RANDOM SAMPLING

Random sampling is a way of

selecting a sample of
observations from a population in
order to make inferences about
the population.
Random sampling is also
known as probability
sampling.
Population is the
complete and
entire collection
of elements.
 The population refers to the whole group
under study or investigation. In research, the
population does not always refer to people.
It may mean a group containing elements
of anything you want to study, such as
objects, events, organizations, countries,
species, organisms, etc.
SAMPLE
 A SAMPLE is a subset
taken from a population,
either by random
sampling or
by non-random sampling.
SAMPLE A SAMPLE is a
representation of the
population where it is
hoped that valid
conclusions will be drawn
from the population.
 Statistic is a numerical
measurement describing
certain characteristics of a
sample.
Probability Sampling is a sampling technique
in which sample from a larger population are
chosen using a method based on the theory
of probability. For a participant to be
considered as a probability sample, he/she
must be selected using a random selection.
 Probability
Sampling
Simple random sampling is the most straightforward
approach for getting a random sample. It involves
picking a desired sample size and selecting
observations from a population in such a way that
each observation has an equal chance of selection
until the desired sample size is achieved.
 Probability
Sampling
Lottery sampling is a sampling technique in which
each member of the population has an equal chance of
being selected. An instance of this is when members of
the population have their names represented by small
pieces of paper that are then randomly mixed together
and picked out. In the sample, the members selected
will be included.
 Probability
Sampling
Systematic sampling is a sampling technique in
which members of the population are listed and
samples are selected at intervals called sample
intervals. In this technique, every nth item in the
list will be selected from a randomly selected
starting point.
 Probability
Sampling
For example, if we want to draw a 200 sample
from a population of 6,000, we can select
every 3rd person in the list. In practice, the
numbers between 1 and 30 will be chosen
randomly to act as the starting point.
 Probability
Sampling
Stratified random sampling involves
breaking a population into key
subgroups and obtaining a simple
random sample from each group.
These subgroups (e.g., males under
30, females under 30, males 30 or
over, and females 30 or over) are
called strata.
 Probability
Sampling
Cluster sampling is like stratified random sampling, except
that the population is divided into a large number of
subgroups (e.g., hundreds of thousands of small subgroups);
then some of these subgroups are selected at random, and
simple random samples are then collected within these
subgroups. These subgroups are called clusters.
 Probability
Sampling
Cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as area
sampling and applied on a geographical basis. Generally,
first sampling is performed at higher levels before going
down to lower levels. For example, samples are taken
randomly from the provinces first, followed by cities,
municipalities or barangays, and then from households.
 Probability
Sampling
Multistage sampling uses a combination of different
sampling techniques. For example, when selecting
respondents for a national election survey, we can use the
lottery method first for regions and cities. We can then use
stratified sampling to determine the number of respondents
from selected areas and clusters.
 Non-probability sampling is a sampling
technique in which the researcher selects
samples based on the subjective
judgment of the researcher rather than
random selection.
 Non-Probability
Sampling
Judgmental sampling, also called purposive
sampling or authoritative sampling, is a non-
probability sampling technique in which the
sample members are chosen only on the basis of
the researcher’s knowledge and judgment.
 Non-Probability
Sampling
Convenience sampling refers to approaches where
considerations of simplicity rather than
randomness determine which observations are
selected in a sample (e.g., asking the opinions of
people that you know, rather than a random
selection from the population).
 Non-Probability
Sampling
Convenience Sampling (also called availability
sampling) is a non-probability/non-random sampling
technique used to create sample as per ease of access,
readiness to be a part of the sample, availability at a
given time slot or any other practical specifications of a
particular element.
 Non-Probability
Sampling

Quota Sampling is a non-probability

sampling method in which researchers can
form a sample involving individuals that
represent a population and are chosen
according to traits or qualities.
 Non-Probability
Sampling

Researchers can decide the trait as per which

the sample subset selection will be conducted
so that the sample can be effective in
collecting data that can be generalized to the
entire population.
 Snowball sampling or chain-referral sampling is
defined as a non-probability sampling technique in
which the samples have traits that are rare to find.
This is a sampling technique, in which existing subjects
provide referrals to recruit samples required for a
research study.
 Determine the kind of random
sampling method used in the sample.
1. A researcher polls people
as they walk by on the street.

Convenience Sampling
 Determine the kind of random
sampling method used in the sample.
2. A teachers puts students' names
in a hat and chooses without looking
to get a sample of students.

Simple Random Sampling

 Determine the kind of random
sampling method used in the sample.
3. A student council surveys 100 students
by getting random samples
of 25 freshmen, 25 sophomores, 25 junio
rs, and 25 seniors.

Stratified Random Sampling

 Determine the kind of random
sampling method used in the sample.
4. An airline company wants to survey its
customers one day, so they randomly
select 5 flights that day and survey every
passenger on those flights.

Cluster Random Sampling

 Determine the kind of random
sampling method used in the sample.
5. A principal takes an alphabetized
list of student names and picks a
random starting point. Every 20 ,th

student is selected to take a survey.

Systematic Random Sampling
 Determine the kind of random
sampling method used in the sample.
6. A quality control worker at a
factory selects the first 10 items she
sees as her sample for the day.

Convenience Sampling
 Determine the kind of random
sampling method used in the sample.
7. Each student at a school has a student
identification number. Counselors have a
computer generate 50 random identification
numbers and those students are asked to
take a survey.
Simple Random Sampling
 Determine the kind of random
sampling method used in the sample.
8. A principal orders t-shirts and wants to
check some of them to make sure they were
printed properly. She randomly selects 2 of
the 10 boxes of shirts and checks every shirt
in those 2 boxes.
Cluster Random Sampling
 Determine the kind of random
sampling method used in the sample.
9. A school chooses 3 randomly
selected athletes from each of its
sports teams to participate in a
survey about athletics at the school.
Purposive Sampling
 Determine the kind of random
sampling method used in the sample.
10. While students are lined up for
school pictures, a teacher passes out
th
a survey to every 10 student.

Systematic Random Sampling

 What I Can Do

If you were a researcher and wanted

to conduct a research within your
Barangay, what would it be? What
sampling technique are you going to
use?
Parameter and Statistic
Parameter is a numerical
measurement describing
certain characteristics of a
population.
 A parameter is a descriptive population
measure. It is a measure of the
characteristics of the entire population (a
mass of all the units under consideration
that share common characteristics) based
on all the elements within that population.
Example:
1. All people living in one city, all-male teenagers
worldwide, all elements in a shopping cart, and
all students in a classroom.
2. The researcher interviewed all the students at
a school for their favorite apparel brand.
 Statistic is a numerical
measurement describing
certain characteristics of a
sample.
 Statistic is the number that describes the
sample. It can be calculated and observed
directly. The statistic is a characteristic of a
population or sample group. You will get the
sample statistic when you collect the sample
and calculate the standard deviation and the
mean. You can use sample statistic to draw
certain conclusions about the entire population.
Example:
1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with
the latest health care proposal. Researchers can’t ask
hundreds of millions of people if they agree, so they
take samples or part of the population and calculate
the rest.
2. Researcher interviewed the 70% of covid-19
survivors.
 What I Can Do

In conducting a research, which

measure are you going to use?
Parameter or statistic? Why?