1.

A transformer has 500 turns in the primary winding and 100 turns in the
secondary winding. If the primary voltage is 230 V, calculate the secondary
voltage using the voltage transformation ratio.

2.

A step-up transformer has a voltage transformation ratio of 1:4. If the

primary voltage is 110 V, determine the secondary voltage.
3.

A transformer supplies 24 V at the secondary when the primary voltage is 240

V. Determine the voltage transformation ratio and identify whether the
transformer is step-up or step-down.
4.

An electrical device requires 12 V supply, but the available source is 240 V.

Determine the required transformation ratio of the transformer to safely
operate the device.

5.
A transformer has a voltage transformation ratio of 5. If the secondary
voltage is 100 V, calculate the primary voltage.

A transformer has 500 turns in its primary winding and is connected to a 50 Hz

supply. The maximum flux is 0.02 . Find the primary voltage using the EMF
equation.
A transformer is designed to operate at 220 V, 50 Hz, and the maximum flux is
0.015. Determine the number of turns required in the winding.
A transformer has a winding of 1000 turns and is connected to 110 V, 60 Hz
supply. Calculate the maximum flux in the core.

A transformer has a primary voltage of 120 V and a secondary voltage of 480

V. If the maximum flux in the core is 0.02 determine the number of turns in
primary and secondary.
A transformer gives 240 V at no-load and 225 V at full-load.
Calculate the voltage regulation of the transformer and state whether the
regulation is good or poor.
A distribution transformer supplies power to a residential area. The no-load
voltage is 230 V, but when many appliances are switched on, the voltage drops
to 215 V.
Calculate the voltage regulation and explain how it affects the performance of
household appliances.
A transformer has a voltage regulation of 5% when the full-load secondary
voltage is 220 V.
Find the no-load voltage of the transformer.
A transformer supplies 5 kW power to a factory load. The total losses in the
transformer are 500 W.
Calculate the efficiency of the transformer and explain whether the
transformer is operating efficiently.
A transformer has efficiency of 95% while delivering 9.5 kW output.
Calculate the input power supplied to the transformer.
A transformer has iron loss of 400 W and copper loss of 600 W at full load. If
the transformer delivers 10 kW output, calculate the efficiency of the
transformer.
1. An electric fan uses a single-phase induction motor. Explain how
electromechanical energy conversion occurs in the fan motor.
2. A CNC machine uses a servo motor for precise movement. Explain how
torque production in the motor helps control the machine movement.
3. In a power distribution system, a transformer transfers electrical energy
from the primary to secondary coil without electrical contact.
Explain how mutual induction enables this energy transfer.
4. A transformer has 500 primary turns and 100 secondary turns. If the
primary voltage is 230 V, calculate the secondary voltage using the
turns ratio.
5. In a transformer, the frequency is 50 Hz, the maximum flux is 0.02 Wb,
and the number of turns is 400.
Apply the EMF equation to determine the induced EMF.
6. A variable auto transformer (Variac) is used to test electrical
equipment.
Explain how the sliding contact controls the output voltage.
7. A workshop requires a voltage adjustment for testing motors.
Explain why a variable auto transformer is suitable for this
application.
8. A transformer delivers 10 kW output with total losses of 1 kW.
Calculate the efficiency of the transformer.
9. A transformer gives 240 V at no load and 220 V at full load.
Calculate the voltage regulation and explain how it affects performance.
[Link] a power distribution system, low voltage regulation is preferred.
Explain why low voltage regulation improves the performance of
electrical equipment.

[Link] any two main parts of a DC machine.

[Link] the function of the commutator in a DC machine.
[Link] the working principle of a DC generator.
14.A DC generator is used in a small wind turbine to generate electricity.
Explain how electromagnetic induction produces voltage in the
generator.
15.A DC motor delivers 8 kW output power with total losses of 1 kW.
Calculate the efficiency of the DC motor.
16.A conveyor system in a factory uses a squirrel cage induction motor.
Explain why this motor is suitable for this application.
[Link] the torque–slip characteristic of an induction motor.
[Link] Variable Frequency Drive (VFD).
[Link] how a VFD controls the speed of an induction motor.
[Link] synchronous motors and induction motors.
[Link] a stepper motor.
[Link] the types of stepper motors.
 23.A 3D printer uses a stepper motor to move the print head accurately.
Explain why a stepper motor is suitable for this application.
[Link] the working principle of a servo motor.
25.A robotic arm in an assembly line requires precise position control.
Explain how a servo motor helps achieve accurate movement.
[Link] the main features of a BLDC motor.
27.A mixer grinder and vacuum cleaner use universal motors.
Explain why universal motors are suitable for household appliances.

MCQ

1. A robotic conveyor system uses an electric motor to move materials. Which

energy conversion takes place in the motor?

A. Mechanical energy → Electrical energy

B. Electrical energy → Mechanical energy
C. Electrical energy → Chemical energy
D. Mechanical energy → Heat energy

✅ Answer: B. Electrical energy → Mechanical energy

2. In an automated robotic arm, a motor produces torque to rotate the arm.

Torque in an electric motor is mainly produced due to:

A. Interaction between magnetic field and current-carrying conductor

B. Heat produced in the winding
C. Friction between rotor and stator
D. Chemical reaction in the battery

✅ Answer: A. Interaction between magnetic field and current-carrying

conductor

3. A CNC machine uses servo motors for accurate position control. The main
reason for using servo motors is:

A. High speed without control

B. Accurate torque and position control
C. Low efficiency
D. High heat generation
✅ Answer: B. Accurate torque and position control

4. An electric vehicle motor converts electrical energy from the battery to rotate
the wheels. This is an example of:

A. Electrical to mechanical energy conversion

B. Mechanical to electrical energy conversion
C. Mechanical to thermal energy conversion
D. Chemical to mechanical energy conversion

✅ Answer: A. Electrical to mechanical energy conversion

5. Which of the following electrical machines works without moving parts?

A. Induction motor
B. Transformer
C. DC generator
D. Servo motor

✅ Answer: B. Transformer

6. A stepper motor used in a 3D printer moves the print head in precise steps.
Which feature of the stepper motor makes this possible?
A. Continuous rotation
B. Step-by-step rotation with control pulses
C. High starting current
D. High temperature operation

✅ Answer: B. Step-by-step rotation with control pulses

7. In a robotic positioning system, which type of stepper motor provides high

accuracy and better torque?
A. Variable reluctance stepper motor
B. Permanent magnet stepper motor
C. Hybrid stepper motor
D. Universal motor

✅ Answer: C. Hybrid stepper motor

8. Which of the following applications commonly uses a stepper motor?

A. Electric fan
B. Printer and CNC machines
C. Water pump
D. Refrigerator compressor
✅ Answer: B. Printer and CNC machines

9. A servo motor used in an industrial robot adjusts its position based on

feedback. What is the main working principle?
A. Electromagnetic induction
B. Feedback control system
C. Thermal expansion
D. Magnetic reluctance

✅ Answer: B. Feedback control system

10. Servo motors are widely used in automation systems mainly because they
provide:
A. High speed only
B. Accurate position and speed control
C. Low torque
D. No control system

✅ Answer: B. Accurate position and speed control

11. A BLDC motor used in electric vehicles does not have brushes. What is the
main advantage of this feature?
A. High friction
B. High maintenance
C. Higher efficiency and longer life
D. Low torque

✅ Answer: C. Higher efficiency and longer life

12. Which device commonly uses a BLDC motor?

A. Electric vehicle
B. Incandescent lamp
C. Transformer
D. Electric heater

✅ Answer: A. Electric vehicle

13.A universal motor can operate on:

A. Only AC supply
B. Only DC supply
C. Both AC and DC supply
D. Three-phase supply only

✅ Answer: C. Both AC and DC supply

14. Which household appliance commonly uses a universal motor?
A. Ceiling fan
B. Electric iron
C. Mixer grinder
D. Tube light

✅ Answer: C. Mixer grinder

[Link] universal motor is suitable for portable appliances because it has:

A. Low speed and high weight
B. High speed and compact size
C. Low efficiency
D. No torque

✅ Answer: B. High speed and compact size

16. In an industrial conveyor system, a motor works on the principle of

electromagnetic induction. Which motor is used?
A. DC motor
B. Induction motor
C. Universal motor
D. Servo motor

✅ Answer: B. Induction motor

17. A motor used in a factory has a simple construction and low maintenance
because it has no brushes. Which motor is this?
A. Stepper motor
B. Induction motor
C. Universal motor
D. Servo motor

✅ Answer: B. Induction motor

18. Which type of induction motor is commonly used in industrial machines

and pumps?
A. Squirrel cage induction motor
B. Servo motor
C. Universal motor
D. BLDC motor

✅ Answer: A. Squirrel cage induction motor

19. In an induction motor, the maximum torque occurs when:
A. Slip = 0
B. Slip = 1
C. Slip is between 0 and 1
D. Slip = infinite

✅ Answer: C. Slip is between 0 and 1

20. If the load on an induction motor increases, what happens to slip?

A. Slip decreases
B. Slip increases
C. Slip becomes zero
D. Slip remains constant

✅ Answer: B. Slip increases

21. Which method controls the speed of an induction motor by changing

supply frequency?
A. Rotor resistance control
B. Voltage control
C. Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
D. Pole changing

✅ Answer: C. Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)

22. In an automated production line, a VFD is used to control motor speed.

What does VFD mainly vary?
A. Voltage only
B. Frequency of supply
C. Current only
D. Resistance

✅ Answer: B. Frequency of supply

23. Compared to a normal induction motor drive, a VFD-controlled motor

provides:
A. Fixed speed only
B. No speed control
C. Smooth and efficient speed control
D. High mechanical friction

✅ Answer: C. Smooth and efficient speed control

24. A synchronous motor runs at:
A. Variable speed
B. Speed lower than synchronous speed
C. Constant synchronous speed
D. Zero speed

✅ Answer: C. Constant synchronous speed

25. Compared to induction motors, synchronous motors:

A. Run below synchronous speed
B. Run exactly at synchronous speed
C. Cannot run on AC supply
D. Have very low efficiency

✅ Answer: B. Run exactly at synchronous speed

26. Which motor is preferred for constant speed applications like

compressors and pumps?
A. Universal motor
B. Synchronous motor
C. Stepper motor
D. BLDC motor

✅ Answer: B. Synchronous motor

[Link] a DC machine, which component collects current from the

armature winding and supplies it to the external circuit?
A. Field winding
B. Commutator
C. Yoke
D. Pole core

✅ Answer: B. Commutator

[Link] yoke in a DC machine mainly serves the purpose of:

A. Producing torque
B. Providing mechanical support and magnetic path
C. Cooling the machine
D. Increasing armature resistance

✅ Answer: B. Providing mechanical support and magnetic path

29.A DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

based on the principle of:
 A. Electrostatic induction
B. Electromagnetic induction
C. Thermal conduction
D. Chemical reaction

✅ Answer: B. Electromagnetic induction

30.A DC motor works on the principle that a current carrying

conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a:
A. Voltage
B. Torque (force)
C. Resistance
D. Capacitance

✅ Answer: B. Torque (force)

31.A DC motor used in electric traction and cranes requires high

starting torque. Which motor is suitable?
A. DC shunt motor
B. DC series motor
C. DC compound motor
D. Universal motor

✅ Answer: B. DC series motor

[Link] method controls the speed of a DC motor by varying the

field current?
A. Armature voltage control
B. Field flux control
C. Resistance control
D. Frequency control

✅ Answer: B. Field flux control

[Link] a printing machine, the speed of a DC motor is adjusted by

changing the armature voltage. This method is called:
A. Field control method
B. Armature voltage control method
C. Rotor resistance method
D. Frequency control method

✅ Answer: B. Armature voltage control method

 [Link] loss that occurs due to resistance of armature and field
windings is called:
A. Iron loss
B. Copper loss
C. Mechanical loss
D. Hysteresis loss

✅ Answer: B. Copper loss

[Link] and windage losses in a DC machine are classified as:

A. Electrical losses
B. Magnetic losses
C. Mechanical losses
D. Copper losses

✅ Answer: C. Mechanical losses

36.A transformer used in a power distribution system works on the

principle of:
A. Electrostatic induction
B. Electromagnetic induction
C. Magnetic repulsion
D. Chemical reaction

✅ Answer: B. Electromagnetic induction

[Link] a single-phase transformer, the core is mainly used to:

A. Increase resistance
B. Provide a magnetic path for flux
C. Reduce voltage
D. Increase current

✅ Answer: B. Provide a magnetic path for flux

[Link] has 200 turns in primary and 100 turns in secondary.

If the primary voltage is 240 V, the secondary voltage will be
approximately:
A. 120 V
B. 240 V
C. 480 V
D. 60 V

✅ Answer: A. 120 V
 [Link] the number of secondary turns is greater than the primary turns,
the transformer is called:
A. Step-down transformer
B. Step-up transformer
C. Isolation transformer
D. Auto transformer

✅ Answer: B. Step-up transformer

[Link] auto-transformer differs from a two-winding transformer

because it:
A. Has only one winding
B. Uses DC supply
C. Has no magnetic core
D. Works without current

✅ Answer: A. Has only one winding

41.A variable auto-transformer (Variac) is mainly used to:

A. Increase frequency
B. Provide variable output voltage
C. Increase current
D. Convert AC to DC

✅ Answer: B. Provide variable output voltage

[Link] efficiency is defined as the ratio of:

A. Output power to input power
B. Input power to output power
C. Voltage to current
D. Power factor to voltage

✅ Answer: A. Output power to input power

[Link] the no-load voltage of a transformer is 230 V and full-load

voltage is 220 V, the voltage regulation indicates:
A. Voltage increases with load
B. Voltage decreases with load
C. Voltage remains constant
D. Voltage becomes zero

✅ Answer: B. Voltage decreases with load

 44. A transformer used to reduce 230 V to 12 V for electronic devices
is an example of:
A. Step-up transformer
B. Step-down transformer
C. Auto transformer
D. Induction motor

✅ Answer: B. Step-down transformer

45.A stepper motor converts electrical pulses into

a) Linear motion
b) Mechanical shaft rotation
c) Heat energy
d) Magnetic flux
Answer: b
[Link] typical step angle of a hybrid stepper motor is
a) 30°
b) 15°
c) 1.8°
d) 90°
Answer: c
[Link] sensor is commonly used in a BLDC motor to detect rotor
position?
a) Temperature sensor
b) Hall effect sensor
c) Pressure sensor
d) Speed governor
Answer: b
48.A universal motor can operate on
a) DC supply only
b) AC supply only
c) Both AC and DC supply
d) Three-phase supply only
Answer: c
[Link] motors are mainly used for
a) High temperature control
b) Precise position control
c) Heating systems
d) Lighting circuits
Answer: b
[Link] are stepper motors suitable for open-loop control systems?
a) They use high voltage
b) Each pulse produces a fixed step
 c) They rotate continuously
d) They require feedback sensors
Answer: b
[Link] do BLDC motors have longer life than conventional DC
motors?
a) They use higher voltage
b) They have brushes
c) They do not use brushes or commutators
d) They run at lower speed
Answer: c
[Link] a servo motor system, the feedback device is used to
a) Increase voltage
b) Compare output with reference input
c) Reduce torque
d) Stop the motor permanently
Answer: b
[Link] a universal motor, the field winding and armature winding are
connected in
a) Parallel
b) Series
c) Star
d) Delta
Answer: b
54.A stepper motor has 200 steps per revolution. The step angle is
a) 0.9°
b) 1.8°
c) 3.6°
d) 7.2°
Answer: b
55.A BLDC motor is most suitable for
a) Electric vehicles
b) Heating elements
c) Incandescent lamps
d) Water storage tanks
Answer: a
[Link] motor is most suitable for automatic camera focus systems?
a) Induction motor
b) Stepper motor
c) Synchronous motor
d) Universal motor
Answer: b
[Link] motor would be most suitable for robotic arm position
control?
 a) Universal motor
b) Servo motor
c) Induction motor
d) DC shunt motor
Answer: b
[Link] feature makes BLDC motors ideal for high-speed
applications?
a) Mechanical commutation
b) Electronic commutation
c) Large rotor inertia
d) High brush friction
Answer: b
[Link] motor produces high starting torque and very high speed,
making it suitable for household appliances?
a) Stepper motor
b) Universal motor
c) BLDC motor
d) Synchronous motor
Answer: b
[Link] component of a VFD converts AC input into DC?
a) Inverter
b) Rectifier
c) Controller
d) Transformer
Answer: b
[Link] component that converts DC back to AC with variable frequency
is called the ______.
a) Rectifier
b) Converter
c) Inverter
d) Amplifier
Answer: c
[Link] DC link in a VFD mainly contains ______.
a) Resistors
b) Capacitors
c) Inductors
d) Transformers
Answer: b
[Link] is a capacitor used in the DC link of a VFD?
a) To increase frequency
b) To stabilize DC voltage
c) To reduce speed
 d) To generate AC
Answer: b
[Link] the frequency supplied to an induction motor will ______.
a) Decrease speed
b) Increase speed
c) Stop the motor
d) Reduce torque to zero
Answer: b
[Link] main control unit of a VFD is generally a ______.
a) Microprocessor
b) Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
c) Transformer
d) Capacitor bank
Answer: b

66.A 4-pole motor operating at 50 Hz will run approximately at

______ RPM.
a) 500
b) 750
c) 1500
d) 3000
Answer: c
[Link] the frequency supplied to a motor decreases, the motor speed will
______.
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Remain constant
d) Become zero immediately
Answer: b
[Link] control method maintains a constant voltage-to-frequency
ratio?
a) Vector control
b) Direct torque control
c) V/f control
d) PID control
Answer: c
[Link] electromechanical energy conversion device converts energy
between ______.
a) Heat and light
b) Electrical and mechanical
c) Chemical and electrical
 d) Magnetic and thermal
Answer: b
70.A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is
called a ______.
a) Generator
b) Transformer
c) Motor
d) Rectifier
Answer: c
71.A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is
called a ______.
a) Motor
b) Generator
c) Transformer
d) Battery
Answer: b
[Link] machines that convert electrical energy to electrical
energy are called ______.
a) Motors
b) Generators
c) Transformers
d) Rectifiers
Answer: c
[Link] law that explains electromagnetic induction is ______.
a) Ohm’s Law
b) Faraday’s Law
c) Coulomb’s Law
d) Kirchhoff’s Law
Answer: b
[Link] to Faraday’s first law, an EMF is induced in a conductor
when it ______.
a) Is heated
b) Is placed in a varying magnetic field
c) Is connected to a battery
d) Is cooled
Answer: b
[Link] magnitude of induced EMF depends on the ______.
a) Resistance of conductor
b) Rate of change of magnetic flux
c) Temperature of conductor
d) Size of the battery
Answer: b
[Link] polarity of induced EMF opposes the change in magnetic flux
according to ______.
a) Fleming’s rule
b) Lenz’s law
c) Ampere’s law
d) Newton’s law
Answer: b
[Link] the number of turns in a coil will ______ the induced
EMF.
a) Decrease
b) Increase
c) Not affect
d) Cancel
Answer: b

[Link] in a rotating machine is given by

a) T = F × r
b) T = V × I
c) T = I / R
d) T = B / I
Answer: a
[Link] direction of force on a current carrying conductor in a motor is
determined using
a) Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
b) Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
c) Ohm’s Law
d) Newton’s Law
Answer: b
[Link] robotics, motors are mainly used to provide ______.
a) Heating
b) Torque and motion control
c) Lighting
d) Voltage regulation
Answer: b
[Link] electric vehicles, motors are used mainly to improve ______.
a) Lighting efficiency
b) Acceleration and efficiency
c) Temperature control
d) Sound generation
Answer: b
82.A transformer is a ______ device.
 A. Rotating
B. Static
C. Mechanical
D. Chemical

Answer: B. Static

83. A transformer transfers electrical energy without changing the:

A. Voltage
B. Current
C. Frequency
D. Power

Answer: C. Frequency

84. Transformers operate only with:

A. DC supply
B. AC supply
C. Both AC and DC
D. Battery supply

Answer: B. AC supply

85. The core material commonly used in transformers is:

A. Copper
B. Aluminium
C. Soft iron
D. Plastic

Answer: C. Soft iron

86. The working principle of a transformer is:

A. Electrostatic induction
B. Electromagnetic induction
C. Magnetic repulsion
D. Electrolysis

Answer: B. Electromagnetic induction

87. When the number of turns in the secondary coil is greater than the primary
coil, the transformer is called:
A. Step-down transformer
B. Step-up transformer
C. Isolation transformer
D. Distribution transformer

Answer: B. Step-up transformer

88. Transformer ratings are expressed in:

A. kW
B. kVA
C. HP
D. Joules

Answer: B. kVA

89. Transformers are rated in kVA because:

A. Power factor is constant

B. Power factor depends on load
C. Voltage is constant
D. Current is constant

Answer: B. Power factor depends on load

90. An autotransformer has:

A. Two separate windings

B. Three windings
C. Single winding
D. No winding

Answer: C. Single winding

91. A variable autotransformer is also called:

A. Servo
B. Variac
C. Rectifier
D. Converter

Answer: B. Variac
92. Which of the following is a disadvantage of an autotransformer?

A. High cost
B. Low efficiency
C. No electrical isolation
D. Large size

Answer: C. No electrical isolation

93. Transformer efficiency is generally:

A. 50–60%
B. 70–80%
C. 85–90%
D. 95–99%

Answer: D. 95–99%

94. Maximum efficiency of a transformer occurs when:

A. Copper loss = Iron loss

B. Copper loss > Iron loss
C. Copper loss < Iron loss
D. Losses are zero

Answer: A. Copper loss = Iron loss

95. Core losses are also known as:

A. Copper losses
B. Iron losses
C. Mechanical losses
D. Load losses

96. Which transformer is commonly used in power plants to increase

transmission voltage?

A. Step-down transformer
B. Step-up transformer
C. Isolation transformer
D. Instrument transformer

Answer: B. Step-up transformer

97. The outer frame of a DC machine is called:

A. Armature
B. Yoke
C. Commutator
D. Brush

Answer: B. Yoke

98. The function of the commutator in a DC machine is to:

A. Increase voltage
B. Convert AC to DC
C. Reduce current
D. Increase speed

Answer: B. Convert AC to DC

99. Brushes in a DC machine are usually made of:

A. Copper
B. Aluminium
C. Carbon or graphite
D. Steel

Answer: C. Carbon or graphite

100. The rotating part of a DC machine is called:

A. Stator
B. Rotor (Armature)
C. Pole core
D. Yoke

Answer: B. Rotor (Armature)

101. In DC series motors, torque is proportional to:

A. Ia
B. Ia²
C. Φ
D. V
Answer: B. Ia²

102 .Copper loss in armature winding is:

A. IaRa
B. Ia²Ra
C. V²/R
D. VI

Answer: B. Ia²Ra

103. Iron losses in DC machines include:

A. Hysteresis loss
B. Eddy current loss
C. Both A and B
D. Copper loss

Answer: C. Both A and B

104. Mechanical losses in DC machines include:

A. Friction loss
B. Windage loss
C. Both A and B
D. Copper loss

Answer: C. Both A and B

105. Efficiency of a DC machine is given by:

A. Input / Output
B. Output / Input
C. Voltage / Current
D. Power / Current

Answer: B. Output / Input

106. Torque developed by a DC motor is proportional to:

A. Φ Ia
B. V Ia
C. Φ V
D. Ia²
Answer: A. Φ Ia