CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Theories

1. Definition of Translation
Translation is generally defined as the process of transferring meaning
from a source language into a target language. The main objective of translation
is to convey the original message as accurately as possible without distorting its
meaning. Larson (1984) defines translation as the process of transferring meaning
from the source language into the receptor language while maintaining the
original message. This definition highlights that meaning plays a central role in
translation rather than the form of language.
Furthermore, Newmark (1988) states that translation is rendering the
meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the
text. This implies that a translator should consider not only linguistic aspects but
also the intention behind the message. In line with this, Munday (2016) explains
that translation involves a complex process of transferring meaning across
languages while taking into account cultural differences.
From these perspectives, it can be concluded that translation is a process
of conveying meaning from the source language to the target language by
considering linguistic and cultural aspects in order to produce an accurate, clear,
and acceptable translation.

2. Translation Techniques
Translation techniques refer to the procedures used by translators to
transfer meaning from the source language into the target language. These
techniques are important because translators often face various challenges due to
differences in grammar, vocabulary, and cultural context between languages.
Molina and Albir (2002) propose a comprehensive classification of
translation techniques consisting of eighteen types. These techniques are used to
analyze translation at the micro-level, focusing on how specific units of language
are translated. The techniques include adaptation, amplification, borrowing,
calque, compensation, description, discursive creation, established equivalent,
generalization, linguistic amplification, linguistic compression, literal translation,
modulation, particularization, reduction, substitution, transposition, and variation.
This classification is widely used in translation studies because it provides
a clear framework for identifying and analyzing the strategies used by translators.
Therefore, Molina and Albir’s theory is considered appropriate for analyzing
 translation techniques in news articles, as it helps explain how meaning is
transferred from the source language to the target language in different contexts.

3. News Articles
News articles are written texts that report current events and provide
information to the public through mass media. They aim to deliver factual,
accurate, and up-to-date information. According to Reah (2002), news is a report
of recent events that are considered important or interesting to the public.
In addition, news articles typically have specific characteristics, such as a
clear structure, concise language, and an objective tone. These characteristics
make news texts different from other types of texts, such as literary texts. In the
context of English language teaching, news articles are often used as learning
materials, especially in reading activities, because they provide authentic
language input and real-world context.
Therefore, understanding news articles requires not only linguistic
competence but also the ability to interpret meaning accurately. This is closely
related to translation, as translation can help learners understand the content of
texts more effectively.

REFERENCES
1. Larson, M. L. (1984). Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence.
2. Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation.
3. Munday, J. (2016). Introducing Translation Studies.
4. Molina, L., & Albir, A. H. (2002). Translation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic and
Functionalist Approach. Meta Journal.
5. Reah, D. (2002). The Language of Newspapers.

B. Review Relevant Studies

A study conducted by Nabilla and Fatimah (2025) analyzed translation techniques
and translation quality in news articles published by CNN Indonesia. The study aimed to
identify the types of translation techniques used and to assess the quality of the translated
texts in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. This research employed a
mixed-method approach combining descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods, and
the data were taken from selected news articles on CNN Indonesia.
 The findings revealed that various translation techniques based on Molina and
Albir’s framework were applied, such as established equivalent, modulation, borrowing,
and literal translation. Among these techniques, established equivalent was found to be
the most dominant. In terms of translation quality, the results showed that most of the
translated texts were categorized as accurate, although some variations were found in
acceptability and readability. This study is similar to the present research in that both
analyze translation techniques in news texts using Molina and Albir’s framework.
However, this study also evaluates translation quality, while the present research focuses
only on identifying the types and the dominant translation techniques used in translating
news articles from English into Indonesian.
In addition, another study was conducted by Normalita and Nugroho (2023)
which examined translation techniques used in translating news headlines on BBC
News. The study aimed to identify the types of translation techniques applied in
headlines and to describe the characteristics of headline translation. This research
employed a qualitative descriptive method, and the data were collected from BBC News
headlines published between October and December 2022.
The findings indicated that various translation techniques based on Molina and
Albir (2002) were used, including amplification, borrowing, calque, modulation, literal
translation, and established equivalent. Among these, established equivalent was found
to be the most frequently used technique. The study also revealed that headline
translation involves specific linguistic features, such as lexical, grammatical, and
rhetorical aspects. This study is similar to the present research because both analyze
translation techniques in news texts using the same theoretical framework. However, this
study focuses only on headlines, whereas the present research analyzes translation
techniques in the overall content of news articles, resulting in a broader scope of
analysis.
Another relevant study was conducted by Fadilla and Ardi (2024) which analyzed
the translation of euphemism and dysphemism in Deutsche Welle (DW) online news
from English into Indonesian. The study aimed to compare how euphemistic and
dysphemistic expressions are translated and to identify the techniques used in the
translation process. This research employed a qualitative descriptive method, and the
data were taken from DW online news articles.
The findings showed that several translation techniques based on Molina and
Albir (2002) were applied, such as established equivalent, modulation, generalization,
and reduction. Among these, established equivalent was the most frequently used
technique. The study also found that translators tend to adjust expressions based on
cultural and contextual considerations to maintain the intended meaning, especially when
dealing with sensitive linguistic elements. This study is relevant to the present research
as both examine translation techniques in news texts using the same theoretical
framework. However, this study specifically focuses on euphemism and dysphemism,
while the present research analyzes translation techniques in general news texts, making
the scope of the present research broader.
C. Conceptual Framework
The present research focuses on analyzing translation techniques used in
translating news articles from English into Indonesian. In this research, news articles
published by BBC News and CNN are used as the source of data. These articles are
originally written in English (source language) and translated into Indonesian (target
language).
In the process of translation, translators apply various techniques to transfer
meaning from the source language into the target language. This research uses the
classification of translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2002) as the main
theoretical framework to identify and analyze the techniques used in the translation
process.
The data in this research consist of words, phrases, and sentences found in the
news articles. These linguistic units are analyzed to determine the types of translation
techniques applied. Furthermore, the analysis is conducted to identify the most dominant
translation technique used in translating the news articles.
Based on this framework, the research is expected to provide a clear description
of how translation techniques are applied in news texts and how meaning is transferred
from English into Indonesian through appropriate translation techniques.