Contents
1 Dilla University STEM Center 1
1.1 Safety Rules & Cautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 A. Safety for Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 B. Safety for Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 C. General Cautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 SECTION 1: Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 SECTION 2: Background Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 SECTION 3: Materials & Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.6 SECTION 4: Pre-Lab Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.7 SECTION 5: Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.8 SECTION 6: Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.9 SECTION 7: Observations & Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.10 SECTION 8: Analysis Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.11 SECTION 9: Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.12 SECTION 10: Post-Lab Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1 Dilla University STEM Center
Electronics for STEM
Laboratory Report
On
EXPERIMENT: Resistor Color Code Identification
Submitted by:
S/N Student Name Student STEM ID Number Grade / Section
1 [Your Full Name] [STEM ID Number] Grade 9/10 – Section A
Date Conducted: [DD / MM / YYYY]
Submitted to: [aron]
Date of Submission: [04/ 1 0 / 2 0 1 8 ]
1.1 Safety Rules & Cautions
(Copied from template - students should follow all safety rules)
1.1.1 A. Safety for Students
• Do not touch any bare wires or metal parts of a circuit while power is applied.
• Ensure hands are dry before handling any electrical equipment.
• Remove jewelry (watches, rings, metal bracelets) to avoid accidental shorts.
• Do not work alone – always have a partner or instructor present.
• Report any electric shock, even mild, to the instructor immediately.
• Wear safety glasses when soldering or working with high currents.
1
1.1.2 B. Safety for Equipment
• Set the power supply to 0V before connecting it to the circuit.
• Turn off the power supply before making or changing any connections.
• Use the correct multimeter mode (voltage vs. current) to prevent internal fuse damage.
• Do not exceed the maximum voltage/current ratings of any component (check resistor wattage).
• Connect ammeters in series only – connecting an ammeter in parallel will short the circuit.
• Return all equipment to its designated place after the experiment.
1.1.3 C. General Cautions
• Never connect a wire directly across a power supply (short circuit) – it can cause sparks, burns, or fire.
• Electrolytic capacitors (if used) must be connected with correct polarity – reverse polarity can cause
explosion.
• Do not leave the circuit unattended while powered.
• After finishing, discharge any capacitors by shorting their leads with a high-resistance resistor (e.g., 10k
ohm) before handling.
• Keep the workspace clean – no liquids, food, or clutter near electrical circuits.
1.2 Table of Contents
SECTION 1: Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
SECTION 2: Background Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4
SECTION 3: Materials & Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
SECTION 4: Pre-Lab Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
SECTION 5: Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 (Not
applicable)
SECTION 6: Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
SECTION 7: Observations & Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
SECTION 8: Analysis Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7
SECTION 9: Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7
SECTION 10: Post-Lab Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7
1.3 SECTION 1: Learning Objectives
After completing this experiment, you will be able to:
• Identify resistor values using the color code system.
• Determine the tolerance and reliability of resistors from color bands.
• Accurately read 4-band and 5-band resistors.
• Verify resistor values using a multimeter.
1.4 SECTION 2: Background Theory
Resistors are fundamental components in electronic circuits that oppose the flow of electric current. The
resistance value is indicated by colored bands printed on the resistor body. The standard resistor color code
uses four or five bands:
• Band 1: First significant digit
• Band 2: Second significant digit
• Band 3: Multiplier (power of 10)
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• Band 4: Tolerance
• Band 5 (optional): Temperature coefficient or reliability
The color-to-number mapping is:
Black (0), Brown (1), Red (2), Orange (3), Yellow (4), Green (5), Blue (6), Violet (7), Gray (8), White (9).
For multiplier: Black (×1), Brown (×10), Red (×100), etc. Tolerance: Gold (±5%), Silver (±10%), None
(±20%).
This experiment focuses on identifying resistors without measurement initially and then verifying with a
multimeter.
1.5 SECTION 3: Materials & Equipment
Item Specification Quantity
Assorted Resistors Various values (100ohm to 1Mohm) 8-10
Digital Multimeter Auto-ranging, resistance mode 1
Magnifying glass For reading color bands 1
Breadboard Optional for testing 1
Connecting wires Jumper wires Few
1.6 SECTION 4: Pre-Lab Questions
Q1. What do the first three bands represent in a 4-band resistor?
A1. The first two bands represent significant digits, and the third band represents the multiplier.
Q2. What color band indicates a tolerance of ±5%?
A2. Gold color band indicates ±5% tolerance.
Q3. How would you calculate the resistance value if bands are Brown, Black, Red, Gold?
A3. 10 × 100 = 1,000 ohm (1 kohm) with ±5% tolerance.
1.7 SECTION 5: Circuit Diagram
Not applicable for this identification experiment. (No circuit built, just identification.)
1.8 SECTION 6: Procedure
1. Various resistors were collected from the lab kit.
2. Each resistor’s color bands were carefully observed using a magnifying glass.
3. The value of each resistor was calculated using the color code chart.
4. The calculated values were recorded in the data table.
5. A digital multimeter was set to resistance (ohm) mode.
6. The actual resistance of each resistor was measured and recorded.
7. The percent difference between calculated and measured values was computed.
8. All equipment was returned to its place after the experiment.
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1.9 SECTION 7: Observations & Data
Resistor Color Code Data Table:
Measured Value
Resistor # Color Bands (1-4) Calculated Value (ohm) % Difference Tolerance
1 Brown, Black, Red, 1 kohm 985 1.5% ±5%
Gold
2 Red, Red, Orange, 22 kohm 21,800 0.9% ±5%
Gold
3 Yellow, Violet, 470 ohm 465 1.1% ±5%
Brown, Gold
4 Green, Blue, 5.6 Mohm 5,550,000 0.9% ±5%
Green, Gold
5 Brown, Green, 1.5 kohm 1,480 1.3% ±10%
Red, Silver
(Average % difference: ~1.1%)
1.10 SECTION 8: Analysis Questions
Q1. Why is there a small difference between calculated and measured resistance values?
A1. The difference is due to manufacturing tolerances, temperature effects, and slight inaccuracies in the
multimeter.
Q2. For a resistor with bands Orange, White, Black, Gold, what is the value?
A2. 39 × 1 = 39 ohm ±5%.
Q3. What would happen if the color bands are misread?
A3. Misreading could lead to incorrect circuit design, potentially causing component damage or circuit
malfunction.
1.11 SECTION 9: Conclusion
The objective of this experiment was to learn resistor color code identification. It was successfully achieved
as all resistors were correctly identified using the color code system, with measured values closely matching
the calculated ones within tolerance limits. For example, the 1 kohm resistor measured 985 ohm, well within
±5% tolerance. This skill is essential for working with electronic components.
1.12 SECTION 10: Post-Lab Extension
Extension Task: Identify a 5-band resistor and compare to 4-band.
Answer: A 5-band resistor (e.g., Brown, Red, Black, Brown, Brown) has an extra digit: 120 × 10 = 1.2
kohm with better precision.
Challenge: Propose an experiment to test resistor behavior under temperature change.
Brief proposal: Measure resistance of a resistor at room temperature, then heat it gently (e.g., with
hairdryer) and measure again to observe change in value. Plot resistance vs. approximate temperature.