Solution of 3 × 3 system of linear equations by inversion
method
3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1
3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 7
Matrix form
3 1 1 𝑥 4
[2 2 3 ] [𝑦] = [1]
3 −1 −2 𝑧 7
𝐴 𝑋 =𝐵
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 − −→ (1)
To find 𝐴−1
−1
1
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 − −→ (2)
|𝐴 |
3 1 1
𝐴 = [2 2 3]
3 −1 −2
3 1 1
|𝐴| = |2 2 3|
3 −1 −2
Expand by 𝑅1
|𝐴| = +3 | 2 3 2 3 2 2
| − 1| | + 1| |
−1 −2 3 −2 3 −1
|𝐴| = +3(−4 + 3) − 1(−4 − 9) + 1(−2 − 6)
|𝐴| = +3(−1) − 1(−13) + 1(−8)
|𝐴| = −3 + 13 − 8
|𝐴| = 10 − 8 = 2 ≠ 0
Therefore solution exists.
For 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
3 1 1
𝐴 = [2 2 3]
3 −1 −2
2 3 2 3 2 2
+| | −| | +| |
−1 −2 3 −2 3 −1
1 1 3 1 3 1
𝐶 = −| | +| | −| |
−1 −2 3 −2 3 −1
1 1 3 1 3 1
[ + | | −| | +| |
2 3 2 3 2 2 ]
+(−4 − 3) −(−4 − 9) +(−2 − 6)
𝐶 = [−(−2 + 1) +(−6 − 3) −(−3 − 3)]
+(3 − 2) −(9 − 2) +(6 − 2)
−7 13 −8
𝐶 = [ 1 −9 6 ]
1 −7 4
Therefore
−7 1 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 𝐶 𝑡 = [ 13 −9 −7]
−8 6 4
Put in Eqn. (2)
−1
1
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
|𝐴 |
−1
1 −7 1 1
𝐴 = [ 13 −9 −7]
2
−8 6 4
Put the values of 𝐴−1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 in Eqn. (1)
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
1 −7 1 1 4
𝑋 = [ 13 −9 −7] [1]
2
−8 6 4 7
(−7 × 4) + (1 × 1) + (1 × 7)
1
𝑋 = [(13 × 4) + (−9 × 1) + (−7 × 7)]
2
(−8 × 4) + (6 × 1) + (4 × 7)
1 −28 + 1 + 7
𝑋 = [ 52 − 9 − 49 ]
2
−32 + 6 + 28
20
−
2
1 −20 6 −10
𝑋 = [ −6 ] = − = [ −3 ]
2 2
2 1
2
[ 2 ]
𝑥 −10
[𝑦] = [ −3 ]
𝑧 1
Therefore
𝑥 = −10, 𝑦 = −3, 𝑧 = 1
(h)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 8
−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11
Matrix form
1 2 1 𝑥 8
[−1 1 1] [𝑦] = [ 4 ]
2 3 1 𝑧 11
𝐴 𝑋 =𝐵
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 − −→ (1)
To find 𝐴−1
1
𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 − −→ (2)
|𝐴 |
1 2 1
𝐴 = [−1 1 1]
2 3 1
1 2 1
|𝐴| = |−1 1 1|
2 3 1
Expand by 𝑅1
|𝐴| = +1 |1 1| − 2 |−1 1| + 1 |−1 1|
3 1 2 1 2 3
|𝐴| = +1(1 − 3) − 2(−1 − 2) + 1(−3 − 2)
|𝐴| = +1(−2) − 2(−3) + 1(−5)
|𝐴| = −2 + 6 − 5
|𝐴 | = 4 − 5 = 2 − 1 ≠ 0
Therefore solution exists.
For 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
1 2 1
𝐴 = [−1 1 1]
2 3 1
1 1 −1 1 −1 1
+| | −| | +| |
3 1 2 1 2 3
2 1 1 1 1 2
𝐶 = −| | +| | −| |
3 1 2 1 2 3
2 1 1 1 1 2
+
[ 1| | −| | +| |
1 −1 1 −1 1 ]
+(1 − 3) −(−1 − 2) +(−3 − 2)
𝐶 = [−(2 − 3) +(1 − 2) −(3 − 4) ]
+(2 − 1) −(1 + 1) +(1 + 2)
−2 3 −5
𝐶 = [ 1 −1 1 ]
1 −2 3
Therefore
−2 1 1
𝑡
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 𝐶 = [ 3 −1 −2]
−5 1 3
Put in Eqn. (2)
−1
1
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
|𝐴 |
1 −2 1 1
𝐴−1 = [ 3 −1 −2]
−1
−5 1 3
Put the values of 𝐴−1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 in Eqn. (1)
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
1 −2 1 1 8
𝑋= [ 3 −1 −2] [ 4 ]
−1
−5 1 3 11
(−2 × 8) + (1 × 4) + (1 × 11)
1
𝑋= [(3 × 8) + (−1 × 4) + (−2 × 11)]
−1
(−5 × 8) + (1 × 4) + (3 × 11)
1 −16 + 4 + 11
𝑋= [ 24 − 4 − 22 ]
−1
−40 + 4 + 33
1
−
−1
1 −1 2 1
𝑋= [−2] = − = [2]
−1 −1
−3 1
3
[− −1]
𝑥 1
[𝑦] = [2]
𝑧 3
Therefore
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3