MIRACLE!!!

Chapter 15 The Immune Response In Infectious Disease

Aspergillosis, Blastomycis, Coccidiodomycosis, Crytococcosis, Histoplasmosis,

Sporotrichosis – examples of Fungal infection

Coccidioides immitis –Ag appears in 4-3 days of infection.

–IgG appears in 3-6 months.

Sporotrichosis – disease caused by sporothrix.

HSV-1, HSV-2 – types of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Toxoplasma, other viruses, rubella, CMV, Herpes – stands for TORCH

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) -causative agent of neurologic sequelae of children.

Mental Retardation, Blindness – example disorders of toxoplasma.

Chapter 16 A Primer On Vaccines

Bacillus anthracis - causative agent of anthrax disease.

Cowpox virus – mixed with smallpox virus results in “cross-reactivity”.

Rotavirus – virus that can caused diarrhea in children.

Plasmodium falciparum – most common and harmful parasite in Plasmodium spp.

Dendritic cells - most critical/important in immune response.

- they can present a lot of antigen.

NOTE!!!

 Antigenic drift – gradual immunologically distinct variants

 Antigenic shift – abrupt immunologically distinct variants

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) – only type of leukemia that has available vaccine.

Human PapillomaVirus (HPV) – virus that can cause cervical cancer.

Variolation – Chinese Method in history of vaccines.
- method of scratching the skin and applying pulverized powder from
a smallpox scab.

Chapter 17 Streptococcal Infections

Streptococcus pyogenes – most common causative agent of pharnyngitis, scarlet fever

and wide variety of upper respiratory infections.

M protein - major virulence factor of S. pyogenes.

Streptolysin S – oxygen-stable enzyme, causes beta hemolysis and disrupts selective

permeability of RBC.

Antistreptolysin O – an Ab produce by grp. A strep after 1 year.

Streptocococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome – caused by grp. A strep associated with shock
and organ failure.

Hyaluronidase – spreading factor, breaks down hyaluronic acid.

Necrotizing fasciitis – flesh-eating bacteria, destroys skin and soft tissues.

M serotype –infect the throat appear to be capable of causing rheumatic fever.

Scarlet fever – result in pharyngeal infection with a strain of grp. A strep that produce
erythrogenic toxic, produces scarlet color rash in the skin.

Anti-Dnase B (ADN-B) – Ab appears to be the most reliable measure in recent S.

pyogenes skin infection.

Chapter 18 Syphilis

Treponema pallidum – causative agent of syphilis.

Citrate top – preferred tube used in syphilis testing.

A lipid remnant of damaged cells, cholesterol, and lecithin – cardiolipin components.

Eighth nerve deafness, Keratitis, and Hutchinson’s teeth - hutchisonian triad.

Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly – medium that permits a definitive diagnosis.

Darkfield microscopy – microscopy used in direct examination of syphilis.

Chapter 19 Vector-Borne Diseases

Lyme disease (Lyme Borreliosis) – caused by spirochete bacterium.

Borrelia burgdorferi – causative agent of Lyme Borreliosis.

Ixodes scapularis – vector of lyme disease.

Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) – migration causes the unique expanding skin
lesions.

Parvovirus B19 – causative agent of Lyme arthritis.

Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly – medium that permits a definitive diagnosis.

ELISA – standard test method.

PCR - directly identifies the pathogen instead of measuring the host’s immune
response.

Western Blot Testing – determining the borderline negative or weakly positive results.

Human Ehrlichiosis

Lone star tick (Ambylomma americanum) – major vector for human ehrlichiosis.

Morula – hallmark of ehrlichiosis infection.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever ( RMSF)

Rickettsia rickettsii – organism that can cause Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.

Ixodes Scapularis– vector of RMSF.

PCR testing and Immunohistochemical (IHC) – If the px has rash this method should be
use. Performed on a skin biosy taken from the rash site or on autopsy specimen.

IFA – gold standard serologic test for RMSF.

Babesiosis

Babesia spp. – organisms that can cause babesiosis.

Thick and Thin blood smear - gold standard for identification.

West Nile Virus (WNV)

Flaviviruses – virus caused by WNV

Encephalitis – inflammation of the brain.

Serologic test and Virus Isolation – historical methods used

Mosquitoes – carrier of WNV.

Chapter 20 Toxoplasmosis

Toxolasma gondii – causative agent of toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasmic encephalitis – disease in HIV px with T. gondii.

Infectious Mononucleosis – resemble with the diagnostic findings with toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasma Antibody – serologic testing, used to determine whether a person has been
infected. *Detected diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.

3 IgG Antibody test:

 Sabin-Feldman Dye test – live organism was used. *Gold standard

 IFA – killed organism used
 Avidity test

Tachyzoites – stage of T. gondii that you need to find/see in diagnosis.

Chapter 21 Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Herpes family – virus family of CMV.

Congenital CMV – primary and recurrent maternal CMV infection.

CD8 , CD4 - CMV infection

CD4 - HIV infection

Latent Period – infections characterized by periods of reactivation.

Reactivated – Seropositive

Reinfection – CMV infection of another strain

Kaposi’s sarcoma –

IgG avidity testing – used to measure Ab maturity.

Culture and PCR – preferred method for diagnosis.

Chapter 22 Infectious Mononucleosis (IM)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) – causative agent of IM.

Burkitt’s lymphoma – malignant tumor of the lymphoid tissue.

B lymphocytes – cell lineage infected with EBV

Downey cells –

Infectious Mononucleosis Postperfusions Syndrome – Ex. Blood transfusion. Donor that

has been recently infected will eventually develop immunity. Recipient will have the
immunity too 

Test for Heterophile Ab:

 Forssman
 Paul-bunnel – differentiation and to detect heterophile Ab
 Monospot

Heterophile Antibody – uses beef erythrocytes (absorbs)

Sheep, ox, and horse erythrocytes – animal blood used (reacts)

Indicates Past infection - VCA (Viral Capsid Antigen) IgG positive, EBNA (Epstein-barr
Nuclear Antigen) positive.
Chapter 23 Viral Hepatitis

Hepadnavirus – virus family of Hepatitis B

“Fulminant”– acute infection but severe

40-180 days – long incubation period of Hepa B

Fecal Shedding – virus is present in stool

Coinfection – concurrent infection together/simultaneous with Hepa B and Hepa D

Superinfection – infected with two virus. Hepa B first, followed by Hepa D.

HbsAg – marker for HBV to infect with HDV.

Non-A, Non-B (NANDB) – previous name of Hepatitis C.

Interferon – treatment used to boost up the immunity instead of attacking the Ag.

Note!!!

Antigen (SEC) Antibody (CES)

HbsAg Anti-Hbc – first to be detected (latent

phase- recovering stage)
HbeAg
Anti-Hbe – chronicity
HbcAg – undetectable in the px serum
Anti- HbsAg

Chapter 24 Rubella and Rubeola Infections

Togaviridae- what family does rubella belongs

Morbillivirus – what genus does robeola belongs

Measles, Mumps, Rubella – stands for MMR (vaccine for prevention)

False – pregnant woman (require to be vaccinated)

IgG – 7 - 12 days (antibody levels increase)

Ig M – 7 - 21 days (antibody levels increase)

Note!!!
IgM (-), IgG (+) ---- Immune

IgM (-), IgG (-) ---- Vaccinated

IgM (+) IgG (-) ---- Acute/recent infection

Respiratory secretion – transmission of rubella infection.

Chapter 25 Acquired Immunodefiency Syndrome

gp41, gp120, gp160 - 3 glycoproteins

P24 – major structural protein

Gp 120 – binds to CD4+

CD4 – independent marker of HIV

Kaposi’s Sarcoma - brown patches plaque.

ELISA test – screening test

Western Blot – standard confirmatory test in HIV-1 seropositivity.

Pneumocystis jiroveci – most common fungi to become an opportunistic pathogen.

Note!!!

2 ELISA and 1 Western Blot testing – to confirm HIV (Grave prognostic sign)