Q#1 Draw the diagram of water cycle.
Q#2 Define the terms:
a) Hydrology b) Eau potable c) Evaporation
d) Condensation e) Precipitation f) Transpiration
Answer:
Hydrology
The study of the movement, management, and distribution of water in the
atmosphere, as well as underground.
Eau potable
It is French term which is used to identify water as consumable.
Evaporation:
The process of turning liquid into vapours is called evaporation.
Condensation:
The process of turning vapours into liquid is called condensation.
Precipitation:
Any form of water such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail that condenses in the
atmosphere and falls to the Earth’s surface.
Transpiration:
The process, in which water evaporates from plant leaves.
Q#3 What is convectional and relief rainfall?
Answer:
Convectional rainfall: When water vapours rise to upper levels of the
atmosphere in dry and hot weather and form rain clouds by condensation. It occurs
in upper Indus plain of Pakistan.
Relief rainfall: This term refers to more frequent rain caused by
increasingly steep land height and clouds shedding rain on highlands.
Q#4 Explore the reasons for low groundwater levels in Pakistan.
Answer: Following are the reasons for the low groundwater levels in Pakistan:
1. Groundwater contamination
2. Over abstraction
3. Climate change
Q#5 Explain what acid rain is and why it is an environmental problem?
Answer: It is a precipitation which is turned into a very mild acid of below pH
5.6 by chemical pollutants.
Effects on environment:
It increases acidity of soil. It washes out essential nutrients from soil making
it unsuitable for plant growth.
It destroys the green pigment in plant leaves.
It is harmful for aquatic life.
Q#6 Design flowcharts describing different water purification methods
Q#7 Explore and analyze methods of sewage treatment.
Answer:
1. Pre- treatment: Removes large, and solid objects
2. Primary treatment: Extracts suspended organic solids and floating fats.
3. Secondary treatment: Breaks down dissolved and suspended biological
matter.
4. Tertiary treatment & Disinfection: The polishing stage removes
remaining nutrients and disease-causing pathogens.
5. Sludge treatment.
Q#8 List and evaluate different ways of using wastewater.
Answer: wastewater can be used for irrigation, aquaculture, and even for
groundwater recharge-system.
Q#9 Which measures can help solve the problem of water shortage in
Pakistan?
Answer: Following measures can be taken to solve the problem of water
shortage in Pakistan:
Water meters can be installed to charge people for their clean water use.
Water can be conserved by fixing leaking pipes.
Running public awareness campaigns around conservation and pollution
control.
Q#10 Find out more about water uses in Pakistan.
Answer: Agriculture sector is the major consumer of water in Pakistan. Water
is also used in industries, for drinking purpose and for domestic use.
Q#11 Why do you think water is scarce in cities:
Answer: Water is scarce in cities due to following reasons:
Demand for water may be exceeding than supply.
Poor infrastructure
Over-abstraction
Water contamination
Q#12 Draw the diagram for Rain formation.
Q#13 Draw the diagram for groundwater recharge system.
Q#14 Draw and label diagram for process of reverse osmosis.