Build
Build
With this project you should be able to build your own power supply unit for these
systems. Please note that this is not a direct copy of the existing power supply
designs. While it is based on the same principles, the design itself was created from
ground up by myself. There are quite some differences in this design compared to the
existing ones, mainly in an attempt to hopefully make the whole circuitry simpler.
The supply is basically a RF generator at a fixed frequency, 13.56 MHz in this case,
where the feedback loop of the DC supply of the final stage includes the actual RF
output/reflected measurement to ensure that the output stage is not damaged when a
mismatch occurs. The cartridges work by RF induction into a special alloy which, at a
fixed temperature, loses its ability to have energy induced magnetically. When that
Curie point is reached, a mismatch of the RF load (the cartridge) will occur, and most
of the RF energy is reflected back into the output stage. With fixed-power output
stages this would lead to the destruction of the output stage. However, in these units
here the RF power is reduced as soon as the mismatch occurs to prevent this from
happening.
IC1 on this board is the DC/DC buck converter that provides the DC voltage to the
output stage. Between L4 and L5 the peak voltage of the RF signal is picked up by
the circuitry on the lower-left on page 3 of the circuit diagrams. That circuitry is just
a simple peak detector. It's output is buffered by one of IC3's op amps, and then fed
back, through a series resistor, into the feedback pin of IC1. So what this combination
does is effectively trying to provide a constant peak voltage at the junction between
L4 and L5. At power up pretty much all the RF energy is consumed by the tip
cartridge. Once it reaches its design temperature, that RF energy is reflected back into
the supply. This will lead to an increasing peak voltage seen by the peak-detector. In
the end, the output of the op amp rises as well, causing a higher voltage at IC1's
feedback input. This in turn will cause IC1 to decrease its output voltage, and thus the
voltage seen by the peak detector: the feedback loop is complete.
Another important part of the circuit is the detection of the tip cartridge. This is
accomplished by the circuitry in the lower-right of page 3 of the circuit diagrams. The
tip cartridge has a very low DC resistance. This part of the circuit sends a small DC
current through the tip, which will effectively pull the gate of Q1 to ground, thus Q1
is switched off. If the tip is removed Q1 is now switched on by the pullup resistor
R21. Basically, L6 blocks the RF AC voltage, whereas R20 and C41 provide a
low-pass filter that adds a tiny delay to debounce the resulting signal.
A useful extra in this circuit is the SWR bridge. This provides a detection of the
forward and reflected RF energies which in turn can be evaluated by external
circuitry to provide finer control of the system. However, this part is somewhat
optional and not required for the basic operation of the supply.
The circuit is designed to include some failsafe and protection points. For example, I
included a bunch of 5.6 V Zener diodes. Normally they would do nothing. But in case
something fails, they should provide some basic protection against overvoltage at the
inputs of the parts on the 5 V rail, mainly the op amp and whatever circuitry follows
that.
Another difference to the original units is the driver part of the output FET. While the
originals use another FET as driver, I decided to use the ISL55110 FET driver chip
from Intersil. It is a tiny chip, designed to drive a FET with sufficient current, at high
frequencies. I also created a much smaller and simpler oscillator circuit. The
originals, at least the older ones, use a full 7404 chip and crystal to form the
oscillator. However, there is the SN74LVC1GX04 available from Texas Instruments,
which is basically just a '04, but condensed down into a small SOT23-6 package and
internally wired for operation as an oscillator. To this I connected a small 5.0 x 3.2
mm SMD 13.56 MHz crystal, plus the required feedback and series resistor, as well
as the load capacitances for the crystal.
Generally I tried to use parts that are easy to solder by hand. Passives are not smaller
than 0805, for example. As for the part values and tolerances, for some parts it is
important to have the exact same specs that I will give in the part lists, for others
there is quite some leeway. For example the voltage rating of the bulk capacitor at the
input of the DC/DC buck converter. This obviously depends on what you decide to
use to power it with. I used 50 V spec'd stuff there, just to be on the safe side. But you
are welcome to change that, if you must.
I will mark the important parts with a *, to indicate that the specs of those parts are
important. I will also add some commentary about what parts are optional. For
example, if you don't need the SWR bridge stuff, you can leave those parts out.
However, in that case a low-Ohm resistor should be connected between the op amp
inputs and GND instead of the small capacitors.
Considering this, I will not give a single, complete part list for the whole board.
Instead I will provide partial part lists with each section that will be explained in the
instructions below, together with some comments on those parts.
There are a few toroids that need to be wound with magnet wire (that is, enameled
copper wire) between 0.7 and 0.8 mm in diameter.
You also need a 50 Ohm, non-inductive dummy load. It should be a 50 Watts type,
one of these things that is used by radio hams, for example. This we will use to
provide a basic load to the buck converter during assembly, as well as load to the RF
output later on.
You need a decent soldering iron with tips suitable for SMD soldering, plus a larger
hoof tip to solder the buck regulator thermal pad to the PCB.
What gender the connector SV1 has is up to you. You can use a pin header here and
plug a flat-ribbon cable plus connector onto it, or you can use a socket header and
plug in the controlling board into that, in case you want to stack the two boards. The
reason to use a socket header (female) in case of a stacked configuration is because
you can get long THT pin headers, but not long socket headers.
The very first part to solder in is IC1, using a large hoof tip. This is because we need
to solder its thermal pad as well, and other parts would be in the way otherwise. First
we need to fill the vias on the PCB in the area that the thermal pad should be soldered
to. Also we tin the thermal pad of IC1 a bit. Here are two images of the areas of
interest, one before and one after tinning/filling:
Add enough solder to the area on the PCB so that it slightly bulges, then clean off the
flux residues on the PCB and the chip. The idea here is that when the chip is placed, it
will be slightly tilted when from the side. We also tack-on the chip at the two
outermost pins:
Now flip over the PCB, preferably on a hard surface. Add plenty of solder to the area
where the thermal vias are. Now apply pressure with your fingers, above and below
that area. With the other hand put the hoof tip into the tinned area. Move the tip
around over the whole area for a while. The idea is that the vias, filled with solder,
will conduct the heat to the other side and melt the solder there. Due to the applied
pressure it will then solder IC1 flat on, giving a good thermal contact between its
thermal pad and the copper of the PCB. Check from the side that the chip is really flat
on. If needed repeat the procedure. Ance all is OK, use some desolder wick and
remove excess solder, so that you have virtually no bulging in that area anymore.
Then clean off the flux residues, flip the board over again and solder on the remaining
pins:
Now solder in the remaining parts, L1 and L2 first because their pads would be hard
to reach later on. Add C7 and C8 next. Now all the small SMD passives around IC1,
followed by C1. Finally solder the connector SV1 in place.
Now it's time for the first test. You need a +30 V and a +5 V supply, as well as the 50
Ohm dummy load. Connect the dummy load between the output side of L2 (which
goes into XFMR1) and GND. For that you can temporarily solder it to the GND pad
of FET1 and the proper pad of XFMR1. Solder some temporary wiring to the
following pads of SV1: 10/12 for GND, 14/16 for +30 V and 1 for +5 V. First apply
the +30 V and measure at the output of L2. There should be no voltage, since IC1's
enable pin is pulled low. Now apply +5 V to pin 1 of SV1. This will enable IC1, and
you should see around 11.7 V at the output of L2. Leave the dummy load connected
for now, we need it again in the next step.
If all that works out OK the next section can be assembled. If not, recheck your solder
work, the part values, etc.
The next section is the op amp and its surroundings, shown in the image below:
At a bare minimum IC3, R19, R23, R24, C42 and either the combination R33/R34 or
the trimpot R25 are needed. These parts generate the feedback voltage that is fed into
the buck converter in accordance with the peak detectors output. The op amp used in
this stage has a voltage offset defined by R33/R34 or R25. Usually half the supply
voltage of IC3 is OK, as provided with R34/R35. But if you want to play around a bit
with the feedback loops behaviour, go for the adjustable version using R25 instead.
The trimpots used are multiturn, and normally THT parts. To make them SMD parts
just bend out the pins accordingly, and shorten them. R23/R24 define the gain of this
stage. If you want to experiment you can tweak these values to get a more or less
aggressive regulation.
R26/R27 are a voltage divider to sense the output of the buck converter. It is
smoothed a bit by C43, and limited to 5.6 V by Zener D10. This section is optional. It
is useful if you want to detect load changes, or generally want to have that info
available to the controller circuit. R28 decouples the output a bit in case of capacitive
loads there. If you place a 100n capacitor to GND on the controller board there, it will
provide a small low-pass filtering to give a more stable reading.
If you do not want the voltage reading and/or the SWR functionality, terminate the
then unused op amp inputs to GND. You can do that by replacing C43 with a
low-Ohm resistor for the voltage reading, and doing the same with C36 for the
reflected output of the SWR bridge, and C35 from the next section for the forward
output of the bridge.
Once you have soldered in all the parts for this section, turn R19 fully
counter-clockwise and in case you use R25, adjust it to the middle position (that is,
when powered by +5 V it should give you 2.5 V output at the center pin). Now apply
the +30 V again, as described in the previous section, and at the same time apply +5
V to pins 1 and 5 of SV1.
Now adjust the trimpot R32, next to IC1, so that you get about 22 V at the output of
L2. This sets the maximum possible output voltage that IC1 can generate, except for
the case where you externally feed in some voltage level through the optional R11
described in the previous section. If all works fine, continue with the next section.
This section will provide the RF peak detector, plus some parts of the SWR bridge.
Again, here is an image of the parts used in this section:
All the non-optional parts form the peak detector. The optional parts are for the
forward detection of the SWR bridge.
The 56p/500V caps are the same that will be used in the output filter section later on.
Nothing to test here, so just recheck that everything soldered correctly and proceed to
the next section.
This section contains the tip-detection circuitry, as well as a few parts for the optional
SWR bridge. These are the parts in question:
R12/C34/D3 are part of the SWR bridge for the reflected power detection. These can
be omitted if you do not want that feature.
To test the tip detection connect a LED plus suitable current limiting resistor between
pin 5 (+5V) and pin 8 (tip detection output, open drain to GND) of SV1. Apply +5V
to pin 5 (and GND on either of the pins 9, 10, 11, 12 of SV1). The LED should now
light up. Shorten the two pads of the RF output, the LED should now turn off.
R8/R9 are in series between the driver outputs and the FET gate. This limits the
current used to drive the FET and also spreads the load over the two outputs that the
ISL provides. R10 is a safeguard that turns off the output FET in case IC2 fails. It
does not, however, prevent havoc if IC2 fails with the outputs high.
Since the driver is so small, but has to deliver quite some current (albeit only for
rather short spikes), it would be a good idea to provide at least a minimal thermal
coupling to the PCB. Unfortunately this package does not have a thermal pad. You’ll
want to place a small dab of non-conductive thermal compound at the place where
IC2 is located. Don't use too much compound, it should not squeeze out onto the pads
when you push down the chip to solder it in place.
Alright, now that this is done we go to the next section, the RF output filter.
Now the second last section, RF output transformer and filter. And of course again an
image of that section:
First we will wind the output transformer. It has a bifilar winding of 13 turns (which
actually makes it two windings of 13 turns each). For this you need about 80 cm of
magnet wire with 0.7 to 0.8 mm diameter. Stretch the wire a bit to even out any kinks
it may have. Now fold it in the middle. Next is to twist these two strands. You should
aim for 2-3 twists per cm. It is important that it is really twisted, and not one wire
wound around the straight other. Here is an image of how the twisting should look
like:
Now take the FT82-61 ferrite core and place a first, tight winding on it, like this:
Next place the toroid between your thumb and index finger, so that your fingers are
placed on the outer rim and the center of the core is open, with the thumb pressing the
first turn against the toroid. Now thread the longer end of the twisted wire through the
opening of the core and firmly pull on it to have it tightly wound around the core.
Rotate the core a bit so that your thumb is now placed onto the new winding.
Repeat these steps until you have placed 13 turns onto the core. Try to have them
roughly even-spaced. Bend the ends of the wire so that they go straight down. On the
outer rim you should now count 13 turns. You can move around the winding a bit to
get them more evenly spaced. The end result should look like this:
Now cut the longer end to the same length as the smaller end, and untwist both up to
the toroid. Remove the isolation at the last 5 or 10 mm of the wire ends, it's ok to
have it removed on only one side of the wire, no need yet to remove it all around.
Take a multimeter and find out which ends belong to which winding. The end of one
winding needs to be twisted together with the beginning of the second one, this will
become the center-tap. Here is an image where i have placed some markers:
The leftmost wire from the bottom is the start of one winding, it's end on the leftmost
side of the top. Same with the second winding. This is the arrangement you should
prepare. You may need to untwist one end half a turn, chances are 50:50 to get it right
on spot with the first measurement ;)
Now bend the beginning of the second winding (green dot on the left) and end of the
second (red dot on the right) upward, and the end of the first winding (green dot on
the right) downward. Remove the insulation of these four wires all around now. I use
a sharp knife to do so. The result should look like this when viewed from the bottom:
Twist together the upper two wires. Then tin the twisted pair as well as the other two
single wires. Cut them to the proper length, and bend them in the required way. You
should now end up with something that looks like this:
Next the filter coils are wound onto their toroids. The winding method is the same as
for the transformer, only that a single wire is used now instead of a twisted one.
L3 has 11 turns on the T80-6 toroid. This means you should end up with counting 13
windings on the outer rim of the core. L4 is 14 turns on a T50-6 toroid, and L5 is 10
turns on another T50-6 toroid. Again, remove the insulation at the ends, tin them and
bend them in the proper way.
Here is an image of how these toroids should look like in the end, From left to right is
L3, L4 and L5:
The coils and the transformer should probably be glued down with some dabs of
epoxy glue or similar. You don't really need to if you don't plan on moving the unit
around or dropping it. However, if they are not glued down you risk tearing them off
in case of a shock or lots of vibration.
Now to the final part of the assembly, putting in the IRF510 FET. The original idea
was to mount the whole PCB flat centered onto a 100 mm x 100 mm heatsink. So that
is what I describe here.
Drill 2.5 mm holes at the proper places in the heatsink and cut 3 mm threads into
them. If, like me, you don't really trust the long-term stability of the solder-stop, you
may want to use some very thin adhesive film and stick that over the few traces that
exists on the bottom side of the PCB. Alternatively you could also use a heat-transfer
pad over the whole area. In that case you don't need to use the mica disc, thermal
compound and isolating washer to mount the FET.
Now mount the PCB onto the heatsink, but first put a dab of thermal compound
where the buck regulator and FET driver is (if you don't use the transfer-pad, that is).
What you use to mount it depends on what you want to use to control it. You can use
simple M3 screws, or use 25 mm long hex standoffs in case you want to build it
sandwich-like, as I did. Those standoffs have an outer thread on one end, and an inner
thread on the other. If you plan to use my supply/controller board design and place
the bulk capacitors there at the bottom side, use 30 mm long standoffs instead.
Now shorten the legs of the FET about 2 mm, and bend the ends downward a bit. The
pins are to be soldered onto the pads onto the PCB, with the FET itself placed in the
square opening. Add a thin layer of thermal compound on the exposed part of the
heatsink in that square. Put a mica disk for a TO220 package there. Then add a thin
film of thermal compound on the backside of the FET. Put it in place and put an
isolating washer, used to mount TO220 packages, into the FET's mounting hole. Now
screw it down tightly with a M3 screw. Solder the pins onto their respective pads.
Next step is doing the adjustment of the output stage. To do so connect the 50 Ohm
dummy load to the RF output. The dummy load really must be non-inductive. You
can not use a big wire-wound resistor for this! It should be able to handle up to 50
watts for a while. If you don't have access to a suitable dummy load, for example
through a friend who is into CB or ham radio, you have to build one yourself. Just
search the net, there are plenty of instructions on how to cheaply make such a dummy
load.
Now you need to apply all three voltages at once onto SV1. +5 V to pin 5, +12 V to
pin 7, GND to pins 9, 10, 11 and 12, and +30 V to pins 13, 14, 15 and 16. The 5 V
rail only needs a few mA, it only drives the oscillator, the input side of the driver, the
op amp, voltage divider and some pull-up resistors. The 12 V rail needs a few
hundred mA, since it is used by the driver to drive the FET. For the +30 V you need a
few amperes, but not more than 3 A total. Apply these voltages at once, but leave pin
1 of SV1 unconnected.
A word of caution: Voltages well in excess of 100 volts will appear in the output
filter stage, and at the RF output it will go over 100 volts as well. Be very careful
here!
Verify that all the voltages are OK. Turn R19 to all the way clockwise until the end.
Now connect pin 1 of SV1 to +5 V. This will now enable the buck regulator and the
driver. A few hundred milliamperes should be drawn on the +30 V rail now. Adjust
R19 counter-clockwise so that the output voltage at L2, which goes into XFMR1,
comes up to about 21 V.
If you can not reach that point, you have to check and double check that all the
soldering is OK, that you used the right parts in the right places, that the coils and the
transformer are wound correctly, and that they are soldered well to the board. Also
check that the FET is OK and not damaged (for example accidentally due to static
discharge). A scope will be helpful to check the various stages from oscillator to RF
output.
That's it. Connect your handpiece or tweezers, or whatever suitable, to the F type
socket. Insert the cartridge you want and turn it on. After a few seconds you are ready
to solder. Of course it can't hurt to put the whole thing into a metal enclosure. Make
sure it is well shielded!
The follow up part on all this will be about the supply/controller board i designed for
this unit. However, that one is optional, you can use whatever you want to control this
board and generate the required voltages.
Have fun,
Chris