Database Management System (DBMS) – Complete Notes
1. Introduction to Databases
- A database is an organized collection of data.
- DBMS allows storing, retrieving, and managing data efficiently.
- Advantages: Reduced redundancy, consistency, sharing, security.
- Disadvantages: Costly, complex, maintenance required.
2. ER Model
- Entity: Real-world object
- Attributes: Properties
- Relationships: Associations
- ER diagrams represent structure
- Constraints: Cardinality, participation
- Keys: Primary, candidate
3. Relational Model
- Data stored in tables (relations)
- Operations: select, project, join
- SQL basics included
4. Normalization
- Functional dependencies
- 1NF, 2NF, 3NF
- BCNF
- Multivalued dependencies
5. Query Processing
- Parsing: syntax check
- Semantic analysis: validity
- Optimization: best plan selection
- Execution: run query
6. Transactions
- ACID properties:
Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability
7. Concurrency Control
- Lock-based protocols
- Timestamp ordering
- Deadlocks and prevention
8. Recovery
- Undo: rollback changes
- Redo: reapply committed changes
- Backup and restore
9. Security
- Authentication and authorization
- Access control (RBAC)
10. Distributed Databases
- Multiple interconnected databases
- Data fragmentation and distribution
11. NoSQL Databases
- Schema-less design
- Types: Key-value, document, column, graph
12. Data Warehousing
- ETL Process:
Extract, Transform, Load
- Used for analytics and decision-making