1

X®s‚ aIƒ

Imhy-kw-{Klw
sFXn-ly-Øn¬ Hcn-SØpw ]cm-a¿in-®n-´n-√mØ X®s‚ aIsf tI{μ-am-°n-bmWv
hnP-b-e£van Cu IhnX cNn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
IqS-∏n-d∏v A—s‚ hoXp-fn-°n-cb - m-bt- ∏mƒ ]X-dn-t∏mb Hcp s]¨Ip-´n-sb-bmWv
ChnsS Nn{Xo-Ic - n-°p-∂X - .v Xs‚ {]mW-\m-bn-cp∂ tPyjvTs‚ IWvTØ - n\pt\¿°v \o≠
hoXpfn Xs‚ IWvTØ - n-te°pw \ot≠-b° v m-sa-∂h- ƒ `b-s∏-Sp-∂p. im¥\pw kuay\pw
Xs‚ Ifn-°q-´p-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp∂ tPyjvTs‚ t\¿°v A—\v kw`-hn® ssI∏ng tNmZyw
sNømt\m {]Xn-Imcw \nd-th-‰mt\m Ahƒ°m-bn-√. ]Icw Dfn-s∏-´n-bp-ambn F∂-t∂-
bv°p-ambn hoSp-hn-´p-t]m-I-bm-Wv. hnc¬Øp-ºn¬ sImØn-sh-®n-cn-°p∂ t]cv ]ng-bv°-
cp-sX∂ A—s‚ D]-tZ-i-amWv Ah-fpsS Dfn-k-©n°v `mcw Iq´p-∂-Xv. hniz-I¿a {]Pm-
]-Xn-bpsS ]mc-ºc - y-ap≈ s]cp-¥® - s‚ ssIbn¬ \n∂pw Adn-bmsX F∂-hÆw hoWp-
t]m-tb-°m-hp∂ hoXp-fn-bpsS aq¿®bpw IrXy-Xbpw `b∂v Cd-ßp-I-bmWv X®s‚
aIƒ.

Imhy-`mK hni-Zo-I-cWw
Bbncw t£{X-tKm-]p-c-߃......-...........................................ho-WXpw \odn-∏n-Sn-®Xpw
X®s‚ aIƒ bm{X-bm-Im-\p≈ Imc-WsØ kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv IhnX Bcw-
`n-°p-∂-Xv. hoXp-fn°v Cc-bm-I-cpXv F∂p IcpXn Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v t£{X-tKm-]p-c-
߃ Xmßp∂ A—s‚ Kw`o-ca - mb a\ v hWßn Dfn-s∏-´nbpw apg-t°m-ep-ambn Fs∂-
t∂-bv°p-ambn X®s‚ aIƒ t]mI-bm-Wv.
Hm¿a-sh® \mƒap-X¬ A—s‚ in£-W-Øn¬ tNmZyw sNø-ep-I-fn-√msX \n»-
_vZ-ambn Ign™ph∂p. NoIn-hoW ac-®o-fp-Iƒ tN¿Øv ImSp-≠m°n Ifn®p ckn-®p.
Ah-fpsS D≈n¬ inev]-hn-Zy-bpsS Xos∏mcn hoWXpw \odn-∏n-Sn-®Xpw Fß-s\-bm-
sW∂v XpS¿∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. \oe-ta-L-Øn¬\n∂v \o¿Øp-≈n-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-
t]m-se, aÆn\Snbn¬ Dd-ßn-°n-S-°p∂ hnØn¬ \n∂pw Hcp alm-acw hf¿∂p-h-cp-∂-
Xp--t]m-se, tImSn-°-W-°n\v \£{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂v temIamsI Poh\pw shfn-®hpw
D≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-t]mse Ah-fpsS D≈nepw inev]-hn-Zy-bpsS A·n hogp-Ibpw AXv \odn-
∏n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1. A—s‚ hoXp-fn°v Cc-bm-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn X®s‚ aIƒ F¥mWv sNbvXXv?

or
aIƒ bm{X-bm-Im-\p≈ ImcWw?
2. X®s‚ aI-fpsS D≈n¬ inev]h
- n-Zy-bpsS Xos∏mcn hoWXpw \odn-∏n-Sn-®X
- p-sa-ßs\?

hmkvXphnZybmw {KŸw......-...........................................a-lm-i-b≥
X®≥ a°ƒ°v inev]-hnZy ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Ø-sX-ß-s\sb∂pw Ah¿ ]Tn®
hnZy-Iƒ GsXm-s°-bm-sW-∂pap≈ hni-Zo-I-c-W-am-Wn-\n.
 2
hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bm-Ip∂ ]mTw ]Wn°nSbv°v A—≥ Hm¿Øv sNm√n-s°m-Sp-°p-
tºmƒ Ahfpw tPyjvT\pw CSØpw he-Øp-an-cp∂v AsX√mw tIƒ°p-∂p. c÷p-kq-
{X-߃ (X-®p-im-kv{Xw), ZnMv\n¿W-bw, `qan-e-£Ww, ssII-W-°p-a-S-߬, hmkvXp-
]p-cp-jm-Imcw XpSßn IqØp-am-S-ap-≠m-°p∂ hn[n-h-scbpw IqSmsX `mkvI-co-bhpw
ab-a-Xhpw c≠p-t]cpw tN¿∂p ]Tn-®p.
F∂m¬ ]T-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A—s‚ {]Xn-I-cWw C{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p.
hypev]Øn am{Xw t]mcm-sb∂pw AXv ]q¿W-am-IW - s
- a-¶n¬ hnZy {]mtbm-KnIw
IqSnbm-h-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p A—≥ {]Xn-I-cn-®-Xv (Po-h≥ XpSn-°p∂ inev]-߃ \n¿Ωn-
°-W-sa-∂¿∞w). imkv{X-a¿a-߃°v Poh≥ sImSp-°p-∂-Xn-emWv a\p-jys‚
kma¿∞yw F∂v A—≥ Nne-t∏m-sgms° ]d-bpw.

1. X®s‚ aIƒ ]Tn® hnZy-I-tfX-X√mw? Fßs\?

2. A—s‚ {]Xn-I-cWw?

Zmcp-]-fl-ß-f-ßp......-...........................................kq-£va-b-{¥-ßsf
XSn-bn¬ X®≥ at\m-l-c-amb Xma-c-Iƒ sImØp-tºmƒ B Nmcp-Xbv°v (`wKn)
Htc Hcp km£n Ahƒ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. B Xma-c-bpsS \Sp-hn¬ aqfp∂ {]XoXn
P\n-∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Hcp Icn-h-≠ns\ sImØnb A—s‚ Ignhv A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

1. "Bc-dn-™-Xn≥ kq£va-b{¥w' ˛ kμ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw?

2. A—s‚ GXv \n¿an-Xn-°mWv aIƒ km£n-bm-bXv?

hmXn-en-∂n-Sw......-...........................................Xn-cn-™p-\n¬°p∂p Rm≥
A—s‚ A¤p-X-I-c-amb inev]-Nm-Xpcnsb°p-dn®v aIƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂p.
hmXn-ens‚ CSsØ tImWn¬ hnc¬sXm-Sp-tºmƒ Xpc¶w Xpd-°p-∂Xpw Ime-
a¿Øp-tºmƒ BdmwIf-Øn¬ \n∂pw Pew kap-{Z-Øn-te°v Hen-®p-t]m-Ip-∂Xpw
ssIbnse Ifn-a® - n-ßb
- n¬ IÆv sImØn-°f
- n-°p-∂X
- n-\n-Sbv°v CSw-IÆ
- p-sIm≠v Ahƒ
Aº-c-t∏msS I≠p. X®s‚ Nen-°mØ IÆn¬ Dƒ°Æv (hn-Zy-bpsS A·n-Pzme or
\n¿am-W-ssh-`-hw) IØn-\n¬°p-∂Xpw Ahƒ A¤p-X-tØmsS ImWp-∂p.
tZi tZim-¥c߃ hym]n® inev]h - n-Zy-bm-bn-cp∂p s]cp-¥®
- t- ‚-Xv. hnhn[ tZi-
ß-fn¬ \n¿Ωn® a®p-Iƒ, XqWp-Iƒ, XqWp-Iƒ°-IØv kqcy-s\-t∏mse tim`n-°p∂
\c-knw-la - q¿Øn-Iƒ F∂nh X®≥ \n¿Ωn-®p. IqSmsX hrØ-sat∂m {XntIm-Ws - at∂m
NXp-c-sat∂m Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn-[-ap≈ Ipfw AjvS-Zn°v]me-I¿°v t]mepw
Zni-b-dn-bm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w A¤p-X-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]me-Øn¬ am{¥n-I-∏mh \n¿Ωn-
®Xpw {iotIm-hn-en¬ IqS-ta-dm≥ ISp-¥p-Sn-Iƒ D≠m-°n-bXpw F∂p-th≠ X®s‚
{]mKev`yw sXfn-bn°mØ H∂pw Xs∂ B {]tZ-iØv D≠m-bn-√. s]cp-¥-®s‚
aqØtPyjvT\mb A·n-tlm-{Xn°v GI-ssZ-hXw F∂ k¶ev]w Bh¿Øn®v ]d™v
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-ØXpw Ahƒ Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂p.
 3
1. I≠pRm≥...................-I-Øp-∂Xpw Bcv? I≠-sX¥v?
2. X®s‚ inev]-Nm-Xncn hnh-cn-°pI?
3. "Hm¿Øp..............................-Xn-cn-™p-\n¬°p∂p Rm≥' ˛---- Bcv? Hm¿Ø-sX-s¥√mw?

t]mb-Im-ew......-...........................................-{]m¿∞n-°p-hm≥
tPyjvT-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Hm¿Ω-I-fm-Wn\n ]d-bp-∂-Xv. \nemhp aqSn-°n-S-°p∂ ]mS-
ti-Jcw t]mse at\m-l-c-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-fpsS `qX-Im-ew. ]mS-Øns‚ Ic-bn¬ Hcp
]me-acw ]qØp-\n¬°p∂p. G‰hpw th≠-s∏´ Hcm-fpsS t{]Xw t]mse \n¬°p-∂
B ac-Øns‚ lrZy-amb aWw tPyjvTs‚ Hm¿Ω-bn-te°v Ahsf Iq´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-
Ip∂p. B Hm¿Ω-Iƒ Ahƒ°v Ak-ly-am-bn-tØm-∂n. P\n® \mƒ apX¬ tPyjvT-
t\m-sSm-∏-am-bn-cp∂p Ahƒ Ifn-®p-h-f¿∂-Xv. Ip´n-°m-eØv hoWv ap´p-ap-dn-bp-tºmƒ
Ah-fpsS {]nb-¶-c-\mb tPyjvT≥ ]pI-°-cn-sh®v B apdnhv sI´n-s°m-Sp-°p-am-bn-cp-
∂p. Du™m-ep-sI´n Ahsf AXn-en-cpØn B´p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ahƒ°v {]mb-ambt∏mƒ
Nμ-\-Øns‚ XSn-bn¬ ]q¿W-hn-{Klw Xo¿Øv CXv tZth-{μ≥, Fs‚ A\n-b-Ønsb
Xmen-sI-´m≥ FØn-b-h≥ F∂p-]-d™v Ah≥ Ahsf Ifn-bm-°n.
Xs‚ {]nb-tPy-jvTs\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw F√m hr£-ßfpw ]Wn-Xo-cmØ
e£-Ws - amØ hn{K-lß- f
- m-bn-cp∂p. a°-fn-√mØ tZh-Iƒ Ahs‚ kz]v\Ø
- n¬ h∂v
Xßsf inev]-am-°-tW-sb∂v {]m¿∞n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. tZh-∑m¿t]mepw Ahs‚
ssIbnse inev]-am-Im≥ sImXn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ inev]\n¿ΩmW ssh`-h-am-bn-
cp∂p tPyjvT-t‚-Xv.

1. Ah-fpsS `qX-Imew F{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p? B `qX-Imew Ah-fn-ep-W¿Ønb

Hm¿a-I-sf-s¥√mw?
or
tPyjvT-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Hm¿a-I-sf-s¥√mw?
2. "inev]-am-°tWsb∂v' ˛ {]m¿∞n-°p-∂-Xmcv? BtcmSv?

sa®-am-°p-hm≥......-...........................................ap-dn™ InS-∏nepw
tPyjvTs\ hna¿in-°p-∂Xpw AXp-tI-´n-´p≈ Ahs‚ {]Xn-I-c-Whpw Ahƒ
Hm¿°p∂p.
Ah≥ inev]a - p-≠m-°p-∂Xv IqSp-X¬ sa®-am-Im≥th≠n Ahƒ F√m-bn-t∏mgpw
hna¿in-®psImt≠-bn-cp-∂p. Ahsf AXn-i-bn-∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ A¿[-a-μ-kvan-X-
am-bn-cp∂p AXn-\p≈ Ahs‚ adp-]-Sn. Hcn-°¬ Aw_n-I-bpsS hn{Klw sImØnb
tPyjvTs\ t\m°n Ifn-bmbn Ah-fn-ßs\ ]d-™p. Cu hn{Klw A—-\p-≠m-°p-∂-
Xp-t]m-se-bm-sW∂pw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ A\p-I-c-W-kz-`mhw \∂√ F∂pw. F∂m¬
Ah≥ {Ip≤-\m-ImsX Nn¥m-[o-\-\mbn Ahsf t\m°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. Aen-hm¿∂
kvt\l-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb B at\m-l-c-amb IÆp-I-fn¬ t\m°n Ahƒ ]d™p, henb
ac-Øns‚ Nph-´n¬ \n∂m¬ Hcn-°epw hf¿®-bp-≠m-Ip-I-bn-√. ]pjvSn-bp-≠m-I-W-sa-
¶n¬ tkz—bm shbn-te¬°-Ww. F∂m¬ kmXzn-I-\mb tPyjvT≥ B \n¿t±-isØ
X≈n-°-f-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂ps-h∂v Ahƒ ZpxJ-tØmsS Hm¿°p-∂p.
 4
tPyjvTs‚ PmX-I-tZm-j-sØ-°p-dn®v XpS¿∂v Ahƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂p. AjvS-am-[n-
]≥ Hº-Xn¬, eKv\m[n-]≥ ]m]-Zy°v F´n-em-Wv Fs∂-√mw PmXIw t\m°nb
tPym’y≥ hn[n-®n-cp-∂X- mWv. \jvSP
- m-XI
- a
- m-bn-cp-∂X
- n-\m¬ A]-arXyp D≠m-Ip-sa∂pw
Ah¿ ]t≠ ]d-™n-cp∂p. hf¿∂-t∏mƒ A—≥ Fhn-sS-sbms° t]mIp-∂pthm Ahn-
sS-sbm-s° Hcp \ng-ep-t]mse tPyjvT-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]nXm-hns\ CjvS-am-bn-cp∂
tPyjvT≥ At±-lsØ Hcn-°epw kwi-bn-®n-√. A—s‚ hoXp-fn-tb‰v IWvT-\mfw
apdn™v InS-°p-tºmgpw \njvI-f-¶hpw at\m-l-c-hp-ambncp∂ B apJØv ambmØ
Hcp ]p©ncn D≠mbncp-∂p.

1. X®s‚ aIƒ tPyjvTs\ D]-tZ-in-®sXßs\?

or
"kΩ-Xn-®n√ kmXz-nI≥' kΩ-Xn-°m-Ø-sX-¥mWv?
or
]pjvSn-bp-≠m-Ip-hm≥.........................-kmXzn≥ ˛ kμ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy‡-am-
°p-I.
2. X®s‚ aIs‚ PmX-I-hn[n F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
3. X¶-am-sbm-cp................................-ap-dn™ InS-∏nepw ˛ kμ¿`w hy‡-am-°p-I.

£pØ-S-ßm-Ø......-...........................................c-Nn-°p-hm-\-tß°p awK-fw
A—s‚ hoXp-fn-tb-‰p≈ tPyjvTs‚ acWw Ah-sfbpw ]n¥p-Sc
- p-tamsb∂v kZm-
\p-a-bhpw `b-°p-∂-Xmbn C\n-bp≈ Ah-fpsS Nn¥-I-fn¬ \n∂v a\- n-em-°mw. hni-
∏-S-ßmØ Zp¿a-c-W-am-Ip∂ k¿∏w Ct∏mgpw Xs‚ Im¬®p-h-´n-ep-s≠∂v Ahƒ `b-
s∏-Sp-∂p. tNmctX™pIdpØ B hoXpfn Xs‚-taepw GXp \nan-jhpw ]Xn-°mw.
A—s‚ ssIbn¬ \n∂v Dfn Du¿∂v hoWv tPyjvT≥ acn-®-t∏mƒ Hcp s]ß-
sf∂ \ne-bn¬ AXns\ tNmZyw sNøm≥ Ahƒ B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ cP-]p-{X-
s\-t∏mse {]Xn-Im-c-Zm-ln-bmbn acn-°m≥ X\n°v Ign-bn√ F∂-hƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂p.
AXp-am-{X-a√, Kpcp-\nμ ISpØ ]mX-I-hp-am-Wv. hnizm-¤p-X-߃ \n¿an-°p∂ X®s‚
_p≤n°v Hcp ]mfn® ]‰n-bm¬ Bcpw tNmZn-°p-I-bn-√. ImcWw aZ-bm-\-t]m-se-bm-W-
—≥. B¿°pw tNmZyw sNømt\m Xf-bv°mt\m Ign-bn-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
tPyjvTs‚ ac-WsØ X®-\p-]-‰nb ssI∏n-g-bm-bn-´mWv temIw Icp-Xp-∂-Xv. At±-l-
Øns‚ Io¿Øn°v Ipdhv h∂-Xp-an-√. GXm-bmepw Xs‚ Cfw-tNmc sIm≠v A—≥
awKfw cNn-°m≥ X\n°v Ign-bn√ F∂-hƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

1. "Im¬®p-h-´n-ep-≠n-s∏mgpw' ˛ BcpsS? Im¬®p-h-´n-ep-≈-sX¥v?

2. "aZ-bm\ X≥..............................-X-f-bv°p-hm≥' ˛ kμ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy‡-am-
°p-I.
or
"Bh-Xns√\n-°n-fw................................-aw-Kfw' ˛ awKfw cNn-°m≥ Ign-bm-ØXv
B¿°v? F¥p-sIm≠v?
 5
Fs‚ X´-I-sØm-‰-bv°ncp∂p Rm≥......-.....................................sb-∂p-≈n-te-°-ß-s\.
Xs‚ hf¿®sbbpw Ahƒ kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. s\©n-¬ Xd® hen-sbmcp
thZ-\-bpsS Dfn-bp-ambn Ahƒ Xs‚ X´-I-Øn¬ H‰-bv°n-cp-∂p. tPyjvTs‚ ac-W-ta-
ev]n® I\Ø BLm-X-Øn¬s∏´v \odp-tºmgpw \n›-b-Zm¿Vy-tØmsS inev]-hn-Zy-
bp--ambn Ahƒ Xs‚ PohnXw apt∂m-´p-\-bn-°p-∂p. Idp-∏p-w shfp∏pw \nd™ A\p-`-
h-ßsf Ahƒ inev]-ß-fm°n am‰n. Xncn-bpfn Ah-fpsS ssIbn-sem-Xp-ßn-Øn-cn-™p.
sIm®pfn s\bv]p-c≠p hg-ßn. a´hpw apg-t°mepw Ah-fpsS Ic-߃°v hf¿Øp-]-
ip-°-sf-t∏mse CW-°-ap-≈-Xm-bn. Dfn-sIm≠v hÆw IqSnb XSnsb t\¿Ø-Xm-°p∂
A—s‚ Iui-ehpw Ahƒ ]Tn-s®-Sp-Øp. kmK-c-ßsf Pbn-°m≥ t]m∂ h≈w D≠m-
°-W-sa∂v Ahƒ Nn¥n-®p. cmhpw ]Iepambpw th\epw ag-bp-ambpw Znh-k-ß-tfm-
tcm-∂mbn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmgpw Hcp NnX¬∏p-‰n-se-∂-hÆw Ahƒ apdn-°p-≈n¬ AS-
®n-cp-∂p X∂nte°v Xs∂ HXp-ßn-°q-Sp-∂p.

1. X®s‚ aIƒ Xs‚ PohnXw sIm´n-t\m°n ]Tn-®-sX-hnsS?

2. hf¿Øp-]-ip-°-sf-t∏mse CW-ßn-b-sX-s¥√mw?
3. Ahƒ ]Tn-s®-SpØ A—s‚ Iui-e-sa¥v?

thZ-\n-°p-thm¿......-...........................................s∂m-cm-k-‡nsb
X®s‚ aIƒ ]WnX inev]-ß-sf-°p-dn®v C\n X\n°v inev]-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬
Fs¥m-s°-bmWv sNøm-\p-≈-sX-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p-amWv XpS¿∂v hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xv. thZ-
\n-°p-∂-h¿, aμ-l-kn-°p-∂-h¿, `oXn-bm¿∂-h¿, im¥-kz-cq-]n-Iƒ, tZh-∑m¿, b£-
∑m¿, In∂-c∑- m¿ Chsc√mw Ah-fpsS inev]ß - f
- n-eqsS ]p\¿P-\n-®p. cp{Z-hoW ao´p∂
cmh-W≥, Bkp-ch - n-Zy-bpsS A[n-]\
- mb ip{I≥, i]n-°s - ∏´ bbmXn, C{μs\ XrjvW-
tbmsS t\m°p∂ Aley, sX‰n-t\m-sSm∏w \n¬t°-≠n-h-∂-Xn-\m¬ ic-i-ø-bn¬ InS-
t°-≠n-h∂ `ojva¿ XpSßn \nc-h[n cq]-ß-sfbpw hnhn[ `mh-ß-sfbpw ac-s°m-ºp-
I-fn¬ ]Wn-™p.
Cßs\ inev]-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-eqsS PohnXw Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ ]mXn-
Nm-cnb hmXn-en¬ shbn-semfn CS-bv°nsS ambp-Ibpw Kw`o-c-amb Hcp cq]w ]pd-Øp-
\n¬°p-∂-Xmbpw Ahƒ°v tXm∂p-∂p. H∂p t\m°p-Ibpw aS-ßp-Ibpw sNøp∂ B
cq]w Xs‚ A—-t‚-XmWv F∂v Xncn-®-dn™t∏mƒ t]Sn-sIm≠v Ahƒ Xf¿∂p-t]m-
Ip-∂p. A—≥ Xs∂ sIm√ptam hf¿Øptam Ft∂m¿Ø-hƒ Bi-¶s - ∏-Sp-∂p. A—s\
ImWp-tºmƒ sImSp-¶m-´n¬ sh®v ISp-hsb ImWp-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ hnIm-c-amWv Ah-
fn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. ]nXm-hns‚ kmao]yw Ah-fn¬ Htc-k-abw `oXnbpw `‡nbpw \nd-
bv°p-∂p. P\-ß-fpsS A]-hm-Z-ßsf hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-f√ Ah-sf-¶nepw tNmc-∏m-Sp≈
hoXpfn Ah-fpsS Hm¿Ω-bn¬ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p. hymfn-bpsS tImº√v sImØp-tºmgpw
Ah-fpsS GIm-{K-Xsb XI¿Øp-sIm-≠v hoXpfn Ah-fpsS t\¿°v ]m™p-sN-√p-∂-
Xmbn Ahƒ°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p.
C\n X\n°p ]d-bp-hm-\p≈ \h-c-k-ß-sf-°p-dn®p ]d-bp-∂p. PpKp]vk (\n-μ),
A¤p-Xw, im¥w, iaw (kam[m\w), aZw (A-l-¶mcw), am’cyw (]-I), aÆnse Im´p-
Xo-bmIp∂ Akq-b, thj-{]-—-∂-\mbv ]pjv]-I-Øn-se-Øp∂ Bk‡n XpS-ßnb
`mh-ßsf X\n°v sImØn-bp-≠m-°-Ww.
 6
1. X®s‚ aIƒ GsX√mw Xc-Øn-ep≈ inev]-ß-fmWv ]Wn-XXv?
or
Ahƒ `mh-\n¿`cw ac-s°m-ºp-I-fn¬ Na-®-sX¥v?
2. "D≤-X-hym-{L...................................-D÷zen∏q ˛ kμ¿`-sa-gp-Xp-I.
3. A—s\ `b-s∏-´Xv GXp-t]mse?
4. Ah-fpsS [ym\w XI¿°p-∂Xv F¥v?
5. X®s‚ aIƒ°v C\n sImØp-hm\p≈ `mh-߃, \h-c-k-߃ GsX√mw?

ap∏p-c-߃......-...........................................hoXp-fn-°n-c-bm-bnSm
ap∏-c-ßfpw (I-a-em-£≥, Xmc-Im-£≥, hnZyp\vamen F∂o aq∂v Zm\-h-∑m¿°v
ab≥ ambm-hn-Zy-tbm-Sp-IqSn \n¿Ωn-®p-sIm-SpØ aq∂p ]pc-߃) kp[¿Ωbpw (tZ-h-
k`), ]mWvU-h-{]-ÿhpw (C-{μ-{]-ÿw) \n¿Ωn® Akp-c-in-ev]n-bmb ab≥ Ah-fpsS
kz]v\-Øn-seØn D]-tZ-in-°p-∂p. A—\pw aIfpw XΩn-ep≈ ]hn-{X-_-‘-am-Ip∂
]´p-\q¬s°´v s]m´n®v cm{Xn-bn¬ ]Wn-bm-bp-[-ß-fp-ambn c£-s∏-Sm-\m-bn-cp∂p D]-
tZ-iw. ]e cm{Xn-I-fnepw Ah-fn-Xn-s\-°p-dn-t®m¿Øp. B¿Øn-]q≠v Hfn-t®m-Sp-∂Xv
ZpjvI-c-am-Wv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ t\¿°p-b¿Øp∂ apJw `oX-am-Im≥ ]mSn√ (A-—s\
t]Sn®v Hfn-t®m-Sm≥ ]mSn-√). AXn-\m¬ A—-t\mSv bm{X tNmZn®v ]ncn-bp-∂-XmWv
\√-Xv. {_m“-ap-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ P]n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ A—-t\mSv bm{X-bv°p≈ A\p-
hm-Zhpw A\p-{K-lhpw Ahƒ tXSp-∂p. GXp Zn°n¬ t]mbmepw X®s‚ aI-sf∂
t]cv hnc¬Øp-ºn¬ \n\v\v am™p-t]m-ImsX Im°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p A—s‚ D]-tZ-
iw). icn-bmb D]-tZ-ia - m-WX
- v. Imc-Ww, ssIIƒ Aev]w hnd-®X
- p-sIm-≠p-am{Xw Pohn-
X-Imew apgp-h≥ t]cp-tZm-j-a-\p-`-hn-°m≥ hn[n-°-s∏´ Hc—≥ CXn-s\-°mƒ t{ijvT-
amb F¥p-]-tZ-i-amWv \¬Im-\p-≈-Xv F∂-hƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂p. Cu D]-tZ-i-Øns‚
I\-Øm¬ `mc-ta-dp-I-bmWv Ah-fpsS Dfn-s∏-´n°v.
]nXr-ktv \-lØ
- ns‚ ]´p-\q¬ s]m´n-s®-dn-™p≈ B bm{X-bn¬ Ahƒ°v injy-
cn√, A\p-h¿Øn-I-fn-√, HØp-tN-cm≥ Iq´p-Im-cn-√, inev]-hnZy hmgvØp-hm≥ Bfp-I-
fn-√. `qan Ahƒ°v H‰-bms‚ h\m-¥cw t]mse A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. k]vX¿jn aWvU-
e-Ønse Acp-‘-Xo-\-£{Xw am{X-amWv Ahƒ°v hgn-Im-´n-bm-bp-≈-Xv. Pohn-X-Øn¬
kpJhpw ZpxJhpw amdnamdnhcpw. B Pohn-X-bm-{X-bn¬ hoXpfn h∂p-]-Xn-°m-Xn-cn-°m-
\mbn Dfn-s∏-´nbpw apg-t°m-ep-ambnXm t]mIp-∂p.

1. ab≥ \n¿Ωn-®-sX-s¥√mw?
2. ab≥ D]-tZ-in-®-sX¥v?
3. A—-t\mSv bm{X-tNm-Zn-°m-\p≈ ImcWw?
4. A—≥ aIsf A\p-{K-ln-®-sX-ßs\?
5. A—s‚ A\p-{K-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-se¥v?
6. bm{X-bn¬ C√m-ØXv Bsc√mw?
 7
7. bm{X-bn¬ Zo]-am-bn-´p-≈Xv GXv?
or
bm{X-bn¬ IqsS-bp-≈Xv Bcv?
6. a∂nSw Ahƒ°v GXp-t]m-se-bmWv?

]≠p-kw⁄......-...........................................hoXp-fn-°n-c-bm-bn-Sm.
tZh-in-ev]n-bmb hniz-I¿Ωmhv Xs‚ ]p{Xn-bmb kw⁄sb kqcy\v `mcy-bmbn
\¬In. kqcys‚ NqSv kln-°m-\m-ImsX ]cm-Xn-s∏´ aIsf Biz-kn-∏n-°m-\mbn
hnizI¿Ωmhv kqcys\ cmIn NqSp-Ip-d-bv°m≥ {ian-®p. B hniz-I¿Ωm-hns‚ ssh`-h-
amWv (km-a¿Yyw) s]cp-¥® - \pw kzmb-Øa
- m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂X
- v. Aß-s\-bp≈ B ssII-
fn¬ \n∂v Hcn-°epw ]nghv kw`-hn-°n√. AXp-sIm≠v Xs‚ A—s‚ ssII-fn¬
\n∂v ew_-ambn (Ip-sØ) hogp∂ Dfn Hcp-]t£ Xs‚ IgpØpw I≠n-t®-°mw. Xs‚
Xp—-amb inev]-kn≤n A—s‚ A]m-c-amb inev]-kn-≤n-bm¬ \miw kw`-hn-t®-°mw.
hoWp-In-S-°p∂ Ac-bm¬t]mepw At\Iw Pohn-Iƒ°v B{i-b-am-Ip-sa-¶n¬ Cuiz-
c≥ Xs‚ krjvSn-Iƒ°v F{X-am{Xw kwc-£-I-\m-Ipw. Cub-h-k-c-Øn¬ apØ-—s‚
hm°p-Iƒ Ahƒ Hm¿°p-∂p: hmb-Io-dnb ssZhw Ccbpw \¬Ip-sa∂ apØ-—s‚
hm°p-Iƒ hnizkn®v Ahfpw bm{X-bm-Ip-∂p. inev]-kn≤n X\n°v D]-I-cn-®n-s√-¶nepw
Cuiz-c≥ Xs∂ kwc-£n-°p-sa-∂¿∞w.
Cßs\ `oXn-bpsS XSh-d-bn¬ \n∂v ]nS-™-t∏mƒ Xøm-sd-Sp-°p∂ X®s‚
aI-fpsS hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-ß-fn-eqsS at\m-l-c-amb Hcp Imhy-inev]w IS-s™-Sp-Øn-cn-
°p∂p. "X®s‚ aIƒ' F∂ Ihn-X-bn-eqsS hnP-b-e-£van.

1. hniz-I¿Ωm-hns‚ ssh`-h-sa-¥m-bn-cp∂p?
2. kvt\l-hm-’-eyw....................-lkvXw ]ng-bv°ptam? ˛ kμ¿`-sa-gp-Xp-I.
3. "apØ—t\m sNm√n-t]m¬' ˛ apØ-—-\mcv? sNm√n-b-sX¥v?