LIVELIHOOD AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH MILLET

CROPS:A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY IN SAHARTANGIRI OF KEONJHAR

DISTRICT
A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Degree of

Bachelor of Arts
In
Sociology

6th Semester U.G. Examination-(2026)

Dharanidhar University, Keonjhar, Odisha

Submitted By
Arpita Nayak
Roll No- 1805K23003
Regd. No- 02778/23

Under the Supervision of

Miss. Bhairabi Mohanta
Lecturer in Sociology

Department of Sociology
Government Women’s College
Keonjhar, Odisha, India
April 2026
 DECLARATION
I, ARPITA NAYAK bearing Roll No: 1805K23003. Regd. No: - 02778/23. Do
here by declared that the project work/dissertation entitled " LIVELIHOOD AND
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH MILLET CROPS:A
SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY IN SAHARTANGIRI OF KEONJHAR DISTRICT
" being submitted to GOVERNMENT WOMEN’S COLLEGE , KEONJHAR,
ODISHA for the award of bachelor of Arts, is an original piece of work done by me
and the same has not been submitted elsewhere for any other academic degree to this
college or any other college/university.

ARPITA NAYAK
Roll No. – 1805K22004
Regd. No. – 02082/22
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that project/ dissertation entitled “LIVELIHOOD AND WOMEN
EMPOWERMENT THROUGH MILLET CROPS:A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY IN
SAHARTANGIRI OF KEONJHAR DISTRICT”, submitted by ARPITA NAYAK
for the award of the Degree of bachelor of Arts from GOVERNMENT WOMEN’S
COLLEGE, KEONJHAR, ODISHA, INDIA, is a Bonafide record of work carried
out by her under my guidance/ supervision. Neither this project report/ dissertation
nor any part of it has been submitted for any degree or academic award elsewhere.

Signature of guide/supervisor
Total Mark 100

External Internal Average Mark Obtained

Project preparation

Presentation

Viva -voice

Total…………………

(in words………………………………………)

Signature of the external signature of the internal

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like place on record my deep felt gratitude to all those who helped me in
preparing my dissertation. I would express my sincere respect and profound gratitude
to my supervisor [Link] MOHANTA, Lecturer, Dept. of Sociology of
Govt. Women’s College, Keonjhar whose consistent valuable guidance and
encouragement at each and every stage have gone the way in the preparation and
shaping of the dissertation without his patient and creative support I would not been
able to complete my work in stipulated time. In fact he enriched my knowledge
caliber with his invaluable suggestion and comments. My frequent interaction with
his and various issues of the problem has helped me in understanding the problem.

I express my sincere gratitude to the Head Dept. of [Link] NAIK

Sociology of Govt. Women’s College, Keonjhar for his timely help, suggestions and
advice. I wish to thank other faculty members of the department for their help and
cooperation. I am grateful to my parents, family members and my friends for their
constant help and support when I needed them most. Lastly I would like to thanks the
printing shop for correctly and timely printing and binding my dissertation.

The form in which the dissertation has been presented and ideas expressed are mine. I
owe the entire responsibility for short coming in my works.

ARPITA NAYAK
 ABSTRACT
The socio-economic transformation of women in India through the
promotion of millet cultivation and entrepreneurship. They define empowerment as a
process where women overcome systemic patriarchal barriers to gain financial
independence and decision-making authority. Central to this shift is the Odisha
Millets Mission, which utilises Self-Help Groups (SHGs) to transition traditional
farming into profitable business ventures. The text highlights the nutritional and
environmental benefits of "nutri-cereals" like ragi and jowar, which help combat
climate change and food insecurity. By providing government incentives, training,
and digital marketing support, these initiatives aim to elevate the status of rural
women from marginalised labourers to dynamic social entrepreneurs. Ultimately, the
research underscores how a sustainable, gender-sensitive agricultural framework can
foster long-term national development and gender equality. The intersection of
women’s empowerment, entrepreneurship, and the cultivation of millets, particularly
within the context of Indian government initiatives and local self-help groups.
 CONTENTS
Page No.

CHAPTER – 1

 INTRODUCTION
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

CHAPTER – 2

 REVIEW OF LITRATURE
 RESEARCH GAP

CHAPTER – 3

 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER – 4

 DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER – 5

 MAJOR FINDING
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE

ANNEXURE

 NTERVIEW SCHEDULE
 PHOTOGRAPHY
CHAPTER -1
 INTRODUCTION
Empowerment is about change, choice and power. It is a process of change by which
the individuals and groups with little or no power gain the power and ability to make
choices that affect their lives. Women empowerment is a stage of acquiring power for
women in order to understand her rights and to perform her responsibilities towards
oneself and others in a most effective way. According to K. Sayuro, G. Samta and B.
Sridevi (2009), “Women empowerment is any process that provides greater
autonomy to Women through the sharing of relevant information and provision of
control over factors affecting their performance. Women empowerment involves the
building up of a society, a political environment wherein women can breathe without
the fear of oppression, exploitation, apprehension, discrimination and the general
feeling of persecution which goes with being a woman in a traditionally male
dominated structure. Women constitute almost 50% of the world’s population, but
India has shown disproportionate sex ratio whereby female population has been
comparatively lower than males.

Empowerment of women would mean equipping women to be economically

independent, self-reliant, have positive esteem to enable them to face any difficult
situation and they should be able to participate in development activities. For the
betterment of women, the government has adopted different schemes and programs
i.e. the National Credit Fund for Women (1993), Food and Nutrition Board (FNB),
Information and Mass Education (IME) [Link] most positive development of women
in last few years has been the growing involvement of Status of Women in [Link]
recent years, women’s empowerment has been recognised as a critical factor in
defining their status. Women are still subjected to discrimination and subordination
today, and in this regard, the National Policy on Women of 2016 has become more
significant than [Link]’s empowerment is a socio-political goal envisioned for
the larger framework of women’s rights. It is a path that leads to women realising
their full potential, including their rights to opportunities, resources, and choices, as
well as the ability to make decisions both inside and outside the [Link] ancient
India, women were supposed to have had roughly equal status as men, especially
during the early Vedic [Link]’s status was degraded to that of second-class
citizens with the introduction of Manusmriti in Hindu mythological [Link]
the medieval period, when Muslim emperors arrived in India, women’s status
[Link] Indian Constitution has emphasised the needs of Indian women,
allowing them to exercise their rights on an equal footing with men and contribute to
the country’s [Link] work remains to be done in terms of human
development criteria, legal rights to life and freedom from violence, economic and
social inequality, and women’s rights to equality and equity.

The National Policy for Women, 2016 serves as a broad policy framework for
various sectors to release more detailed sector-specific policy texts. The strategy aims
to create a society where women may reach their full potential and participate as
equal participants in all aspects of life and influence societal change.
The World Inequality Report 2022 states that labour income in India is shared
between men and women in the proportion of 82% for men and a mere 18% for
women. The position of women in society today is precarious as they face various
challenges in education, health, domestic life, political leadership, safety in public
spaces and at the workplace. Efforts are being made since independence to attain the
constitutional mandate of equality for all. However, there is entrenched patriarchy
and intersectional challenges which women face. Governmental policies and laws
along with social awareness is the way to achieve true equality for all women. India
is a patriarchal society which means that it is male-dominated and women are
oppressed. There is a sexual division of labour in a patriarchal society based on sex
and gender. Further, these issues are magnified for women differently based on their
caste and class positions, i.e., these challenges are intersectional. The higher the
caste, the more control over the agency and economic participation of women is
noticed. Institutions of arranged marriages, child marriage, taboo over divorce or
widow remarriage are all means of control of women.

Entrepreneurship is a vital variable, both industrial development and human

development which are required for economic development. Entrepreneurship
includes ideation, initiation/imitation, risk and uncertainty-bearing, and innovation.
Modern production theory considers it a crucial factor. Entrepreneurship is globally
accepted as an index of development. Recent studies are focused towards women
empowerment and women entrepreneurship. Globally, the majority of
entrepreneurship is done by males (70–80 per cent). However, there is an increasing
interest that more and more women are becoming interested in entrepreneurship. One
indication is that the rate of self-employment among women is increasing in several
developing countries.

Social Empowerment, Social empowerment refers to women's ability to participate in

social and cultural spheres. Women should be free from unequal and discrimination
along with violence. Social employment also include getting equal opportunities in
education and cultural spares. Women must get good health care facilities. Domestic
work also considered a type of job. An important aspect of social empowerment is to
address the social issues which are related to the women of this country. Basically
India is a patriarchal society where male dominates over male. Hence, it is very
important to tackle and discuss the limitations which are obstacles for the
development of women in country.

Educational Empowerment: Education is an essential part of any society. Per-se

Women’s education is also plays an important role. Education is of course an equal
right to every man and women. Though women’s literacy rate is only 65.46% in
India.

Where as men literacy rate is 82%. There is a huge gap in literacy rate among men
and women in India. We are in 21st century the whole literacy rate of women in
developing countries including India is very low. One of the main reasons for the low
literacy
rate in women is a lack of proper resources, gender disparity and old societal thoughts
which create imbalances in the literacy rate in India. Education not only provides
empowerment to women but also helps in developing their capabilities in order to
become financially successful.

Political Empowerment:-Political representation of women in India is very low.

nearly 50% of the population of India is women. Yet the representation in the politics
is considerably very low. As of late 2024/mid-2025, India has approximately 74-78
women Members of Parliament ( it is only 14%) in the current 18th Lokh Sabha
(lower house) and around [Link] importance of women's political participation to
any democratic country, participation of women is vital for the development. For this
women must break traditional gender roles, and inspire other women to participate in
the politics. The participation in politics brings vital perspective with experience to
policy making, and also political participation redefine the power structures to
promote gender equality.

Women entrepreneurship may be defined as a woman or a group of women who

initiate organise and run a business concern. Women entrepreneurship is one of the
emerging issues which are connected with the empowerment of women and the
development of the nation. Women in recent years have been thriving in breaking
their captivity within the limits of their houses by inflow into varied kinds of
profession. The concealed potentials of women as entrepreneurs are gradually
changing with the changing role and status of women in society; they are emerging as
smart and dynamic entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurship is one of the emerging
parts in the economic development of the country to promote socio-economic
development.

Women entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who

initiate, organise and operate a business enterprise (Govind and Prakash, 2011). The
Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and
controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the
capital and giving at least 51 per cent of the employment generated in the enterprise
to women.

It is said that if a woman is educated, a family is educated. Likewise,

entrepreneurship is the key to the economic sustainability of the nation as it not only
employs the entrepreneur but also to many others.

Entrepreneurship enhances financial independence and self-esteem of women. India

has excellent entrepreneurial potential. At the same time, women involvement in
economic activities is marked by a low work participation rate, excessive
concentration in the unorganised sector and employment in less skilled jobs.

Women entrepreneurs have high self-motivation and self-direction; they also exhibit
a high internal locus of control and achievement. Researchers contend that women
business owners possess certain specific characteristics that promote their creativity
and generate new ideas and ways of doing things (Ansari 2016). Thus, women
constitute a critical force with possibilities and challenges for entrepreneurial
development.
SHGs are small, community-based organizations where members pool their resources
for mutual economic support, often focusing on savings and credit activities. These
groups play a crucial role in empowering marginalized communities, fostering
financial inclusion, and promoting sustainable livelihoods.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that have wide anti-poverty goals
sometimes create self-help groups. Self-help groups are viewed as tools for achieving
goals such as empowering women, building leadership skills among the poor and
needy, boosting school enrolment, and improving nutrition and birth control usage.
Financial intermediation is typically viewed as a stepping stone to these other aims
rather than a fundamental goal.

This may stimulate their development as sources of village capital, as well as their
efforts to federate locally managed pools of money, as credit unions have done in the
past. SHGs play a critical role in providing impoverished people with access to
finance, which is critical for poverty reduction. SHGs also play an important role in
women’s empowerment since they enable women from economically disadvantaged
backgrounds to establish social capital.

SHGs started in 1989 are often groups of 8–10 women that gather once a week to
collect money from their members, connect them with banks, and provide low-
interest loans. Women-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in India’s backward areas, on
the other hand, battled COVID-19 valiantly; they produced crucial medical goods
like masks, sanitizer, and protective equipment, maintained community kitchens, and
offered financial assistance to the disadvantaged and communities. Micro Food
Processing Enterprises (PMFME) and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) have
also received financial assistance from the Union Government.

Government programmers have also pushed women to have bank accounts, making it
simple for SHGs to obtain loans. SHGs, on the other hand, have had positive results
by reducing banks’ non-performing assets. Prime Minister Narendra Modi claims that
these changes have been included in the sustainable development model by
developing a self-sufficient economy and encouraging women to explore the global
market. There are approximately 90.91 lakh active Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in India
under the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission
(DAY-NRLM). These groups have mobilized over 10.05 crore women households
across 34 states and Union [Link] of 2021–2023, there are approximately 6
lakh Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in Odisha functioning under the Mission Shakti
programme.
Millets
Millets are one of the world’s oldest grains, with evidence of their cultivation more
than 7,000 years ago. There are more than 10 varieties, the most common being
sorghum, finger millet, foxtail millet and pearl millet. Millets have been of special
cultural importance in India, China and Nigeria, used in traditional dishes and even in
drinks (such as the Indian “ragi malt”).While millets were amongst the world’s first
cultivated crops, production and consumption decreased during the 20th century,
especially since the Green Revolution (1960s–1980s), when high-yielding grains
such as wheat and rice began to dominate food systems. However, growing
awareness of millets’ nutritional benefits and potentially low environmental impacts
have increased interest in these grains across the world (reflected by the United
Nations’ “International Year of Millets” in 2023), leading to an increase in
production and consumption. The United Nations declared the year 2023 as the
International Year of Millets on 5th March 2021, on the proposal moved by India and
supported by 72 countries.

Types of Millets
There are multiple types of millets:

 Sorghum Millet (Jowar)

 Proso Millet (Chena / Barri)

 Pearl Millet (Bajra)

 Finger Millet (Ragi)
 Foxtail Millet (Kakum / Kangni)
 Browntop Millet (Jhangora / Andoa)

 Barnyard Millet (Sanwa)

 Little Millet (Moraiyo)

 Kodo Millet (Kodra / Varagu)

 Amaranth Millet (Rajgira)

 Sorghum Millet (Jowar)

Sorghum millet has several shades, including white, yellow, and red, and
they’re usually about 4–6 millimeters.

 Proso Millet (Barri)

Proso millet grains are about 3 millimeters long with lines running their
lengths. They can be white, yellow, or brown.
  Pearl Millet (Bajra)
Pearl is the most common type of millet and is usually white, yellow, gray,
or even purple. The grains are among the biggest at about 3–5 millimeters.

 Finger Millet (Ragi)

Finger millet is almost always brown, and they’re small, only 1–2
millimeters per grain.

 Foxtail Millet (Kakum)

Foxtail grains are about 2–3 millimeters long, and they can range from red
and black to white or yellow.

 Browntop Millet (Jhangora)

Browntop grains are tan to white and about 4–5 millimeters in length.

 Barnyard Millet (Sanwa)

Barnyard millet also comes in shades of gray and white, and they’re about 3
millimeters long.

 Little Millet (Moraiyo)

Little millet grains are about 2–3 millimeters long, and they come in shades
of gray and white.

 Kodo Millet (Kodra)

Kodo grains vary from blackish to dark brown, and the grains are about 3–4
millimeters long.

Global millet production reached around 30–32 million metric tonnes (MMT) in
recent years (2022–23).India is the world’s largest millet producer, generating
approximately 17–18 million tonnes annually, accounting for over 38% of global
[Link] is the highest producer of millets in India, contributing nearly
27%–30% of the total national output. Maharashtra holds the second
[Link]’s millet production has grown significantly to roughly 0.95 lakh
tonnes in 2023–24, up from 0.68 lakh tonnes in 2021–22, representing a ~40%
increase in two years.

Koraput is the largest producer of millet in Odisha. It is a traditional hub for millet
cultivation, with tribal farmers heavily involved.

The Odisha Millet Mission (OMM), also known as Shree Anna Abhiyan, officially
began in 2017, launched by the Government of Odisha to revive millet cultivation
and consumption, focusing initially on tribal areas and expanding across the state to
improve nutrition and farmer livelihoods. OMM started in 30 blocks across 7 districts
in southern Odisha.
 0.68 lakh tonnes (2021–22)

 0.76 lakh tonnes (2022–23)

  0.95 lakh tonnes (2023–24)

The OMM, which has been helping farmers in marketing their produce, has opened
millet mandis this year.

Millet Health Benefits

Millet is rich in niacin, which is important for healthy skin and organ function. It also
has beta-carotene, especially the dark-colored grains, which converts to Vitamin A
and helps your body fight free radicals and supports your immune system. 2023 has
been proclaimed as the “International Year of Millets” by the United Nations at the
initiative of the Indian government. The Department of Agriculture and Farmers
Welfare aims to promote the cultivation and consumption of millet at a larger scale
and bring it to the entire [Link] have high nutritional value and are rich in
proteins, vitamins, minerals, and fibres. They are often referred to as “nutri-cereals”
because of their high nutritional value.

1. High Nutritional Value

Millets are a rich source of nutrients, including protein, fiber, and micronutrients like
magnesium, potassium, and zinc. It also has a low glycemic index, which means it
doesn’t cause a rapid spike in blood sugar levels. This makes it an ideal food for
people with diabetes or anyone looking to maintain stable blood sugar levels.

2. Gluten Free
Millet is naturally gluten-free, making it an excellent choice for those with celiac
disease or gluten intolerance. It’s also a great alternative to wheat for people looking
to reduce their gluten intake.

3. Promotes Digestive Health

The high fiber content in millet makes it an excellent food for promoting digestive
health. It can help to prevent constipation and reduce the risk of colon cancer.
Additionally, millet contains prebiotics, which promote the growth of beneficial
bacteria in the gut, improving overall gut health.

4. Aids Weight Loss

Millets have a low calorie count, and they are an excellent food product for weight
loss. They help maintain energy levels throughout the day, preventing the need for
constant snacking and overeating. Millets also keep you satiated for longer than other
carbohydrates, as they take time to get digested and absorbed into your body.

5. Keeps Your Blood Sugar Levels Low

Millets have a low glycemic index, which makes them an excellent food for
regulating blood sugar levels. Consuming millets regularly can lower your risk of
developing diabetes.

6. Boosts Your Immunity

Millets provide a great source of protein and can help develop and strengthen your
immunity. A stronger immune system means fewer chances of catching diseases.

7. Reduces Cardiovascular Risk

The essential fats found in millet provide our bodies with good fats which prevent
excess fat storage, effectively lowering the risk of high cholesterol, strokes, and other
heart complaints. The potassium content in millets regulates your.

It’s also excellent sources of

 Vitamin A

 Vitamin B
 Phosphorus

 Potassium
 Antioxidants

 Niacin
 Iron

Several self-help groups (SHGs) under the Odisha Millets Mission and Mission
Shakti are actively involved in cultivating, processing, and selling millet-based
products to promote nutrition. Key initiatives include Krishna Self-Help Group in
Keonjhar Sadar involved in ragi processing and operating millet cafes, producing
millet-based nutritious snacks (ragi ladoo) for Anganwadi [Link] SHG groups
are Kalyani SHG recognized for expanding millet farming horizons; Saraswati SHG
leading women farmers in cultivation; Maa Heeranasi SHG transformed into social
entrepreneurs.

Keonjhar district has been in the forefront in terms of successfully spearheading the
OMM mission objectives. The farmers have been pioneering the cause of nutrition
and climate resilience while leading all the way in reverberating with the theme of the
UN International Year of…Millets: “It’s no more limited to a mission. It’s a
movement now,” Vishal Singh, Collector and District Magistrate of Keonjhar. The
Collector adds that the Millet Mission, in collaboration with the Mission Shakti
department, has rekindled the love for millets. In December 2018, the Millet
Mission’s activities were launched in Keonjhar with the support of District Mineral
Foundation (DMF) as an extension of the Odisha Millet Mission. The first phase of
work began in four blocks such as Banspal, Jhumpura, Keonjhar Sadar and
Harichandanpur. The second phase of work began in 2019 in Joda, Champua, and
Hatadihi. Similarly, in the third phase, the programme was expanded into four new
Keonjhar blocks such as Ghatagaon, Saharpada, Telkoi, and Patna.
To date, an amount of Rs. 2.2 crore incentives has been given to the farmers of
Keonjhar district for the 2023–24 fiscal, the cultivation target has been fixed at 9,500
hectares.
 THEORYTICAL FRAMEWORK

This analysis draws on multiple theoretical frameworks to understand the

multidimensional aspects of the millet shakti or women empowerment through millet
crops. First, the food sovereignty framework (Patel, 2009; Wittman, 2011) provides a
lens through which to examine how the initiative enables greater control over food
systems by local actors, particularly marginalized groups such as tribal communities
and women farmers. Food sovereignty emphasizes the right of people to define their
own food systems in ways that are culturally appropriate, ecologically sound, and
socially just (Desmarais, 2015).The framework emphasizes that integrating
production assets, policies, institutions, processes, and livelihood strategies enables
the achievement of sustainable livelihood strategies (DFID, 2017). The framework
emphasizes that integrating production assets, policies, institutions, processes, and
livelihood strategies enables the achievement of sustainable livelihoods. As such, a
combination of gender, sustainable agriculture, and climate change policies works
towards sustainable development (Halleraker, 2015).The Sustainable Livelihoods
Framework offers a comprehensive approach to understanding how households can
leverage their assets natural, human, social, physical, and financial capital – to
promote sustainable agricultural practices that are resilient to climate change
(Chambers and Conway, 1992). DFID’s social-ecological system theory offers
insights into the interdependencies between ecological and social dimensions of food
systems (Folke, 2006; Ostrom, 2009).
CHAPTER-2
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Das (2019) studied “Growth and instability in area, production, productivity and
consumption of millets in India: An analysis” and found that for pearl millet over the
time (2000-01 to 2016-17), area under cultivation has decreased. Production and
productivity however have increased and in case of finger millet, both area under
cultivation and production and domestic consumption both has increased over time.
Instability analysis found higher degree of variation for both pearl millet and finger
millet production and productivity.

Anitha (2019) studied “Acceptance and impact of millet based mid day meal on the
nutritional status of adolescent school going children in a peri urban region of
Karnataka state in India” and concluded that the introduction of millet based meals in
school feeding programs can significantly improve the nutritional outcome of school
going children as compared to fortified rice based meals, and it was also found that
meals can be enjoyed by the children and it can be cost effective, if millets are given
government pricing support as equally as rice.

Kumar. (2018) studied “Millets: a solution to agrarian and nutritional challenge,” and
found that world has been facing agrarian as well as nutritional challenges due to low
fertility, utilization of dry lands to produce sufficient quantity over other grains like
wheat and rice in terms of marginal growing conditions and high nutritional value.
These nutri-cereals contain vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, phyto-chemicals
and antioxidants that can help to eradicate the plethora of nutritional deficiency
diseases. Millets cultivation can keep drylands productive and ensure future food and
nutritional security.

Sitansu Ranjan and Vijaya Radhakrishna (2021), studied how resource women in
India achieve greater economic independence through the commercialisation of
millets. By focusing on self help groups in Odisha, the study explores the specific
marketing processes that allow these women to transition from traditional farming to
active entrepreneurship.

Dilip Kumar Bagal and Lakshmi Prasad Panda (2021), studied millet cultivation in
Odisha, India, serves as a catalyst for female empowerment and environmental
sustainability. The study identifies the socio-cultural barriers and resource scarcities
that frequently hinder women in the agricultural sector. However, the findings
suggest that government initiatives and the formation of local cooperatives
significantly enhance the ability of women to succeed in this industry. Promoting
gender-sensitive support services and improved training can transform traditional
farming into a tool for social equality.
Rajendra K. Chapke (2025), studied millet based agricultural initiatives serve as a
catalyst for economic growth and social advancement within rural Indian
communities. The role of self-help groups demonstrates how women achieve
financial independence and personal development by participating in the marketing
of millet products.

S. Patel and R. K. Naik (2015), studied finger millet is a highly nutritious grain that
surpasses staple rice, wheat and rye in its mineral and fibre content. Despite its health
benefits, it has historically been stigmatised as a food for the impoverished, leading to
limited consumption outside of local farming communities. To combat this, new
initiatives are transforming the traditional grain into accessible processed products
such as malt and blended flours. These efforts are spearheaded by rural enterprises
and self-help groups, which have successfully turned the crop into a profitable
commodity. This systemic change not only boosts the economic status of farmers but
also improves public health by making nutrient-dense food more widely available.

Poonam Abrol and Ritu Mittal Gupta (2025), studied millet processing serves as a
vital tool for combating nutritional deficiencies and economic instability in the face
of climate change. By examining specific entrepreneurial case studies in Punjab, the
text illustrates how small-scale farmers can achieve significant financial success
through value-added products like flour and millet-based biscuits. The findings
indicate that strategic interventions, including professional training and modern
digital marketing, are essential for scaling these agriculturalventures. Ultimately, the
source advocates for the establishment of local processing units to empower rural
communities and ensure long-term food security.

Kiran Kushwaha, Vaishnavi, Sana Rahman and Pirachi (2020), studied decreasing
solution to climate change and food insecurity. These ancient grains are praised for
their high nutritional value, offering a natural remedy for chronic illnesses and dietary
deficiencies. Beyond health, the research explores how millet cultivation uplifts rural
economies and provides significant empowerment for female farmers, while the
market for gluten-free and functional foods is expanding. The author notes that
progress is often hindered by low crop yields and a lack of public awareness.

Arumanikandan B. (2022), studied despite their status as a nutritionally dense cereal

group, millets are frequently underestimated and excluded from modern eating habits.
These grains are packed with essential minerals, protein and protective antioxidants
that can help combat chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.
Historically, a negative social stigma has incorrectly labelled them as food solely for
the impoverished, limiting their global appeal. By challenging these misconceptions,
society can better appreciate their role in fostering long-term health and disease
prevention. Experts advocate for a dietary shift that embraces millets across all
economic levels to improve public well-being.
 RESEARCH GAPS
Firstly, Professional training and modern digital marketing are essential for scaling
millet-based agricultural ventures. There is limited evidence on the most effective
models for delivering this training to rural entrepreneurs. Research could focus on the
impact of specific digital literacy interventions on the profitability and market reach
of women-led self-help groups (SHGs). Secondly, While studies show that pearl
millet productivity has increased over time, there remains a higher degree of variation
(instability) in the production and productivity of both pearl and finger millets.
Furthermore, overall progress in the sector is frequently hindered by low crop yields,
indicating a research gap in developing high-yielding, stable varieties that can
compete with major cereals. Thirdly, Success consistently is a negative social stigma
that labels millets as “food solely for the impoverished,” which limits their global
appeal and excludes them from modern eating habits. Although experts advocate for
a dietary shift across all economic levels, there is a lack of research on specific
behavioral intervention strategies or large-scale awareness. campaigns that can
effectively change these historical public perceptions. Fourth, Research into school
feeding programs suggests that millet-based meals can be Cost-effective only if
millets are given government pricing support similar to rice. A research gap exists in
identifying market-led economic models or value-chain efficiencies that could make
millets price competitive with subsidized staples without a permanent reliance on
government intervention. Fifth, The success of transforming raw grains into
“accessible processed products” like malt, flour, and biscuits to combat nutritional
deficiencies. However, there is limited information on how industrial-scale
processing might affect the “high nutritional value,” essential fatty acids, and
protective antioxidants that make millets unique.
CHAPTER-3
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Objectives:-

 To identify socio-economic profile of respondent

 To examine women empowerment through millet
 To identify the role of government in millet marketing
 To access its impacts.
Research design

The research design refers to the overall plan used to collect and analyse data related
to women empowerment livelihood and women empowerment in Sahartangri. For
this study, a descriptive and exploratory research design is adopted.

 Descriptive research helps describe the present condition of women in terms of

social, economic, education and political empowerment.
 Exploratory research helps understand new issues, challenges, and
opportunities faced by women in Saharatangri.

Universe-All women engaged in millet related activity in sahartangiri.

ODISHA MAP

Link-[Link]
 KEONJHAR MAP

Link- [Link]
 SAHARTANGIRI MAP

Link- [Link]
Sampling Technique

Sampling refers to selecting respondents from the population for the study.

 Sample size- 20 respondents (women from Sahartangri) selected for

livelihood and empowerment studies.
 Sampling Methods- The following sampling techniques can be used:

 Simple random sampling – respondents selected randomly

 Purposive sampling – respondents selected based on specific
criteria (e.g. his/her)

Sources of data

The research is based on primary data.

 Primary data- Primary data are collected directly from respondents.

Researchers often conduct interviews and focus group discussions with women
empowerment and self-help group members to understand livelihood and
decision-making role associated with the millet crops.

Tools of Data collection :-

 Interview schedule-Interview schedule is set of question to collect data.

 Observation Method-Direct observation of farming, processing and
marketing activities.

Data analysis :-

 Quantitative analysis :- Data may be presented using percentages, tables,

charts and graphs.
 Qualitative analysis :- The thematic interpretation of women empowerment.

Livelihood, decision making and social status of women in Sahartangiri.

CHAPTER-4
 DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis and interpretation is a major part of the research. In this chapter the
researcher summarises the collected data. After the collection of the data the
researcher has put it in a theme wise format and presented it in a percentage from in
the table format. By looking at the table the researcher tries to find out the similarities
and the differences and then write the conclusion and check how far these data are
actually support the study. In this present study the researcher used descriptive
statistics, simple table and pie charts.

Table.1 Age Group of Respondent.

SL NO Age Group No of Respondent Percentage
1 20-29 2 10%
2 30-39 7 35%
3 40-49 7 35%
4 50-Above 4 20%
Total 20 100%

20% 10%

20-29
35%
30-39

40-49
35%
50-Above

 The above table show that in saharctangri 10% of the farmers are found in the
age group of 20-29 years. 35% of the fatemers belongs to age group of 30-39
years. 35% of the farmers belonged to age group of 40-49 and 20% farmere in
the age of more than 50 years.
Table.2 Educational Qualification
Sl No. Category No of Respondent Percentage
1 Primary 5 25%
2 Upper Primary 9 45%
3 Higher Secondary 4 20%
4 UG 2 10%
Total 20 100%

9
10
8 5
6 4
4 25% 2
45% 20% 10%
2
0
Primary Upper Primary Higher Secondary UG

No of Respondent Percentage

 The above table show that 25% of the Farmers occupied primary education.
45% of the Farmers occupy upper primary education. 20% Farmers occupy
Higher secondary education and lastly 10% farmers occupy undergraduate
qualification.

Table.3 Maritial Status

Sl No. Maritial Status No of Respondent Percentage
1 Married 17 85%
2 Unmarried 2 10%
3 Widow 1 05%
Total 20 100%

1 5%
Widow

10%
Unmarreid 2

17 85%
Marreid

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

N.o ofRespondent Percentage

 The above table show that 85% of the respondents are Married.10%
respondents are unmarried. and and 5% are widow.
Table.4 Type Of Family
Sl No. Family Types No of Respondent Percentage
1 Joint Family 8 40%
2 Nuclear Family 12 60%
Total 20 100%

Joint Family
Nuclear Family
40%

60%

 The above, table indicates that 40% of the of the farmere are belonging to joint
family and rest 60% of the farmers are belonging to the nuclear family.

Table.5 Occupation
Sl No. Occupation No of Respondent Percentage
1 Agriculture 14 70%
2 Job 1 5%
3 Both Agriculture &
5 25%
Business
Total 20 100%

14

14
12
10 5
8
6 70% 1 5% 25%
4
2
0
Agriculture Job Both Agriculture &
Business

No of Respondent Percentage

 The above table show That 70% of the farmers an engage in agricultural work.
5%. respondent engage in job and 25% of the farmers are engage in Both
agriculture and business work.
Table.6 Earning Member
Sl No. Earning Member No of Respondent Percentage
1 1 3 15%
2 2 12 60%
3 More than 2 5 25%
Total 20 100%

14
12
12

10

8
No Of Respondent
6 Percentage
5
4
2
2
60% 25%
15%
0
1 2 More than 2

 The above table show that 15% of the respondents are the only earning
members of the family. 60% respondent have 2 earning member and 25%
respondent are more than 2 earning members in their family.

Table.7 Caste
Sl No. Caste No of Respondent Percentage
1 ST 7 35%
2 SC 3 15%
3 OBC 8 40%
4 General 2 10%
Total 20 100%

No of Respondent Percentage

8
7

3
2

35% 15% 40% 10%

ST SC OBC General
  The above table show that 10% of the Respondent are belongs to general caste.
40% respondents are belongs to OBC 35% respondents are belongs to ST and
and 15% respondents are belongs to sc caste.

Table.8 Years of Millet Cultivation

Sl No. Year of millet No of Respondent Percentage
cultivation
1 1year 5 25%
2 2year 7 35%
3 3year 1 5%
4 4year 5 25%
5 More than 4years 2 10%
Total 20 100%

Percentage No of Respondent

10%
More than 4Year 2

25%
4Year 5

5%
3Year 1

35%
2Year 7

25%
1Year 5

 The above table show that 25% of the respondents had cultivate millet for 1
year. 35% of the respondents had cultivate millet for 2 years.5%of the
respondents had cultivate millet for 3 years.25%of the respondents had
cultivate millet for 4 years and 10%of the respondents had cultivate millet for
more than 4years.
Table.9 Months of cultivation
Sl No. Year of millet No of Respondent Percentage
cultivation
1 Jun-Oct 18 90%
2 Nov-Mar 2 10%
Total 20 100%

10%

Jun-Oct
Nov-Mar
90%

 The above table shows that 90% of the farmers grow the millet crops in kharif
season and 10% of the respondents grow the millet crops in rabi season.

Table.10 Acres of Area

Sl No. Acres of Area No of Respondent Percentage
1 Below 50dcm 5 25%
2 50dcm – 1acres 7 35%
3 Above 1 acres 8 40%
Total 20 100%

No of Respondent Percentage

8
7

25% 35% 40%

Below 50dcm 50dcm-1acres Above 1acres

  The above table shows that 25% of the farmers cultivate the millet crops below
50 Dec of area.35% of the farmers cultivate the millet crops 50 Dec to 1 acres
of area and lastly 40% of the farmers cultivate the millet crops above 1 acres of
area.

Table.11 Types of Millet

Sl No. Types of Millet No of Respondent Percentage
1 Finger 11 55%
2 Other Sorghum 9 45%
Total 20 100%

No of Respondent Percentage

55%

45%

11
9

Finger Others Sorghum

 The above table shows that 55% of the farmers grow finger Millet and 45% of
the farmers grow others (Nagarjun) Millet crops.

Table.12 Getting Millet seed

Sl No. Year of millet No of Respondent Percentage
cultivation
1 Own 1 5%
2 Govt. 9 45%
3 Both Own & Govt. 10 50%
Total 20 100%

12
10
10
9
8 No of Respondent

4 Percentage

2
5% 45% 50%
1
0
Own Govt. Both Own & Govt.
  The above table explain that 5% of the Farmers getting seeds from won. 45%
of the farmers getting seeds From Government and 50%. of the farmers getting
seed from Both own and government.

Table.13 Fertilizer
Sl No. Fertilizer No of Respondent Percentage
1 Organic 13 65%
2 Chemical 2 10%
3 Both 5 25%
Total 20 100%

25%

Both
No of
Respondent

10%
Chemical
Percentage

65%

Organic

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

 The above table shows that 65% of the farmers use organic Fertilizer. 10% of
the farmers use chemical Fertilizer and 25% of the farmers use Both Organic
and chemical fertilizer.

Table.14 Problems
Sl No. Problems No of Respondent Percentage
1 Lack of irrigation 5 25%
Facility
2 Pests 10 50%
Lack of modern
3 2 10%
Technology
4 Short of Money 3 15%
Total 20 100%
 10

10 No of Respondent Percentage
9
8
7
5
6
5
3
4
2
3
2 25% 50% 10% 15%
1
0
Lack of irrigation Pets Lack of morden Short of Money
Facility Technology

 The above table explain that 25% of the farmers facing lack of irrigation
facility. 50% of the faremets facing pests attacks .10% of the farmers facing
Lack of modern technology and 15% of the farmers facing shortage of money.

Table.15 Money Spends

Sl No. Money Spends No of Respondent Percentage
1 1k-9k 6 30%
2 10k-19k 6 30%
3 More than 20k 8 40%
Total 20 100%

1K-9K
30%
40% 10K-19K
More than 20k

30%

 The above table shows that 30% of the Farmers spends 1 k to 9k Money for
cultivation. 30% of the Farmers spends 10K to 19K Money and 40% of the
farmers spend 20k or more than 20k Money for cultivation.
Table.16 Uses of Revenue
Sl No. Uses of Revenue No of Respondent Percentage
1 Household 4 20%
2 Agricultural Investment 3 15%
3 Personal Expenses 3 15%
4 Financial Security 2 10%
5 Both Household &
8 40%
Agricultural Investment
Total 20 100%

No of Respondent Percentage

20% 15% 15% 10% 40%

4 3 3 2 8

Household Agriculture Personal Financial Both Household

Investment Expenses Security & Agricultural
Investment

 The above table explains that 20% of the farmers use this revenue for
Household Management. 15% of the farmers use this revenue for agricultural
works. 15% Of the farmers use this revenue for personal expenses. 10% of the
farmers use this revenue for financial security. 40% farmers use this revenue
for both household Management and agricultural works.

Table.17 Income per year

Sl No. Income per year No of Respondent Percentage
1 1K-19K 1 5%
2 20K-39K 4 20%
3 40K-59K 2 10%
4 60K-79K 3 15%
5 80K-99K 6 30%
6 More than 1L 4 20%
Total 20 100%
 No of Respondent Percentage

6
4

5% 4
20% 2 3
1 10%
15%
30%
20%

1K-19K
20K-39K
40K-59K
60K-79K
80K-99K
More than 1L

 The above table analyze, that 5% of the Farmers having less than 20,000
income generates per year. 20% of the farmers having 20k-39k income
generates per year. 10% of the Farmers having 40k to 59k Generete per year.
15% of the farmers having 60k to 79k income generate per year. 30% Of the
farmers having 80k to 99k to income generate per year and 20% of the farmers
More than 1 lakh income generate per year.

Table.18 Profitable
Sl No. Profitable No of Respondent Percentage
1 Yes 19 95%
2 No 1 5%
Total 20 100%

95%
20

15
19
10
5%
5 1

0
Yes No

No of Respondent Percentage

 The above table shows that 95% of the respondents says millet crops is
profitable and rest 5% respondents says millet crops is not profitable.
Table.19 Training
Sl No. Training No of Respondent Percentage
1 Yes 14 70%
2 No 6 30%
Total 20 100%

14

No of Respondent Percentage

70% 30%

Yes No

 The above table explains that 70% of the farmers can receive training through
government and 30% of the farmers can't receive training through government.

Table.20 Attaining Mela

Sl No. Types of Millet No of Respondent Percentage
1 Yes 9 45%
2 No 11 55%
Total 20 100%

45%

55%
Yes

No

 The above table analysis that 45% of the respondents attained mela for selling
millet products and 55% of the respondents can't attending mela for selling
millet products through government.
Table.21 Food Processing
Sl No. Food Processing No of Respondent Percentage
1 Yes 7 35%
2 No 13 65%
Total 20 100%

16 no of Respondent Percentage

14
65%
12

10

8
35%
6 13

4
7
2

0
Yes No

 The above table shows that 35% of the respondents participate in millet food
processing and 65% of the respondents can't participate in millet food
processing.

Table.22 Sell Product

Sl No. Sell Product No of Respondent Percentage
1 Local Market 2 10%
2 Govt. 13 65%
3 Both 5 25%

10%
25%
Local Market
Govt.
Both

65%

 The above table shows that 10% of the farmers sell their products in local
market.65% of the farmers sell their products in government and 25% of the
farmers sell their products in both govt. and local market.
Table.23 Support your Family
Sl No. Support your Family No of Respondent Percentage
1 Household 7 35%
2 Saving 3 15%
3 Education 6 30%
4 Health 4 20%
Total 20 100%

No of Respondent Percentage

35% 15% 30% 20%

7 3 6 4

Household Savings Education Health

 The above table analysis that 35% of the respondents support their family
through household.15% of the respondents support their family through saving
30% of the respondents support their family through education and 20% of the
respondents support their family through health.

Table.24 Help from Family

Sl No. Help from Family No of Respondent Percentage
1 Emotional 8 40%
2 Financial 4 20%
3 Agricultural Work 5 25%
4 Knowledge Sharing 3 15%
Total 20 100%

8
No of Respondent Percentage
8
7
6 5
5 4
4 3
3
2 40% 20% 25% 15%
1
0
Emotional Financial Agricultural Knowledge
Work Sharing

 The above table explains that 40% of the farmers getting help through
emotional. 20% of the farmers getting help through financial. 25% of the
farmers getting help through agricultural work and 15% of the farmers getting
help through knowledge sharing.
CHAPTER-4
 FINDING AND CONCLUSION
Major respondents are 30–40 in age groups are working in millet crop cultivate

There are 60% of family respondents are belongs to nuclear family.

Another finding: 15% of the respondents are earning alone in their families because
there are no other earning sources in their household.

Major respondents are cultivating millets in kharif season i.e. 85%.

There are two types of millet mainly used i.e. Finger and Nagaryuna respectively
55% and 45%.

In the field, when the respondents are asked to give their opinion on what type of
contribute to your family. There are 15% of the total respondents are just cultivate
millet because they want economically independence. It is the cause of their families
are already well established

Another finding – where they getting millet crop, there are 90% of respondent are
getting seed from government for assistance and facilitate the millet crop.

One of the most important concepts in the field study, how many respondent are
getting training from the government. There are 70% of women are aware and getting
training from government that are avail for them.

Another finding, there are 45% of respondents are attaining help that are organized
by government.

And lastly, most of the respondent are getting help from family that are the most
important in the family in 21st century.

Millet entrepreneurship requires relatively low investment and high profitable crops,
resources, making it accessible to women, especially those organized in self-help
groups (SHGs). The scope for value addition in millet based food production, selling
raw material to the government or local market, open tiffin center through Mission
Shakti, it enhances income opportunities and opens access to wider markets. It also
contributes to the knowledge and skills development, economic benefits,
entrepreneurship fosters social empowerment by increasing women’s confidence,
leadership abilities and participation in public and economic spheres.

There is a need to strengthen capacity-building initiatives by organizing regular

training programs for women on improved agricultural practices, scientific
cultivation methods, processing techniques, and entrepreneurial skills. Such
initiatives will enhance their productivity, efficiency, and confidence in managing
millet-based activities. Over all the study reveals that
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8(2), 223–227.
Barangé, L. (2024, August 5). Millet: From ancient grain to staple crop for future
food systems. Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT.
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Story.” Deccan Chronicle, 14 Nov. 2023.

Chapke, R. R., Balakrishna, D., Satyavathi, T., & Laxmiprasanna, P. (2025). Asset-
based millets production interventions for livelihood improvement in semi-arid
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Economic and social aspects of millet production. In Millets as Superfood (1st ed.,
pp. 16). CRC Press.
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Development of entrepreneurship in agro-processing activities among rural women.
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updated 22 Nov. 2025.
Patel, S., Naik, R. K., Sahu, R., & Nag, S. K. (2014). Entrepreneurship development
through finger millet processing for better livelihood in production catchment.

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sustainable nutrition and livelihoods. International Journal of Political Science and
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Creative Research Thoughts, vol. 13, no. 12, Dec. 2025.
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Waffle Mill. (2023). 10 health benefits of millets.
 Annexure-1

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
TOPIC:- Livelihood and women empowerment through millet crops.
A sociological study in sahartangiri of Keonjhar district.
Group-A
Socio Economic Profile

1. Name:-
2. Age:-
3. Gender:-
4. Educational Qualification:-
(a) primary (b) upper primary
(c) higher secondary (d) under graduate
5. Marital Status:-
(a) Married (b) Unmarried
(c) Widow (d) Divorce
6. Religion:-
(a) Hindu (b) Muslim
(c) Christian
7. Type of family:-
(a) Joint Family (b) Nuclear Family
8. Occupation:-
(a) Agriculture (b) Business
(c) Job (d) Both agriculture and Business
9. How many earning members in your family?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) more than 2
10. Caste
(a) ST (b) SC/BC
(c) OBC (d) GENERAL
Group-B
1. Are you cultivated Millet?
(a) Yes (b) No
2. How many years have you been cultivated Millet crops?
(a) 1Years (b) 2Years
(c) 3Years (d) 4Years
(e) More than 4Years
3. In which month does millet cultivation occur?

4. What are the process through which you cultivate the millets?

5. How many acres of area are cultivated?

(a) Below 50 decm (b) 50-1 Arc
(c) Above 1 Arc
6. What type of soil do you cultivate?

7. What type of millet do you cultivate?

(a) Finger Millet (Ragi) (b) Sorghum (Jowar)
(c) Peari (Bajra) (d) Others (Mention)
8. Where are you getting the millet seed ?
(a) Own (b) Government (c) Both Own and Govt.
9. What type of fertilizer do you use?
(a) Organic (b) Chemical (c) Both
10. What kind of problems do you face during cultivation?
(a) Lack of irrigation facility (b) Pest attack
(c) Lack of modern technology (d) shortage of money
11. How much money is spends on farming?
(a) 1-9 K (b)10-19 K
(c) More than 20 K (d) Others (mention)
12. How much revenue is generated from millet?
(a) 5K (b) 10K-20K
(c) 20K-30K (d) More than 30K
13. What the uses of this revenue?
(a) Household (b) Agricultural investment
(c) Personal expense (d) Financial security
(e) Both Agricultural and Household
14. How much income do you get per year from millet crops?

15. Does your family motivate you to do millet farming? YES/NO

16. Is millet crops profitable? YES/NO
17. If YES, How?

18. If NO, How?

Group-C
1. How long have you been join in SHG Group?
(a) 1 Year (b) 2-5 Years
(c) More than 5 (d) Less than 1
2. Are you getting any help from the governmental assistance?
(a) YES (b) NO
3. If Yes, what kind of assistance you get receive?

4. Have you received any training through Government?

(a) YES (b) NO
5. Do you attaining any Mela for selling millet product through Government?
(a) YES (b) NO
6. Do you participate in millet food processing?
(a) YES (b) NO
7. Where do you sell your product?
(a) Local market (b) Govt. (c) Both

Group-D
1. Does SHG provide financial assistance for millets? Yes/No
2. Does SHG help in marketing and pricing? Yes/No
3. Has millet farming improved your family income?
(a) YES (b) NO
4. If Yes, How?
5. If no, how do you manage?
6. How do you support your family through millet?
(a) Household (b) Saving
(c) Education (d) Health
7. What type of help getting from family?
(a) Emotional (b) Financial
(c) Agricultural work (d) Knowledge sharing
8. What do you think about entrepreneurship through millet? Give your opinion.
 Annexure-2
PHOTORGAPHY

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