SCIENCE

QUESTION
ANSWERS
[Link] between tapping system
and fibrous root system?
ANS.
Tap Root Fibrous Root
Feature
System System
One large, Many thin
Main
central root roots that
Structure
(tap root) spread out
Origin Develops Also arises
from the from the
 Tap Root Fibrous Root
Feature
System System
radicle, but
quickly
radicle of the
replaced by
seed
adventitious
roots
Stays shallow,
Penetrates
spreads out
Depth deep into the
near the
soil
surface
Dicot plants Monocot
Example
(e.g. mango, plants (e.g.
Plants
carrot) grass, wheat)
Prevents soil
Strong
erosion; quick
Function anchorage;
water
stores food
absorption
Appearance Looks like a Looks like a
 Tap Root Fibrous Root
Feature
System System
central thick
root with dense mat of
smaller thin roots
branches

ROOT SYSTEM
The root system is the part of the plant
that grows below the ground. It helps fix
the plant in the soil and absorbs water
and minerals to keep the plant healthy
and strong.

Functions of Roots
Roots support the plant by holding it
firmly in place, absorb water and
minerals from the soil, store food in some
plants like carrots and radishes, and help
stop soil from washing away.

Modification of Roots
Some roots change their shape or
function to help the plant in special ways
—for example, storage roots like carrots
store food, prop roots like those of a
banyan tree give support, and breathing
roots in mangroves help the plant get air
in swampy areas.

STEM
The stem is the part of a plant that grows
above the ground. It supports the
branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits. The
stem carries water and minerals from the
 roots to the leaves and also transports
food from the leaves to other parts of the
plant. In some plants like sugarcane and
potato, the stem also stores food.

Functions of
the Stem
 The stem supports the branches,
leaves, flowers, and fruits, keeping
them upright.
 It transports water and minerals from
the roots to the leaves.
 It carries food made in the leaves to
other parts of the plant.
 In some plants like sugarcane and
potato, the stem also stores food.
  It can also help in vegetative
reproduction, like in money plant or
rose.

 Modification
of Stem
Stems can swell to store food (like
potato, ginger) or grow underground
to help reproduction.
Some become thin and curly tendrils
for climbing (like in grapevine).
In cactus, green stems do
photosynthesis as leaves turn into
spines.
Others, like mint, spread by growing
sideways on the ground.

 Modification
of Leaf
Leaves may store food (onion),
become tendrils (pea) or spines
(cactus) for protection.
Insectivorous plants like pitcher
plant trap insects using leaf
modifications.
These changes help plants survive in
tough climates.
They also assist with climbing,
storing, or capturing nutrients.


 Parts of a
Leaf
  A leaf has lamina (flat green part),
petiole (leaf stalk), and midrib
(central vein).
Veins arise from midrib, helping in
transport and giving support.
These structures help the leaf in
photosynthesis and gas exchange.
Altogether, they form the basic leaf
structure seen in most plants.


 Venation of a
Leaf
 Venation is the pattern of veins on
the leaf blade.
It helps in carrying water, minerals,
and food through the leaf.
Also supports the leaf and helps
maintain its shape.
 There are two main types: reticulate
and parallel.


➖ Parallel and Reticulate Venation

 Parallel venation: veins run straight
and side by side (seen in grass,
banana).
Reticulate venation: veins form a
net-like pattern (found in mango,
rose).
Monocots show parallel; dicots show
reticulate venation.
Both help in transport and structural
support.


 Functions of
Leaf
Leaves make food through
photosynthesis using sunlight, water,
 and carbon dioxide.
They also do transpiration—giving
off water vapor through stomata.
Leaves store food in plants like
cabbage and spinach.
They allow gas exchange and help
cool the plant.


 FLOWER
 Flowers are the reproductive parts of
a plant, often colorful and scented.
They produce fruits and seeds after
pollination and fertilization.
Flowers have male (stamen) and
female (carpel) parts.
Insects and wind often help in
pollination.


 Pedicel
 Pedicel is the small stalk that holds
and supports the flower.
 It connects the flower to the plant's
stem or branch.
It transports water and nutrients to
the flower parts.
It also positions the flower for better
pollination.


Thalamus


 The thalamus is the thick part at the

tip of the flower stalk.
It bears all floral whorls like sepals,
petals, stamens, and carpels.
In some plants, it becomes fleshy and
edible (e.g. strawberry).
It gives support and structure to the
flower.


Calyx


 Calyx is the outermost green layer

made of small leaf-like sepals.
Sepals protect the bud before the
flower opens.
They may fall off or stay after
 blooming, depending on the plant.
They sometimes support petals in
open flowers.


 Corolla
 Corolla is the whorl of bright,
colorful petals inside the calyx.
Petals attract insects and protect the
flower’s inner parts.
They may produce scent or nectar to
help in pollination.
Their shapes vary widely from plant
to plant.


MALE

 REPRODU
CTIVE
  SYSTEM
 Stamen
 Stamen is the male reproductive part
made of filament and anther.
Anther contains pollen grains, which
hold the male gametes.
Filament holds the anther in a good
position for pollination.
Stamens help in forming pollen for
fertilizing the ovule.


FEMALE


REPRODU
 CTIVE
SYSTEM
 Stigma
 Stigma is the sticky top of the carpel
that receives pollen.
It helps trap pollen grains for
fertilization.
It may be flat, hairy, or feathery to
increase surface area.
It begins the process leading to seed
formation.


 Ovary
 The ovary is the swollen part at the
base of the carpel.
It contains ovules, which form seeds
after fertilization.
After fertilization, the ovary becomes
 a fruit.
It plays a key role in reproduction.


 Style
 Style is a slender tube between
stigma and ovary.
It gives height to the stigma for
pollen collection.
Pollen tube grows through it to reach
the ovules.
It connects the stigma and ovary for
fertilization.


FLOWERS
Complete Flowers
 Flowers with all four parts—calyx,
corolla, stamen, and carpel—are
complete.
They can perform both male and
female reproductive functions.
Examples include hibiscus, mustard,
 and sunflower.
Such flowers can produce fruits on
their own.


 Incomplete Flowers
 Flowers missing one or more main
parts are called incomplete.
They may have only male or only
female parts.
Pollination depends on other flowers
or plants.
Examples are papaya, cucumber,
and corn.


 Pollination
 Pollination is the transfer of pollen
from anther to stigma.
It helps unite male and female cells
for seed production.
Done by wind, water, or insects like
bees and butterflies.
It leads to fertilization and fruit
formation.
