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DBMS Typed Notes

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DBMS Typed Notes

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Database Management System (DBMS) – Complete Notes

1. Introduction to Databases

- A database is an organized collection of data.

- DBMS allows storing, retrieving, and managing data efficiently.

- Advantages: Reduced redundancy, consistency, sharing, security.

- Disadvantages: Costly, complex, maintenance required.

2. ER Model

- Entity: Real-world object

- Attributes: Properties

- Relationships: Associations

- ER diagrams represent structure

- Constraints: Cardinality, participation

- Keys: Primary, candidate

3. Relational Model

- Data stored in tables (relations)

- Operations: select, project, join

- SQL basics included

4. Normalization

- Functional dependencies

- 1NF, 2NF, 3NF

- BCNF

- Multivalued dependencies

5. Query Processing

- Parsing: syntax check

- Semantic analysis: validity

- Optimization: best plan selection

- Execution: run query

6. Transactions

- ACID properties:

Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability

7. Concurrency Control
- Lock-based protocols

- Timestamp ordering

- Deadlocks and prevention

8. Recovery

- Undo: rollback changes

- Redo: reapply committed changes

- Backup and restore

9. Security

- Authentication and authorization

- Access control (RBAC)

10. Distributed Databases

- Multiple interconnected databases

- Data fragmentation and distribution

11. NoSQL Databases

- Schema-less design

- Types: Key-value, document, column, graph

12. Data Warehousing

- ETL Process:

Extract, Transform, Load

- Used for analytics and decision-making

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