Dw«¿` eGj| N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ AYywU nGjv µÏvRwgW| µÏvRwgW ŠRecÉhywÚGZ
N DóxcGK wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚ ev wRb cÉhywÚGK ˆ`LvGbv ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| wbGP µÏvRwgGWi f„wgKv weGkÏlY Kiv
nGqGQ| ‰ cÉhywÚ ev c«¬wZwU cÉGqvRbxq ŠReeÕ§ Drcv`b ài‚Z½cƒYÆ nGjv
f„wgKv ivGL| wPwKrmv ˆÞGò ‰ ŠReeÕ§àGjv Drcvw`Z nq| ˆhgb ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ewnf„ÆZ e†îvKvi DNA AYyGK µÏvRwgW ejv nq|
niGgvb Drcv`b: gvbeG`Gni RbÅ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ niGgvb Bbmywjb wRb µÏvRwgGWi DNA AYy Õ¼vaxbfvGe Abywjcb KiGZ cvGi| gƒj
cÉhwy Úi gvaÅGg eÅvKGUwiqv ˆ^GK evwYwRÅKfvGe Drc®² Kiv nq| ˆKÌvGgvGmvGgi evBGi ‰KwU AwZwiÚ I Þz`ËvKvi DNA wnGmGe
wUKv Drcv`b: wRb cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg wewf®² ˆivGMi cÉwZGlaK ev AwaKvsk eÅvKGUwiqvGZ µÏvRwgW AewÕ©Z|
fÅvKwmb Drc®² Kiv nq| ‰B c«¬wZGZ A͸ LiGP AwaK cwigvGY ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰ ˆKvGbv RxeGKvl ˆ^GK ˆKvGbv mywbw`ÆÓ¡ wRb
cÉwZGlaK ŠZwi Kiv nq| wbGq AbÅ ˆKvGbv RxeGKvGl Õ©vcb Kiv I KgÆÞg Kiv ev bZzb
B´ŸviGdib Drcv`b: B´ŸviGdib ‰KcÉKvi cÉwZiÞvgƒjK ˆcÉvwUb, ŠewkÓ¡Å m†wÓ¡i RbÅ ˆKvGbv RxGei DNA ˆZ cwieZÆb NUvGbv nq|
hv gvbyGli AwaKvsk ˆKvl ˆ^GK wbMÆZ nq ‰es fvBivGmi cÉv^wgK ‰GÞGò wRb ˆKÑvwbs KiGZ nq Avi wRb ˆKÑvwbs ‰i RbÅ wbw`ÆÓ¡
msKÌgY I KÅv´Övi cÉwZGiva KGi| wRb cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg B´ŸviGdib evnK ev ˆfÙGii cÉGqvRb nq| ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰ eÅen†Z
Drcv`bKvix wRb E. coli ˆZ Õ©vbv¯¦i KGi evwYwRÅKfvGe ‰KwU ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ ˆfÙi nGjv µÏvRwgW| ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg «¼viv
B´ŸviGdib Drc®² Kiv nGœQ| µÏvRwgGWi mywbw`ÆÓ¡ Ask KZÆb Kiv hvq| µÏvRwgW AbÅGKvGbv
mswÞµ¦ ‰ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK mnGRB Abyaveb Kiv hvq ˆh, DNA µÏvRwgW ev gƒj DNA A^ev AbÅGKvGbv RxGei ˆhGKvGbv DNA ‰i
cÉhywÚ ev wRb cÉhywÚ wewf®² aiGbi cÉGqvRbxq ŠReeÕ§ Drcv`Gb mvG^ cybtmg®¼q KiGZ mÞg| µÏvRwgW 15kb gvGci ewnivMZ
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| DNA enb KiGZ cvGi| dGj ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰ mvdGjÅi
cÉk
 ² 42 W. ˆRmwgb ŠRecÉhywÚ mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv KiGZ wMGq mvG^ evnK ev ˆfÙi wnGmGe µÏvRwgW eÅenvi Kiv hvq| µÏvRwgWB
‰gb ‰KwU Avw`GKvlx AYyRxGei K^v DGÍÏL KiGjb hvi e†nr ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i Avmj h¯¨ hvi «¼viv bZzb ˆRGbwUK Z^Å
DNA QvovI Þz`Ë ‰KwU e†îvKvi DNA AYy ^vGK| A eÅvKGUwiqv I AbÅvbÅ RxGe Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv nq|
K. ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg Kx? 1 AvYweK eskMwZwe`Åvi MGelYvq wewf®² ˆÞGò µÏvRwgW eÅvcKfvGe
L. KÅvjvm Kx eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis, wRb ˆKÑvwbs BZÅvw` KvGR
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ AYyRxewUi wPwn×Z wPò AuvK| 3 µÏvRwgW AZů¦ DcGhvMx evnK wnGmGe KvR KGi| µÏvRwgW DNA
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ AYywU ŠRecÉhywÚGZ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv eÅenvi KGi ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰ Af„ZcƒeÆ mvdjÅ cvIqv
cvjb KGi- weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 wMGqGQ, ˆhgb: gvbyGli Bbmywjb, wRb ˆKÑvwbs, ˆivM I ˆcvKgvKo
 AaÅvq 4 I 11 ‰i mg®¼Gq [P. ˆev. 2019] cÉwZGivax Dw«¿` Drcv`b BZÅvw`|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 71

cÉk
² 43 W. ‘X’ MGelYvMvGi exR QvovB A Dw«¿G`i AmsLÅ Pviv eÅenvi KGi ˆdwbjGKGUvbywiqv wbivgq mÁ¿e| ZvQvov wewf®² ˆivM
ŠZwi KGib ‰es W. ‘Y’ B Dw«¿G` weUv KÅvGivwUb ‰es Avqib kbvÚKiGYi cÉPwjZ c«¬wZi weK͸ wnGmGe DNA ˆcÉve, gGbvGKÑvbvj
ŠZwii wRb mshyÚ KGi bZzb RvZ ŠZwi KGib| AÅvw´ŸewW I ‰G´ŸGbUvj WvqvMbwmm mivmwi I KvhÆKifvGe ˆivM
K. UwUGcvGUw´Ö Kx? 1 kbvÚKiGY ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv ivLGQ| ‰QvovI wRbNwUZ ˆivMmgƒn
L. µÏvRwgWGK ˆfÙi ejv nq ˆKb? 2 wRGbi cÉwZÕ©vcGbi gvaÅGg wbivgq mÁ¿e| eZÆgvGb eü `yivGivMÅ ˆivM
M. K‡wli D®²qGb A Dw«¿G`i ˆÞGò eÅen†Z cÉhywÚi eÅenvi wRb ˆ^ivwci gvaÅGg wbivgGqi ˆPÓ¡v PjGQ|
ˆjGLv| 3 Aciva `gGb: Lyb ev alÆGYi gGZv NUbvàGjvi mvG^ RwoZ
N. B Dw«¿G`i ˆÞGò eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU eZÆgvGb wPwKrmvGÞGò ‰es AcivaxG`i kbvÚ Kivi RbÅ NUbvÕ©j ˆ^GK iÚ, exhÆ, Pzj BZÅvw`
Aciva `gGb eÅvcKfvGe eÅen†Z nGœQ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 bgybv wnGmGe msMÉn Kiv nq| ‰ bgybv ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ DNA wdãvi
 wkLbdj: 1 I 4 [wm. ˆev. 2019] wcÉG´Ÿi mvG^ mG±`nfvRb AcivaxG`i DNA wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ wgwjGq
ˆ`GL mnGRB AcivaxGK kbvÚ Kiv hvq|
43 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K Dw«¿G`i ˆhGKvGbv wefvRbÞg mRxe ˆKvl ev wUmyÅ ˆ^GK cƒYÆvã cÉk
² 44
Dw«¿` ŠZwi nIqvi ÞgZvB nGjv UwUGcvGUw´Ö| A
L eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvGl AewÕ©Z eÅvKGUwiqvi wbRÕ¼ DNA eÅZxZ
Þz`Ë, PKÌvKvi, w«¼mƒòK, Õ¼cÉRbbkxj DNA AYyàGjvGK µÏvRwgW
eGj| wRb ˆKÑvwbs ‰i RbÅ wbw`ÆÓ¡ evnGKi ev ˆfÙGii cÉGqvRb nq|
µÏvRwgW 15 kb gvGci ewnivMZ DNA enb KiGZ cvGi| ZvB cÉwKÌqv :
cÉwKÌqv: Q cÉwKÌqv: R
µÏvRwgWGK ˆfÙi ejv nq| A
K. wòwgjb Kx? 1
M DóxcGKi A Dw«¿G`i ˆÞGò eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU nGjv wUmyÅ L. IwiGq´Ÿvj AçGji Dc-AçjàGjvi bvg ˆjGLv| 2
KvjPvi| wbGP K‡wlGÞGò wUmyÅ KvjPvGii eÅenvi DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv@ M. 'R' ‰i wbqw¯¨Z eÅenvGii gvaÅGg D®²ZRvZ D«¿veb Kiv
i. ˆivMgyÚ Pviv ŠZwi: wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGg ˆivMgyÚ
hvq eÅvLÅv KGiv| 3
mGZR Pviv Drcv`b Kiv hvq| N. DóxcGKi ˆKvb cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGg AwaKZi ŠewPòÅcƒYÆ
ii. eQGii memgq Pviv Drcv`b: ‰KwU wbqw¯¨Z cwiGeGk eQGii
Dw«¿` cvIqv mÁ¿e? weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
memgqB wUmyÅ KvjPvGii gvaÅGg Dw«¿` Pviv Drcv`b mÁ¿e| AaÅvq 10 I 11 ‰i mg®¼Gq [iv. ˆev., Kz. ˆev., P. ˆev., e. ˆev. 2018]
iii. fvBivmgyÚ Pviv ŠZwi: Dw«¿G`i kxlÆ gyKzj ˆ^GK wUmyÅ
44 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
KvjPvGii gvaÅGg Pviv ŠZwi Kiv nGj Drc®² Pviv fvBivmgyÚ
nGq ^vGK| K ˆmGK´£vwi wbDwKÑqvGmi mvG^ ‰KwU cysMÅvwgGUi wgjbB
iv. wejyµ¦ Dw«¿`GK msiÞY: ˆhme Dw«¿` c†w^ex ˆ^GK wejyµ¦ nGZ wòwgjb| A
hvGœQ, wUmyÅ KvjPvGii gvaÅGg ZvG`iGK wejywµ¦i nvZ ˆ^GK L IwiGq´Ÿvj AçGji Dc-Açj PviwU| h^v
iÞv Kiv mÁ¿e| i. fviZxq Dc-Açj|
v. ˆnvGgvRvBMvm Dw«¿` m†wÓ¡: civMGiYy KvjPvi KGi nÅvµÏGqW ii. wmsnjxq Dc-Açj|
Dw«¿` ŠZwii gvaÅGg cieZxÆGZ AwZ mnGRB ˆnvGgvRvBMvm iii. BG±`vPxb Dc-Açj|
wWµÏGqW Dw«¿` ŠZwi Kiv hvq| iv. BG±`vgvjq Dc-Açj| A
vi. gvZ‡ Dw«¿G`i mgàY mÁ·®² Dw«¿` ŠZwi: Dw«¿G`i KwP Aã ev M DóxcGKi cÉwKÌqv: R A^Ævr wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg D®²Z
Š`wnK ˆKvl ˆ^GK wUmyÅ KvjPvGii gvaÅGg Pviv ŠZwi Kiv nq| RvZ D«¿veb mÁ¿e| wUmyÅ KvjPvGii ˆÞGò Avev`K‡Z wUmyÅGZ AGbK
dGj Drc®² Pviv gvZ‡ Dw«¿G`i ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆcGq ^vGK| mgq ˆmvgvGKÑvbvj ˆfwiGqkb NGU, dGj ˆmLvGb D®²Z ŠewkGÓ¡Åi
DcGii AvGjvPbv nGZ ‰Uv Õ·Ó¡ ˆh, wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉhywÚi eÅenvi mw®²Gek NUGZ cvGi| K‡wl cÉRbGb D®²Z RvZ D«¿veGb nÅvµÏGqW
K‡wl D®²qGb hG^Ó¡ ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| jvBb ŠZwi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ avc| wUmyÅ KvjPvGii gvaÅGg civMGiYy
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ B Dw«¿G`i ˆÞGò eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU nGjv ev civMavbx Avev` KGi mnGRB nÅvµÏGqW jvBb ŠZwi mÁ¿e| ‰Qvov
wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚ ev wRb cÉhywÚ| ‰B cÉhywÚwU wPwKrmv ˆÞGò wUmyÅ KvjPvGii gvaÅGg m†Ó¡ KÅvjvGm wewf®² gvòvi ˆiwWGqkb cÉGqvM
I Aciva `gGb eZÆgvGb eÅvcKfvGe eÅen†Z nGœQ| wbGP wPwKrmv I KGi Zv ˆ^GK cybivq Pviv ŠZwi KiGj AGbK mgq ˆmàGjv D®²Z
Aciva `gGb wRb cÉhywÚi Ae`vb DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv A ŠewkGÓ¡Åi nGq ^vGK| ‰GK Bb-wfGUÇv wgDUvGRGbwmm eGj| D®²Z
wPwKrmvGÞGò: gvbeG`Gni RbÅ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ niGgvb Bbmywjb wRbcÉhywÚi UÇv´ÖGRwbK Dw«¿` ŠZwii ˆÞGò UÇv´ÖdgÆW ˆKvl ˆ^GK wUmyÅ KvjPvGii
gvaÅGg eÅvKGUwiqv ˆ^GK evwYwRÅKfvGe Drc®² Kiv nq| ‰QvovI gvaÅGgB ZvG`i ŠZwi Kiv nq| myZivs, cÉwKÌqv-R ‰i wbqw¯¨Z
fvBivm I KÅv´Övi cÉwZGivax B´ŸviGdibI ‰KBfvGe Drc®² Kiv nq| eÅenvGii gvaÅGg D®²Z RvZ D«¿veb Kiv mÁ¿e|
wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg wewf®² ˆivGMi cÉwZGlaK ev fÅvKwmb N DóxcGKi Q I R cÉwKÌqv `ywU h^vKÌGg w«¼wbGlK cÉwKÌqv I wUmyÅ
Drc®² Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ| ‰B c«¬wZGZ ռ͸ LiGP AwaK cwigvGY KvjPvi cÉwKÌqv| ‰ cÉwKÌqv `ywUi gGaÅ Q A^Ævr w«¼wbGlK cÉwKÌqvi
cÉwZGlaK ŠZwi Kiv hvq| wnGgvwdwjqv, ^ÅvjvGmwgqv, BDGivKvBGbR gvaÅGg AwaKZi ŠewPòÅcƒYÆ Dw«¿` cvIqv mÁ¿e| wUmyÅ KvjPvi
BZÅvw` wRbNwUZ eskMZ ˆivM wbYÆq I MfÆveÕ©vi ÷i‚GZ ‰ cÉhywÚ cÉwKÌqvq ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ wnGmGe Dw«¿G`i kxlÆ ev KvwÞK gyKzj A^ev KwP
72 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

cvZvi Ask ˆbIqv nq ‰es ‰ ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ ˆ^GK ˆh AYyPviv ŠZwi nq v. wgwWqvg ‰ Õ©vcbK‡Z ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ ˆ^GK KÅvjvm m†wÓ¡, msLÅve†w«¬
Zv gvZ‡ Dw«¿G`i mgàY mÁ·®² nGq ^vGK| A^Ævr ‰GÞGò ŠewPòÅcƒYÆ KÅvjvm ˆ^GK gyKzj m†wÓ¡|
ˆKvGbv Dw«¿` m†wÓ¡ nq bv| AbÅw`GK, w«¼wbGlK cÉwKÌqvq cys MÅvwgU vi. gyKzj gƒj Drcv`K gvaÅGg Õ©vbv¯¦i I Pviv Drcv`b|
wWÁ¼vYyi mGã wgwjZ nq ‰es wbGlK wKÌqv mÁ·®² nq| ‰GÞGò cys vii. Pviv UGe Õ©vbv¯¦i ‰es
MÅvwgU I Õ¨x MÅvwgGUi A^Ævr wWÁ¼vYyi wgjGbi dGj ˆmLvGb wf®² wf®² viii. meGkGl cÉvK‡wZK cwiGeGk Z^v gvV chÆvGq Õ©vbv¯¦i|
ŠewkGÓ¡Åi wRGbiI wgjb NGU| ‰i dGj wbwlÚ wWÁ¼K exGR cwiYZ
nq, ˆmLvGb ŠewPòÅcƒYÆ ŠewkGÓ¡Åi wRb ^vGK| cieZxÆGZ cwicÛ N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉhywÚi ài‚Z½ Acwimxg| wUmyÅ
exR AâzwiZ nGq ŠewPòÅcƒYÆ Dw«¿` ŠZwi KGi| myZivs, mswÞµ¦ ‰ KvjPvi cÉhywÚi ài‚Z½ wbGP weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv A
i. ˆivMgyÚ Pviv ŠZwi: wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGg ˆivMgyÚ
weGkÏlYgƒjK AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK mnGRB ˆevSv hvq, 'Q' cÉwKÌqvi
gvaÅGgB AwaKZi ŠewPòÅcƒYÆ Dw«¿` cvIqv mÁ¿e|A mGZR Pviv Drcv`b Kiv hvq|
ii. eQGii memgq Pviv Drcv`b: ‰KwU wbqw¯¨Z cwiGeGk eQGii
cÉk
 ² 45 Dw«¿G`i wefvRbÞg Ask K‡wòg DcvGq Avev` KGi memgqB wUmyÅ KvjPvGii gvaÅGg Dw«¿` Pviv Drcv`b mÁ¿e|
AmsLÅ Pviv Drc®² Kiv nq| ‰GZ ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ ˆ^GK KÅvjvm, iii. fvBivmgyÚ Pviv ŠZwi: Dw«¿G`i kxlÆ gyKzj ˆ^GK wUmyÅ
gƒjwenxb I gƒjwewkÓ¡ Pviv Drc®² nGq ^vGK| KvjPvGii gvaÅGg Pviv ŠZwi Kiv nGj Drc®² Pviv fvBivmgyÚ
K. µÏvRwgW Kx? 1 nGq ^vGK|
iv. wejyµ¦ Dw«¿`GK msiÞY: ˆhme Dw«¿` c†w^ex ˆ^GK wejyµ¦ nGZ
L. wRGbvg wmKzGqw´Ös ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
hvGœQ, wUmyÅ KvjPvGii gvaÅGg ZvG`iGK wejywµ¦i nvZ ˆ^GK
M. DóxcGKi avcàwji mwPò eYÆbv KGiv| 3
iÞv Kiv mÁ¿e|
N. DóxcGKi cÉwKÌqvwUi ài‚Z½ ˆZvgvi gZvgZmn weGkÏlY v. ˆnvGgvRvBMvm Dw«¿` m†wÓ¡: civMGiYy KvjPvi KGi nÅvµÏGqW
KGiv| 4 Dw«¿` ŠZwii gvaÅGg cieZxÆGZ AwZ mnGRB ˆnvGgvRvBMvm
wkLbdj-1 [Xv. ˆev. 2017] wWµÏGqW Dw«¿` ŠZwi Kiv hvq|
45 bs cÉGk²i Dîi vi. gvZ‡ Dw«¿G`i mgàY mÁ·®² Dw«¿` ŠZwi: Dw«¿G`i KwP Aã ev
K eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvGl ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ewnf„ÆZ ˆMvjvKvi Õ¼Z¯¨ DNAB
 Š`wnK ˆKvl ˆ^GK wUmyÅ KvjPvGii gvaÅGg Pviv ŠZwi Kiv nq|
nGjv µÏvRwgW| A dGj Drc®² Pviv gvZ‡ Dw«¿G`i ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆcGq ^vGK|
L DNA AYyi Aby‹`GNÆÅ ATGC ˆemàGjv ˆKvb AbyKÌGg mwäZ  cÉk
² 46
^vGK Zv D`NvUb KivB nGjv wRGbvg wmGKvGqw´Ös| ‰wU AvaywbK
RxecÉhywÚi ‰KwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ AMÉMwZ| ‰ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg BGZvgGaÅ
evsjvG`Gki weævbxiv cvGUi Rxeb inmÅ D`NvUb KGiGQb| ‰GZ
bZzb I D®²Z cÉRvwZi ˆivMgyÚ cvU Drcv`b Kiv mnR nGe| A
E G
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉhywÚ| ‰ cÉhywÚi
gvaÅGg Pviv Drcv`b Kivi wewf®² avGci mwPò eYÆbv wbGP DGÍÏL P
Kiv nGjv A 
Q

R
K. ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ Kx? 1
L. wUmyÅ KvjPvGii gvaÅGg wK ˆivMgyÚ Pviv ŠZwi mÁ¿e? 2
K.K.‰KwU
‰KwUDw«¿
Dw«¿` `L. ‰ÝµÏ v´Ÿ v´Ÿ M. M.
L. ‰ÝµÏ ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ vÕ©vcb
‰ÝµÏ ´Ÿ Õ©vcb N.N.KÅvjvm
KÅvjvm
M. DóxGKi AmÁ·ƒYÆ cÉevn wPòwU mÁ·ƒYÆ KGiv| 3
N. wPwKrmvGÞGò DóxcGK wbG`ÆwkZ cÉhywÚi ài‚Z½ ˆjGLv| 4
wkLbdj-2 I 6 [iv. ˆev. 2017]
46 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
K ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ nGjv wUmyÅ KvjPvGii DGóGkÅ Dw«¿` ˆ^GK c†^K KGi
ˆbqv Ask| A
[Link]
AYyPPviv
viv P. Pvivi gƒj m†wÓ¡ Q. PvivMvQ UGe Õ©vcb
L wUmyÅ KvjPvGii gvaÅGg AekÅB ˆivMgyÚ Pviv Drcv`b Kiv mÁ¿e|
DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ cÉwKÌqvwUi avcàGjv DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv
Dw«¿G`i kxlÆgyKzGji AMÉfvGMi wUmyÅGK ˆgwiGÕ¡g eGj| ‰B ˆgwiGÕ¡g
i. gvZ‡Dw«¿` ev ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ wbeÆvPb|
meÆ`v ˆivMgyÚ ^vGK| wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉhywÚGZ ˆgwiGÕ¡g KvjPvi KGi
ii. KvjPvi wgwWqvg ev Avev` gvaÅg ŠZwi| ˆivMgyÚ PvivMvQ ŠZwi Kiv hvq| ˆhgb- UGgGUv, Avbvim, Avjy, AvL
iii. ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ I KvjPvi wgwWqvg RxevYygyÚKiY ev wbRxÆeKiY| cÉf‡wZi ˆÞGò ˆgwiGÕ¡g KvjPvi KGi ˆivMgyÚ mej Pviv Drcv`b
iv. wgwWqvg ‰ ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ ev wUmyÅ Õ©vcb| mÁ¿e nGqGQ| A
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 73

M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPòwU wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚGK wbG`Æk

 L. wRGbvg wmGKvGqw´Ös ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
KGi| wbGP DóxcGKi AmÁ·ƒYÆ wPòwU mÁ·ƒYÆ Kiv nGjv A M. DóxcGKi wPò-Y ˆ^GK wPò-Z ŠZwii cÉwKÌqvwU eYÆbv
ˆKÌvGgvGmvgvj DNA
cÉavb DNA AYy
KGiv| 3
BDKÅvwiIwUK ˆKvl
N. DóxcGKi M ‰es N cÉwKÌqvi gGaÅ ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡GZ ˆKvbwU
µÏvRwgW DNA DchyÚ? KviYmn eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
KZÆb Õ©j Kvw›ÞZ wRbmn
wkLbdj-1 [w`. ˆev. 2017]
AvnwiZ µÏvRwgW
AvnwiZ DNA Lí
ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg cÉGqvM ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg cÉGqvM 47 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
wbw`ÆÓ ¡ DNA Límgƒn
KwZÆZ µÏvRwgW Muv^b cÉv¯¦
Kvw›ÞZ DNA Lí (wRb Ask) K wbGlK wKÌqv Qvov wWÁ¼vYy nGZ ö…Y ŠZwii cÉwKÌqvB nGjv

jvBGMR ‰bRvBGgi mvnvGhÅ cvG^ÆGbvGRGbwmm| A
Kvw›ÞZ DNA-i cybtmsGhvRb
L DNA AYyi Aby‹`GNÆÅ ATGC ˆemàGjv ˆKvb AbyKÌGg mwäZ
wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA mshyÚ wRb
^vGK Zv D`NvUb KivB nGjv wRGbvg wmGKvGqw´Ös| ‰wU AvaywbK
ˆcvlK ˆKvGl cÉGekKiY RxecÉhywÚi ‰KwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ AMÉMwZ| ‰ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg BwZgGaÅ
[Link] ˆKvl
wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA Õ©vbv¯¦i
evsjvG`Gki weævbxiv cvGUi Rxeb inmÅ D`NvUb KGiGQb| ‰GZ
ˆKÑvb ˆKvl bZzb I D®²Z cÉRvwZi ˆivMgyÚ cvU Drcv`b Kiv mnR nGe| A
wgwWqvGg Õ©vbv¯¦iY
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPò Y A^Ævr civMGiYy ˆ^GK wPò Z A^Ævr
cysMÅvwgU ŠZwii cÉwKÌqvwU wbGÁ² eYÆbv Kiv nGjv
civMGiYyi wbDwKÑqvmwU gvBGUvwmm cÉwKÌqvq wefvwRZ nGq `ywU Amg
wPò : wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA ŠZwii avcmgƒn wbDwKÑqvm ŠZwi KGi| eowUGK ejv nq bvwjKv wbDwKÑqvm ‰es
ˆQvUwUGK ejv nq Rbb wbDwKÑqvm| civMvqGbi dGj civMGiYy
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉhywÚwU nGjv wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚ| ‰B
cÉhywÚwU wPwKrmv ˆÞGò AZů¦ ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv ivGL| wbGP Õ¨xGKkGii MfÆgyGí cwZZ nq ‰es AâzwiZ nq A^Ævr BbUvBb e†w«¬
wPwKrmvGÞGò wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚi KGqKwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb ˆcGq RvgÆGcvi w`Gq bvwjKvi AvKvi evoGZ ^vGK| ‰ bvwjKvGK
DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv A ˆcvGjb wUDe eGj| ˆcvGjb wUDGei wfZGi bvwjKv wbDwKÑqvm ‰es
niGgvb Drcv`Gb: gvbeG`Gni RbÅ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ niGgvb-Bbmywjb cGi Rbb wbDwKÑqvm cÉGek KGi| bvwjKvwU MfÆ`Gíi ˆfZi KÌgk
wRbcÉhywÚi gvaÅGg eÅvKGUwiqv ˆ^GK evwYwRÅKfvGe Drc®² Kiv evoGZ ^vGK ‰es MfÆvkGqi wfZGi wWÁ¼Ki®¬È chƯ¦ ˆcuŒQvq|
nq| ‰QvovI fvBivm I KÅv´Övi cÉwZGivax B´ŸviGdibI ‰KBfvGe BGZvgGaÅ Rbb wbDwKÑqvmwU gvBGUvwmm cÉwKÌqvq wefÚ nGq `ywU
Drc®² Kiv nq| cysMÅvwgU m†wÓ¡ KGi|
wUKv Drcv`Gb: wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg wewf®² ˆivGMi N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ M I N cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv h^vKÌGg wbGlK cÉwKÌqv
cÉwZGlaK ev fÅvKwmb Drc®² Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ| ‰B c«¬wZGZ ռ͸ I wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉhywÚ| ‰G`i gGaÅ ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡GZ wbGlK wKÌqv
LiGP AwaK cwigvGY cÉwZGlaK ŠZwi Kiv hvq| AwaK DchyÚ| wbGÁ² DchyÚ KviYmn eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv
eskMZxq ˆivM wbivgq: wnGgvwdwjqv, ^ÅvjvGmwgqv, BDGivKvBGbR wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉhywÚGZ exR Drcv`b Kiv hvq bv| dzj, kmÅ ev dj
BZÅvw` wRbNwUZ eskMZ ˆivM wbYÆq I MfÆveÕ©vi ÷i‚GZ ‰ cÉhywÚ Drcv`bKvix ˆKvGbv fvGjv RvGZi Dw«¿G`i wUmyÅ wbGq KvjPvi KGi
eÅenvi KGi ˆdwbjGKGUvbywiqv wbivgq mÁ¿e| AGbK msLÅK PvivMvQ Drcv`b Kiv mÁ¿e nq| ZvQvov wUmyÅ
ˆivM wbYÆGq: wewf®² ˆivM kbvÚKiGbi cÉPwjZ c«¬wZi weK͸ wnGmGe KvjPvi cÉhywÚGZ Drc®² PvivàGjv üeü gvZ‡Dw«¿G`i àYmÁ·®² nGq
DNA ˆcÉve, gGbvGKÑvbvj AÅvw´ŸewW I ‰G´ŸGbUvj WvqvMbwmm mivmwi
^vGK, ZvB bZzb ŠewkGÓ¡Åi AvwefÆve NGU bv|
I KvhÆKifvGe ˆivM kbvÚKiGY ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv ivLGQ|
Aciw`GK wbGlK wKÌqvq Õ¨xMÅvwgGUi mvG^ cysMÅvwgGUi wgjb A^Ævr
wRb ˆ^ivwcGZ: wRbNwUZ ˆivMmgƒn wRGbi cÉwZÕ©vcGbi gvaÅGg
ˆhŒb Rbb NGU| KvGRB wbGlKwKÌqvi dGj `ywU nÅvµÏGqW MÅvwgGUi
wbivgq mÁ¿e| eZÆgvGb eü `yivGivMÅ ˆivM wRb ˆ^ivwci gvaÅGg
wgjGbi gvaÅGg ‰KwU wWµÏGqW RvBGMvU m†wÓ¡ nq| RvBGMvU ˆ^GK
wbivgGqi ˆPÓ¡v PjGQ|
ö…GYi m†wÓ¡ nq| wbGlKwKÌqvi gvaÅGgB cÉRvwZGZ wRGbi mswgkÉY
cÉk
² 47 NGU| ‰ cÉwKÌqvq wiKwÁ¼GbkGbi gvaÅGg ˆRGbwUK WvBfvwmÆwU ŠZwi
nq| ˆRGbwUK WvBfvwmÆwUi KviGY Dw«¿G`i bZzb cwiGeGk Lvc
LvBGq wbGZ myweav nq| wbGlGKi gvaÅGgB exR I dGji m†wÓ¡ nq|
exR Dw«¿G`i esk iÞv KGi| exR m†wÓ¡ bv nGj AwaKvsk cyÓ·K
Dw«¿`B nqGZv wejyµ¦ nGq ˆhGZv| Avgiv wewf®² ŠewPGòÅi ˆh Avg,
Y Rvg, KvuVvj, wjPz, ˆej, ˆcuGc, evwjÆ, f„ëv BZÅvw` hv ˆLGq ^vwK Zv
Z
meB wbGlKwKÌqvi dGj m†wÓ¡ nq|
M N myZivs DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK mnGRB ˆevSv hvq ˆh, Dw«¿G`i
K. cvG^ÆGbvGRGbwmm Kx? 1 ŠewPòÅ m†wÓ¡GZ wbGlK wKÌqvB AwaK DchyÚ|
74 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

cÉk
² 48 m†wÓ¡Kvix wRb ˆKÑvfvi NvGm Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ| ˆhme ˆfov
H Nvm Lvq ZvG`i ˆjvg D®²Z gvGbi nGq ^vGK| ‰ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg
myBGWGbi ‰K`j weævbx mycvi ivBm D«¿veb KGib| Zviv
Japonica UvBc avGb WÅvGdvwWj ˆ^GK weUv KÅvGivwUb ŠZwii PviwU
wRb ‰es AwZwiÚ Avqib ŠZwii wZbwU wRb cÉwZÕ©vcb KGib|
wPwKrmv weævGbI ‰ cÉhywÚi hG^Ó¡ Ae`vb iGqGQ| Bbmywjb
K. µÏvmGgvGWmgvUv Kx? 1 gvbeG`Gni ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ niGgvb hvi AfvGe WvqvGewUm nq| ‰
L. E. coli ‰KwU Avw`GKvlx AYyRxe eÅvLÅv KGiv| 2 mgq evBGi ˆ^GK gvbeG`Gn Bbmywjb cÉGek KivGZ nq| eZÆgvGb ‰
M. DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ AYywU ˆ^GK KxfvGe bZzb ‘AYy m†wÓ¡ nq, cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg Bbmywjb Drcv`bKvix wRb E. coli-ˆZ Õ©vbv¯¦i KGi
eYÆbv KGiv| 3 eÅvcKnvGi Bbmywjb Drcv`b Kiv mÁ¿e| B´ŸviGdib ‰K cÉKvi
N. DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ AYywUi MVbMZ cwieZÆb KGi Zv ˆcÉvwUb hv gvbyGli ˆKvl nGZ wbMÆZ nq ‰es hv fvBivGmi cÉv^wgK
gvbeKjÅvGY eÅenvi Kiv hvq weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 msKÌgY I KÅv´Övi cÉwZGiva KGi ^vGK| ‰fvGe ‰ cÉhywÚ eÅenvi
 AaÅvq 1 I 11 ‰i mg®¼Gq [P. ˆev. 2017] KGi AvGiv Drcv`b Kiv nGœQ wewf®² aiGbi wUKv, ‰w´ŸGRb I
‰w´ŸewW| ‰QvovI wewf®² aiGbi ˆivM kbvÚ KiGZI eÅen†Z nGœQ
48 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
‰ cÉhywÚ|
K cvkvcvwk AewÕ©Z ˆKvlàGjv ˆKvlcÉvPxGii mƒß wQG`Ëi ˆfZi myZivs gvbe KjÅvGb wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb ivGL|
w`Gq ˆcÉvGUvµÏvRGgi ˆh myZvi gGZv Ask «¼viv ciÕ·i hyÚ ^vGK,
ZvB nGjv µÏvmGgvGWmgvUv| A cÉk
 ² 49
L E. coli gGbiv wKsWGgi A¯¦fzÆÚ ‰KGKvlx AvYyexÞwYK AYyRxe|
‰ AYyRxGei ˆ`Gn myMwVZ wbDwKÑqvm A^Ævr wbDwKÑqvi ˆggGeËb I
wbDwKÑIjvm ˆbB| Avgiv Rvwb, ˆhme RxeGKvGl myMwVZ wbDwKÑqvm
^vGK bv ZvG`iGK Avw`GKvlx Rxe eGj| ˆhGnZz E. coli-ˆZ myMwVZ
wbDwKÑqvm ˆbB ‰es mvBGUvµÏvRGg wewf®² AãvYy AbycwÕ©Z ZvB wPò: M wPò: N
E. coli-ˆK Avw`GKvlx AYyRxe ejv nq| A K. µÏvRwgW Kx? 1
M DóxcGK cÉ`wkÆZ AYywU nGjv DNA| DNA AYy ˆ^GK Abywjcb L. fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
cÉwKÌqvi gvaÅGg bZzb DNA AYy m†wÓ¡ nq| ˆh cÉwKÌqvq ‰KwU DNA M. DóxcGKi N cÉhywÚi avcmgƒGni wPwn×Z wPò `vI| 3
Wvej ˆnwjÝ ˆ^GK ‰KB iKg `ywU AYyi m†wÓ¡ nq ZvGK DNA-‰i N. wPò M ‰i cÉhywÚ wKfvGe Lv`Å wbivcîvq f„wgKv ivGL
Abywjcb eGj| ‰ cÉwKÌqvq cÉ^Gg DNA-i Wvej ˆnwjÝ ‰i weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
gaÅKvi wcDwib I cvBwiwgwWb ˆemmgƒGni msGhvMKvix nvBGWÈvGRb wkLbdj-2 I 4 [wm. ˆev. 2017]
e®¬Gbi wejywµ¦ NGU| ‰i dGj cÉwZwU cwjwbDwKÑIUvBW wkKj
49 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ciÕ·i ˆ^GK c†^K nGq ‰KK ˆnwjGÝ cwiYZ nq| ciÕ·i ˆ^GK
c† ^ K nGq cÉ w ZwU ‰KK ˆnwjÝ Zvi RbÅ cwicƒ i K bZzb ‰KK K eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆKvGl ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ewnf„ÆZ ˆMvjvKvi Õ¼Z¯¨ DNA

ˆnwjÝ ŠZwii QuvP wnGmGe KvR KGi| ‰LvGb bZzb ˆnwjÝ ŠZwii nGjv µÏvRwgW| A
cÉGqvRbxq Dcv`vb kKÆiv, bvBGUÇvGRb ˆem I dmGdU| DNA L Dw«¿`G`Gni KvGí mvaviYZ RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅ ‰KB
cwjgvGiR ‰bRvBg I gÅvMGbwmqvg Avqb AZÅvekÅKxq| DNA eÅvmvGaÆ AewÕ©Z ˆ^GK ‰K ‰KwU ev´£j m†wÓ¡ KGi ‰es gƒGj
cwjgvGiR ‰bRvBg gyÚ wbDwKÑIUvBW ‰Gb ˆLvjv DNA AYyGZ hyÚ RvBGjg ‰es ˆdÑvGqg c†^K eÅvmvGaÆ ˆ^GK c†^K c†^K ev´£j m†wÓ¡
KGi mÁ·ƒiK ‰KK ˆnwjÝ m†wÓ¡ KGi| DNA cwjgvGiR me mgqB KGi| RvBGjg I ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅi ‰ ev´£jGK fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j eGj|
wbDwKÑIUvBWGK ewaÆZ bZzb ˆnwjÝ-‰i 3 cÉvG¯¦ hyÚ KGi| KvGRB fvÕ•zjvi ev´£j wewf®² iKg nq| ˆhgb mshyÚ, Aixq, ˆKw±`ÊK
bZzb ˆnwjÝ me mgqB 53 AwfgyLx e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK| BZÅvw`| A
ˆiwµÏGKkGbi dGj m†Ó¡ bZzb mƒòK `ywUGZ QuvGPi ˆem KÌgvbymvGi
cwicƒiK ˆemàGjv webÅÕ¦ nGZ ^vGK| ‰fvGe cwicƒiK ˆemmgƒn M DóxcGK wPò-N «¼viv wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚGK ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ|
nvBGWÈvGRb e®¬b «¼viv Ave«¬ nGq bZzb DNA AYy m†wÓ¡ KGi| A wbGP wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚi avcmgƒGni wPwn×Z wPò ˆ`qv nGjv
N DóxcGK DNA AYyi MVbMZ cwieZÆGbi gvaÅGg wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ Kvw›LZ DNA wbeÆvPb I c†^KxKiY: wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA ŠZwii cÉ^g
DNA cÉhywÚGK BwãZ Kiv nGqGQ| gvbeKjÅvGY ‰ cÉhywÚi Ae`vb c`GÞc nGjv Kvw›LZ DNA wbeÆvPb| wbeÆvPGbi ci Kvw›LZ ˆKvl
Acwimxg| wbGP Zv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv ˆ^GK DNA c†^K KiGZ nq| ‰GÞGò gvZ‡GKvlGK jvBwUK
‰bRvBGgi mvnvGhÅ ˆKvlÕ© c`v^ÆmgƒnGK MwjGq ˆmw´ŸÈwdDR KGi
wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg ˆivM cÉwZGivax dmjx Dw«¿G`i
DNA AYy c†^K Kiv nq|
RvZ D«¿veb Kiv mÁ¿e| wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚ ev ˆRGbwUK
evnK DNA wbeÆvPb: wbeÆvwPZ DNA ‰i Kvw›LZ Ask enb Kivi RbÅ
Bwéwbqvwis ‰i gvaÅGg ˆcuGci ˆgvRvBK cÉwZGivax RvZ D«¿veb
‰KwU evnK DNA ‰i cÉGqvRb nq| mvaviYZ Agrobacterium ‰i
mÁ¿e nGqGQ| ‰ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg mƒhÆgyLxi mvjdvi AÅvwgGbv ‰wmW
µÏvRwgW DNA evnK wnGmGe eÅen†Z nq|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 75

Kvw›LZ DNA ˆK wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb KZÆb: mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg 50 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
cÉGqvM KGi Kvw›LZ DNA ‰i wbw`ÆÓ¡ AskGK Lí Kiv nq| ‰KB K ˆWãy ˆivGMi RxevYyi bvg dÑÅvwf fvBivm|

‰bRvBg cÉGqvM KGi evnK DNA nGZ Abyi…c DNA Lí ˆKGU ˆei
KGi ˆbIqv nq| L ˆRGbwUK gwWwdGKkGbi gvaÅGg ˆivMevjvB cÉwZGivaÞg ‰es DœP
Kvw›LZ DNA LíGK evnK DNA ˆZ mshyÚKiY: Kvw›LZ DNA djbkxj ˆhme Lv`Å dmj D«¿veb Kiv nq ZvG`iGK ejv nq GM Lv`Å
LíGK evnK µÏvRwgW DNA ˆZ Õ©vcb Kiv nq| ‰GÞGò jvBGMR dmj| evsjvG`Gki cÉ^g GM Lv`Å dmj nGjv Bt-ˆeàb| Bt-ˆeàGb
‰bRvBGgi mvnvGhÅ ‰ `y’aiGbi DNA ˆK mshyÚ Kiv nq| ‰fvGe Bacillus thuringiensis eÅvKGUwiqvi Bt wRb mshyÚ Kiv nGqGQ| Bt-
wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA ŠZwi nq| ˆeàGb AÅvw´ŸUwÝb RvZxq ˆcÉvwUb ŠZwi nIqvq Zv cZã cÉwZGivax nq
Kvw›ÞZ Dw«¿`GKvGl wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉGek KivGbv: Kvw›ÞZ wRb ‰es Avjv`vfvGe ˆKvGbv ˆcwÕ¡mvBW eÅenvi KiGZ nq bv|
mg†«¬ ˆKvGbv Kvw›ÞZ Dw«¿` m†wÓ¡ KiGZ nGj Kvw›ÞZ wRbGK M wPGò cÉ`wkÆZ cÉhywÚwU nGjv wUmyÅ KvjPvi| wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉhywÚwU
Kw›ÞZ Dw«¿`GKvGl Agrobacterium tumefacians-‰i gvaÅGg ev KGqKwU avGc mÁ·®² nq| wbGP ‰i avcmgƒn DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv@
AbÅ c«¬wZGZ Õ©vbv¯¦i KiGZ nGe ‰es cGi wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉwKÌqvq i. gvZ‡Dw«¿` ev ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ wbeÆvPb|
H ˆKvl ˆ^GK bZzb I Kvw›ÞZ wRbmn bZzb cÉK‡wZi Dw«¿` m†wÓ¡ Kiv nq ii. KvjPvi wgwWqvg ev Avev` gvaÅg ŠZwi|
‰es msLÅve†w«¬ Kiv nq| ‰i…c Dw«¿`GK UÇv´ÖGRwbK Dw«¿` eGj| iii. ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ I KvjPvi wgwWqvg RxevYygyÚKiY ev wbRÆxeKiY|
N wPò: M nGœQ wUmyÅ KvjPvi cÉhywÚ| eZÆgvb mgGq Dw«¿` cÉRbb, iv. wgwWqvGg ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ ev wUmyÅ Õ©vcb|
D®²Z RvZ D«¿veb I wbGivM Pviv Drcv`Gbi ˆÞGò wUmyÅ KvjPvi v. wgwWqvGg Õ©vcbK‡Z ‰ÝµÏv´Ÿ ˆ^GK KÅvjvm m†wÓ¡, msLÅve†w«¬
cÉhywÚi eÅenvi wek¼ Lv`Å-wbivcîvq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KiGQ| KÅvjvm ˆ^GK gyKzj m†wÓ¡|
wbGÁ² Zv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv vi. gyKzj gƒj Drcv`K gvaÅGg Õ©vbv¯¦i I Pviv Drcv`b|
vii. Pviv UGe Õ©vbv¯¦i ‰es
wk͸ KviLvbv ˆ^GK ˆhme eRÆÅ wbMÆZ nq ZvGZ cPbkxj ŠRe-ˆhŒM,
viii. meGkGl cÉvK‡wZK cwiGeGk Z^v gvV chÆvGq Õ©vbv¯¦i|
fvix avZz, mvqvbvBW, ˆKÑvwibGhŒM, dmGdU, bvBGUÇU, AcPbGhvMÅ
ivmvqwbK c`v^Æmn cwiGek `ƒlYKvix wewf®² c`v^Æ hyÚ ^vGK| N Dw«¿` cÉRbb, D®²Z RvZ D«¿veb I wbGivM Pviv Drcv`Gb wPGò
cPbkxj eÕ§ `yMÆ®¬ m†wÓ¡ KGi| fvix avZz I ivmvqwbK eRÆÅ cÉ`wkÆZ cÉhywÚwU A^Ævr wUmyÅ KvjPvGii ZvrchÆ wbGP weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv
RjvavGii cvwbGZ wgGk RjR cÉvYxi emevGmi AGhvMÅ KGi ˆZvGj wk͸ KviLvbv ˆ^GK ˆhme eRÆÅ wbMÆZ nq ZvGZ cPbkxj ŠRe-ˆhŒM,
‰es gvwU `ƒwlZ KGi| MÅvmxq eRÆÅ evqy `ƒlY ‰es AÅvwmW e†wÓ¡ fvix avZz, mvqvbvBW, ˆKÑvwibGhŒM, dmGdU, bvBGUÇU, AcPbGhvMÅ
NUvq| RxecÉhywÚGZ ‰me `ƒlY m†wÓ¡Kvix c`v^Æ AYyRxGei mvnvGhÅ ivmvqwbK c`v^Æmn cwiGek `ƒlYKvix wewf®² c`v^Æ hyÚ ^vGK|
`ƒlYgyÚ c`vG^Æ cwiYZ Kiv nq| KvMR KGji eRÆÅ ˆkvaGbi RbÅ cPbkxj eÕ§ `yMÆ®¬ m†wÓ¡ KGi| fvix avZz I ivmvqwbK eRÆÅ
KwZcq eÅvKGUwiqv I Torula bvgK QòvK eÅenvi Kiv nq| RjvavGii cvwbGZ wgGk RjR cÉvYxi emevGmi AGhvMÅ KGi ˆZvGj
Avevi ˆZjevnx UÅvâvi nGZ AGbK mgq ˆZj wbMÆgGbi dGj ‰es gvwU `ƒwlZ KGi| MÅvmxq eRÆÅ evqy `ƒlY ‰es AÅvwmW e†wÓ¡
mgyG`Ëi cvwbi Dci ˆZGji Õ¦i m†wÓ¡ KGi hv cvwbGZ AwÝGRGbi NUvq| RxecÉhywÚGZ ‰me `ƒlY m†wÓ¡Kvix c`v^Æ AYyRxGei mvnvGhÅ
cÉevn e®¬ KGi ˆ`q| dGj RjR Dw«¿` I cÉvwYKzGji gvivñK ÞwZ `ƒlYgyÚ c`vG^Æ cwiYZ Kiv nq| KvMR KGji eRÆÅ ˆkvaGbi RbÅ
nq| ‰i…c ˆZj I wMÉR mgy`Ë DcK„Gj Rgv nIqvq cvk¼eÆ ZÆx AçGj KwZcq eÅvKGUwiqv I Torula bvgK QòvK eÅenvi Kiv nq|
`ƒlY m†wÓ¡ KGi| Pseudomonas aeruginosa ˆZGji mviGdm Avevi ˆZjevnx UÅvâvi nGZ AGbK mgq ˆZj wbMÆgGbi dGj
ˆUbmb KwgGq `ƒlYgyÚ KiGZ mvnvhÅ KGi| wRb cÉGKŒkj cÉhywÚGZ mgyG`Ëi cvwbi Dci ˆZGji Õ¦i m†wÓ¡ KGi hv cvwbGZ AwÝGRGbi
Drc®² wKQy eÅvKGUwiqv ˆZj `ƒlY gyÚKiGYi KvGR AZů¦ KvhÆKi cÉevn e®¬ KGi ˆ`q| dGj RjR Dw«¿` I cÉvwYKzGji gvivñK ÞwZ
eGj cÉZxqgvb nGqGQ| ‰i…c eÅvKGUwiqv ‘mycvi evM’ ˆcGU´Ÿ bvGg nq| ‰i…c ˆZj I wMÉR mgy`Ë DcK„Gj Rgv nIqvq cvk¼eÆ ZÆx AçGj
AvGgwiKvq wbew®¬Z| mycvi evM, Nocardia, wKQy BÕ¡ I ˆgvΣ `ƒlY m†wÓ¡ KGi| Pseudomonas aeruginosa ˆZGji mviGdm
RvZxq QòvK ‰KvwaK aiGbi nvBGWÈvKveÆb ˆfGO w`GZ mÞg| ˆUbmb KwgGq `ƒlYgyÚ KiGZ mvnvhÅ KGi| wRb cÉGKŒkj cÉhywÚGZ
ZvB ejv hvq, cwiGek eÅeÕ©vcbvq 'B' «¼viv wbG`ÆwkZ AYyRxeàGjvi Drc®² wKQy eÅvKGUwiqv ˆZj `ƒlY gyÚKiGYi KvGR AZů¦ KvhÆKi
f„wgKv AbbÅ| eGj cÉZxqgvb nGqGQ| ‰i…c eÅvKGUwiqv ‘mycvi evM’ ˆcGU´Ÿ bvGg
cÉk
² 50 wbGPi wPòàGjv jÞ KGiv ‰es cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI: AvGgwiKvq wbew®¬Z| mycvi evM, Nocardia, wKQy BÕ¡ I ˆgvΣ
RvZxq QòvK ‰KvwaK aiGbi nvBGWÈvKveÆb ˆfGO w`GZ mÞg|
ZvB ejv hvq, cwiGek eÅeÕ©vcbvq 'B' «¼viv wbG`ÆwkZ AYyRxeàGjvi
f„wgKv AbbÅ|
cÉk
² 51 W. miKvi Avjyi gyKzj ˆ^GK AmsLÅ Pviv Drcv`b
KGiwQGjb| AbÅw`GK W. Avjg fzëvi ‰KwU bZzb cÉKviY 'B' m†wÓ¡
K. ˆWãy ˆivGMi RxevYyi bvg Kx? 1 KiGjb hvnv -KÅvGivwUb I Avqib m†wÓ¡Kvix wRb wewkÓ¡|
L. GM Lv`Å dmj ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 K. gvBGmwjqvg Kx? 1
M. wPGò cÉ`wkÆZ cÉhywÚi avcmgƒn DGÍÏL KGiv| 3 L. “cvGgjv `kv” ejGZ Kx ˆevS? 2
N. Dw«¿` cÉRbb, D®²Z RvZ D«¿veb I wbGivM Pviv Drcv`Gb M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ Avjyi ˆÞGò ‰wU KxfvGe mÁ¿e eÅvLÅv KGiv|3
wPGò cÉ`wkÆZ cÉhywÚi ZvrchÆ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 N. DóxcGK W. Avjg ‰i eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
wkLbdj-1 [Kz. ˆev. 2016] wkLbdj-1 I 2 [wm. ˆev. 2016]
76 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

51 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K. ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis Kx? 1

K AGbKàGjv QòvK nvBdv RovRwo KGi ˆh MVb ŠZwi KGi ˆm
 L. ˆmvgvGKÑvbvj fÅvwiGqkb ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
MVbB nGjv gvBGmwjqvg| M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ wPwn×Z wPòwUi MVb ŠZwii avcmgƒn
L cwiGeGk cvwb ÷wKGq ˆMGj Ulothrix-‰i ˆcÉvGUvµÏvÕ¡ wefÚ mÁ·GKÆ msGÞGc ˆjGLv| 3
nGq KGjvwb m†wÓ¡ KGi ‰es wgDwmGjR wbtm†Z AveiYxGZ AcZÅ N. AvaywbK weGk¼ DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ avcwU ˆh cÉhywÚi A¯¦fzÆÚ
ˆKvlàGjv Ave†Z ^vGK| ‰ AeÕ©vGK ejv nq cvGgjv `kv| cvGgjv Zvi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
`kv ŠkevjGK ÷Ó•Zv ˆ^GK iÞv KGi| AbyK„j cwiGeGk KGjvwb wkLbdj-2 I 6 [e. ˆev. 2016]
ˆ^GK RyGÕ·vi DrcG®²i gvaÅGg bZzb Škevj mƒò ŠZwi nq| 52 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
M DóxcGK DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ W. miKvi Avjyi gyKzj ˆ^GK K D®²Z ŠewkGÓ¡Åi Rxe ŠZwii jGÞÅ RxGei wRGbvGg bZzb wRb

AmsLÅ Pviv Drcv`b KGiGQb| wUmyÅ KvjPvGii gvaÅGgB Avjyi KwÁ¼Gbkb ŠZwii meÆvaywbK cÉhywÚ nGjv ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis|
gyKzj ˆ^GK AmsLÅ Pviv ŠZwi mÁ¿e| gyKzj eÅenvi KGi Avjyi L ˆhGKvGbv Avev`x ˆKvl ev wUmyÅ nGZ m†Ó¡ cÉKiYGK ˆmvgvGKÑvbvj
AmsLÅ Pviv Drcv`Gb wUmyÅKvjPvGii avcmgƒn nGjv fÅvwiGqkb ejv nq| ˆKvl Avev` I KÅvjvm wUmyÅ Avev` ˆKŒkGji
i. cÉ^Gg KvjPvi wgwWqvg ŠZwi KiGZ nGe| gvaÅGg Drc®² Š`wnK ö…Y ˆ^GK exR Drc®² Kiv nq| ˆmvgvGKÑvbvj
ii. wgwWqvg ˆUÕ¡wUDe ev dÑvGÕ• ˆXGj Zzjvi wQwc«¼viv gyL e®¬KGi
fÅvwiGqkGbi gvaÅGg D®²ZRvZ ˆhgb AdhI bvgK Mg D«¿veb Kiv
AGUvGKÑGfi gvaÅGg RxevYygyÚ KiGZ nGe| mÁ¿e nGqGQ| hv wewf®² ˆivM I ˆcwÕ¡mvBW cÉwZGivax|
iii. RxevYygyÚ wgwWqvGg Avjyi gyKzj RxevYygyÚ KGi Õ©vcb KiGZ nGe|
iv. ‰i ci ‰àGjvGK wbqw¯¨Z AvGjv I Zvcgvòvi KGÞ ivLGZ nq| M DóxcGKi wPòwU nGjv wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA| wbGP wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ
wKQy w`Gbi gGaÅB H Avev` Kiv gyKzj ˆ^GK AmsLÅ wk÷ weUc DNA-‰i MVb ŠZwii avcmgƒn ˆ`Iqv nGjv
ŠZwi nGe| 1. Kvw›ÞZ DNA wbeÆvPb|
v. weUcàGjv eo nGj ZvG`i ˆKuGU wbGq gƒj ŠZwii wgwWqvGg 2. ‰KwU evnK wbeÆvPb, hvi gvaÅGg Kvw›ÞZ ŠewkÓ¡Å Õ©vbv¯¦i
Õ©vbv¯¦i KiGZ nq| Kiv mÁ¿e|
vi. gƒj ŠZwi nGj ‰G`i mZKÆZvi mvG^ ˆei KGi gvwUi UGe 3. wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb DNA AYyGK ˆQ`b Kivi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq
Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv nq| ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBg wbeÆvPb|
‰fvGe wUmyÅ KvjPvGii avcàGjv AbymiGYi gvaÅGgB Avjyi gyKzj 4. ˆQ`bK‡Z DNA LíKmgƒn mshyÚ Kivi RbÅ DNA jvBGMR
eÅenvGii gvaÅGg AmsLÅ Pviv Drcv`b mÁ¿e| ‰bRvBg wbeÆvPb|
N W. Avjg  KÅvGivwUb I Avqib m†wÓ¡Kvix wRb mgw®¼Z fzëvi 5. Kvw›ÞZ DNA mn evnK DNA ‰i AbywjcGbi RbÅ ‰KwU
‰KwU bZzb cÉKiY 'B' m†wÓ¡ KGib| ‰wU wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚi ˆcvlK wbeÆvPb|
gvaÅGgB mÁ¿e| wbGP wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚwU weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv 6. Kvw›ÞZ DNA Lí mg®¼Gq cÉÕ§ZK‡Z wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA ‰i
Kvw›ÞZ DNA wbeÆvPb I c†^KxKiY: wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA ŠZwii cÉ^g ewntcÉKvk gƒjÅvqb|
c`GÞc nGjv Kvw›ÞZ DNA wbeÆvPb| wbeÆvPGbi ci Kvw›ÞZ ˆKvl  N DóxcGK wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚGK BwãZ Kiv nGqGQ| wbGP
ˆ^GK DNA c†^K KiGZ nq| ‰GÞGò gvZ‡GKvlGK jvBwUK wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv
‰bRvBGgi mvnvGhÅ ˆKvlÕ© c`v^Æ mgƒnGK MwjGq ˆmw´ŸÈwdDR KGi ‰ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg ˆivM cÉwZGivax dmjx Dw«¿G`i RvZ D«¿veb Kiv
DNA AYy c†^K Kiv nq| mÁ¿e| wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚ ev ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰i gvaÅGg
evnK DNA wbeÆvPb: wbeÆvwPZ DNA ‰i Kvw›ÞZ Ask enb Kivi ˆcuGci ˆgvRvBK cÉwZGivax RvZ D«¿veb mÁ¿e nGqGQ| ‰ cÉhywÚi
RbÅ ‰KwU evnK DNA ‰i cÉGqvRb nq| mvaviYZ gvaÅGg mƒhÆgyLxi mvjdvi AÅvwgGbv ‰wmW m†wÓ¡Kvix wRb ˆKÑvfvi
Agrobacterium ‰i µÏvRwgW DNA Ask mshyÚ Kiv nq|
NvGm Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ| ˆhme ˆfov H Nvm Lvq ZvG`i
Kvw›ÞZ DNA ˆK wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb KZÆb: mywbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb
ˆjvg D®²Z gvGbi nGq ^vGK| ‰ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg myBGWGbi ‰K`j
‰bRvBg cÉGqvM KGi Kvw›ÞZ DNA ‰i wbw`ÆÓ¡ AskGK Lí Kiv
weævbx mycvi ivBm D«¿veb KGib| Zviv Japonica UvBc avGb
nq| ‰KB ‰bRvBg cÉGqvM KGi evnK DNA nGZ Abyi…c DNA
WÅvGdvwWj ˆ^GK weUv KÅvGivwUb ŠZwii PviwU wRb ‰es AwZwiÚ
Lí ˆKuGU ˆei KGi ˆ`Iqv nq|
Avqib ŠZwii wZbwU wRb cÉwZÕ©vcb KGib| wPwKrmv weævGbI ‰
Kvw›ÞZ DNA LíGK evnK DNA ˆZ mshyÚKiY: Kvw›ÞZ DNA
cÉhywÚi hG^Ó¡ Ae`vb iGqGQ| Bbmywjb gvbeG`Gni ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
LíGK evnK µÏvRwgW DNA ˆZ Õ©vcb Kiv nq| ‰GÞGò jvBGMR
niGgvb hvi AfvGe WvqvGewUm nq| ‰ mgq evBGi ˆ^GK gvbeG`Gn
‰bRvBGgi mvnvGhÅ ‰ `y’aiGbi DNA ˆK mshyÚ Kiv nq| ‰fvGe
wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA ŠZwi nq| Bbmywjb cÉGek KivGZ nq| eZÆgvGb ‰ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg Bbmywjb
Drcv`bKvix wRb E. coli-ˆZ Õ©vbv¯¦i KGi eÅvcKnvGi Bbmywjb
cÉk
² 52 Drcv`b Kiv mÁ¿e| B´ŸviGdib ‰K cÉKvi ˆcÉvwUb hv gvbyGli ˆKvl
nGZ wbMÆZ nq ‰es hv fvBivGmi cÉv^wgK msKÌgY I KÅv´Övi
cÉwZGiva KGi ^vGK| ‰fvGe ‰ cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi AvGiv Drcv`b
Kiv nGœQ wewf®² aiGbi wUKv, ‰w´ŸGRb I ‰w´ŸewW| ‰QvovI wewf®²
aiGbi ˆivM kbvÚ KiGZI eÅen†Z nGœQ ‰ cÉhywÚ|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 77

cÉk
² 53 Dw«¿`weævb KÑvGm wkÞK ‰gb ‰KwU AYyRxe wbGq cÉk
 ² 54 wcqvi evev WvqvGewUGm AvKÌv¯¦| wZwb wPwKrmvi RbÅ
AvGjvPbv KiwQGjb hv Avw`GKvlx ‰es ‰K aiGbi e†îvKvi ŠRe wPwKrmGKi KvGQ ˆMGjb| wPwKrmK ZvGK wbqwgZ ‰K aiGbi
AYywewkÓ¡| niGgvb MÉnY KiGZ ejGjb| niGgvbwU cƒGeÆ ÷KGii ˆ`n ˆ^GK
K. ccyGjkb Kx? 1 msMÉn Kiv nGZv, eZÆgvGb ‰wU weGkl cÉwKÌqvq ŠZwi Kiv nq|
L. ˆnUvGiv giwdK RbytKÌg ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 K. RbyKÌg Kx? 1
M. DóxcGK ewYÆZ RxGei wPwn×Z wPò `vI| 3 L. myGKÌvRGK ˆKb bb-wiwWDwms myMvi ejv nq? 2
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ weGkl ŠRe AYyGK gvbeKjÅvGY KvGR
M. DóxcGKi niGgvb ŠZwii cÉwKÌqv eYÆbv KGiv| 3
jvMvGbv hvq@ weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
wkLbdj-2 I 6 [w`. ˆev. 2015] N. DóxcGKi weGkl cÉwKÌqvwUi K‡wlGÞGò ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY
53 bs cÉGk²i Dîi KGiv| 4
K ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb ‰KB mgGq evmKvix ‰KB cÉRvwZi ‰K`j
  wkLbdj: 2 I 4 [Kz. ˆev. 2015]
RxeGK ejv nq ccyGjkb| 54 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
L MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK chÆvGqi mvG^ ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK chÆvGqi cvjvKÌg K MÅvwgGUvdvBwUK I ˆÕ·vGivdvBwUK `kvi chÆvqKÌwgK AveZÆbB

nGjv RbytKÌg| ‰ chÆvq `ywU AvKvi-AvK‡wZGZ wf®² nGj ZvGK nGjv RbyKÌg|
ˆnUvGivgwidK RbytKÌg eGj| Pteris ‰i RxebPGKÌ ˆÕ·vGivdvBU

chÆvq ˆek `xNÆ ‰es MÅvwgGUvdvBU chÆvq ˆek mswÞµ¦ ‰es DfqL myGKÌvGR gyÚ AÅvjwWnvBW (CHO) ev wKGUvb (=CO) MÉ‚c bv
^vKvq Þvixq AvqbGK weRvwiZ KiGZ cvGi bv ZvB ‰GK bb-
chÆvq AvKvi-AvK‡wZGZ wf®² cÉK‡wZi I Õ¼Z¯¨| ‰ KviGY Pteris
‰i- RbyKÌg ˆnUvGivgiwdK cÉK‡wZi| wiwWDwms myMvi ejv nq| myGKÌvR ŠZwii mgq `ywU
M DóxcGK E. coli eÅvKGUwiqvGK BwãZ Kiv nGqGQ| wbGP ‰ gGbvmÅvKvivBGWi AÅvjwWnvBW ev wKGUvbeGMÆi AwÕ¦Z½ bÓ¡ nGq
eÅvKGUwiqvi wPwn×Z wPò ˆ`Iqv nGjv hvIqvq ‰i weRviY ÞgZv jyµ¦ nq|
M DóxcGK wcqvi evev WvqvGewUm ˆivGM AvKÌv¯¦| wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ
eÅvKGUwiqvj ˆKÌvGgvGmvg DNA cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg evwYwRÅKfvGe ‰ ˆivGMi Ilya Bbmywjb
niGgvb Kiv nq| wbGP ‰ niGgvb ŠZwii cÉwKÌqvwU eYÆbv Kiv nGjv@
i. ‰KwU eÅvKGUwiqv (E. coli) µÏvRwgW wbw`ÆÓ¡ Kiv ‰es gvbyGli
ˆKvl ˆ^GK DNA c†^K Kiv|
ii. gvbyGli DNA ˆ^GK Bbmywjb Drcv`bKvix wRGbi Ask c†^K
KGi ‰es H gvGc eÅvKGUwiqvi µÏvRwgW Ask ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb
µÏvmwgW
‰bRvBg w`Gq KvUGZ nGe|
iii. µÏvRwgGWi KvUv AsGk Bbmywjb wRb cÉGek KivGZ nGe I
wPò: E. coli eÅvKGUwiqv mshyÚ KiGZ nGe| dGj wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA ŠZwi nGe|
N DóxcGK AvGjvwPZ ŠRe AYywU nGjv ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ewnf„ÆZ iv. ‰evi ‰KwU E. coli ˆKvGl wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉGek KivGj E.
e†îvKvi DNA AYy hv µÏvRwgW bvGg cwiwPZ| weævbx Laderberg coliwU GM E. coli ‰ cwiYZ nGe|
(1952) [Link] eÅvKGUwiqv ˆKvGl meÆc^
É g µÏvRwgGWi m®¬vb cvb|
v. ‰KwU DchyÚ cvGò GM E. coli cÉGek KwiGq chÆvµ¦ cwigvGY
AvYweK eskMwZwe`Åvi MGelYvi wewf®² ˆÞGò µÏvRwgW eÅvcKfvGe
msLÅv e†w«¬ KiGZ nGe|
eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis, wRb ˆKÑvwbs BZÅvw` KvGR
µÏvRwgW AZů¦ DcGhvMx evnK wnGmGe KvR KGi| µÏvRwgW DNA vi. dvGgÆG´Ÿkb UÅvsK ˆ^GK Bbmywjb Drcv`bKvix E. coli wbGq
eÅenvi KGi AvaywbK Rxe cÉhywÚi wewf®² ˆÞGò Af„ZcƒeÆ mvdjÅ Lysis ev weMjb KGi Bbmywjb msMÉn KiGZ nGe|
cvIqv wMGqGQ| ˆhgb gvbyGli Bbmywjb, wRb ˆKÑvwbs, ˆivM I Avi ‰fvGeB DcGivÚ avcàGjv AbymiY KGi wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA
ˆcvKvgvKo cÉwZGiva ÞgZvmÁ·®² Dw«¿` Drcv`b BZÅvw` cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg Bbmywjb Drcv`b Kiv nq|
DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| DÚ e†îvKvi µÏvRwgWGK gvbeKjÅvGY eÅvcKfvGe N DóxcGK wbG`ÆwkZ weGkl cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚ
eÅenvi Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ KviY DÚ e†îvKvi DNA ˆZ mw®²GewkZ
ev wRb cÉGKŒkj cÉhywÚ| wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚ K‡wlGÞGò ‰K
wRbGK AbÅRxGe Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv mÁ¿e nq hv Rxe cÉhywÚwe`Åvi
KvRGK eüjvsGk mnR KGi w`GqGQ| weµÏe m†wÓ¡ KGiGQ| wbGP Zv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv@
DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ‰Uv cwiÓ•vi ˆh E. coli I wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg weævbxiv D«¿veb KGi PGjGQ AGbK
Agrobacterium tumefaciens ‰ cÉvµ¦ e†îvKvi µÏvRwgWGK D®²Z RvGZi dmjx Dw«¿`| ˆcvKvgvKo I fvBivm cÉwZGivax dmGji
gvbeKjÅvGY eÅvcKfvGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq| RvZ D«¿veGb wRb cÉGKŒkj cÉhywÚi f„wgKv Acwimxg| ‰GÞGò
78 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

ˆcvKvgvKo cÉwZGivax wRb ˆhgb- Bt bvgK eÅvKGUwiqvi wRb dmjx 55 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
Dw«¿` ˆKvGl Õ©vbv¯¦Gii ci DÚ ˆKvl ˆ^GK wUmyÅ KvjPvGii gvaÅGg K Agaricus QòvGKi ˆh gvsmj I fÞYGhvMÅ dÌzUewW ^vGK ZvB
ˆcvKvgvKo cÉwZGivax dmjx RvZ D«¿veb Kiv nGqGQ| ˆhgb- Bt f„ëv, gvki‚g|
Bt Zyjv, Bt ˆeàb BZÅvw` DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| ‰ mKj dmj ˆjwcGWvcGUiv L fvBivGmi RxebPGKÌ `yB aiGbi AeÕ©v jÞ Kiv hvq| fvBivm
‰es KwjIcGUiv eGMÆi A¯¦fzÆÚ ÞwZKi KxUcZGãi wei‚G«¬ ˆKvGbv ˆcvlK ˆKvl AvKÌgGYi mgq ˆcvlK ˆKvGl eskMZxq eÕ§
cÉwZGivaÞg| wVK ‰KBfvGe wRb cÉGKŒkj cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg mwVKfvGe cÉGeGki ci fvBivGmi msLÅve†w«¬ NUGZ cvGi ‰es ˆcvlK ˆKvl
fvBivm ˆKvU ˆcÉvwUb wRb Õ©vbv¯¦Gii gvaÅGg wewf®² aiGbi fvBivm ˆfGã hLb AGbKàGjv wfwiqb gyÚ nq ZLb ˆmB AeÕ©vGK
cÉwZGivax dmGji RvZ D«¿veb Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ| ˆhgb-UGgGUvi fvBivGmi jvBwUK PKÌ eGj| ˆhgb: E. coli ˆK AvKÌgYKvix T2
ˆgvRvBK fvBivm, ˆUvevGKv ˆgvRvBK fvBivm (TMV) ‰es ˆcuGci dvh fvBivGm jvBwUK PKÌ mÁ·®² nq|
wisÕ·U fvBivm (PRSV) cÉwZGivax RvZ BGZvgGaÅ D«¿vweZ nGqGQ| M DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ wPòwU «¼viv wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚ A^Ævr
‰Qvov wRb cÉGKŒkj cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg AwaK djbkxj dmGji RvZ Rxb cÉhywÚ ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg Avwg
D«¿veb Kiv mÁ¿e nGqGQ| cvkvcvwk LvG`Åi cywÓ¡gvb D®²qGbI ‰ cÉhywÚ KGqKwU avGc Bbmywjb ŠZwi KiGev| avcàGjv nGjv 
i. ‰KwU eÅvKGUwiqv E. coli µÏvRwgW wbw`ÆÓ¡ KiGev ‰es gvbyGli
weGkl Ae`vb ivLGQ| ˆhgb- mycvi ivBm|
A™²vkq ˆKvl ˆ^GK DNA c†^K KiGev|
myZivs DcwiDÚ weGkÏlYgƒjK AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ˆevSv hvq, K‡wlGÞGò
ii. gvbyGli DNA ˆ^GK Bbmywjb Drcv`bKvix wRGbi Ask c†^K
wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA ev wRb cÉGKŒkj cÉhywÚ ‰K weµÏe m†wÓ¡ KGiGQ|
KiGev ‰es H gvGc eÅvKGUwiqvi µÏvRwgW Ask ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb
cÉk
² 55 wPòwU chÆGeÞY KGi wbGPi M I N bs cÉGk²i Dîi `vI : ‰bRvBg w`Gq KvUGev|
iii. µÏvRwgGWi KvUv AsGk Bbmywjb wRb cÉGek KivGev I jvBGMR
‰bRvBg w`Gq mshyÚ KiGev| dGj wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA ŠZwi nGe|
iv. ‰evi ‰KwU E. coli ˆKvGl wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉGek KivGj E.
coli wU GM E. coli ‰ cwiYZ nGe|
v. ‰KwU DchyÚ cvGò ˆdvGgÆG´Ÿkb UÅvsK hvGZ DchyÚ Zvcgvòv
we`Ågvb| GM E. coli cÉGek KwiGq chÆvµ¦ cwigvGY msLÅv e†w«¬
KiGev|
vi. dvGgÆG´Ÿkb UÅvsK ˆ^GK Bbmywjb Drcv`bKvix E. coli wbGq
Bbmywjb msMÉn KiGev|
N DóxcGKi DwÍÏwLZ c«¬wZwU nGjv wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA cÉhywÚ A^Ævr
Rxb cÉhywÚ| wPwKrmv I K‡wlGÞGò ˆÞGò ‰ c«¬wZi ài‚Z½
Acwimxg|
wPwKrmv ˆÞGò: wPwKrmv ˆÞGò ‰ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg ˆivM wbYÆq, ˆivM
cÉwZGiva I ˆivM wbivgGqi DcKiY Drcv`b Kiv hvq| ‰ cÉhywÚi
gvaÅGg gvbyGli eskMwZ ò‚wURwbZ ˆivM wRb ˆ^ivwc «¼viv wbgƃj
Kiv mÁ¿e| evGqvdvwgÆs ‰i gvaÅGg AbÅ Dw«¿` ev cÉvYxG`Gn wRb
Õ©vbv¯¦i KGi gvbyGli cÉGqvRbxq kKÆiv, ˆcÉvwUb, niGgvb, ‰w´ŸGRb,
‰w´ŸewW Drcv`b Kiv hvq| Rxb cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg M†ncvwjZ c÷i
iÚ, gƒò, wmGgb I `yGai cÉGqvRbxq Ilya I Dcv`vb Drcv`b Kiv
hvq| wewf®² cÉKvi e†w«¬ niGgvb Drcv`b Kiv ‰gbwK wewf®²
ˆivGMi wUKv ev ‰w´ŸevGqvwUK ŠZwi Kiv hvq| ‰QvovI wewf®²
IlyGai àYvàY I cwigvY e†w«¬ mÁ¿e nGqGQ|
K‡wlGÞGò: K‡wlGÞGò ‰ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg AvMvQv ‰es KxUcZã
K. gvki‚g Kx? 1 cÉwZGivax RvZ D«¿veb Kiv hvq| jeYvÚZv Liv, cÉLi Zvc
L. jvBwUK PKÌ ejGZ Kx eyS? 2 cÉwZGivax RvZ D«¿veb Kiv hvq| AwaK ˆcÉvwUb, wfUvwgb I ˆjŒn
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ wPGòi c«¬wZ eÅenvi KGi Zzwg wKfvGe mg†«¬ dmj ŠZwi Kiv hvq| AwaK mvGjvKmsGkÏlYKvix Dw«¿` ‰es
Bbmywjb ŠZwi KiGe wjL| 3 bvBGUÇvGRb mse®¬bKvix Dw«¿` m†wÓ¡ Kiv hvq|
ZvB ejv hvq ˆh, K‡wl I wPwKrmv ˆÞGò DÚ wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA
N. wPwKrmv I K‡wlGÞGò DÚ c«¬wZwUi ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY Ki| 4
wkLbdj-2 I 4
cÉhywÚi ài‚Z½ Acwimxg|
[e. ˆev. 2015]
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 79

«¼v`k AaÅvq: RxGei cwiGek, weÕ¦vi I msiÞY

cÉk
² 15 Kg ^vKGj ˆmLvGb ˆjvbv gvwUi Dw«¿` msiÞY Kiv KwVb| Avevi
AGbK Dw«¿` ZvG`i Õ¼vfvweK e†w«¬ I AbÅvbÅ KviGY ZvG`i
gvBGKvivBRvj QòvGKi Dci wbfÆikxj| Bb-wmUzÅ msiÞGYi dGj
gvBGKvivBRvj QòvK I msiwÞZ nq ‰es H Dw«¿G`i wUGK ^vKv
wbøZ nq hv ‰Ý-wmUzÅ msiÞY c«¬wZGZ mÁ¿e nq bv| ‰KwU Dw«¿`
ev cÉRvwZ ˆKejgvò ‰KwU BGKvwmGÕ¡Ggi AskB bq, Bnv
wewf®²fvGe AvGkcvGki AbÅvbÅ cÉRvwZi mvG^ wKÌqv wewKÌqv KGi
‰es AGbK cÉRvwZGK ˆeuGP ^vKGZ mnvqZv KGi| Bb-wmUzÅ
msiÞGY ‰ myweav ^vGK| Aciw`GK ‰Ý-wmUzÅ msiÞY c«¬wZGZ ‰
wPò : P wPò : Q myweav ^vGK bv| ˆKvGbv cÉRvwZGK Zvi evmÕ©vGb msiÞGYi
K. evsjvG`Gki wejyµ¦cÉvq ‰KwU Dw«¿G`i ŠeævwbK bvg meGPGq DcKvix w`K nGjv ‰GZ weeZÆbxq cÉwKÌqvI Pvjy ^vGK| ˆh
ˆjGLv| 1 AçGj ‰LGbv AGbK cÉRvwZ AbvweÓ•‡Z iGqGQ ˆm AçGjI Bb-
L. DcK„jxq meyR ˆeÓ¡bxi RbÅ ˆKvb aiGbi e†Þ wbeÆvPb wmUzÅ msiÞY c«¬wZ AvekÅK| ‰gbwK wiKÅvjwmUÇÅv´Ÿ exR
Kiv hvq? 2 msiÞGYi RbÅ Bb-wmUzÅ msiÞY c«¬wZ weGklfvGe DcGhvMx| ZvB
M. DóxcGKi ‘Q’ Dw«¿`mgƒn msiÞGYi ˆÞGò ˆKvb c«¬wZ ‰K^v «¼Åv^ÆnxbfvGe ejv hvq ˆh, ˆjvbvgvwUi Dw«¿` msiÞGYi ˆÞGò
DchyÚ KviY ˆjGLv| 3 Bb-wmUzÅ msiÞY c«¬wZB DchyÚ| A
N. DóxcGKi P ‰es Q Dw«¿`mgƒn wf®² cwiGeGk R¯ÃvGjI ‰G`i
N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ P I Q Dw«¿`mgƒn nGjv h^vKÌGg gi‚R I
gGaÅ AwfGhvRbMZ mv`†kÅ we`Ågvb eÅvLÅv KGiv| 4
ˆjvbvgvwUi Dw«¿`| ‰iv wf®² cwiGeGk R¯ÃvGjI ‰G`i gGaÅ wKQy
wkLbdj-14 [w`. ˆev. 2017]
AwfGhvRbMZ mv`†kÅ jÞ Kiv hvq| wbGÁ² ‰G`i AwfGhvRbMZ
15 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
mv`†kÅ eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv
K evsjvG`Gki wejyµ¦cÉvq ‰KwU Dw«¿G`i ŠeævwbK bvg nGjv
 gi‚R Dw«¿` ˆhgb gvwUGZ cvwbi cÉvcÅZv AchÆvµ¦ nGjI R¯ÃvGZ cvGi
Corypha taliera| A
‰es weÕ¦vi jvf KiGZ cvGi ˆZgwb ˆjvbvgvwUi Dw«¿`I gvwUGZ
L DcK„jxq meyR ˆeÓ¡bxi RbÅ jeYvÚ cvwbGZ R¯ÃvGZ cvGi ‰gb jebvÚZv I cvwbe«¬Zv mnÅ KGi wUGK ^vKGZ cvGi ‰es jebvÚ
e†Þ cÉRvwZ wbeÆvPb Kiv hvq ˆKbbv DcK„jxq Açj ˆRvqvGii cwiGeGk R¯ÃvGZ I weÕ¦vi jvf KGi| Dfq Dw«¿`mgƒn cÉwZKzj
cvwbGZ wbqwgZ wmÚ nq ‰es cvwb jeYvÚ ^vGK| ‰KUz DPz cÉvK‡wZK cwiGeGki mvG^ msMÉvg KGi AwfGhvwRZ nq| AGbK gi‚R
RvqMvqI gvGS gvGS ˆRvqvGii cvwb XzGK hvq| gƒjZG¯¨i gvaÅGg
Dw«¿G`i cÅvGibKvBgv ˆKvl cvwb ˆkvlY KGi I imvGjv nq ZvB
gvwU aGi ivLGZ cvGi ‰gb e†Þ cÉRvwZ wbeÆvPb KiGZ nGe| SGoi
cvwb aGi ivLGZ cvGi| ˆjvbvgvwUi AGbK Dw«¿G`i AwaK jeYvÚ
SvcUvq ˆfGã bv hvq ev gƒGjvrcvwUZ bv nq ‰gb cÉRvwZ wbeÆvPb
cvwb ˆkvlY KiGZ Amyweav nq, ZvB e†wÓ¡i mgq jebvÚZv wKQyUv
KiGZ nGe| D`vniYmi…c ˆKIov, my±`ix, evBb, ivBGRvGdviv,
c÷i, bvwiGKj, mycvwi, Mve BZÅvw` e†Þ cÉRvwZ wbeÆvPb Kiv ˆhGZ KGg AvmGj Dw«¿` `Ë‚Z cvwb ˆkvlY KGi ZvG`i cÅvGibKvBgv ˆKvGl
cvGi| A mçq KGi ivGL| ‰ KviGY ZvG`i Kv´£, cvZv I gƒjGK wKQyUv
imvGjv ˆ`Lvq| A^Ævr, Dfq Dw«¿`mgƒnGKB AwfGhvRGbi RbÅ cvwb
M DóxcGKi Q Dw«¿`mgƒn nGjv ˆjvbvgvwUi Dw«¿` ev nÅvGjvdvBU
mçq KGi ivLGZ nq| Avevi ˆjvbv gvwUi AGbK Dw«¿` gi‚R
Dw«¿`| Dw«¿`mgƒn msiÞGYi ˆÞGò Bb-wmUzÅ ‰es ‰Ý-wmUzÅ `ywU
msiÞY c«¬wZ we`Ågvb| ‰i gGaÅ ˆjvbvgvwUi Dw«¿` msiÞGY Bb- Dw«¿G`i bÅvq LeÆvKvi nq| AwaKvsk ˆjvbvgvwUi Dw«¿G`i gZ gi‚R
wmUzÅ msiÞY c«¬wZ AwaK DchyÚ| wbGÁ² ‰i KviYàGjv DGÍÏL Kiv Dw«¿G`iI cvZvi wKDwUKj cyi‚, Kv´£ I cvZvq ˆgvGgi AveiY
nGjv ^vGK, ˆKej cvZvi wbÁ²Z½GK còi®¬È ^vGK| ZvB cÉGÕ¼`b nËvm cvq|
ˆKvGbv cÉRvwZ msiÞGYi meGPGq Dîg Dcvq nGjv ˆh evmÕ©vGb ˆjvbvgvwUi Dw«¿` k¼vmKvhÆ wVKfvGe PvjvGbvi RbÅ k¼vmgƒj MVb
Bnv RG¯Ã ˆmB evmÕ©vbGK h^vh^fvGe msiÞY Kiv| ‰i dGj DÚ KGi| gi‚R Dw«¿` Zvi k¼vmKvhÆ PvjvGZ ˆKvGbv bZzb Aã m†wÓ¡ bv
cÉRvwZi mvG^ mÁ·KÆhyÚ cÉvYxK„jI msiwÞZ nq| Bb-wmUzÅ KiGjI cÉGÕ¼`b nvi KgvGbvi RbÅ cvZv SwiGq ˆdGj ev KvUvq
msiÞGYi gvaÅGgB ˆjvbvgvwUi Dw«¿`GK Zvi wbRÕ¼ evmÕ©vGb i…cv¯¦wiZ KGi|
msiÞY Kiv hvq| wK¯§ ˆjvbvgvwUi Dw«¿`mgƒnGK AbÅ ˆKvGbv DchƒÆÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK Õ·Ó¡fvGe ˆevSv hvq ˆh, gi‚R ‰es
evmÕ©vGb msiÞY Kiv LyeB KwVb| KviY ˆmLvGb Dw«¿`mgƒn ˆeuGP ˆjvbvgvwUi Dw«¿` wf®² cwiGeGk R¯ÃvGjI ZvG`i gGaÅ hG^Ó¡
^vKvi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq cywÓ¡, Zvcgvòv, AvGjv BZÅvw` chÆvµ¦ cwigvGY AwfGhvRbMZ mv`†kÅ we`Ågvb|
bvI ^vKGZ cvGi| ‰gbwK gvwUi jebvÚZvi cwigvY AwaK gvòvq
80 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

cÉk
² 16 cÉvYx : IwiGq´Ÿvj AçGj eü aiGbi ˆgi‚`´£x cÉvYx cvIqv hvq| ZGe
‰G´£vwgK cÉvYxi msLÅvI hG^Ó¡| Õ¦bÅcvqx cÉvYxi gGaÅ iGqj ˆeãj
UvBMvi, wPòv nwiY, wkqvj, wmsn, LiGMvk BZÅvw` DGÍÏLGhvMÅ,
cvwLi gGaÅ gqƒi, ˆ`vGqj, wPj, kvwjK BZÅvw` DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| wgVv
cvwbi gvGQi gGaÅ evBb, cve`v, UvwK, i‚B BZÅvw` DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|
DfPi cÉvYxi gGaÅ KzGbveÅvO, ˆmvbveÅvO, ˆMGQveÅvO BZÅvw`
DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| mixm†Gci gGaÅ ˆMvLiv, Kzwgi, Nwoqvj, àBmvc
wPò: K wPò: L BZÅvw` DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| A
K. evGqvg KvGK eGj? 1 N DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ‘K’ wPòwU nGjv jebvÚ Dw«¿`| jebvÚ
L. cvG^ÆGbvKvwcÆi cÉGqvRbxqZv I ài‚Z½ AvGjvPbv KGiv| 2 Dw«¿G`i cÉRbb Škjxi ŠewPòÅZv Z^v RivqyR AâzGiv`Mg
M. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ‘L’ cÉvYxwU ˆKvb ˆfŒGMvwjK AçGji, gÅvbGMÉvf eb m†wÓ¡GZ ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| RivqyR
AâzGiv`MGg dj MvGQ SzGj ^vKv AeÕ©vqB exR AâzwiZ nGZ ÷i‚
Zvi ebf„wgi I cÉvYxi ŠewkÓ¡Å AvGjvPbv KGiv| 3
KGi| MvQ ˆ^GK wewœQ®² nIqvi AvGMB exGRi ˆfZGii ö…Ygƒj
N. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ‘K’ wPòwUi cÉRbb Škjxi ŠewPòÅZv eb
dGji cÉvPxi ˆf` KGi evBGi ˆewiGq AvGm ‰es ewaÆZ nq| ö…Ygƒj
m†RGb wK f„wgKv cvjb KGi weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 KÌgv®¼Gq Õ¹xZ nGq M`vKvi nq ‰es IRGbI evGo| dGj ö…YgƒGji
wkLbdj-9 [h. ˆev. 2017; e. ˆev. 2017] fvGi AsKzwiZ exR dj ˆ^GK LGm LvovfvGe wbGP cGo hvq ‰es
16 bs cÉGk²i Dîi big gvwUGZ ˆcÉvw^Z nq| ‰ici gƒj wbMÆZ nq ‰es Pviv gvwUi
K ‰KB aiGbi Rjevqy, ‰KB aiGbi gvwU, ‰KB RvZxq ŠewkÓ¡Å mGã AvUGK hvq| ‰fvGe cÉvK‡wZK DcvGq gÅvbGMÉvf Dw«¿G`i

mÁ·®² Dw«¿` I cÉvYx wbGq MwVZ ‰KwU e†nr I c†^KGhvMÅ ebvçj m†wÓ¡ nq| ZvB ejv hvq, jebvÚ Dw«¿G`i cÉRbb Škjxi
BGKvwmGÕ¡gGK evGqvg eGj| A ŠewPòZv eb m†RGb weGkl f„wgKv cvjb KGi|
L cvG^ÆGbvKvwcÆi cÉGqvRbxqZv I ài‚Z½: A cÉk
² 17 wbGPi wPòàGjv jÞ KGiv ‰es cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI:
i. AwbwlÚ wWÁ¼vYy ˆ^GK mivmwi cƒYÆvã RxGe cwiYZ nIqvi
c«¬wZ ˆhŒb Rbb c«¬wZi gGZv RwUj bq|
ii. wbGlGKi cÉGqvRb nq bv|
iii. ‰ cÉwKÌqv cÉRvwZGK e®¬ÅvZ½ nGZ iÞv KGi|
iv. ‰ cÉwKÌqv RxeGMvÓ¤xi m`mÅG`i cÉKiYwenxb KGi I mv`†kÅ
eRvq ivGL| K L
v. RxGei wgDUÅv´Ÿ ŠewkÓ¡ÅGK Õ©v¯¦Gi I weKvGk mvnvhÅ KGi|
K. evsjvG`k ˆKvb cÉvwYGfŒGMvwjK AçGj AewÕ©Z? 1
vi. cvG^ÆGbvGRwbK Dw«¿G`i AwfGhvRb ÞgZv AZů¦ mxwgZ,
L. cÉRvwZ ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2
ˆRGbwUK ŠewPòÅ ev ˆKŒwjK wewf®²Zv bv ^vKvq ‰G`i
RxebxkwÚ ÞxY ‰es RxebKvj ռ͸Ggqvw` nq| M. wPGò cÉ`wkÆZ AwfGhvwRZ ŠewkÓ¡Å `yBwU ˆh eGbi Dw«¿G`
cwijwÞZ nq ˆmB eGbi wZbwU Dw«¿G`i ŠeævwbK bvg
vii. K‡wòg DcvGq evwnÅK kZÆ AvGivc KGi mnGRB
ˆjGLv| 3
cvG^ÆGbvGRGbwmGmi gvaÅGg AcZÅ Rxe ŠZwi Kiv hvq|
N. wPGò cÉ`wkÆZ ‘K’ I ‘L’ AwfGhvwRZ ŠewkGÓ¡Åi KviY
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ ‘L’ cÉvYxwU ‘Nwoqvj’ hv IwiGq´Ÿvj AçGji weGkÏlY KGiv| 4
A¯¦fzÆÚ| IwiGq´Ÿvj AçGji ebf„wg I cÉvYxi gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ wkLbdj-9 [Kz. ˆev. 2016]
ŠewkÓ¡Å cwijwÞZ nq|
A17 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ebf„wg: IwiGq´Ÿvj AçGj 4 aiGbi ebf„wg ˆ`LGZ cvIqv hvq,
h^v-(1) MÉxÓÃg´£jxq evwieb (2) cvZvSiv ebf„wg (3) MÉxÓÃg´£jxq K evsjvG`k IwiGq´Ÿvj cÉvwYGfŒGMvwjK AçGj AewÕ©Z|

Z‡Yf„wg ‰es (4) gÅvbGMÉvf ebvçj| MÉxÓÃg´£jxq evwieGbi MvQàGjv L cÉRvwZ ejGZ wewf®² ŠewkGÓ¡Å meÆvwaK wgjmÁ·®² ‰K`j RxeGK
jZv, PIov cvZvwewkÓ¡ wPi meyR| cÉavbZ gvjqvb I wmGjvwbR ˆevSvq hviv wbGRG`i gGaÅ ˆhŒb wgjGb DeÆi m¯¦vb Drcv`Gb mÞg
DcvçGj ‰ ebf„wg iGqGQ| wPimeyR AiYÅ m†wÓ¡Kvix MvQàGjv nGjv wK¯§ AbÅ cÉRvwZi mvG^ wgjGb DeÆi m¯¦vb Drcv`Gb AÞg ‰es
RjcvB, KuVvj, Rvg BZÅvw`| fviZ, BG±`vGbwkqv-Pxb I hviv ‰KB cƒeÆ cyi‚l ˆ^GK AvMZ| cÉRvwZ nGjv ˆkÉwYwebÅvm c«¬wZi
gvqvbgvGii weÕ¦xYÆ Açj RyGo iGqGQ cvZvSiv ebf„wg| kvj, meÆwbÁ² ‰KK hv `ywU cG`i gvaÅGg cÉKvk Kiv nq| ˆhgb
cjvKv, KoB cÉf‡wZ ‰ ebf„wgi cÉavb MvQ| IwiGq´Ÿvj AçGj Corchorus capsularis, Mangifera indica BZÅvw`|
mvgvbÅ Z‡Yf„wgi weÕ¦‡wZ ˆ`Lv hvq fviZ, gvqvbgvi I BG±`vPxGb| M DóxcGKi wPò `yBwU gÅvbGMÉvf ebvçGji Dw«¿G` ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰
‰LvbKvi NvmàGjv ˆQvU AvK‡wZi ‰es AmsLÅ ˆSvc-Svo I e†Þ AçGji wZbwU Dw«¿G`i ŠeævwbK bvg wbGÁ² ˆ`Iqv nGjv A
mgw®¼Z| mgy`Ë DcK„j RyGo AewÕ©Z gÅvbGMÉvf ebvçj IwiGq´Ÿvj i. my±`ix : Heritiera fomes
AçGji ‰K weGkl ŠewkÓ¡Å| my±`ix, ˆKIov, c÷i, ˆMvjcvZv ii. ˆMvjcvZv : Nipa fruticans
cÉf‡wZ ‰ ebf„wgi cÉavb Dw«¿`| iii. nvoGMvRv : Acanthus ilicifolius
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 81

N wPGò cÉ`wkÆZ ‘K’ nGjv ˆjvbv gvwUi Dw«¿G`i k¼vmgƒj ‰es ‘L’ N DóxcKwU nGjv ‰KwU Õ©jR Lv`Åk†›Lj| ‰B Lv`Å k†›LGji
nGjv RivqyR AâzGiv`Mg| cÉGZÅGKB Drcv`K A^Ævr Nvm ev Z‡YRvZxq Dw«¿G`i Ici cÉZÅÞ ev
gvwUGZ jeYvÚ cvwb ^vKvq ˆm gvwUGZ gyÚ AwÝGRb Kg ^vGK| cGivÞfvGe wbfÆikxj| ‰B Lv`Å k†›LGj kwÚi cÉevn Drcv`K nGZ
‰gb cwiGeGk wKQy kvLv-cÉkvLv gƒj gvwUi DcGi DGV AvGm ‰es meÆGkl Õ¦Gii Lv`K eivei cÉevwnZ nq ‰es axGi axGi KgGZ
k¼vmgƒj MVb KGi| k¼vmgƒGji ˆfZGi evqyKzVzwi ^vGK ‰es ˆm ^vGK| weævbx wjG´£bgÅvb (1942) cÉ`î 10 kZvsk wbqg Abyhvqx
KzVzwiGZ evqy (O2) aGi ivLGZ cvGi| k¼vmgƒGji KviGY gƒj I ‰B Lv`Å k†›LGji kwÚ cÉevGni cwigvY Lye mnGRB weGkÏlY Kiv
evBGii mvG^ MÅvGmi wewbgq nq| hvq| 10 kZvsk wbqGg ‰K Õ¦i ˆ^GK Zvi cieZÆx Õ¦Gi 100 fvGMi
Avevi jeYvÚ gvwUGZ ‰es ˆRvqvi-fuvUvi Õ©vGb exR ‰KÕ©vGb 10 fvM kwÚ cÉevwnZ nGq mwçZ ^vGK| DóxcGKi Lv`Åk†›LGji
wUGK ^vKv KwVb| ZvB eü Dw«¿G` MvGQ ^vKv AeÕ©vqB exGRi ˆÞGò, NvGmi kwÚi cwigvY hw` 100 Ryj nq ZGe Nvmdwos-‰i
AâzGiv`Mg ÷i‚ nGq jÁ¼v ö…Ygƒj m†wÓ¡ nq| gƒj ‰KUz eo I fvix ˆ`Gn mwçZ kwÚi cwigvY nGe 10 Ryj| ‰fvGe Nvmdwos Nvm nGZ
nGj gvwUGZ cGo ‰es wKQyUv Kv`v gvwUGZ XzGK hvq I Õ©vqx nq| hGZv kwÚ mçq KiGe Zvi 10 kZvsk nvGi kwÚ eÅvGOi ˆ`Gn
‰ aiGbi AâzGiv`Mg RivqyR AâzGiv`Mg bvGg cwiwPZ| mwçZ nGe| Avevi, eÅvGOi ˆ`Gn mwçZ ˆgvU kwÚi 10 kZvsk
AZ‰e, DwÍÏwLZ KviGYB gÅvbGMÉvf eGbi Dw«¿` k¼vmgƒj ‰es kwÚ mvGci ˆ`Gn Rgv nGe ‰es meGkGl mvGci ˆ`Gn mwçZ ˆgvU
RivqyR AâzGiv`Mg bvgK AwfGhvwRZ ŠewkÓ¡Å aviY KGi| kwÚi 10 kZvsk evRcvwLi ˆ`Gn mwçZ nGe| kwÚi cwigvY
weGkÏlY KGi kwÚi cÉevnwU wbGPi cÉevnwPGòi gvaÅGg ˆ`LvGbv hvq|
cÉk
² 18 Nvm  Nvm  eÅvO  mvc  evRcvwL
Nvm dwos
 100 Ryj  10 Ryj  1 Ryj  0.1 Ryj  0.01 Ryj
Nvmdwos ‰fvGeB Nvm nGZ chÆvqKÌGg 10 kZvsk nvGi kwÚ evRcvwLGZ ˆcŒuQvq|

eÅvO cÉk
 ² 19 cÉGdmi Avjg wkÞv^xÆG`i wbGq wkÞvmdGii DGóGkÅ
 e†nîi PëMÉvg I cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg ‰jvKvq ˆMGjb| ˆmLvGb evsjvG`k
mvc eb MGelbv BbwÕ¡wUDU ˆ^GK ‰KwU ZvwjKv ˆcGjb hvGZ eZÆgvGb
 evsjvG`Gk ˆKvb ˆKvb Dw«¿` wejywµ¦i cG^ Zv ewYÆZ AvGQ| ‰ici
evRcvwL mvMiZxGi wMGq Dw«¿G`i mvwi ˆ`LGjb ‰es ‰KwU mvBbGevGWÆ
K. cyÓ·cÉZxK Kx? 1 DcK„jxq meyR ˆeÓ¡bx cÉK͸ bvgK ‰KwU aviYv ˆcGjb|
L. evGqvg ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2 K. µÏvRwgW Kx? 1
M. DóxcGKi Z^Å ˆ^GK ‰KwU cwiGekxq wcivwgW AsKb KGiv| 3 L. gvBGUvwmmGK mgxKiwYK wefvRb ejv nq ˆKb? 2
N. DóxcGKi cÉwZwU avGc Drm ˆ^GK kwÚ cÉevGni cwigvY M. DóxcGK ewYÆZ ZvwjKvi Dw«¿`àGjv nGZ ˆh ˆKvGbv wZbwU
weGkÏlY KGiv| 4 Dw«¿G`i eYÆbv `vI| 3
wkLbdj-2 I 3 [wm. ˆev. 2016] N. DóxcGK ewYÆZ cÉKG͸i ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY Ki| 4
18 bs cÉGk²i Dîi wkLbdj-11 I 14 [P. ˆev. 2015]
K ˆh cÉZxGKi mvnvGhÅ ˆKvGbv cyGÓ·i wewf®² Õ¦eGKi msLÅv, AeÕ©vb, 19 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
ZvG`i webÅvm BZÅvw` ˆ`LvGbv nq ˆmB cÉZxKB nGjv cyÓ· cÉZxK| K eÅvKGUwiqvi ˆKÌ v GgvGmvg ewnf„ÆZ e†îvKvi DNA AYyB µÏvRwgW|
L ‰KB aiGbi Rjevqy, ‰KB aiGbi gvwU, ‰KB RvZxq ŠewkÓ¡Å  L gvBGUvwmm ˆKvl wefvRGbi dGj m†Ó¡ AcZÅ ˆKvl `ywUGZ
mÁ·®² Dw«¿` I cÉvYx wbGq MwVZ ‰KwU e†nr I c†^KGhvMÅ BGKvwmGÕ¡gGK ˆKÌ vGgvGmvg msLÅv gvZ‡GKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅvi Abyi…c ^vGK eGj
ejv nq evGqvg| cÉavbZ f„wgi…c, Rjevqy I cÉavb ˆfwRGUkb wgwjZfvGe ‰GK mgxKiwYK wefvRb ejv nq|
‰K ‰KwU evGqvg mywbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi| BGKvwmGÕ¡gGK hLb weÕ¦‡Zgvòvq cÉKvk ‰B ˆKvl wefvRGb gvZ‡GKvGli cÉwZwU ˆKÌvGgvGmvg ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvimn
Kiv nq ZLb ZvGK evGqvg ejv nq| jÁ¼ v jwÁ¼ f vGe mgvb `y’AsGk fvM nq ‰es cÉwZwU Ask ‰i wbKUeZÆx
ˆgi‚GZ Mgb KGi| ‰i dGj bZzb m†Ó¡ AcZÅ ˆKvl `y’wUGZ
M DóxcGKi Z^Å ˆ^GK wbGP msLÅvi wcivwgW bvgK ‰KwU ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅv gvZ‡GKvGli ˆKÌvGgvGmvg msLÅvi Abyi…c nq|
cwiGekxq wcivwgW Aâb Kiv nGjv
M DóxcGK ewYÆZ ZvwjKvi Dw«¿`àGjv evsjvG`Gki wejyµ¦ cÉvq
Dw«¿` hvG`i gGaÅ Zvwjcvg, ÞzG` eojv, gwÍÏKv SuvwS AbÅZg wZbwU
mGeÆvœP Lv`K Dw«¿`|
(evRcvwL)
Zvwjcvg: evsjvG`Gki wejyµ¦cÉvq Dw«¿G`i gGaÅ Zvwjcvg AbÅZg|
Uviwkqvwi Lv`K (mvc)
‰i ŠeævwbK bvg Corypha taliera Roxb.
ˆmGK´£vwi Lv`K (eÅvO)
MvQwU ˆ`LGZ AGbKUv Zvj MvGQi gGZv| ‰wU Arecaceae ˆMvGòi
cÉvBgvwi Lv`K (Nvmdwos)
A¯¦fzÆÚ| ‰B Dw«¿` RxeGb gvò ‰KeviB dzj I dj Drcv`b KGi
Drcv`K (Nvm)
‰es cGi ‰i g†ZzÅ NGU| weGk¼i ‰Kgvò ebÅ Zvwjcvg MvQwU
wPò: msLÅvi wcivwgW AewÕ©Z wQj XvKv wek¼we`Åvjq ‰jvKvq hv 2010 mvGj dzj I dj
82 cv‡Äix m„Rbkxj RxeweÁvb cÖ_g cÎ  ‰Kv`k-«¼v`k ˆkÉwY

Drcv`b ˆkGl 2012 mvGj wejyµ¦ nGq ˆMGQ| ZGe g†ZzÅi AvGM K. evGqvgvm Kx? 1
MvQwU cÉPzi dj Drcv`b KGi ˆMGQ hv ˆ^GK AmsLÅ Pviv ŠZwi KGi L. ‘‰Ý-wmUz msiÞY’ ejGZ Kx eyS? 2
eb wefvGMi gvaÅGg ˆ`Gki wewf®² AçGj jvMvGbv nGqGQ| M. bxjvi PvicvGki cwiGeGki Dcv`vbàGjvi gGaÅ ˆh
ÞzG` eojv: evsjvG`Gki Avi ‰KwU AbÅZg wejyµ¦cÉvq Dw«¿` ÞzG` Av¯¦tmÁ·KÆ we`Ågvb kwÚi wnGmGe Abyhvqx Zv wcivwgW
eojv| ‰i ŠeævwbK bvg Knema bengalensis ‰es ‰iv AvK‡wZi bÝvi mvnvGhÅ ˆ`LvI ‰es wewf®² Õ¦i wPwn×Z Ki| 3
Myristicaceae ˆMvòfzÚ| ‰wU ‰KwU gaÅg AvKvGii e†Þ| KvGí
N. bxjvi eo ˆevGbi ˆ`Lv gƒj m†wÓ¡i KviY weGkÏlY Ki| 4
ÞZ nGj iÚ eGYÆi Km ˆei nq| ‰i cyi‚l ‰es Õ¨x e†Þ c†^K| wkLbdj-3 I 10 [wm. ˆev. 2015]
‰LGbv ˆKvGbv Õ¨x e†GÞi m®¬vb cvIqv hvqwb| ‰B Dw«¿`wU meÆc^É g
1957 mvGj KÝevRvGii WzjvnvRiv ebvçj ˆ^GK msMÉn Kiv nq| 20 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
gwÍÏKv SuvwS: gwÍÏKv SuvwS Dw«¿`wUi ŠeævwbK bvg Aldrovanda K evGqvgvm ev Rxewcí nGjv ˆKvGbv ‰KwU BGKvwmGÕ¡Ggi ‰KwU
vesiculosa Linn. ‰es ˆMvò Droseraceae| ‰wU ‰KwU RjR Dw«¿` wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq AewÕ©Z mKj ŠReeÕ§i ˆgvU fi ev cwigvGYi
‰es cZãfzK Dw«¿`| evsjvG`Gk meÆc^É g 1974 mvGj ivRkvnxi wnmve|
cwUqv DcGRjvi ‰KwU wej ˆ^GK ‰wU msMÉn Kiv nq| ‰ici Pjb L evGqvWvBfviwmwUi Dcv`vbmgƒnGK ZvG`i gƒj evmÕ©vb ev
wej (cvebv) ˆ^GKI ‰Kevi msMÉn Kiv nGqwQj| ‰ici AvR chƯ¦ cÉvK‡wZK Õ¼vfvweK cwiGeGki evBGi euvwPGq ivLvB nGjv ‰ÝwmUz
Avi ‰B Dw«¿` msMÉn Kiv hvqwb| KbRviGfkb| ˆevUvwbKÅvj MvGWÆb, wmW eÅvsK, wdΣ wRb eÅvsK,
N DóxcGK ewYÆZ cÉK͸wU DcK„jxq ebvçj I meyR ˆeÓ¡bx cÉK͸ BbwfGëv Dcvq BZÅvw` c«¬wZGZ ‰ÝwmUz KbRviGfkb Kiv nq|
hv cÉvK‡wZK `yGhÆvM nGZ ebvçjGK iÞv Kivi ˆÞGò ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv M DóxcGK AvGjvwPZ AskwU kwÚi wcivwgW mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ˆ`q|
cvjb KGi| cÉvK‡wZK AeÕ©vGbi KviGYB evsjvG`k ‰KwU SocÉeY ‰KwU BGKvwmGÕ¡Ggi wbw`ÆÓ¡ ‰jvKvGZ ‰es wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgqKvGj wewf®²
‰jvKv| cÉwZeQi mvgyw`ËK RGjvœQ¾vm, wmWi, UGbÆGWv BZÅvw` Lv`ÅÕ¦Gii Rxe KZ‡ÆK eÅen†Z ˆgvU kwÚi wnmve Abyhvqx AwâZ
DcK„jxq ˆRjvmgƒGn A^Ævr `wÞYvçGji ˆRjvmgƒGn AvNvZ nvGb| bKkvGK kwÚi wcivwgW ejv nq| mvaviYZ ˆKvGbv BGKvwmGÕ¡Ggi
‰i dGj eÅvcK cÉvY ‰es mÁ·`nvbx NGU| mgyG`Ëi Pi I «¼xc
‰K eMÆwgUvi ‰jvKv ‰es ‰K eQi mgqKvGji ‰KK wnGmGe
‰jvKv ejGZ ˆMGj mÁ·ƒYÆ AiwÞZ| AvgvG`i ‰ weÕ¦xYÆ ‰jvKvGK
eÅen†Z kwÚi wnmve Kiv nq| ˆKvGbv BGKvwmGÕ¡Ggi ‰K eMÆ wgUvi
cÉvK‡wZK ‰me `yGhÆvGMi nvZ ˆ^GK iÞv Kivi ‰KwU Awfbe Dcvq
nGjv DcK„jxq meyR ˆeÓ¡bx m†wÓ¡KiY| ‰jvKvi ‰K eQi mgqKvGj cÉ^g Lv`ÅÕ¦Gii Rxe Z^v Drcv`K ˆh
meyR ˆeÓ¡bx mybvgx ev RGjvœQ¾vGmi MwZ, cÉPíZv I DœPZv eüjvsGk cwigvY kwÚ msMÉn KGi, Zv w«¼Zxq Õ¦Gii msM†nxZ kwÚ Z‡Zxq Õ¦Gii
KwgGq ˆ`q| ‰wU cÉvK‡wZK wechÆGqi ÞwZi cwigvY KwgGq w`Gq Rxe KZ‡ÆK msM†nxZ kwÚ ˆ^GK ˆewk| Avevi w«¼Zxq Õ¦Gii msM†nxZ
Ni-evwo I AbÅvbÅ mÁ·` iÞv KGi| ‰Qvov ‰wU RGjvœQ¾vGmi mgq kwÚ Z‡Zxq Õ¦Gii Rxe KZ‡ÆK msM†nxZ kwÚ ˆ^GK ˆewk| PZz^Æ Õ¦Gii
fvUvi UvGb gvbyl I c÷cvwLGK ˆfGm hvIqv ˆ^GK iÞv KGi| Rxe meGPGq Kg kwÚ eÅenvi KGi| kwÚi wcivwgGW cÉwZ
evmÕ©vb Mfxi cvwbGZ ZwjGq ˆMGj gvbyl meyR ˆeÓ¡bxi ‰me Lv`ÅÕ¦Gii evGqvgvGm kwÚi cwigvY wbG`Æk KGi|
MvGQi Dci DGV AvñiÞv KiGZ cvGi| ZvQvov meyR ˆeÓ¡bxGZ
jvMvGbv e†Þ ˆ^GK gvbyl R¾vjvwb KvV, Lvevi I AbÅvbÅ mvgMÉx ˆcGZ
cvGi| meyR ˆeÓ¡bxGZ jvMvGbv e†Þgƒj f„wgÞq ˆiva KGi| Avevi ˆmG´ŸÈvwgqvi
‰i…c ebvqb ebR mÁ·` e†w«¬ KGi, `vwi`Ë weGgvPb ‰es
Av^ÆmvgvwRK D®²qGb f„wgKv ivGL| ‰wU wewf®² cÉKvi cÉvYx I cvwLi
AvevmÕ©j wnGmGe KvR KGi| weGkl KGi meyR ˆeÓ¡bx cÉK͸ 2q Õ¦Gii Lv`K 1%
cÉK‡wZGK meyR I kxZj KGi ‰es cÉvK‡wZK ˆmŒ±`hÆ evwoGq chÆUGb 1g mvwii Lv`K 10%
ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ Ae`vb ivLGZ cvGi| Avevi ‰wU ˆgvnbv AçGj AGbK
mvgyw`ËK RxeGMvÓ¤xi RbÅ cywÓ¡i Drm wnGmGe KvR KGi| ‰Qvov Drcv`K 100%
‰aiGbi cÉK͸ cwiGeGki fvimvgÅ iÞv KGi| ZvQvov cÉvK‡wZK
ˆmŒ±`hÆ e†w«¬ KGi chÆUGb chÆUKG`i AvK‡Ó¡ KGi| mGeÆvcwi ‰ wPò: kwÚi wcivwgW
aiGbi meyR ˆeÓ¡bx cÉK͸ DcK„jxq BGKvwmGÕ¡gGK mymsnZ ivGL| N bxjvi eo ˆevGbi ˆ`Lv gƒjwU nGjv b™²exRx Dw«¿G`i ˆKvivjGqW
DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbv nGZ ejv hvq, cÉvK‡wZK `yGhÆvGMi nvZ ˆ^GK gƒj| cÉv^wgK chÆvGq Cycas ‰i cÉavb gƒj bÓ¡ nGq hvq| cGi
mÁ·` ‰es cÉvYnvwb nËvm Kievi RbÅ meyR ˆeÓ¡bx cÉK͸wU ‰KwU ˆmLvb ˆ^GK AÕ©vwbK gƒj m†wÓ¡ nq| AÕ©vwbK gƒj KLGbv KLGbv
PgrKvi Dcvq| gvwUi wVK wbGP e†w«¬ cvq| ˆmLvGb f„wgZGji Ici AmsLÅ LvGUv
cÉk
² 20 bxjv ˆjGKi cvGo eGm AvGQ| nVvr Zvi ˆPvGL cGo «¼ÅvMÉ kvLvi m†wÓ¡ KGi| f„wgi DcwiZGj «¼ÅvMÉ kvLvwewkÓ¡ ‰ mKj
AGbKàGjv ˆQvU gvQ cvwbi wbGP wKQy Dw«¿`GK wNGi muvZvi KvUGQ gƒj ‰K cÉKvi eÅvKGUwiqv «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nq| gƒGji gaÅ
‰es wKQyÞY cici H Dw«¿`àGjvGZ ˆVvKi w`GœQ| A`ƒGi ‰KwU eÅvKGUwiqvi e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ bxjvf meyR Škevj Nostoc,
gvQivOv eGm AvGQ| bxjvi eo ˆevb wkÞv mdGi wMGq ˆ`GL ‰KwU Anabaena «¼viv AvKÌv¯¦ nq| dGj AvKÌv¯¦ gƒjàGjv Õ¼vfvweK mi‚ bv
cvg RvZxq MvGQi ˆMvovi Pvwiw`GK gvwUi Dci mvgyw`ËK ˆKvivGji nGq weK‡Z AvK‡wZ aviY KGi| ˆm KviGY mvgyw`ËK ˆKvivGji gGZv
gGZv wKQy QovGq AvGQ| wkÞK ejGjb, ‰àGjv H MvGQiB gƒj| ˆ`Lvq| ‰gb gƒjGK ˆKvivjGqW gƒj ev i‚U wUDeviKj eGj|
ˆevWÆ cixÞvi cÉGk²vîi 83

cÉk
² 21 Av¯¦RÆvwZK LÅvwZmÁ·®² `yRb MGelK Rxe‹ewPòÅ wbGq cÉRbb KGi ^vGK| b`x, wej, nvIi evIi ev LvGji MfxiZg
MGelYv KiGQb| 1g MGelK cÉvK‡wZK cwiGekGK KvGR jvwMGq AskàGjvGZ grmÅ AfqvkÉg ŠZwi Kiv nq ZvB ‰KB RjvkGq
‰es 2q MGelK gvbylm†Ó¡ eÅeÕ©vcbv KvGR jvwMGq msiÞGYi ‰KvwaK grmÅ AfqvkÉg ^vGK| grmÅ AfqvkÉg ˆgŒmygx A^ev
ˆKŒkj AvweÓ•vGii ˆPÓ¡v KiGQb| Õ©vqx nGZ cvGi| ˆhgb- cÉwZeQi ˆfvjv, ewikvj, Puv`cyi,
K. dvGgÆG´Ÿkb Kx? 1 jßxcyi, kwiqZcyGii eo eo b`xàGjvGZ Bwjk gvGQi
L. BgvmKzGjkb ejGZ Kx eyS? 2 cÉRbbKvjxb mgq AfqvkÉg ŠZwi Kiv nq| Avevi evBØv wej
M. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ 1g MGelGKi msiÞGYi c«¬wZi I Uvãyqvi nvIi Õ©vqx grmÅ AfqvkÉg|
weÕ¦‡wZ DGÍÏL Ki| 3
vi. wek¼ HwZnÅ: BDGbGÕ•v KZ‡ÆK weGk¼i wewf®² ˆ`Gki cÉvK‡wZK ev
N. 2q MGelGKi mvG^ 1g MGelGKi msiÞY c«¬wZi myweav
I Amyweavàwj weGkÏlY Ki| 4 HwZnvwmKfvGe LÅvwZmÁ·®² ‰jvKvGK wek¼mÁ·` wnGmGe ˆNvlYv
wkLbdj-14 I 15 [e. ˆev. 2015] Kiv nq| my±`ieGbi 3wU ebÅcÉvYx AfqviYÅGK 1997 mvGj
21 bs cÉGk²i Dîi wek¼ HwZnÅ wnGmGe ˆNvlYv Kiv nGqGQ|
K ˆKvGli evBGi AwÝGRGbi AbycwÕ©wZGZ ™ÏyGKvR AYy vii. ˆMg wiRvfÆ: ‰gb ‰KwU cÉvK‡wZK msiwÞZ ‰jvKv ˆhLvGb
AmÁ·ƒYÆfvGe RvwiZ nGq AÅvjGKvnj ev jÅvKwUK AÅvwmW m†wÓ¡ I ebÅcÉvYxi msLÅv e†w«¬ mGî½I duv` w`Gq ebÅ cÉvYx aiv ev gviv
A͸ cwigvY kwÚ Drcv`b cÉwKÌqvB nGjv dvGgÆG´Ÿkb| wbwl«¬| ˆhgb- ˆUKbvd ˆMg wiRvfÆ|
L ˆKvb Dw«¿G`i cysGKkiàGjvGK e®¬ÅvKiY ev AKvhÆKi KivGK  N DóxcGKi 2q MGelGKi Rxe‹ewPòÅ msiÞGY gvbem†Ó¡
BgvÕ•zGjkb eGj| ˆh cyÓ·GK gvZ‡cyÓ· wnGmGe aiv nq Zv hw`
eÅeÕ©vcbvi mvG^ 1g MGelGKi cÉvK‡wZK msiÞY c«¬wZi myweav
Dfwjã nq ZvnGj BgvÕ•zGjkb Kiv nq| cwicÛ nevi AvGMB
cyÓ· ˆ^GK cysGKki mwiGq ˆdjvGK BgvÕ•zGjkb ejv nq| Amyweav DfqB iGqGQ| wbGP Zv weGkÏlY Kiv nGjv :
BgvÕ•zGjkGbi dGj Õ¼civMvqb NUGZ cvGi bv| myweavi ˆÞGò cÉ^Gg ejv hvq, 1g MGelGKi cÉvK‡wZK msiÞY
M DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ 1g MGelK cÉvK‡wZK cwiGekGK KvGR c«¬wZi ˆÞGò 2q MGelGKi gvbe m†Ó¡ msiÞY c«¬wZi Zzjbvq
jvwMGq Rxe‹ewPòÅ msiÞY KiGZ DG`ÅvM MÉnY KGiGQb| ‰aiGbi A^Æ, kÉg I mgq Kg jvGM| ‰Qvov cÉvK‡wZK msiÞY c«¬wZi ˆÞGò
msiÞY nGjv BbwmUz msiÞY| BbwmUz msiÞY ejGZ ˆKvGbv cÉRvwZ ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ BGKvwmGÕ¡Ggi Õ¼vfvweK MwZkxjZv AÞz®² ^vGK hv
cÉK‡wZ ev evGqvwÕ¹qvGii ˆh AeÕ©vb I cwiGeGk R¯Ãvq ZvGK ˆmB gvbem†Ó¡ msiÞY cÉwKÌqvq webÓ¡ nq| ZvQvov cÉvK‡wZK msiÞY
AeÕ©vGbB msiÞY KivGK ˆevSvq| ‰GÞGò eyGbv cÉRvwZ ‰es
c«¬wZGZ RxGei evmÕ©vGb weeZÆbxq cÉwKÌqv Pvjy ^vGK, hv gvbe m†Ó¡
cÉvK‡wZK BGKvwmGÕ¡gàGjv msiÞY Kiv nq| ‰aiGbi msiÞGYi
cÉwKÌqvq bÓ¡ nq| Avevi 2q MGelGKi msiÞY c«¬wZGZ
weÕ¦‡wZ wbÁ²i…c
i. RvZxq D`Åvb: cÉvK‡wZK BGKvwmGÕ¡Gg Dw«¿` I cÉvYx mÁ·G`i wiKÅvjwmUÇÅv´Ÿ exR m†wÓ¡Kvix Dw«¿G`i msiÞY, msKUvc®² cÉRvwZi
meÆvãxY iÞvi RbÅ RxeR¯§ I MvQcvjvi Õ¼vfvweK wbevGmi ZvwjKvfzwÚKiY, ‰es ˆdÑvivi wem` AaÅqb Kiv mÁ¿e, hv 1g
wekvj Açj msiÞY Kiv nGj Zv RvZxq D`Åvb eGj cwiwPZ MGelGKi msiÞY c«¬wZGZ mÁ¿e bq|
nq| evsjvG`Gki KGqKwU RvZxq D`Åvb nGjv- fvIqvj RvZxq AbÅw`GK AmyweavàGjvi ˆÞGò ejv hvq, Rxe‹ewPòÅ msiÞGYi
D`Åvb, wngQwo RvZxq D`Åvb cÉf‡wZ|
ˆÞGò gvbe m†Ó¡ msiÞY c«¬wZi Zzjbvq 1g MGelGKi cÉvK‡wZK
ii. BGKvcvKÆ: chÆUKG`i AvKlÆY Kivi gGZv cÉvK‡wZK ‰jvKvi
cwiGek msiÞY I Õ©vbxq evwm±`vG`i mvweÆKgvb D®²qGbi msiÞY c«¬wZi RbÅ wekvj f„-LG´£i `iKvi nq ‰es f„wgÞq,
jGÞÅ MwVZ BGKvjwRKÅvj cvKÆGK msGÞGc BGKvcvKÆ eGj| f„wgam I `yGhÆvM cÉeY ‰jvKvqI BbwmUz c«¬wZ DcGhvMx bq|
ˆhgb- gvaeKzí BGKvcvKÆ, gaywUjv BGKvcvKÆ cÉf‡wZ| ‰Qvov ˆhme Dw«¿G`i ˆhŒb cÉRbGbi ÞgZv ˆbB ‰es hviv AwZ
iii. mvdvwi cvKÆ: mvdvwi cvKÆ ‰K aiGbi msiwÞZ ebf„wg ˆhLvGb wec®² AeÕ©vq AvGQ ZvG`iGK cÉvK‡wZK c«¬wZGZ msiÞY mÁ¿e
ebÅ cÉvYxiv bƒÅbZg cÉvK‡wZK cwiGeGk iwÞZ ^vGK, gyÚfvGe bq| ‰GÞGò gvbe m†Ó¡ msiÞY c«¬wZ AZů¦ Ri‚wi| ZvQvov 1g
wePiY KGi ‰es cÉRbGbi myGhvM cvq| ˆhgb WzjvnvRiv MGelGKi msiÞY c«¬wZGZ AvaywbK cÉhywÚ cÉGqvM Kiv hvq bv,
eãe®¬y mvdvwi cvKÆ| ˆhLvGb 2q MGelGKi msiÞY c«¬wZGZ mnGR cÉGqvM Kiv hvq|
iv. AfqviYÅ: ˆh msiwÞZ AçGj eyGbv MvQ-cvjvi mvG^ wbw`ÆÓ¡
Avevi 1g MGelGKi cÉvK‡wZK msiÞY c«¬wZ `xNÆ ˆgqv`x myweav
weGkl wKQy ebÅ cÉRvwZi cÉvYx iÞYvGeÞGYi eÅeÕ©v ^vGK Zv
cÉ`vb KGi bv, ˆhLvGb 2q MGelGKi c«¬wZGZ `xNÆGgqvw` myweav
nGjv AfqviYÅ| ˆhgb- cvejvLvwj ebÅcÉvYx AfqviGYÅ
wPZvevN, gvqv nwiY, ebQvMj, ˆMGQvweovj, ebÅ ÷Ki, MRÆb, cvIqv hvq|
ˆmàb, PÁ·v, Mvgvix, Avgyi msiÞY Kiv nGqGQ| AZ‰e DcwiDÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ejv hvq Rxe‹ewPòÅ iÞvq 2q
v. grmÅ AfqvkÉg: grmÅ AfqvkÉg nGjv RjvkGqi gGaÅ wbaÆvwiZ MGelGKi gvbe m†Ó¡ msiÞY c«¬wZi Zzjbvq 1g MGelGKi
msiwÞZ ‰jvKv ˆhLvGb gvQ Õ©vqx AvkÉq cvq ‰es cÉvK‡wZK cÉvK‡wZK msiÞY c«¬wZGZ myweav I Amyweav Dfq iGqGQ|