STD 10 Science Total Marks : 190

* Choose The Right Answer From The Given Options.[1 Marks Each] [50]

1. Which one of the following materials cannot be used to make a lens?

(A) Water (B) Glass (C) Plastic (D) Clay

Ans. : (D) Clay

[Hint: The material of a lens must be transparent but clay is opaque]
2. The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and
larger than the object. Where should be the position of the object?
(A) Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature
(B) At the centre of curvature
(C) Beyond the centre of curvature
(D) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus
Ans. : (D) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus
3. Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens to get a real image
of the size of the object?
(A) At the principal focus of the lens
(B) At twice the focal length of the lens
(C) At infinity
(D) Between the optical centre of the lens and its principal focus
Ans. : (B) At twice the focal length of the lens
4. A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each a focal length of 15 cm.
The mirror and the lens are likely to be…
(A) both concave.
(B) both convex.
(C) the mirror is concave and the lens is convex.
(D) the mirror is convex, but the lens is concave
Ans.: (A) both concave.
5. No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appears erect. The
mirror is likely to be
(A) only plane (B) only concave.
(C) only convex (D) either plane or convex.
Ans. : (D) either plane or convex. [Hint: Both give erect images. The size of image in
plane mirror is same as the object but it is diminished in convex mirror.]

Page 1
 6. Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small
letters found in a dictionary?
(A) A convex lens of focal length 50 cm
(B) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm
(C) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm
(D) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm
Ans. : (C) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm
[Hint: Since a convex lens gives a magnified image of the object and the smaller
the focal length, the more the magnifying power.]
7. The magnifying power of convex lens is ______.
(A) > 1 (B) < 1
(C) = 1 (D) cannot be determined
Ans. : A, B and C
8. What is the wavelength range of visible light?
(A) 4 × 10 −7
m to 8 × 10
−7
m (B) 4 × 10−9
m to −9
8 × 10 m

(C) 4 × 10−5
m to −5
8 × 10 m

(D) 4 × 10 −6
m to 8 × 10
−6
m

Ans.: (A) 4 × 10
−7
m to 8 × 10
−7
m

9. What is the relation between the radius of curvature (R) and the focal length (f )

of a spherical mirror?
(A) R = f /2 (B) R = f (C) R = 2f (D) R = 3f

Ans. : (C) R = 2f

10. Through which of the following points, will a ray passing through the centre of
curvature (C) and reflected by a concave mirror pass?
(A) Focus (B) Centre of curvature
(C) Pole (D) All

Ans. : (B) Centre of curvature

11. Where, in front of a concave mirror, should an object be placed to get its virtual
and erect image?
(A) At principal focus F
(B) At centre of curvature C
(C) Between the principal focus and the pole
(D) Beyond the centre of curvature

Ans. : (C) Between the principal focus and the pole

12. The magnífication produced by a plane mirror is always ______.

Page 2
 (A) more than 1 (B) 1 (C) less than 1 (D) zero

Ans. : (B) 1
′
h ′
Hint : m = = 1 (∵ Here, h = h)
h

or
v
m = −
u

Here, |v| = |u| and u is negative while v is positive.

∴ We get, m = 1

13. The focal length of a plane mirror is ______.

(A) zero
(B) infinity
(C) equal to half the object distance
(D) equal to the object distance

Ans. : (B) infinity

Hint : In case of plane mirror |v| = |u| , also according to the New Cartesian sign
convention, v is positive and u is negative.
Now, from the mirror formula 1

f
=
1

u
+
1

v
, for a plane mirror, as |v| = |u| and u is
negative while v is positive, we get 1

f
= 0 ∴ f = ∞ (infinity)

14. The distance between the object at 40 cm from a plane mirror and its image is
______.
(A) 40 cm (B) 80 cm (C) 20 cm (D) 60 cm

Ans. : (B) 80 cm
Hint: The distance between the object and its image = |u| + |v|

= 40 + 40 (∵ Here, |u| = |v|)

= 80cm

15. Where should an object be placed to obtain its image as real, inverted and of
the same height as the object by a convex lens?
(A) At the principal focus
(B) Between the principal focus and centre of curvature
(C) At the centre of curvature
(D) Between the optical centre and principal focus

Ans. : (C) At the centre of curvature

16. Which of the following materials has maximum optical density?
(A) Glass (B) Water
(C) Carbon disulphide (D) Diamond

Page 3
 Ans. : (D) Diamond
Hint: From the given substances, diamond has highest refractive index.
17. The absolute refractive index of any medium is ________.
(A) 1 (B) > 1 (C) < 1 (D) zero
Ans. : (B) > 1

18. Which of the lenses with focal length 10 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm and 50 cm has
maximum power?
(A) 50 cm (B) 25 cm (C) 20 cm (D) 10 cm

Ans. : (D) 10 cm
Hint : From power P =
1

f
, the lens with less focal length f has more power P . So,
the lens with focal length 10 cm has maximum power.
19. What is the focal length of a convex lens having power +5.0 D?
(A) −10cm (B) −20cm (C) +10cm (D) +20cm
Ans. : (D) +20cm

Hint : P =
1

1 1
∴ f = = = 0.2m = +20cm
p 5

20. If the absolute refractive indices of water, benzene and sapphire are 1.33, 1.50
and 1.77 respectively, then which medium has maximum relative refractive
Index?
(A) Sapphire relative to water (B) Sapphire relative to benzene
(C) Benzene relative to water (D) Water relative to benzene
Ans. : (A) Sapphire relative to benzene
Hint :
n2
n21 =
n1

∴ n21 is maximum, when n2 is maximum and n1 is minimum.

Hence, it is obvious that in the present case, medium 1 must be water and medium
2 must be sapphire.
∴ Refractive index of sapphire with respect to water would be maximum.
21. Which type of image is formed by a plane mirror?
(A) Real and inverted (B) Real and erect
(C) Virtual and erect (D) Virtual and inverted

Ans. : (C) Virtual and erect

22. If the absolute refractive indices of water and glass are and respectively,
4 3

3 2

then what is the ratio of the speed of light in water to that in glass?
(A) 2 (B) 8

9
(C) 9

8
(D) 1

Page 4
 Ans. : (C) 9

Hint: Taking water as medium 1 and glass as medium 2, speed of light in water
would be v1 and speed of light in glass would be v2.
Here, n 1
=
4

3
and n2 =
3

Now, n 21 =
n2

n1
=
v1

v2

3/2 v1 v1 9
∴ = ∴ =
4/3 v2 v2 8

23. The absolute refractive indices of water, glass and diamond are 1.33, 1.50 and
2.42 respectively. Which medium has maximum optical density?
(A) Water
(B) Glass
(C) Diamond
(D) Data not enough to draw any conclusion

Ans. : (C) Diamond

Hint: The greater the absolute refractive index, the greater is the optical density.
24. Which of the following always form virtual image?
(A) Concave mirror and convex lens
(B) Convex mirror and concave lens
(C) Convex mirror and convex lens
(D) Concave mirror and concave lens

Ans. : (B) Convex mirror and concave lens

25. What is the angle of refraction for a light ray incident normal to the surface of a
medium?
(A) 90 ∘
(B) 60 ∘
(C) 30 ∘
(D) 0 ∘

Ans. : (D) 0
∘

Hint : According to general form of Snell's law n1 sin i = n2 sin r . As ∘

i = 0 , then ∘
r = 0

because value of n1 and n2 are never zero.

26. No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appears always erect.
The mirror is likely to be…
(A) only plane (B) only concave
(C) only convex (D) either plane or convex

Ans. : (D) either plane or convex

27. A virtual image of an object is formed by a mirror, then…
(A) it would be a convex mirror.
(B) it would be a concave mirror.
(C) it would be a plane mirror.

Page 5
 (D) it would be any one of the mirrors given above.

Ans. : (D) it would be any one of the mirrors given above.

28. An object is kept at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror. The distance
between the image of the object and pole of the mirror…
(A) would be equal to f.
(B) would be less than 2f but more than f.
(C) would be equal to 2f
(D) would be more than 2f.
Ans. : (C) would be equal to 2f
29. A ray of light travelling in air is obliquely incident on undisturbed horizontal
surface of pond water. Inside the water, it…
(A) will travel without deviation.
(B) will bend away from the normal drawn at the point of incidence.
(C) will bend towards the normal drawn at the point of incidence.
(D) will turn back following the original path.

Ans. : (C) will bend towards the normal drawn at the point of incidence.
30. As shown in the following figure, a light ray travels from medium A to medium
B. Then refractive index of medium B relative to medium A would be...

–
(A)
√3
(B)
√2
(C) 1

√2
(D) √2
√2 √3

Ans.: (A) √3

√2

31. As shown in the following figure, a light ray travels from medium A to medium
B. Then refractive index of medium A relative to medium B would be _______.

(A) > 1 (B) < 1 (C) = 1 (D) = 0

Ans. : (B) < 1

Page 6
32. Magnification produced by a rear-view mirror fitted in vehicles…
(A) is always less than 1.
(B) is always equal to 1.
(C) is always more than 1.
(D) can be more than or less than 1 depending upon the position of the object in front
of the mirror.
Ans. : (A) is always less than 1.
Hint: Convex mirror is used as rear-view mirror in vehicles. Image formed by it is
always virtual, erect and diminished in size compared to the object. So,
magnification of image formed by it is less than 1.
33. The absolute refractive indices of three substances A, B and C are 1.33, 1.65 and
1.46 respectively. In which substance is the speed of light maximum?
(A) A (B) B
(C) C (D) Would be the same in A, B and C
Ans. : (A) A
Hint : n =
m
c

34. An object placed in front of a convex mirror Is moved from far-off distance
towards the pole of the mirror. Then size of the image…
(A) increases (B) decreases
(C) remains constant. (D) first increases and then decreases
Ans.: (A) increases
35. An object placed in front of a convex mirror is moved from far-off distance
towards the pole of the mirror. Then the image…
(A) moves towards the pole.
(B) moves away from the pole.
(C) first moves away from the pole and then towards the pole.
(D) first moves towards the pole and then away from the pole.

Ans.: (A) moves towards the pole.

36. What is the centre of a spherical mirror called?
(A) Principal focus (B) Centre of curvature
(C) Principal axis (D) Pole

Ans. : (D) Pole

37. What is the diameter of the reflecting circular surface of a spherical mirror
called?
(A) Aperture (B) Radius of curvature

Page 7
 (C) Focal length (D) Principal axis
Ans.: (A) Aperture
38. Where should the object be placed to obtain its real image of the same size as
the object using a concave mirror?
(A) At infinite distance from the mirror
(B) At the centre of curvature of the mirror
(C) At the principal focus of the mirror
(D) Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature of the mirror

Ans. : (B) At the centre of curvature of the mirror

39. Where should the object be placed to obtain a real and diminished image using
a concave mirror?
(A) Between the principal focus and the pole of the mirror
(B) At the centre of curvature of the mirror
(C) Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature of the mirror
(D) Beyond the centre of curvature of the mirror
Ans. : (D) Beyond the centre of curvature of the mirror
40. Where should the object be placed to obtain a real and magnified image using a
concave mirror?
(A) Between the pole and the principal focus of the mirror
(B) At the principal focus of the mirror
(C) Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature of the mirror
(D) At the centre of curvature of the mirror
Ans. : (C) Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature of the mirror
41. Which type of image cannot be obtained by a concave mirror?
(A) Real and enlarged (B) Real and diminished
(C) Virtual and enlarged (D) Virtual and diminished
Ans. : (D) Virtual and diminished
42. Which type of image is formed by a convex mirror?
(A) Real, inverted and diminished
(B) Virtual, erect and diminished
(C) Real, inverted and enlarged
(D) Virtual, erect and enlarged
Ans. : (B) Virtual, erect and diminished
43. What happens to an obliquely incident ray travelling from glass to air?

Page 8
 (A) It bends towards the normal.
(B) It bends away from the normal.
(C) It does not undergo refraction.
(D) It turns back following the original path.
Ans. : (B) It bends away from the normal.
44. A point object emits rays in all directions. Consider one ray that the object emits
which is parallel to the principal axis of a concave mirror as shown in the
following figure.

Select the point in the figure given here, through which the reflected ray passes.
(A) C (B) F (C) A (D) P
Ans. : (B) F
45. Which type of image of an object cannot be obtained by a convex lens?
(A) Real and diminished (B) Real and enlarged
(C) Virtual and diminished (D) Virtual and enlarged

Ans. : (C) Virtual and diminished

46. From which of the following letters, we cannot obtain its laterally inverted
image?
(A) N (B) O (C) P (D) Q
Ans. : (B) O
47. From which of the following letters, can we obtain its laterally inverted image?
(A) W (B) X (C) Y (D) Z

Ans. : (D) Z
48. A boy is running with speed v towards a plane mirror, then at what speed, his
image will be running towards him?
(A) 2v (B) > v (C) v (D) < v
Ans.: (A) 2v

49. If a spherical mirror is immersed in water, then its focal length…

(A) changes (B) does not change
(C) may or may not change (D) becomes zero
Ans. : (B) does not change

Page 9
50. In the following figure, an object is placed between F1 and 2F1 . Where will be the
image formed?

(A) Beyond 2F2 (B) AtF 2

(C) Between 2F2 and F2 (D) Infinity

Ans.: (A) Beyond 2F2

* Fill in the blank with correct answer.[1 Mark each] [19]

51. The centre of a spherical mirror is called the ________ and the centre of a lens is
called the _______ . (Pole, Optical centre, Focus)
Ans. : Pole, Optical centre
52. The power of a convex lens having focal length 10 cm is _______ D. (10, -10, 5)
Ans. : 10
53. When a ray of light travels from water to air, its speed _______. (Increases,
Decreases, Remains the same)
Ans. : increases
54. Focal length of a convex lens is ______. (Positive, Negative, Zero)
Ans. : positive
55. _______ image can be obtained on a screen. (Real, Virtual, Enlarged)
Ans. : Real
56. Magnification produced by a spherical mirror is positive. So, the type of image is
_______. (Erect and virtual, Inverted and real, Enlarged and real)
Ans. : erect and virtual
57. Magnification produced by a lens is negative. So, the type of image is _______ and
_______. (Inverted and real, Erect and virtual, Enlarged and diminished)
Ans. : inverted and real
58. A ray of light is incident at an angle of 30° to the surface of a plane mirror. Then
the angle between the incident ray and reflected ray must be ________. (120°, 60°,
90°)
Ans. : 120
∘

59. If a virtual, erect and magnified image of an object is formed by a convex lens;
the object must be at a distance ________. (Less than the focal length, At twice

Page 10
 the focal length, Beyond twice the focal length)
Ans. : less than the focal length of the lens
60. In case of a mirror or lens, the ratio of the image height to object height is
called ________. (Magnification, Refraction, Dispersion)
Ans. : magnification
61. A ________ lens is thicker at its edges than at its centre. (Concave, Convex, Bifocal)
Ans. : concave
62. ENT specialist doctor uses a ________ of small aperture. (Concave mirror, Convex
mirror, Plane mirror)
Ans. : concave mirror
63. A ________ is used as a magnifying glass. (Convex lens, Concave lens, Plane
mirror)
Ans. : convex lens
64. If the power of the correcting lens used in spectacles is - 0.4 D. then the type of
lens must be ________ . (Concave, Convex, Cylindrical)
Ans. : concave
65. ________ is the instrument used to measure the power of a lens. (Dioptre meter,
Barometer, Thermometer)
Ans. : Dioptre meter
66. ________ mirror is used in the head-light of a car. (Concave, Convex, Plane)
Ans. : Concave
67. The lens formula is __________.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( − = , − = , + = )
v u f u v f v u f

Ans. : 1

v
−
1

u
=
1

68. If the optician prescribes +2.0D, then the type of lens will be _________ . (concave,
convex, bifocal)
Ans. : convex
69. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. Then its Focal length is
_________ . [10m, 10cm, 40cm]
Ans. : 10 cm

* State if the following are true or false.[1 Mark each] [16]

70. A virtual image can be obtained on a screen.

Ans. : false

Page 11
71. In case of irregular reflection, the beam of reflected light remains parallel in a
specific direction.
Ans. : false
72. Laws of reflection are applicable to any type of mirror.
Ans. : true
73. Laws of reflection are not applicable to a rough and irregular surface.
Ans. : false
74. The diameter of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is known as the
aperture of the mirror.
Ans. : true
75. At least, four rays are required to obtain the position of an image formed by a
mirror.
Ans. : false
76. If an object is kept at infinite distance from concave mirror, the image is formed
at the centre of curvature of the mirror.
Ans. : false
77. Air is optically denser than water.
Ans. : false
78. When a ray of light enters from an optically denser medium to an optically rarer
medium, its speed decreases.
Ans. : false
79. The central part of a thin lens made of glass works as a rectangular glass slab.
Ans. : true
80. According to the New Cartesian sign convention for every mirror and lens,
Object distance is taken as negative.
Ans. : true
81. For a mirror, m = v

u
and for a lens m = −
v

Ans. : false
82. A lens has power P = 5D . So, its focal length is f = 0.2cm .
Ans. : false
83. Optician has prescribed corrective lens indicating −0.4D. This means the lens
prescribed is convex.
Ans. : false
84. The absolute refractive index of any medium is greater than 1.

Page 12
 Ans. : true
85. The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of starlight.
Ans. : true

* Do as directed.[1 Mark each] [93]

86. What is reflection of light? Give the types of reflection.

Ans. : The phenomenon of light rays bouncing back in the same medium on
striking a (smooth) surface is called reflection of light.
Reflection is of two types: (1) Regular reflection and (2) Irregular (or diffused)
reflection.
87. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. What is its focal length?
Ans. : Here. R = 20 cm: f = ?
As f =
R

2
,f =
20

- 10 cm
88. Name a mirror that can give (form) an erect and enlarged image of an object.
Ans. : Concave mirror
→ A concave mirror produces an erect and enlarged image of an object, when an
object is placed between the pole and principal focus of the concave mirror.
89. Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of curvature is 32 cm.
Ans. : Here, the radius of curvature R = 32cm
We know that, the focal length f −
R

f −
32

2
=16cm
90. A cancave mirror produces three times magnified (enlarged) real image of an
object placed at 10 cm in front of it. Where is the image located?
Ans. : Here, the linear magnification m = - 3 (negative sign for a real image, which
is inverted)
The object distance u = - 10cm
(object distance (real) is always negative) The image distance v=?
As m = −
v

v=-mu
∴ v = −(−3)(−10)

=-30cm
Thus, the real image is located in front of the mirror on the the object).
91. What is the basic cause of refraction of light?
Ans. : The basic cause of refraction of light is the change in the speed of light as it
travels from one transparent medium to another.
92. What do you mean by refractive index of a medium?

Page 13
 Ans. : A ray of light that travels obliquely from one transparent medium into
another will change its direction in the second medium.
→The extent of the change in direction that takes place in a given pair of media is
expressed in term of the refractive index, the constant
appearing in the equation sin t

sin r
= constant.
93. The refractive index of water is 1.33. What does it mean?
Ans. : The refractive index of water is n = 1.33. This means that the ratio of the
w

speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in water is equal to 1.33.

94. What is optical density of a medium? Give brief information about it.
Ans. : The ability of a medium to refract light is expressed in terms of its optical
density. Optica density has a definite connotation. It is not the same as mass
density
95. Light enters from air to glass having refractive index 1.50. What is the speed of
light in the glass? The speed of light in vacuum is 3 X108 ms - 1

Ans. : Speed of light in vaccum c = 3 X108 ms- 1

Refractive index of glass ng = 1.50
Speed of light in glass v =?
Now, absolute refractive index of glass,
c
ng =
v

∴ The speed of light in the glass.

8
c 3×10 8 −1
v = = = 2 × 10 ms
ng 1.50

96. Find out from Table 2 (Given with 9.42), the medium having highest optical
density. Also, find the medium with lowest optical density.
Ans. : The higher the refractive index, the higher is the optical density.
Diamond has the highest optical density as it has the highest refractive index, 2.42
and air has the lowest optical density as it has the lowest refractive index, 1.0003.
97. A paper is burned due to the use of a lens by a student.
(1) State the type of lens used by the student.
(2) State the position of the image formed in this phenomenon.
(3) Draw the ray diagram in this phenomenon.
Ans. : (1) Convex lens
(2) Image is formed at the focus of the convex lens.(3)

Page 14
 98. Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2 m.
Ans. : Here, focal length f = - 2m ( ∵ Concave Iens)

1
∴ Power P =
f (m)

1
=
−2m
−1
= −0.5m

= −0.5 dioptre

= −0. 5D

99. A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power + 1.5 D. Find the focal length
of the lens. Is the prescribed lens diverging or converging?
Ans. :
Here, Power P = +1.5D = +1.5m −1

Focal length f = ?
From, f =
1

P
,
1
f = = 0.67m = 67cm
1.5D

As the power of the lens is positive (given), it is a converging lens. i.e.. a convex
lens.
/sup>

100. Name the type of mirror used in the following situations:

(a) Headlights of a car
(b) Side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle
(c) Solar furnace
Support your answer with reason.
Ans. : (a) For headlights of a car, a concave mirror is used.
The light source is kept at the focus of the mirror. On reflection, a strong parallel
beam of light emerges out.
(b) For side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle, convex mirror is used.

Page 15
 This is because its field of view is very large and it forms a virtual, erect and
diminished image of the object behind the vehicle, which enables a driver to see
most of the traffic behind him/her.
(c) For a solar furnace, a concave mirror is used.
Light from the Sun, on reflection from the mirror. is concentrated at the focus of
the mirror, producing heat and temperature increases sharply up to 180 C − 200 C
∘ ∘

101.

As shown in the figure, three different reflected rays are obtained from three
different mirrors. Carefully study the given diagrams and answer the following
questions :
(1) Which one of the given mirrors is convex?
(2) Which of the mirrors will (i) reflect light as a parallel beam of light (ii)
converge the parallel beam when a parallel beam of light is incident on it?
(3) Which one of the given mirrors will always produce an image equal in size to
that of the object?
(4) Which mirror will form an image smaller than object size?
(5) Which mirror will form an image smaller or bigger than the object depending
on the object distance?
(6) Which mirror is used (i) in a dressing table, (ii) as a rear-view mirror in
vehicles (iii) by a dentist?
Ans. : (1) Mirror B
(2) Mirror A will reflect light as a parallel beam of light and mirror C will converge a
parallel beam of light.
(3) Mirror A
(4) Міггог В
(5) Mirror
(6) Міггог А is used in a dressing table, mirror B is used as a rear-view mirror in
vehicles and mirror Cis used by a dentist.
102. In case of a convex mirror, if an object is kept at a distance equal to its focal
length, then the height of the image is half the height of the object. Prove this
result from the formula for magnification only.
Ans. : Here u = −f

f
Now, m =
f −u

Page 16
 f
∴ m =
f − (−f )

f 1
= =
2f 2

′
h
Now,m =
h

′
h 1
∴ =
h 2

′ h
∴ h =
2

103. If p, q and r denote the object distance, image-distance and the radius of
curvature of a spherical mirror, then prove, r = 2pq

p+q
.

1 1 1 r
∴ = + (∵ f = )
r p q 2
( )
2

Ans. : From the mirror formula

1

f
=
1

u
+
1

v ∴
2
=
1
+
1
=
q+p

r p q pq

2pq
∴ r =
p+q

104. Identify the device used as a spherical mirror or lens in the following cases,
when the image formed is virtual and erect in each case.
(1) An object is placed between the device and its principal focus. The image
formed is enlarged and behind the device.
(2) The object is placed between the principal focus and device. The image
formed is enlarged and on the same side as that of the object.
(3) The object is placed at finite distance from the device (i.e., between infinity
and device). The image formed is diminished and lies between the principal
focus and optical centre and on the same side as that of the object.
(4) The object is placed at finite distance from the device (i.e., between infinity
and device). The image formed is diminished and lies between the pole and
principal focus as well as behind it.
Ans. : (1) A concave mirror.
(2) A convex lens.
(3) A concave lens.
(4) A convex mirror.
105. Sudha finds that a sharp image of the windowpane of her science laboratory is
formed at 15 cm from the lens. She now tries to focus the building visible to her
outside the window instead of the windowpane without disturbing the lens. In
which direction will she move the screen to obtain a sharp image of the
building? What is the approximate focal length of this lens?
Ans. : To obtain a sharp image of the building instead of the windowpane, Sudha
will have to move the screen slightly towards the lens. The approximate focal
length of this lens is 15 cm.

Page 17
106. Study the diagram given below carefully and answer the following questions:

(1) Due to which phenomenon does the path of a ray of light get deviated?
(2) Name the device X.
(3) What is point A called?
(4) Which quantity is the inverse of the distance between device X and point A?
(5) State the SI unit of the physical quantity mentioned as the answer to
question (4).
Ans. : (1) Refraction
(2) Convex lens
(3) Principal Focus
(4) Power of a lens
(5) D (dioptre)
107. Two fast friends named Anjalee and Shweta spend most of the time with each
other. One day, Anjalee observed that Shweta has pain in gums while eating her
school-lunch. Anjalee's father is a dentist. So she advised Shweta to come with
her to her father's clinic. Anjalee's father examined Shweta's mouth and teeth
with a mirror and light and advised her not to eat too many chocolates and
drink soft drinks. Then she started taking care of her mouth as she washed her
mouth properly every time after having food and also started taking calcium-
rich diet.
(1) Which type of mirror is used by the dentist?
(2) Name the phenomenon of light by which the doctor is able to examine
Shweta.
(3) What values are shown by Anjalee?
Ans. : (1) Concave mirrог
(2) Reflection of light.
(3) (a) Friendship
(b) Concern for other
(c) Helping nature
108. In a small town-fair, Amey took his friend and showed him a mirror in which his
image showed the upper half of the body very fat and lower half of the body
very thin. Amey's friend got upset but Amey explained him by showing his
similar image in the mirror.
(1) Name the two mirrors used in this fair shop.

Page 18
 (2) Name the mirror in which the size of image is small.
(3) What values are displayed by Amey?
Ans. : (1) Concave and convex mirrог
(2) Convex mirror
(3) Compassion and empathy.
109. On the way from Ahmedabad to Vadodara there were four friends in a car.
Sanjay was driving the car. He saw from his side mirror that the car which was
behind their car had met with an accident.
He suddenly applied the brakes, even after his friends asked him to leave the
situation as it is. But still Sanjay did not agree and got down from the car and
persuaded his friends to help the injured. All of them took the injured person to
the nearest hospital. After taking first-aid from the hospital, the victim thanked
them for saving his life.
(1) Name the type of mirror from which Sanjay saw the accident.
(2) Why is this type of mirror used as a side mirror in vehicles?
(3) What can you learn from Sanjay's character?
Ans. : (1) A convex mirroг
(2) Convex mirrors have a wider field of view, as they are curved outwards.
Therefore, a convex mirror enables the driver to view much larger area.
(3) Sanjay is of helping nature. We learn to help needy people.
110. Write Snell's law in mathematical form.
Ans. : If i is the angle of incidence and ris the angle of refraction, then
sin t

sin r
constant
=

This constant is called the refractive index of the second medium with respect to
the first medium.
111. There are five different transparent media, which are in physical contact with
one another. Then, write the formula for the refractive index of the fifth medium
with respect to the first medium.
Ans. : n51 =
n5

n1

112. If the radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 40 cm, what is its focal length
in metre?

Ans. : f =
R

2
=
40cm

2
= 20cm = 0.2m

113. The magnification of an image formed by a convex lens is −1. Find the object
distance in terms of its focal length.
Ans. : Here, m = −1 and u = −u

So, from m = v

v
−1 =
(−u)

∴ v = +u
 1 −1 1
Now, = +
f u v

1 −1 1
∴ = +
f (−u) (+u)

1 2
∴ =
f u

∴ u = 2f

114. An object is kept at 40 cm from a concave lens of focal length 60 cm. Find the
image distance.
Ans. : Here, u = −40cm; and f = −60cm

Using the lens formula,

1 −1 1
= +
f u v

We get
1 −1 1
= +
−60 −40 v

1 −1 1
∴ = −
v 40 60

1 1 1
∴ = −( + )
v 40 60

60×40 2400
∴ v = −( ) = − = −24cm
40+60 100

115. A pencil, when dipped obliquely in water in a transparent glass tumbler, appears
to be bent at the interface of air and water. Will the pencil appear to be bent to
the same extent, if instead of water we use some other liquid like kerosene or
turpentine? Support your answer with reason.
Ans. : Yes.
The angle of refraction depends on the refractive index of the medium. So,
bending will vary in different liquids. It will be less for a liquid with low refractive
index and more for a liquid with high refractive index.
The refractive index of kerosene as well as that of turpentine oil is more than that
of water. Hence, the bending will be more for both the oils than in case of water.
116. Draw a ray diagram showing the path of a ray of light when it enters at oblique
incidence from air into water.
Ans. :

117. Draw a ray diagram showing the path of a ray of light when it enters at oblique
incidence from water into air.
 Ans. :

118. A student traces the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass
slab and marks the angle of incidence i, angle of refraction rand angle of
emergence e, as shown in the figure:

Which angle is correctly marked?

Ans. : r

119. What is the angle of reflection, when a ray of light falls normally on the surface
of a plane mirroг?
Ans. : r = 0
∘

120. A ray of light strikes a plane mirror at an angle of 50

∘
to the mirror surface.
What will be the angle of reflection?
Ans. : 40
∘

121. Name the spherical mirror which has virtual principal focus.
Ans. : Convex mirror
122. What is the angle of incidence for a ray of light passing through the centre of
curvature of a concave mirror?
Ans. : 0
∘

123. What sign [+ve (plus) or −ve (minus)] has been given to the following on the
basis of the New Cartesian sign convention? (a) Height of a real image and (b)
Height of a virtual image?
Ans. : (a) ve (minus)
− (b) ve (plus)
+
124. What is the nature of the image formed by a concave mirror if the magnification
produced by the mirror is (a) +3 (b) −2?
Ans. : (a) Virtual (b) Erect
125. An object is placed at a very long distance in front of a convex mirror of radius
of curvature 30 cm. State the position of its image.
Ans. : At the principlal focus: 15 cm behind the convex mirror.
126. The refractive index of glass with respect to air is 3/2. The refractive index of air
with respect to the glass is 4/6. Do you agree with this statement?
Ans. : Yes
127. Name the following:
A point inside a lens through which the light passes undeviated.
Ans. : Optical centre.
128. A 2 cm high object is placed at a distance of 2f from a convex lens. What is the
height of the image formed?

Ans. :
′
v h
m = =
u h

′ v
∴ h = h( )
u

Here, u = −2f and also v = −2f

′
−2f
h = 2cm ( ) (∵ h = 2cm)
∴ The height of the image formed, −2f

= 2cm

129. Where should an object be placed in order to use a convex lens as a magnifying
glass?
Ans. : At a distance less than the focal length of the convex lens.
130. Draw the given diagram in your answer book and complete the path of the ray
of light on refraction by the lens.

Ans. :

131. Copy and complete the diagram given below to show what happens to the ray
of light when it passes through the concave lens:
 Ans. :

132. A concave lens produces an image at 20 cm from the lens of an object placed at
30 cm from the lens. Find the focal length of the lens.
Ans. : Using the lens formula,

1 −1 1
= + ,
f u v

1 −1 1
= +
f (−30) −20

1 1 1
∴ = −
f 30 20

20 − 30
=
(20)(30)

−10
=
600
1
= −
60

∴ f = −60cm

133. Which causes more bending (or more refraction) of light rays passing through
it: a convex lens of long focal length or a convex lens of short focal length?
Ans. : A convex lens of short focal length.
134. Which has more power: a thick convex lens or a thin convex lens made of the
same material (glass)? Give reason for your choice.
Ans. : Thick convex lens because it has shorter focal length and hence more power
135. For a converging lens, the power is positive while for a diverging lens, the power
is negative. Agree/Disagree?
Ans. : Agree
136. The optician's prescription for a pair of spectacles is:
Right eye :- 3.50 D, Left eye: -4.00 D
 (a) Are these lenses thinner at the middle or at the edges?
(b) Which is the weaker eye?
Ans. : (a) Thinner at the middle
(b) Left eye
137. A person got his eyes tested by an optician. The prescription for the spectacle
lenses to be made reads:
Right eye: +2.00 D, Left eye: +2.50 D
(a) State whether these lenses are thicker in the middle or at the edges.
(b) State whether these spectacle lenses will converge light rays or diverge light
rays.
Ans. : (a) Thicker in the middle
(b) Converge light rays
138. State any two factors on which the lateral displacement of an emergent ray
from a rectangular glass slab depend.
Ans. : (1) Angle of incidence
(2) Thickness of the slab
139. What is the minimum distance between an object and its real image in case of a
concave mirror?
Ans. : 0 (zero). [When the object is at centre of curvature C of the mirror.]
140. When a light ray passes obliquely through the atmosphere in the upward
direction, how does its path generally change?
Ans. : Light will bend away from its normal direction.
141. Explain briefly, why a ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a
concave mirror, gets reflected along the same path.
Ans. : The ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror
is incident on the mirror along its normal. So, i = r = 0. Therefore, the ray retraces
its path.
142. A ray of light is incident on a concave mirror as shown in the adjoining figure.
Redraw the diagram and complete the path of the ray after reflection from the
mirrог.
 Ans. :

143. A ray of light is incident on a convex mirror as shown in the adjoining figure.
Redraw the diagram and complete the path of the ray after reflection from the
mirror.

Ans. :

144. What is the unit of refractive index?

Ans. : Refractive index as no unit as it is the ratio of two similar quantities.
145. State the conditions for no bending of light travelling from one medium to
another.
Ans. : (1) Light incident normally.
(2) Equal refractive index of the two different media
146. Why is the refractive index of atmosphere different at different altitudes?
Ans. : The refractive index of atmosphere is different at different altitudes because
the air density changes with altitude.
147. For the same angle of incidence in media P, Q and R, the angles of refraction are
45
∘
35and 30 respectively. In which medium is the speed of light minimum?
∘ ∘

Give reason for your answer.

Ans. : In medium R. the speed of light is minimum.
In the usual notation, as n =
c

v
=
sin t

sin r
.

For medium R. r is minimum and hence the speed v is minimum.

148. Observe the following incomplete ray diagram, where the image ′
A B
′
is formed
after refraction from a convex lens:

On the basis of the above information, fill in the blanks:

(1) The position of object AB (not shown in the figure) must be _____.
(2) The size of the object must be _____ than the size of the image.
Ans. : (1) beyond 2F1
(2) greater.
149. Raju focussed the image of a candle flame on a white screen using a convex
lens. He noted the position of the candle as 26.0 cm, the position of the convex
lens as 50.0 cm and the position of the screen as 74.0 cm. What is the focal
length of the convex lens ?
Ans. : Here, u = distance of the candle from the convex lens
= −(50.0 − 26.0) = −24.0cm

v = the distance of the screen from the convex lens (74.0 − 50.0) = 24.0cm

From the lens formula.

1 −1 1
= +
f u v

1 −1 1 2
∴ = + =
f (−24) 24 24

∴ f = 12cm

150. Study the given ray diagram. Name the device Y

Ans. : Device Y is a concave mirror.

151. Which property of a concave mirror is utilized for using it as a shaving mirror?
Ans. : When an object is held between the pole and the principal focus of a
concave mirror, a virtual, erect and magnified image of the object is formed. This
property of a concave mirror is utilized for using it as a shaving mirror.
152. How do you draw a normal to a spherical mirror at a particular point on the
mirror?
Ans. : Join that point on the mirror to the centre of curvature of the mirror and
extend the line if required.
153. The magnification produced by a concave mirror is -1. What is the position of
the object?
Ans. : The object must be at the centre of curvature of the concave mirгог.
(The image formed is real, inverted and of the same size as the object. That is why
magnification = -1).
154. The magnification produced a spherical mirror is ±2. What kind of mirror can it
be?
Ans. : The mirror must be a concave mirror. (Only then magnification can be
positive or negative).
155. Bharat claims to have obtained an image twice the size of the object with a
concave lens. Is he correct? Give reason for your answer.
Ans. : Bharat's claim is not correct.
This is because the image formed by a concave lens is always smaller in size than
the object.
156. Out of alcohol with n = 1.36 and carbon disulphide with n = 1.63 which is denser
optically?
Ans. : Carbon disulphide with greater refractive index is optically denser than
alcohol.
157. What is the nature of the image formed by a concave mirror if the magnification
produced by the mirror is +3?
Ans. : The image must be virtual, erect, enlarged (three times in size relative to the
object) and formed behind the mirror.
158. With respect to air, the refractive index. of ice is 1.31 and that of rock salt is 1.54.
Calculate the refractive index of rock salt with respect to ice.
Ans. : nia = 1.31 and nra = 1.54, nri =?

nra 1.54
Now, nri = = = 1.17
nia 1.31

159. What is the minimum number of rays required for locating the image formed by
a concave mirror?
Ans. : At least two rays are required for locating the image formed by a concave
mirroг.
160. By changing the object distance the focal length of a given spherical mirror
cannot be changed but the linear magnification produced by the mirror can be
changed. Agree/Disagree?
 Ans. : Agree
161. Write the correct sequence of angle of incidence, angle of emergence, angle of
refraction and lateral displacement shown in the following diagram by numbers
1, 2, 3 and 4.

Ans. : 2, 1, 4, 3.
162. What is the relation between n1 and n2 in the following three ray diagrams
(figures)?

Ans. : (a) n < n

1 (b) n = n
2 1 2 (c) n > n
1 2

Important note: In case of a concave lens the corresponding relation between n1

and n2 along with, the ray diagrams (figures) is shown below:

163. Which factors determine the focal length of a lens?

Ans. : The focal length of a lens depends on -
(1) the radii of curvature of the surfaces of the lens.
(2) the nature of the material of the lens.
(3) the nature of the medium in which the lens is placed.
[Note : It also depends upon the frequency of the incident light.]
164. Can a magnified image be formed by a convex mirror? State Yes or No.
 Ans. : No
165. What is the angle of reflection when a ray of light falls normally on a mirror?
Ans. : ∘
0

166. In a ray diagram, how do you draw the normal at point A on a spherical mirror?
Ans. : By drawing a line joining point A on the spherical mirror with the centre of
curvature of the mirror.
167. State the mirror formula to find the focal length of a spherical mirror.

Ans. : 1

f
=
1

u
+
1

168. The focal length of a convex mirror is 15 cm. What is its radius of curvature?
Ans. : R = 2f = 30cm

169. Which two quantities change when a ray of light travels from one medium to
another?
Ans. : wavelength and velocity
170. The magnification produced by concave lens is always less than 1. Why?
Ans. : The image formed by a concave lens (for any position of an object) is always
diminished.
171. Does the refractive index of a medium depend on the frequency of light passing
through it?

Ans. : No. [ From frequency constant

c fλ λ
n = = ′
= ′
(∵ f = )]
v vλ λ

172. Which mirror has large vision area?

Ans. : Convex mirror
173. Absolute refractive index of carbon disulphide is 1.63. Then, explain this
statement in context to speed of light.
Ans. :
8
c c 3 × 10
From n = ,v = =
v n 1.68
8 −1
= 1.84 × 10 ms

Hence speed of light in carbon disulphide would be 8

1.84 × 10 ms
−1
.
174. Between which two points on the principal axis of a concave mirror should an
object be placed so that the magnification produced by the mirror is m = −3?

Ans. : Here, m = −3 So, the image would be real, inverted and magnified. So, the
object should be placed between F and C.
175. Which lens is used as a magnifying lens?
Ans. : Convex lens
176. Name the type of mirror used in side/rear view mirror of a vehicle.
 Ans. : Convex
177. Out of three convex lenses having focal length 10 cm. 20 cm and 30 cm, which
lens has maximum power?
Ans. : 10 cm
178. Write mirror formula.
Ans. : The mirror formula expresses the relationship between object distance (u),
image distance (v), and focal length (f): 1

v
+
1

u
=
1

f
.

* MATCH THE FOLLOWING. [12]

Column 'A' Column 'B'

179. Convex mirror (a) Power is negative

180. Concave lens (b) It is used as a rear-view mirror in vehicles

(c) It is used by doctors

Ans. : (1 - b), (2 - a)

Column 'A' Column 'B'

181. Concave mirror (a) It is used in a compound microscope

182. Convex lens (b) It is used as a rear-view mirror in vehicles

(c) It is used by doctors

Ans. : (1 - c), (2 - a)

Column 'A' Column 'B'

183. Convex mirror (a) Simple microscope

184. Concave lens (b) Always m = positive

(c) Negative power

Ans. : (1 - b), (2 - c)

Column 'A' Column 'B'

185. Concave mirror (a) Simple microscope

186. Convex lens (b) Negative power

(c) Used for shaving

Ans. : (1 - c), (2 - a)

Column I Column II

187. Converging lens p. It is a concave lens

188. Diverging lens q. It acts as a magnifier

r. It is used as a reflector

Ans. : (1 - q), (2 - р).

Column I Column II

189. Converging mirror p. It is used as rear- view mirror in vehicles

190. Diverging mirror q. It is used in the design of solar furnaces

r. It is used in a dressing-table

Ans. : (1 - q), (2 - p).

----- -----