L 1

Complex Number

Z set iy imaginary
Part
real
part

complex variable function

U fin y
W fez Ut in p tip N f xy

fez Z net if L y't any i

W f z R y't i any

H LY

f z E ntiy x V
iya
Modulus YZ
My
Argument D tan
E
conjugate E n i
HI Analytic Regular Holomorphic Monogenic funition
A complex variable function f z or w is said to be analytic
if it satisfies following condition
AZ 275 16 finale
Fet should be single valued
Ha VE F IZ X
2 Fez should have unique derivatives co r t z
at each e
point of its domain D
3 Fca should satisfy Cauchy Riemann eg Crean
q
NOI Creed

off 8 Ye a fancy
8
1
2

If u fer y form
Cartesian
Rectangular form

Note
1 Polynomials K 2h47 2 724202 etc
Rationals with denominators eg
Eff
2 non zero

3 sine cosine functions eg sin 3h cos 72

4 Exponential functions eg e e sink et

always have unique derivatives and single valued

orgasm function car and 3rem got c Reg cheek Aert

2W
He Entire function
A function which is analytic everywhere

Fez i
MY
E Z atty ayy ayy D
22L
since me and u are polynomials single valued and
derivable everywhere

again 8 2x
É
2K

ay 8 24
satisfies er er
87 8
and
ft
Fet E entire function

IT C Req Polar form qÉ

Y
y

u fer D
87 84 84 tf I
v fer a
 L 2

Examine the Analyticity of the function

f Z any ice y
SOI
Fet i Cri y
any
me I T T
Zay
since u u polynomials single valued and have
unique derivatives
2K
8 y Y 8 484 not satisfied
NOT Analytic
8 2x 2y

Using C Reg show that flt E is analytic in

entire z plane
501 fit 23 fatty n'try Zafy at iy

Fet R y't i zig Zay

i

se Zoey titty y
B Buy
U
Polynomial single valued and have
unique derivatives
I zany yz
 35 35
92 322 35
Y
8 Guy 82 buy

Analytical
8 g
and
Fy 82

Important formula
1 eid coset is in a
e
ill is in a
cos

2 Coscia Cosh o
sin Cio i sinho

i tan
3 In cutty
In
City E
o
4 cosho efe
sinha
fed
 E Examine sint is analytic or not
STI
case sin
fet sin z sin ret ing [Link] iy t
if
sins cashy t case isinky

fit sins cashy t case i sinhy

sin sin co
U Sinn cosby I can
by L
singlevalued and have
unique derivatives

8 can coshy If sinn sinh

y

87
sink
sinhy of
can
cony
Analytic
i

of Fy and
In guy

E
E Fet e

Soi fet e
E
e
M id z est Ey
e
se
eiy
é easy
i
sing
n
fet e
cosy ti e
sing
x
e n
i Us
easy u e
sing
 y
é
8 e
cay sing
n
8h é
sing Fy
e
easy

not analytical
81m Ey
L3

Show that Fez In t is analytic

f z In't
In cutty

In sits titan z
u
Iz In oity re tan ya
u u are both single valued and unique derivatives

ng My
2k
8 I

In HI
I SEE
 I ftp.t af
analytic
81 8g 85 be

2 tea I
sold Fez I hip
se re go

y rsino f Z
ready insino

tisino
Cao t isino
I
By Demoirer's theorem

cart is in o cos not is in no

cos C 30 ti sin 30
fez I
cos 30 i sin 30

sin 30
single valued
cos 30 I derivative
U and unique
 87 Ig cos 30 371
sin 30 E3 3,5231
8
311mg

go 31531

So C R eg 1 81h f g
2
87 185

so
87 I satisfied
Analytic
Of y off
and i
 Check if sinh t is analytic or not
2
SI
fo sin he
sinh at i y

Now sin io is in no

sin io
sin no
I
sin i atty
fez it
i sin fin y
i sin in cosy colin sing
cash se sin
i
fi sinha cay y

i'sinha easy icahn sing

i cosha
fez Sinha
cosy sing
cohn
i m sinha
cosy
I sing
on cosh Sinha
a
a
cosy Gy sing
cos ha
Fe Sinha
sing y cosy
He Ey 8 82 analytic
2 Find the values of a b c d so that the function fet
is analytic where

f t Getany by if critdayty

soft
fet Get any by if crit day 142
re set any by u crit day y

since Fet is analytic it must satisfy c Reg

ok Ey 8 Ye

911 2n
ay fye
ant aby

ft Zen
dy Ey duty

Now
Fa G 84 Ye
dnt 2cm
2ntay 24 antzby dy
2b d
n
d 2 A 2C
d b dk
1
e q 2 2 7
E Determine P such that
feel In City i tan is analytic
f
fez i tan
Itn arty f
I tan
i m t In fatty
Py
81 Fy Fy En

2 I 22
any
Pac byte III
p
now
En f
It Pity

i P I
 L 5

Uca Y U Ny
Real part
w
Re fits
Img fits
Analyticfunction
complex potential function ReCW µ
regularfunction p Yee y
Holomorphicfunction 44 stream funition
Potentialfunction
Monogenicfunction velocity potential function Flux function
conjugate of u
conjugate of U

Milne Thomson Method for constructing Analytic fr

case 1 If Real Part u is given

Step 1 Assume Real Part U penny

step 2 Find Pay Pu
Py Cny
step 3 Pat 2 2 y 0 and

An CZ o
Py CZ o

step1 By Milne Thomson theorem

i dt
feat pactD by to to
 Determine the analytic function and Imaginary part
whose real part is

m332473W 35 2241

u fay n
32443W 35 2241

812 been y 32 35 62 2

AyCn y Gay Gy

N Z Y o
DnCZ o 32467 2

Py Ct o 0

f t ta Cz D i byCt o dz

53327 67 2 i o
f dz

35 62 2 It

i f CZ 3.23 GET ZZ te

Fez 23 32 2 Zte Required analytic function

Now putting Z
ntiy
 f Z Cetig 3Catiy 2
atty to

23 32 3 iy5 iy t3 nt iy5t any i

iy
x

2x t
zig t c
It i zany If iy3tzi [Link] Za ti Lyte

23 32 y't 3m73 y't 22

i y3 Guy ay
32g c

Img fet 3n'y y'tbuy ay te

n cos s in z
2 Re Fez me e
zy y y
Find fit and Img t

re pen y e fu cos zy y sin 2 y

Pacey é cozy
a co
say y in ry
s
2 em

cos 2
be em 2n cos
2y z
y
s in
Ly t y

en
by Cay f 2x
sinzy y cozy 2
sinzy
I

en
f 2n
sinzy
z
y
Cosa
y t s in z y
 f
et sin
by 2n sin
ay ay
cos
y zy

Put K Z y 0

duct o et ZZ ti

Ty t o et o o

n fez false to i byCto dt

f et att dt

2 tetdt Jett dz
t ell
2 z
Et Jef de te

2
ted I E EE te

ze eft c

Fez Zet t c

Fct elating
atty C

atty em fit to
sin ay
y ti
cos z to
em cut iy
 y cosy y syfy
i sin t d sin
et u
cozy
t n
ly
eh se
cozy y sinzy
i
using y cos g Jtc

v em resin
ay tycoszy t c

L 6

If construction of analytic function

Éf
Imaginary part is given

step Assume imaginary part ie Yee y

step Partially diff [Link] and
3
y
put se z o in above derivative
y
Yn Z D Yy 2,0

step By Milne Thomson method

fez YyCz D ti Ya Ct Ddt

steps Find the real part u

 Find an analytic function retire whose imaginary
part is

I sin ha
cosy and find real part
5
net YG y sinha cosy
Ya cos ha cosy
Yy Sinha C sin
y

Ye Z D c g hz
0
Yy CZ o
9 i ZD dt
Fez J Yy Z
Ya

Jo i ca ht at

i ca h z dz
S
At is in ht t c

i sin h nti y t c

sin io i sinned

sin ientiy c

sin in y te
 Sin in
cosy cosine sing to

i sinha cahn to
cay sing
at in i sinha cahn to
cay sing
i U ca ha s t c
ing

if Wittig represents the complex potential

af function for an electric field and
determine the function of
4
off
Sot
yay It
Ya Mt 5 I n 2x

2
Tty

n
Feit Est
2
Ty see D Eto ay
Ya CEO
If Iz
My t 0 0

dt
fez Style D insect D

Ot if Edt
which the required
z if T C is

to
at in
atty

iEI to

if Lyte
fete
i
att
I
real part
 I
Casey
U N directly oar or Bry 442 2785 ANTI GUT ORE I

2 If U U Nt anyty 2 and fez

Ge y Ut in is
an
Analytic function Find the function fly in terms of
Z

Step Partially diff [Link] and

y
step Reduce all the derivative terms either in [Link]
C Reg
or
8g If by using

step simplify the eg to find out values of either [Link]

new

separately Then let them p and use Milne

or
8
thomson method

SMI n N n y set any 15 l

n
any a 5 sty guy y3

Rly 3mg 325 2

Now 3Mt Guy 342 B

ft ft
35 32 Guy a
8 Y
 Since Fez is analytic cream satisfied

8g En
Soria u a convert at car
3 0

2
8 3n Gay 35

Ie 84 Betony 35 5

4 3N Grey 35
Of dug

3N Grey 35 a
84

5 97 2 6N Gy

322 35
3N 35 7 by
8 H

12
15 6
284 my
10
Guy 8 Pu Grey
8g
 Now in 9 and 10
put K Z y o
eg
Poe Z 0 20
Py Z 07 322

Milne thomson method

i
f Cz o by 2,0J dz
t
Ya
go i 377 at

i
323 t c

IE t c Any
f t

I
Real att ing Part EMG Z xtiy ONLY OUTWIT [Link]
 I
construction of analytic function

tit
mn

Applicable
polar
M feat n I
my fez
process w
u
N fer Usa Fez

Formula fit Jae Zo My Z D dz

f 7 My to ticketg dz
du 8 die
Fy dy

84 do
du
Gdr
8 1
884
87 82 1
I Find the Analytic function flt Ucr a inch o
given that

U rd Hca 20 read 2

near a tacos zo tcosotz polar form

I
so use cream
method

8 do By total diff
die
8 dr

frfr do By cream
of dr
I
as u At Razz Bn 33 or 87 181
convert at Romo NCO 1
do
Goa r

I fed r r
ft
Now AC 25in 20 tr since
Of
area 20 Coo

cha do
i du I f 28 s in za tr since dr r
fr coz u

dr since dr 21h cos 20 do read do

du 2 r sin 20

since dr 222cm 20 do
zed rt
Sdu 2
fr sin
read do
 r since
fda 2Esinzo
[Link] sinner
2rI

sinD
1st on 3rd term at
armor de arsinza
pair
terror
Now

Sdu ffzrsinzodt [Link] do

since dr rear do

Sdu f de rusin za J der since

U y't sin 20 t r since

Now f Z Ut in

rSiNG _iKcoszo teoso

fLH HSinzO

Az
2 Determine the analytic function and imaginary part
whose real part is

NZ 3 5 325 35 1

SMI
y ne 3ns 3W 35 1

U 422 ONE 3M du CR 20.222 I MC N 2.0 MEN

du
In da t
dy dy
Now convert to u

85 85
u n 3ns 3m 35 1
i du qty
da t
8 dy

35 35 6
dy
Tony Gy diet
did Guy die t by du t 3
n'dy Birdy 62
dy

tiejonydatfoydntfady
13uidytjandy
directly integration
guilt Tartt directly integration possible possible

war 46 pairing Meo 2181

 6 3
Ny Gay
Sdn Ey t Gay
624

Bry GnyFynyd
Te
3rd y f bydie 62 dy 535dg
n
Sdu f Guy
die

I J d Cry Jd Guy 333 t c

V [Link]
3WY

tu
fCz Ut

f t N 325 325 35 1 ti 3
Nyt Guy Btc
And
 E
Harmonic function
Areavalued continuous function f is said to be
Harmonic Function if it satisfies Laplace egh

If 0

a 2B
85 0

3D
get 8

Now Complex Variable function

Iv Ny
fez UM 4

u and me are said to be harmonic

if and
811 831 0

8 87 0

2 Show that is harmonic

a y 3mg
SMI n y
Fff 35 32

81 any
go by
8 by
 ft If by by o harmonic

2 Show that u In 4 t x z
y is harmonic

some
guy m
2É
my
É É 2

III
in
a function feta
its domain D then its components
is an Analytic function
u and u
are harmonic on D
MIA fez is analytic cregh satisfied
d
g g E

E
now

PD u wort se
pD u wit y

As laplace egh is satisfied

i
It If 0
u is a harmonic function

Similarly

8 87

harmonic
i
ft o

if fit is analytic
i me v ane harmonic t

u u are harmonic fet may or may not

But if
be analytic
 show that N Y M both satisfies Laplace
Ey
u

ME
egh but ret iv is not analytic

us sky I
off
Ei 64442
24442K
É
2

II 22

ay f É
41155 [Link]

É
Ht 2 24 5 20 acayyzy
If 44 49
 [Link]
n ta

IE5I
87 and t o
Ii
0

me me are harmonic

cregh not satisfied

g
But so
guy I so Fez retire not analytic
 211

If a function fit ut iv is an analytic function on its

domain D then u and u will be harmonic functions
and they will be called harmonic
conjugates

note
If u and u are harmonic then flt Utiv may or

may not be analytic

find the harmonic conjugate of I th Also

find corresponding analytic function

Sid
ex
cosy
n
MY
Harmonic conjugate of a V
agg
using cream
do
81 da
tf dy
c rear
Ig 8 Ee
m3 3
u ex
cosy 42 i

du
dy
du t 8 dy
32 342
If
e
Now cosy
 etc sing Zn en sing Guy
zy
g
3rd 342 dy
du sing buy
da t letcosy
32
do e
sing da
tiny date cosy dy dy 35dg
Idn Jensing doe tf Guy dat fer cosy dy fray
y dy
RMIeesiny en
zany sing MY
dat 3rd y
Sdv Sensing die ten cosydy fay
faydy
fav f d lensing Jd zay

32y_y3 required harmonic

N
9siny conjugate

Now Analyticfunctionin

at TV
f t

2 ti er sing try y't e

L cosy zoey

L 1112 not important

 21

Limits Continuity and Differentiability of complex

function f Z

Z is in the neighborhood of Z
him z to

Art Z Cara Zo 2m27 arm abbr are 1

ii

Eni stance of limits

If function f z is a complex variable function
a
then limits L of tea at point to exists if and only
if
fit he must be finite unique single valued
11 along every possible path of
Z Zo
 I Prove that doesnot exist
tim

11 7 11 Etty
Along axis
y
e
him
n o
th 11 Letty

Now along nanis

Ee 1
big to
YI Etf
Since the limit is not unique so limit doesnot exist

I Find
1mn E
12 11 31 1
yanis nutty 1 15 1
Along him

Along a axis
tho III
Along y Mx

CI J 1E

I mt
So limit depends on M different values
so limit doesn't exist

I
Da Iit
is complex variable
If a function f Z a

function then it is said to be continuous at point Z

if and only if

D him fez L exists

Z to

2 f to exists

3 Cim Fet Fez

Z z
 Z to
2 Show that the function fez REI
0 2 0
is not continuous at origin

sit
t
fez
4 2 0

o
Along yanis
him If n
him
o Tty
n anis lim
y o KEI yling
fig
limit doesn't exist as not continuous

show that Z E is continuous at origin

2
polynomial
f z z E Getiy se ing sexy is always
continuous
Along se anis

situ Ling si
lim 0
y O
N T O

5
11
0
Along yanis Ktu
Im
n o
Along y mx

min o
sit
11
limit exists

Now at Z O Z

f Zo O

fed continuous
and f z
Imo

2 check the continuity of the function at origin

2 to
f z
off
O Z 0

at
axis 0
along y
Jim
my 0

Along se anis him

y yo
n o
atty o
Along y me

if
EEE EEE
dim
mo

so depends on M limit doesn't exist

not continuous

LD
Differentiability of a complex function