Urinary
Vas
Glans
Semin
al vesicle
Soon after the birth or at the 8th month of pregnancy testes descent into the scrotum. The low temperature of scrotum
helps for proper functioning of testes and for sperm production.
Seminal plasma + sperms —Y Semen
Sequence of milk conduction in mammary glands:
Mammary alveoli mammary tubules mammary duct mammary ampulla lactiferous duct.
Primary follicle Tertiary follicle
Showing antrum
Graafian follicle
Fallopian
Lube
GAMETOGENESIS (SPERMATOGENESIS & OOGENESIS)
SPERMATOGENESIS (Formation of sperms)
Spermatogonia Structure of sperm
(2n)
Mitosis
Primary
spermatocytes (2n)
1st meiotic
division Middle
Sec. spermatocytes (n)
2nd meiotic
division
Spermatids (n)
Differentiation
(Spermiogenesis)
Spermatozoa (n)
Spermatozo Acrosome: Releases lytic enzymes to penetrate the
a
Spermati
d
Secondar
spermatocyt
y layers of ovum.
e Mitochondria: Provides energy for tail movement.
spermatocyt
e After spenniogenesis, sperm heads are embedded in
Sertoli
cel Sertoli cells to get nourishment. Then they are released
l
to lumen of seminiferous tubules. It is called
Spermatogoniu spermiation.
m
Sectional view of a seminiferous tubule
Oogenesis Structure of ovum (egg)
CHROMOSOMES
NUMBER
PER CELL
46
23
23
differentiatio
n
pellucida
Cells of the
oocyt corona radiata
e
reproductiv
e
(Formati
on of ovum)
Perivitelline space
polar body
3 membranes: Plasma membrane, Zona pellucida &
Corona radiata.
Phases Days Main events
1. Menstrual phase 1-5th day Menstrual flow (bleeding).
o Primary follicles Graafian follicles.
2. Follicular (Proliferative) phase 5-13th day
o Proliferation of ru tured uterine endometrium.
3. Ovulatory phase 14th day LH surge rupture of Graafian follicle —+ ovulation.
Corpus luteum forms —+ progesterone —+ endometrium
4. Secretory (Luteal) phase 15-28th day
maxlmum vascular, thick and soft.
• Menarche: The first menstruation during puberty.
• Menopause: Permanent stopping of menstrual cycle at the age of 50.
Days
Menstruation Follicular phase Luteal phase Next cycle
(Proliferative phase) (Secretory phase) begins
FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION
Sperms —+ Vagina —+ Cervical canal Uterus —+ Isthmus Fertilization in
Ovum (from ovary) —+ Fimbriae —+ InfundibulumAmpullary region Zygote
Zygote —s cleavage morula (8-16 blastomeres) —i blastocyst —+ embryo
Blastocyst:
A. Inner cell mass: Becomes em o.
B. Trophoblast: Gives nourishment to ilmer cell mass. Also, it is attached to endometrium.
After attachment, blastocyst is embedded in endometrium. It is called implantation.
Cavityof
sac
(Blastocyst)
PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Placenta: A structural & functional unit b/w foetus & • Remove C02 and excretory wastes from foetus.
uterine wall by interdigitation of chorionic Villi & uterine • Acts as an endocrine gland. It secretes Human chorionic
tissue. gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen Functions of placenta: (hPL), oestrogens, progesterone &
relaxin.
• Supply 02, nutrients etc. from mother to foetus.
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Changes in embryo during pregnancy
After one month Heart
End of second month Limbs and di •ts
End of 12 weeks (first trimester) Ma•oror ans (limbs, extemal enitalor ans etc.)
5th month Hair on the head. First movement of foetus.
End of 24 weeks (2nd trimester) Fine bod hair, e elids se arate, e e lashes.
End of 9 months Read for deliv
PARTURITION AND LACTATION
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