Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials

LECTURE 1

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS (1)

1.1 Methods for Solving A Quadratic Equation

We have three methods for solving a quadratic equation. These methods are as follow :
(A) Factorization method
(B) Completing the square method
(C) Quadratic Formula method
We will discuss these three methods for the quadratic equation a ( ) one
by one.

(A) Factorization Method:

Step 1: Find two numbers such that:

Their product is equal to .

Their sum is equal to .
That is, if we call them and , then:

Step 2: Rewrite the middle term as the sum of two terms using and .
Step 3: Factorize the resulting quadratic expression by grouping the terms.

Illustration-1 :
Solve the following quadratic equation by factorisation method : .
Sol. : We have,

or
or,
Thus, and are two roots of the equation

(B) Completing the Square Method

Step 1: If the coefficient of is not 1 , divide the entire equation by a to make it unity:

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Step 2: Move the constant term to the right-hand side:

Step 3: Add the square of half the coefficient of (i.e., ) to both sides:

Step 4: Recognize the left-hand side as a perfect square and simplify the right-hand side:

Step 5: Take the square root on both sides:

Step 6: Solve for by isolating it:

Illustration-2 :
By using the method of completing the square, show that the equation
has no real roots.
Sol.: We have

Clearly, R.H.S. is negative. But, cannot be negative for any real value of .
Hence, the given equation has no real roots.

(C) Quadratic Formula Method:

Step 1: Compare the given quadratic equation with general form of quadratic equation
and identify the values of , and .
Step 2: Compute the discriminant of the quadratic equation.

Step 3: Now find the roots of the equation by the given formula

Remark : If i.e. negative, then is not real and therefore, the

equation does not have any real roots.

Illustration-3 :
Solve the quadratic equation by applying the quadratic formula.
Sol.: Comparing the given equation with , we get and
Therefore,

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Since D is positive, the equation has two roots given by

are the required solutions.

1.2 Relation Between Roots and Coefficients of a Quadratic Equation

Let and be the roots of the quadratic equation:

Then, the roots are given by:

From this, we obtain the following important relations:

Sum of the roots:

Product of the roots:

Illustration-4 :
and are the roots of equation , then find
Sol. : and

1.3 Formation of a Quadratic Equation

A quadratic equation whose roots are and is given by
i.e. (sum of the roots) + product of the roots = 0.

Illustration-5 :
Form the quadratic equation when the roots are and
Sol. : Here roots are and
Sum of roots
and product of the roots

Required equation is
(sum of the roots) + product of the roots = 0
or
or

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials

1.4 Nature of Roots

Roots of the given quadratic equation may be
(i) Real and unequal
(ii) Real and equal
(iii) Imaginary and unequal.
The nature of roots depends upon the discriminant of the given quadratic equation. Consider the
quadratic equation a ( & )
Case-1: When
In this case roots of the given equation are real and distinct. Further,
(a) When and is a not a perfect square of a rational number.
In this case both the roots are irrational and distinct and also they always occur in
conjugate pairs like and .
(b) When and is a perfect square of a rational number.
In this case both the roots are rational and distinct.
Case-2: When
In this case both the roots are real and equal. Also the quadratic expression
is a perfect square of a linear expression.
Case-3: When
In this case both the roots are imaginary and distinct. Also the roots will be complex
conjugate of each other like and .
Remarks:
If and are of the same sign and has a sign opposite to that of as well as , and then
the sum as well as the product of roots is positive and hence both the roots are positive.
If , , are of the same sign and then the sum of the roots is negative but the product of
roots is positive and hence both the roots are negative.

Illustration-6 :
Find the value of so that following quadratic equation has real and equal roots.

Sol. : The given equation

Comparing it with , we get
and
Discriminant,
, roots are real and equal.

Hence,

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Solved Examples

Ex.1 Solve the following quadratic equation .

.
Sol.: Here, Factors of constant term are and .
Also, Coefficient of the middle term =

or
or

Ex.2

Sol.: Let the present ages of Varun and Swati be years and years respectively.
Seven years ago,
years.

Three years hence,

years.

From (i) and (ii) we get

or
is not possible
So,

Ex.3 The roots of the equation are and . Without solving for the roots, find the
value of .

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Sol. :

Ex.4 If one root of the equation (having real roots) is the square of the other
then, find .
Sol.: Let be one root of the given equation
the other root is
Sum of roots
product of roots

Substituting in (1)

Ex.5 For what value of , is a perfect square.

Sol.: The given equation is a perfect square, if its discriminant is zero
i.e.

or .
Hence, the given equation is a perfect square, if or .

Ex.6 The equations and , where is a real number, have exactly

one common root. What is the value of k? [PRMO-2015]
Sol. : Let the common root is Then,

Subtracting the two equations :

for k=-4 , both the equations would be same and both roots will be common.
& for , 1- 4+k = 0 k = 3.

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Ex.7 The real roots of the equation , is/are
Sol. :
Let = y , then

= 16 or = 8 (not possible)

2 2
Ex.8 + px + px + r = 0 then =
Sol. : p &
Now, =

Similarly, =
Hence, Ans. = 1.

Ex.9 If a, b, c are in G.P. then which of the following equations have equal roots
(A) (b c) x2 + (c a)x + (a b) = 0
(B) a(b c) x2 + b(c a)x + c(a b) = 0
(C) (a2 + b2) x2 2b(a + c)x + (b2 + c2) = 0
(D) None of these
Sol. : Here From
(A) D = (c a)2 4 (b c) (a b) = 0
(c + a 2b)2 = 0 a, b, c in A.P.
(B) gives D = [b(c a)]2 4a (b c) c(a b) = 0
(ab + bc 2ac)2 = 0 a, b, c in H.P.
(C) gives D = 4b2 (a + c)2 4 (a2 + b2) (b2 + c2) = 0
4 (b2 ac)2 = 0
a, b, c in G.P.

Key Points :
1. Quadratic formula : The roots of a quadratic equation are given by
.(
2. A quadratic equation has
(i) Two distinct real roots, if
(ii) Two equal roots (i.e., coincident roots), if and
(iii) No real roots if
3. Sum of roots = - coefficient of / coefficient of (i.e., )
Product of roots = constant term / coefficient of . (i.e., )

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Practice for Lecture -1

MCQ / Objective:
(LEVEL I)

Q.1 The number of real solutions of the equation are

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None of these

Q.2 A two digit number is such that the product of its digits is 12. When 9 is added to the number, the
digits interchange their places, find the number.
(A) 62 (B) 34 (C) 26 (D) 43

Q.3 Solve for

(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these

Q.4 If are real then the roots of the equation

are
(A) Real and equal (B) Complex (C) Real and unequal (D) None of these

Q.5 If one of the roots of the quadratic equation having rational coefficients is , then find the
quadratic equation.
(A) (B)
(C) (D)

Q.6 The condition for one root of the quadratic equation to be twice the other, is
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.7 If are the roots of the equation then the quadratic equation whose
roots are and is
(A) (B)
(C) (D)

Q.8 If one root of the two two quadratic equations & is

common then = (
(A) 1 : 3 : 4 (B) 4 : 3 : 1
(C) 3 : 1 : 4 (D) cannot be uniquely predicted

Q.9 For what values of k the equation has real and distinct roots :
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.10 If and are the roots of the equation then the value of is
(A) (B) (C) (D)

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
More than One Correct:
(LEVEL II)

Q.1 If , then the value of can be : [NSEJS-2011]

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.2 Which of the following equations have no real roots?

(A) (B)
(C) (D)

Q.3 The value of for which the difference between the roots of the equation is ,
are
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.4 The difference between the two roots of a quadratic equation is 2 and the difference between the
cube of the roots is 98. The quadratic equation can be . [MH NTSE - 2017]
(A) (B)
(C) (D)

Q.5 is a root of which of the following equation(s) :

(A) (B)
(C) (D)

Integer Type Questions

Q.1 The number of distinct real solutions to the equation

Q.2 A bus takes 5 hours more than a train to cover 900 km from Vardha to Pune. If the speed of
the train is 15 km/hr more than the bus then the speed of the bus in km/hr is [MH NTSE-2013]

Q.3 Roots of the quadratic equation are and . The value of is

Q.4 If are the roots of , then

Q.5 The integer value of , so that the equations and have

one root in common, is

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Match The Column

Q.1 Match the column for the equation :

Column-I Column-II

(A) (p) Equation will be an identity

(B) (q) Equation will have two roots

(C) (r) Equation will have one root

(D) (s) Equation will have no root

Bonus Questions

Q.1 The letters , and represent whole numbers. If

and , what is the value of [PRMO 2012]

Q.2 If the roots of the equation are equal in magnitude and of opposite signs, then the
value of is [NSEJS-2017]
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.3 One root of the quadratic equations and is equal. The ratio
of the remaining roots is 3 : 4. If all the roots are positive integers find the values of and
respectively.
(A) 3, 4 (B) 5, 8 (C) 1, 6 (D) 8, 5
Q.4 A student notices that the roots of the equation are each 1 less than the roots
of the equation . Then, is [KVPY-2010]
(A) Possibly any real number (B)
(C) (D)

Q.5

Q.6 If are the roots of the equation where c < 0 < b, then
(A) (B) | |
(C ) 0 (D)

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
ANSWER KEY

MCQ/Objective

(Level I)

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. B B C C C
Q. No. 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B A A D B

More than One Correct

(Level II)
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. A AB CD AB AC

Integer Type Questions

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. (2) (45) (6) (1) (3)

Match the Column

Q. No. 1

Ans.

Bonus Questions
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ans. (20) A B C (2) B

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
LECTURE - 2
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS (2)

2.1 Wavy Curve Method to Solve Inequalities

To solve an algebraic inequality of the form:

follow these steps:

Step I: Ensure that the RHS is . Then, express the polynomial on the LHS as a product of linear factors:

Step II: Identify the roots of each linear factor and plot them on a number line. These points
divide the number line into intervals.

Step III: Choose any test value from the rightmost interval, substitute it into the given expression, and
determine whether the sign is + or - . Mark this sign for the entire rightmost interval.

Step IV: Move leftward along the number line, alternating the sign between + and - in each successive
interval.

Step V:

If the inequality is or , select the intervals marked with + as the solution.

If the inequality is or , select the intervals marked with - as the solution.
Note: Always check the boundary points separately to see if they satisfy the inequality.

If the inequality includes " " or " ", use square brackets [ or ] in interval notation.
If the inequality is strictly ">" or " ", use parentheses ( or ).

Illustration-1 :
Find the Interval for such that
Sol. :

Please not here that we included both the boundary points and in our answer as they

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Note: The wavy curve method can also be applied when the LHS is a rational function. In this case,
consider all the factors, whether they appear in the numerator or the denominator. However, we must ensure
that we do not include any value of in the solution that makes the denominator equal to zero.

Illustration-2 :
Find the interval for such that
Sol. :

Please not here that we did not include the boundary points and in our answer as

Note : It should be observed here that if the coefficients of in all the linear factors are positive numbers
then the right most interval will always be marked as (+).

Illustration-3 :
Find the interval for such that

Sol. :

(Sign of inequality changes when multiplied by a negative number)

Note: If there are integer powers to the linear factors, while traversing the intervals from right to left, the
sign should either change or remain the same depending on whether the power is odd or even, respectively.

For example, if the LHS is of the form:

arrange on the number line from left to right, and mark the rightmost interval with a "
+ " sign.
For the next interval :

If is odd, the sign changes, and the interval is marked with a "-".
If is even, the sign remains the same, and the interval is marked with a " + ".

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
This process is repeated for each successive interval, with the sign determined by whether the corresponding
exponent is odd or even.

Illustration- 4 :
Find the interval for such that

Sol. :
Power of the factor corresponding to )
Power of the factor corresponding to
Power of the factor corresponding to )

Please not here that we included also as it make the numerator of LHS 0 and exclude x
= 0 as it make denominator 0.

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Solved Examples

Ex.1 Find the Interval for such that take real values :

Sol. : For y to take real values

Ex.2 Find the Interval for so that the quadratic equation has
real and distinct roots.
Sol. : For a quadratic equation to have real and distinct roots, D > 0

Ex.3 Find the set of values of such that :

Sol. :
to the RHS. Do NOT cancel the same factor on both
sides while solving an inequality.

Ex.4 Find the set of values of such that :

Sol. : As, > 0 for every value of and does not change sign anywhere , it can be omitted from
the LHS while solving the inequality.

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Now, to factorize
.

Ex.5 Find the interval for x such that

Sol. :

Ex.6 Find the set of values of such that .

Sol. :

&

Ex.7 Find the set of values of such that .

Sol. :

Taking their intersection

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Ex.8 Find the interval for x such that
Sol. : Power of the factor corresponding to (sign change)
Power of the factor corresponding to
Power of the factor corresponding to
Making all the coefficients pf x positive, the inequality would be

} [ , )

Ex.9 Find the set of values of x such that &

Sol. :

Intersection

Ex.10 Find the set of values of so that

Sol. :

Key Points :
To solve an in equation
in linear factors or in the powers of linear factors.

Change the sign when power is odd and Do not change the sign when power is even.
Never forget to check all the boundary points separately.

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Practice for Lecture -2

MCQ / Objective:
(LEVEL I)

Q.1 The solution of the equation is given by

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.2 The complete solution of the in equation is

(A) or (B)
(C) (D)

Q.3 The solution set of , is

(A) (B)
(C) (D) None of these

Q.4 If for real values of and , then

(A) (B)
(C) or (D)

Q.5 If x is real and satisfies , then

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.6 If the roots of the quadratic equation are real, then the range of the
values of k is
(A) (B)
(C) (D) None of these

Q.7 If , then
(A) (B)
(C) (D)

Q.8 The set of values of so that &

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Q.9 The set of values of so that

(A) [1,3] (B) [1,3] {-2}
(C) (D) [ 2,3]

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Q.10 The set of values of so that
(A) [1.6,16] {10} (B) (10,16]
(C) (D) None

More than One Correct:

(LEVEL II)

Q.1 The expression is

(A) Positive (B) Positive
(C) Positive (D) Negative

Q.2 If the set of values of so that is then

(A) (B)
(C) (D)

Q.3 The expression changes its sign at

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.4 If then can take all the values of the interval

(A) (B) (C ) (D)

Q.5 If then can take all the values of the interval

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Integer Type Questions

Q.1 If (the set of integers) such that then the number of possible values of x is

Q.2 If x is an integer satisfying and then the number of possible

values of x is

Q.3 Find the number of positive integral value of x, such that is defined.

Q.4 The number of positive integral solutions of is

Q.5 The number of integral solution of is

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Match The Column

Q.1 Match the columns for the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation

Column-I Column-II

(A) Both roots real (p)

(B) Both roots real and distinct (q)

(C) Both roots imaginary (r)

(D) Both roots imaginary and distinct (s)

Bonus Questions

Q.1 If then the inequality has the solution represented by

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Q.2 If b > a, then the equation , has

(A) Both roots in [a b] (B) Both roots in
(C) Both roots in (D) One root in and other in

Q.3 Find the set of values of so that

Q.4 Solve

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
ANSWER KEY

MCQ/Objective

(Level I)

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. B D B C B
Q. No. 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A C D B B

More than One Correct

(Level II)
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. BCD ABC AB AC AC

Integer Type Questions

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. (4) (3) (4) (3) (5)

Match the Column

Q. No. 1

Ans.

Bonus Questions

Q. No. 1 2 3 4
Explanation
Ans. A D (3, 5)
Based

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
LECTURE - 3
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS (3)

3.1 Quadratic Expression

The expression is said to be a real quadratic expression in x where a, b, c are real
and
Let where a, b, c, .
Now f(x) can be rewritten as

where is the discriminant of the quadratic expression.

From (1) it is clear that represents a parabola whose axis is parallel to the
y-axis, and vertex is at .

Illustration 1: Find the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola :

Sol. :

=1
Now, Vertex of the parabola

Graph of quadratic expression

(a) If a > 0, then the parabola opens upward.
(b) If a < 0, then the parabola opens downward.

Case-I : If a > 0
Sub case A : a > 0 and
In this case the parabola always remains open upward and stays above the x-axis.

Sub case B : a > 0 and

In this case the parabola touches the x-axis at one point and remains open upward.

Sub case C : a > 0 and . Let f(x) = 0 has two real roots and . Then f(x)
>0 and f(x) < 0
In this case the parabola cuts the x-axis at two points and and remains open upward.

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials

Case-II : If a < 0
Sub case A : a < 0 and
In this case the parabola remains open downward and stays below the x-axis.

Sub case B : a < 0 and

In this case the parabola touches the x-axis and remains open downward.

Sub case C : a < 0 and . Let f(x) = 0 have two real roots and . Then
f(x) < 0 and f(x) > 0
In this case the parabola cuts the x-axis at two points and and remains open upward.

Illustration 2: The Parabola is

(A) an upward facing parabola (B) a downward parabola
(C) above x-axis always (D) below x-axis always
Sol. : (B)

Here, Downward Facing parabola &

Cuts x-axis twice.

3.2 Intersection with axis

(a) X-axis : For x axis,

For D > 0, parabola cuts x-axis at two real and distinct points i.e. .
Note : The vertex lies in the middle of the two roots.

For D = 0, parabola touches x-axis at one point,

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials

For D < 0, parabola does not cut the x-axis (i.e. imaginary value of x.)

Illustration 3: Which of the following parabola touch(es) the x-axis once :

(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Sol. : (D)
In option (A) D= Parabola never meets the x-axis.
In option (B) D= Parabola cuts x-axis twice
In option (C) D= Parabola cuts x-axis
In option (D) D= Parabola touches the x-axis

(b) Y-axis : For y-axis,

For c > 0, parabola cuts y-axis above the origin
For c = 0, parabola cuts y-axis at the origin
For c < 0, parabola cuts y-axis below the origin

Illustration 4: Draw the graph of

Sol. : Here a = 1,
Since a > 0 hence parabola opening towards up.

Hence parabola will cut x-axis at two real and distinct points.
Intersection with x-axis, put y = 0

Intersection with y-axis, put x = 0

Vertex

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Solved Examples
Ex.1 Draw the curve .
Sol.: Here,
Now, Vertex :
Also, a > 0 Upward facing parabola
D<0 Parabola never meet the x-axis.
c>0 Parabola cuts the y-axis above the origin.

Ex.2 Draw the curve

Sol.: Here,
Now, Vertex :
Also, a > 0 Upward facing parabola
D>0 Parabola cuts the x-axis at roots i.e. (1-root 5)/2 & (1+ root 5)/2
c<0 Parabola cuts the y-axis below the origin.

Ex.3 Draw the curve

Sol.: Here,
Now, Vertex :
Also, a < 0 Downward facing parabola
D>0 Parabola cuts the x-axis at roots i.e. x = 1 & x = 3
c<0 Parabola cuts the y-axis below the origin.

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Ex.4 Draw the curves
Sol.: In
Now, Vertex :
Also, a > 0 Upward facing parabola
D>0 Parabola touches the x-axis at the vertex i.e. origin.
c=0 Parabola cuts the y-axis above the origin.
For Shift the graph of point upwards
& For Shift the graph of point downwards

Ex.5 If the graph given below represents the parabola then

(A) a > 0 (B) b > 0 (C) c > 0 (D)

Sol.: (AD)
Parabola is upward facing
Vertex is in the right side of y-axis
Parabola cuts y-axis below the origin
Parabola cuts x-axis twice

Ex.6 If the graph given below represents the parabola then

(A) a > 0 (B) b > 0 (C) c > 0 (D)

Sol.: (B)
Parabola is downward facing
Vertex is in the right side of y-axis
Parabola cuts y-axis below the origin

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Parabola never meets x-axis

Ex.7 The graph of the function is strictly above the x-axis, then

(A) (B)
(C) (D) None of these
Sol.: (A)
As a > 0, for the graph to be strictly above the x-axis : D < 0

Ex.8 If the expression is positive only in the interval then :

(A) The equation has two real and distinct roots.
(B) The abscissa of the vertex of the parabola is
(C) c > 0
(D)
Sol.: (ABCD)
The graph of the parabola would be as follows

Clearly,
(1) The graph cuts x-axis twice i.e. at and two real and distinct roots.
(2) The vertex of the parabola lies at the middle of the two roots hence the abscissa of the vertex
would be
(3) Graph cuts the y-axis above the origin, hence c > 0
(4) The graph is symmetric about the vertex and because is farther from the vertex than
x = 3,

Ex.9 The largest interval in which k can lie so that both the roots of the equation
are positive, is :
Sol.: Here, a > 0 and both roots are positive.
Therefore, the possible graph of would be -

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials

Clearly, c > 0, &D>=0

(always true)

Ex.10 The largest interval in which k can lie so that x = 2 lies between the roots of the equation
, is :
Sol.: Here, a > 0 and one root is less than 2 & one is greater than 2.
Therefore, the possible graph of would be -

Clearly,

Note : Here, we cannot exact the position of the vertex, hence cannot decide for .
Also, D>0
a>0

Key Points :

1. The graph of is a vertical parabola whose vertex is at

.
2. If a > 0 then the parabola opens upwards otherwise if a < 0 then the parabola opens
downwards.
3. If D > 0 then the parabola cuts the x-axis twice at the roots of quadratic,
If D = 0 then the parabola touches the x-axis at vertex.
If D < 0 then the parabola never meets the x-axis.
4. The parabola cuts the y-axis at (0, c).

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Practice for Lecture -3

MCQ / Objective:
(LEVEL I)

Q.1 Which of the following graph best represents the parabola

Q.2 Which of the following graph represents the parabola

Q.3 Which of the following graph represents the parabola

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials

Q.4 Which of the following graph best represents the parabola (root5) x + 5

Q.5 If the graph given below represents the parabola then

(A) (B) (C) c < 0 (D) None of these

Q.6 If the graph given below represents the parabola , where , then

(A) b = 0 (B) c = 0 (C) D = 0 (D) None of these

Q.7 The graph of the function is strictly above the x-axis, then

(A) (B)
(C) (D) None of these

Q.8 The graph of the parabola is strictly below the x-

the inequality
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
Q.9 If the expression

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
(A) Greater than 0 (B) Greater than or equal to 0
(C) Less than 0 (D) None of these
Q.10 If the expression is positive only in the interval
(A) Less then 0 (B) Less than or equal to 0
(C) Greater than 0 (D) None of these

More than One Correct:

(LEVEL II)

Q.1 The adjoining figure shows the graph of . Then

(A) a < 0 (B)

(C) c > 0 (D) a and b are of opposite signs

Q.2 The graph of the curve is -

(A) Above the x-axis always (B) Above the x-axis in the interval (1, 2)
(C) Below the line 4y = 1 always (D) Below the line 4y = 3 always.
Q.3 The graph of the curve is -
(A) Above the x-axis always (B) Above the x-axis in the interval (1, 2)
(C) Above the line y = 1 always (D) Above the line 12y = 23 always
Q.4 If the expression (where ) is negative only in the interval ,
then
(A) a > 0 (B) b > 0 (C) c > 0 (D) D > 0
Q.5 If the functions f(x) = is s.t f(1) = 4, f(3) = and f(6) = 14 then which of the
following is/are true about the roots of the equation
(A) Both the roots are real and distinct
(B) Both the roots are between x = 1 and x = 3
(C) Exactly One root is between x = 1 and x = 3, and Exactly one root is between x = 3 and x = 6.
(D) Both the roots are between x = 3 and x = 6.

Integer Type Questions

Q.1 The ordinate of the highest point of the parabola is

Q.2 If the roots of the quadratic equation are 4 - root3 and 4 + root3 then the
abscissa of the vertex of the parabola
Q.3 The number of integral values of x for which the graph of the parabola y = remains
always above the x-axis.
Q.4 If the parabola y = sum of the roots of the
equation would be -
Q.5 The maximum integral value of x at which the expression is positive :

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials

Match The Column

Q.1 Match the parabolas to their graphs :

Column-I Column-II

(A) (p)

(B) (q)

(C) (r)

(D) (s)

Bonus Questions

Q.1 If then which of the following is true about the roots of

the equation
(A) Both the roots are between x = 1 and x = 2
(B) Exactly one root is between x = 1 and x = 2
(C) No root is between x = 1 and x = 2
(D) None of these

Q.2 If both the roots of the equation lies between x = 0 and x = 1 then find the
interval in which k must lie in?

Q.3 Find the are of

opposite sign :

Q.4 If , then the roots of the equation

are [IIT 1984]
(A) Real and distinct (B) Real and equal (C) Imaginary (D) None of these

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials

ANSWER KEY

MCQ/Objective

(Level I)

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. D B C C D
Q. No. 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B A D B A

More than One Correct

(Level II)
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. AD BD ABC ABD AC

Integer Type Questions

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. (4) (4) (5) (5) (0)

Match the Column

Q. No. 1

Ans.

Bonus Questions
Q. No. 1 2 3 4
Explanation Explanation
Ans. B A
Based Based

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
LECTURE 4
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS (4)
4.1 Sign of a Quadratic Expression
It is clear from the graphs of the different quadratic expressions that a quadratic expression
changes its sign at its roots, i.e. a quadratic expression would not
have any real roots.
This learning from the graph gives us a very important result about quadratics :
For a quadratic expression , where
1. If then and vice versa.
2. If then and vice versa.
3. If then and vice versa.
4. If then and vice versa.

Note : In the special cases when D=0, the value of will be equal to zero only at one value of
i.e. . At all the other values of , the value of y will be of the same sign, either
always positive or always negative.

Illustration-1 :
Which of the following expressions will never be negative for any ?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Sol. : (CD)
Expression will change sign at roots
Expression will always be negative
Expression will always be positive
Expression will be zero only at one point &
positive at all the other points

Illustration-2 :
Find the set of values of so that the expression is positive
.
Sol. : Here,
Hence, for the quadratic expression to be always positive,

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
4.2 Minimum or Maximum value of a Quadratic Expression
As we know, the graph of a quadratic expression (where
) is a parabola whose vertex lies at . This leads us to some
important results about quadratics :

1. If then the minimum value of would be obtained at and that minimum

value of would be equal to .
2. If then the maximum value of would be obtained at and that maximum
value of would be equal to .

Illustration-3 :
Find the range of the quadratic expression .
Sol. : Here,
Therefore, the minimum value of

= =
Range = [ , )

Illustration-4 :
If the maximum value of the quadratic expression should be obtained at that
value which lie in the interval [-
Sol. : Here,
Hence, the maximum value of is and it would be obtained at =

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials

Solved Examples

Ex.1 If , then find the set of values of .

Sol. : Here,
Hence, for the quadratic expression to be always positive,

=>

Ex.2 Find the set of values of so that (

Sol. : For the quadratic ,
Hence,
So, (

Ex.3 Find the set of values of so that the quadratic equation has both the
roots real .
Sol. : For both the roots real ,

(For a quadratic to be always positive its D < 0)

Ex.4 If the value of is never positive for any then find

the set of values of .
Sol. : For
&
&
&
&

Ex.5 A quadratic expression is

(A) Positive,
(B) Negative,
(C) Positive for finite number of integer values of
(D) Negative for finite number of integer values of

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Sol. : For the quadratic equation
Two distinct real roots
Also, for ,
The graph of will be upward facing parabola.

Hence, for an infinite number of integers which are greater than both the roots or lesser
than both the roots. But, for finite number of integers which lie between both the roots.

Ex.6 Find the set of values of so that the value of the function
be greater than 1
Sol. : Method-1 :

Method-2 :
, min.( >1

Ex.7 Find the value of so that the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation
is minimum.
Sol. : Let the roots are
,

=
=

As we know that a quadratic expression be minimum at .

Hence, will be minimum when

Ex.8 Which of the following is true for the quadratic expression

(A) (B) (C) (D)
Sol. : (B)
Here, )

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Hence, will have maximum value =

Ex.9 Find the range of the expression

Sol. : put , clearly

The minimum value of y would be obtained at and that minimum value would be
equal to .
Hence, Range =

Note : Here, at . But as we can see from the symmetric graph of a quadratic
expression that will be obtained at some other value of too ( .
Hence, will not be omitted from the range.

Ex.10 Find the range of the expression , where

Sol. : For the given ,
Now, draw the graph of and limit it in the interval
clearly,

Clearly, the minimum value of is obtained at and that is ; & the maximum value of
is obtained at and that is .
Hence, Range = [-2,2]

Key Points :
1. A quadratic expression will always be positive iff .
2. A quadratic expression will always be negative iff .
3. When , the range of a quadratic expression will be
4. When , the range of a quadratic expression will be

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Practice for Lecture -4

MCQ / Objective:
(LEVEL I)

Q.1 Which of the following expressions are non-positive

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.2 Which of the following expressions are positive (

(A) (B)
(C) (D) None of these

Q.3 The set of values of so that the quadratic expression is always

negative .
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.4 The set of values of so that

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.5 The least integral value of k for which for all , is

(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) None of these

Q.6 The maximum value of will be obtained at

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.7 Which of the following is true for the quadratic expression

(A) (B)
(C) (D)

Q.8 A quadratic expression is

(A) Positive,
(B) Negative,
(C) Positive for finite number of integer values of
(D) Negative for finite number of integer values of

Q.9 The range of the quadratic expression is

(A) ,0] (B) [0, ) (C) , ] (D) [ , )

Q.10 The range of the quadratic expression is

(A) (B)
(C) ] (D)

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
More than One Correct:
(LEVEL II)

Q.1 Which of the following expression(s) are non-negative for every

(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Q.2 Which of the following is true about
(A) , (B) ,
(C) (D)
Q.3 Which of the following is true about
(A) , (B) ,
(C) , (D) ,
Q.4 Which of the following is/are true about the roots of the quadratic equation

(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Q.5 Which of the following is/are true about
(A) (B)
(C) (D)

Integer Type Questions

Q.1 If be real then the minimum value of is

Q.2 If be real then the maximum value of is
Q.3 If takes its minimum integral value at then
Q.4 is non-negative for every
are
Q.5 The minimum integral remains less than for every
real value of .
Match The Column

Q.1 Match the column for the nature of the quadratic expressions:

Column-I Column-II

(A) (p) Positive for every

(B) (q) Non-positive for every

(C) (r) Negative for every

(D) (s) Non-negative for every

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
Bonus Questions

Q.1 Find the minimum integral value of the expression

Q.2 The minimum value of

(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) Does not exist

Q.3 Find the range of the expression , where

Q.4 Find the range of the expression , where

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Foundation Advanced Mathematics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials
ANSWER KEY

MCQ/Objective

(Level I)

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. C A D B A
Q. No. 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B A C D C

More than One Correct

(Level II)
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. BD BC AC ABD AC

Integer Type Questions

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. (1) (6) (1) (0) (2)

Match the Column

Q. No. 1

Ans.

Bonus Questions
Q. No. 1 2 3 4

Ans. (4) (D)

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