Prerana Educational & Social Trust ®

PES Institute of Technology & Management

.IN
C
N
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SY
Design & Construction of
U
VT

Highway Pavements
Module 2

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D Introduction

.IN
 Aggregate constitutes more than 90% by volume in

C
flexible pavement

N
SY
 70-80% by volume in rigid pavement is constituted by
U
aggregates
VT

 Aggregates provide stability and drainage to pavement

Department of Civil Engineering 2 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Desirable Properties
 Strength

.IN
 Hardness

C
 Toughness

N
 Shape of Aggregates
 Durability
SY
U
VT

 Adhesion with Binder

 Free from Deleterious Material
Department of Civil Engineering 3 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Aggregate Crushing Value
 Resistance against crushing is an important property of

.IN
coarse aggregate to be used in pavements

C
 It is a measure of compressive strength (or strength) of

N
SY
coarse aggregates
 Vehicular load acts as compressive loads on aggregate
U
VT

and hence crushing value of aggregates is very important

Department of Civil Engineering 4 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Aggregate Crushing Value - Procedure

1. Aggregate passing through 12.5mm IS sieve and

.IN
retained on 10mm IS sieve is used for the experiment

C
2. Weight of the empty cylinder of 115mm diameter and

N
SY
180mm height is recorded
3. Aggregate sample is filled in cylindrical mould, in three
U
VT

layers and each layer tamped 25 times

Department of Civil Engineering 5 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Aggregate Crushing Value - Procedure

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 6 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Aggregate Crushing Value - Procedure

4. Plunger is placed over the mould and the assembly is

.IN
placed under compression testing machine

C
5. Gradually load is applied at a rate of four tones per hour,

N
SY
up to forty tones
6. Aggregates are then passed through 2.36mm IS sieve.
U
VT

Weight of aggregate passing through 2.36mm sieve is

recorded

Department of Civil Engineering 7 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Aggregate Crushing Value - Values

.IN
Maximum allowable crushing value is as mentioned below

C
N
1. Surface course: Maximum crushing value of 30%
SY
U
2. Base course: Maximum crushing value of 45%
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 8 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Aggregate Impact Value
 Coarse aggregate when used in highway and runway

.IN
pavement is subjected for impact loading

C
 Aggregate impact value is a measure of toughness of

N
SY
aggregates
 Impact value represents the percentage of aggregates
U
VT

that gets crushed when subjected to impact loading

Department of Civil Engineering 9 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Aggregate Impact Value - Procedure
1. Aggregate passing through 12.5mm IS

.IN
sieve and retained on 10mm IS sieve is

C
used for the experiment

N
2. Weight of the empty cylindrical mould of
75mm diameter and 50mm depth is
recorded SY
U
3. Aggregate sample is filled in cylindrical
VT

mould, in three layers and each layer

tamped 25 times & weighed
Department of Civil Engineering 10 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Aggregate Impact Value - Procedure

4. Weighed sample of aggregate is transferred to another

.IN
mould of 102 mm diameter and 50mm depth

C
5. A hammer weighing 14KG is dropped 15 times on the

N
SY
aggregate sample from a height of 380mm
6. The crushed aggregates are sieved through 2.36mm IS
U
VT

sieve. The weight of the aggregates passing through

2.36mm IS sieve is recorded

Department of Civil Engineering 11 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Aggregate Impact Value - Values

.IN
Maximum allowable impact value is as mentioned below

C
1. WBM with cement concrete = 45%

N
2. WBM with bitumen = 40%
SY
U
3. Bituminous macadam base course = 35%
VT

4. All surface courses = 30%

Department of Civil Engineering 12 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Abrasion Value
 It is a representation of hardness of coarse aggregates

.IN
 Aggregates are subjected to frictional forces (or rubbing

C
action) during construction as well as during operation

N
SY
 Abrasive value of aggregate becomes more significant
when the aggregate is used for Surface course / Wearing
U
VT

course

Department of Civil Engineering 13 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Abrasion Value - Procedure
1. 2.5kg of aggregate passing through 20mm and retained

.IN
on 12.5mm and 2.5kg of aggregate passing 12.5mm

C
and retained on 10mm IS sieve is used for the

N
experiment
SY
2. Aggregates are transferred to the Los Angele’s abrasion
U
testing machine
VT

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 DCHP
BCV613D Abrasion Value Test - Procedure

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 15 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Abrasion Value - Procedure

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 16 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Abrasion Value Test - Procedure
3. Abrasive charges are inserted into the drum based on

.IN
grading of aggregate

C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 17 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Abrasion Value Test - Procedure
4. The drum, which is electrically operated, is started. 500

.IN
revolutions are given at the rate of 30-33 RPM

C
5. After the revolutions the aggregate is sieved through

N
SY
1.7mm IS sieve and the weight of aggregate passing
through 1.7mm sieve is recorded
U
VT

6. Percentage weight of aggregate passing through 1.7mm

sieve represents abrasion value

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 DCHP
BCV613D Abrasion Value Test - Values
Maximum allowable abrasion value is as mentioned below

.IN
1. For surface courses= 30%

C
N
2. Bituminous carpet/Surface dressing = 35%
3. WBM, BM = 40% SY
U
4. Base course = 50%
VT

5. Sub base course = 60%

Department of Civil Engineering 19 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Shape Test
 Shape, size and texture of coarse aggregates are very

.IN
important properties influencing the performance

C
 Rounded aggregates have lesser voids, better workable

N
but poor bonding with binder
SY
 Angular aggregates have higher voids, lower workability
U
but better bonding and compressive strength
VT

 Flaky and elongated aggregates are not preferred as they

are weak and create higher void space
Department of Civil Engineering 20 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Shape Test - Procedure
1. Depending on the maximum size of the aggregate, arrange the

.IN
sieves in order

C
2. A measured quantity of coarse aggregate is considered for the

N
experiment
3.
SY
Aggregate is sieved through the set of sieves and each fraction is
separated
U
4. Aggregate fraction passing and retained on successive set of sieve
VT

is passed through the corresponding slot in the thickness gauge

Department of Civil Engineering 21 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Shape Test - Procedure

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 22 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Shape Test - Procedure
For flakiness index, least dimension is passed through the thickness

.IN
gauge slot and the aggregates passing through and retained are
separated

C
N
Sieve size (mm)
Average size Thickness gauge Weight of aggregates PASSING

SY
Passing Retained U (mm) size (mm) through thickness gauge (Grams)
VT

Summation of weights ∑ W =

Department of Civil Engineering 23 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Shape Test - Procedure
For elongation index, maximum dimension is passed through the length

.IN
gauge slot and the aggregates passing through and retained are
separated

C
N
Sieve size (mm)
Average size Length gauge Weight of aggregates RETAINED in

SY
Passing Retained U (mm) size (mm) the length gauge (Grams)
VT

Summation of weights ∑ W =

Department of Civil Engineering 24 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Shape Test - Procedure
For angularity number below mentioned procedure is adopted

.IN
 A cylindrical mould of about 3 liters capacity is used

C
 Aggregate passing through 20mm and retained on 4.75mm IS sieve

N
is used for the test

SY
 Cylindrical mould is calibrated by determining the weight of water
required to fill the mould completely
U
 Aggregate is filled in the cylindrical mould in three layers, each layer
VT

being tamped 100 times

Department of Civil Engineering 25 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Shape Test - Procedure
Angularity number is calculated with respect to voids, using the

.IN
following relationship

C
N
100 𝑤
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 67 −

SY
U 𝐶𝐺

W is weight of aggregates
VT

C is weight of water
G is specific gravity of coarse aggregate
Department of Civil Engineering 26 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Class Activity
For soil and aggregates, collect and represent information on IS

.IN
code books used for testing & specifications, in the below

C
mentioned format

N
SY
Sl. No. IS Code
U Title of the Code
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 27 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Specific Gravity of Aggregate

.IN
 Specific gravity is a measure of relative density & a

C
comparative strength

N
 It is the ratio of mass of a substance to the mass of equal
volume of reference sample SY
U
VT

 Water is used as reference sample and with respect to which

the specific gravity of aggregate is measured
Department of Civil Engineering 28 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Specific Gravity for > 6.3mm

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 29 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Specific Gravity for > 6.3mm
Description Observed Value

.IN
Weight of saturated aggregate along with basket in water W1
Weight of basket in water W2

C
Weight of saturated aggregate in air W3

N
Weight of oven dried aggregate W4

SY
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑊4
[𝑊4 − 𝑊1 − 𝑊2 ]
U
VT

𝑊4
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
[𝑊3 − 𝑊1 − 𝑊2 ]

Department of Civil Engineering 30 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Specific Gravity for < 6.3mm
Observed

.IN
Description
Value
Weight of Empty pycnometer W1

C
Weight of aggregate & pycnometer W2

N
Weight of aggregate, water & pycnometer W3

SY
Weight of water & pycnometer W4
U
𝑊2 − 𝑊1
VT

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =

[(𝑊4 − 𝑊1) − 𝑊3 − 𝑊2 ]

Department of Civil Engineering 31 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Sieve Analysis of Aggregate

.IN
 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate is to realize the grain size

C
distribution

N
 This test indicates the average or mean size of the aggregate
particle SY
U
VT

 This is helpful in pavement design

Department of Civil Engineering 32 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Sieve Analysis of Aggregate

.IN
63 mm
50 mm

C
40 mm
31.5 mm

N
25 mm

SY 20 mm
16 mm
U
12.5 mm
VT

10 mm
6.3 mm
4.75 mm

Department of Civil Engineering 33 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Soundness of Aggregate

.IN
 One of the tests to represent the durability of aggregates

C
 Aggregate durability, when used in pavement is very

N
significant
SY
 Wear and tear of the aggregate due to weathering action
U
VT

may be realized through this test

Department of Civil Engineering 34 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Soundness of Aggregate - Procedure

.IN
 Aggregates are weighed and sieved as per the IS code

C
provisions

N
 The aggregates are immersed in sodium sulphate or
SY
magnesium sulphate solution for 16-18 hours
U
VT

 After immersion period, aggregates are removed and air

dried for about 15 minutes
Department of Civil Engineering 35 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Soundness of Aggregate - Procedure

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 36 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Soundness of Aggregate - Procedure

.IN
 After air drying, aggregates are oven dried for not less than 4

C
hours and not more than 18 hours

N
 After the aggregates have reached constant mass, the cycle
is repeated based in requirementSY
U
VT

 Alternate cycles of wetting and drying has to be followed by

sieving to understand the loss of mass
Department of Civil Engineering 37 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Soundness of Aggregate - Procedure

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 38 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Bitumen - Overview

.IN
 Bituminous materials or asphalts are extensively

C
used for roadway construction for following reasons

N
SY
A. Excellent binding characteristics
U
B. Water proofing property
VT

C. Relative low cost

Department of Civil Engineering 39 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Bitumen - Production

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 40 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Bitumen – Different Forms

.IN
1. Cutback Bitumen: RC, MC & SC

C
N
2. Bitumen Emulsion: RS, MS & SS
SY
U
VT

3. Modified Bitumen: PMB, CRMB, NRMB

Department of Civil Engineering 41 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Bitumen – Desirable Properties

.IN
 Temperature Susceptibility: Should not have high

C
temperature susceptibility

N
SY
 Viscosity: Adequate at the time of mixing, pouring and
U
compaction
VT

 Affinity & Adhesion: Good bonding with aggregate

Department of Civil Engineering 42 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Tests on Bitumen
1. Penetration Test

.IN
2. Softening Point

C
3. Ductility & Elastic Recovery

N
4.
SY
Absolute, Kinematic & Rotational Viscosity
U
5. Flash Point
VT

6. Loss on Heating & Matter soluble in Trichloro Ethylene

Department of Civil Engineering 43 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 1. Penetration Test

.IN
 It measures the hardness or softness of bitumen

C
 Penetrometer is used for assessment of softness

N
SY
 Depth of penetration of standard needle in 5 seconds
U
represents the penetration value
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 44 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 1. Penetration Test - Apparatus

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 45 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 1. Penetration Test - Procedure

 The penetrometer consists of a needle assembly with a

.IN
total weight of 100g

C
N
 The bitumen is softened to a pouring consistency and
SY
poured into containers at a depth at least 15 mm
U
VT

 The test should be conducted at a specifed temperature

of 25o C
Department of Civil Engineering 46 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 1. Penetration Test - Interpretation

.IN
 A grade of 40/50 bitumen means the penetration value is in
the range 40 to 50 dmm at standard test conditions

C
N
 Commonly used grades include 30/40, 60/70, and 80/100
SY
 Bitumen with lower penetration is suitable for warm climates
U
VT

to prevent softening, while higher penetration bitumen is

preferred for cold climates to avoid brittleness
Department of Civil Engineering 47 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Softening Point Test

.IN
 Softening point denotes the temperature at which the

C
bitumen attains a particular degree of softness

N
SY
 The test is conducted by using Ring and Ball apparatus
U
 Softening point of bitumen helps for selection based on
VT

temperature conditions

Department of Civil Engineering 48 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Softening Point Test - Apparatus

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 49 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Softening Point Test - Procedure
 A brass ring containing test sample of bitumen is

.IN
suspended in liquid

C
 A steel ball is placed upon the bitumen sample and the

N
liquid medium is heated at a rate of 5o C per minute
SY
 Temperature is noted when the softened bitumen
U
touches the metal plate which is at a specified distance
VT

below

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 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Softening Point Test - Interpretation

.IN
 Softening point indicates temperature susceptibility of

C
the bitumen sample

N
SY
 Higher softening point is preferred for hot climate
U
regions
VT

 Lower value is appropriate for cold regions

Department of Civil Engineering 51 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 3. Ductility Test

.IN
 Ductility is the property of bitumen that permits it to

C
N
undergo great deformation without breaking

SY
 Ductility is also a property of bitumen which is
U
VT

important for its selection for road construction

Department of Civil Engineering 52 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 3. Ductility Test - Apparatus

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 53 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 3. Ductility Test - Procedure

.IN
 Bitumen is heated and filled in the briquette mould of the
ductility machine

C
N
 After the bitumen sample is cooled in room temperature, it is
SY
placed for elongation in water bath
U
VT

 The distance up to the point of breaking of thread is the

ductility value which is reported in cm
Department of Civil Engineering 54 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 3. Ductility Test - Interpretation

.IN
 A minimum ductility value of 75 cm has been specified

C
by the BIS

N
SY
 50 cm is the minimum ductility value to be used for
U
pavement, preferred is 100 cm for high traffic
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 55 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 4. Viscosity Test
 Viscosity is resistance offered by any fluid against the

.IN
flow and there are various tests for measurement of

C
same

N
A. Industrial Viscosity
B. Absolute (Dynamic) Viscosity SY
U
C. Kinematic Viscosity
VT

D. Rotational Viscosity

Department of Civil Engineering 56 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 4 A. Industrial Viscosity Test

.IN
 This is a test in which bitumen flow is measured directly

C
with respect to time

N
SY
 Bitumen is heated and poured into mould with orifice
U
 The bitumen is allowed to flow and get collected in jar
VT

 Time required for flow of 50ml is recorded

Department of Civil Engineering 57 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 4 A. Industrial Viscosity Test

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 58 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 4 B. Dynamic Viscosity Test

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 59 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 4 C. Kinematic Viscosity Test

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 60 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 4 D. Rotational Viscosity Test

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 61 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Viscosity Test – Units of Measurement

.IN
1. Industrial Viscosity

C
Seconds

N
SY
2. Absolute (Dynamic) Viscosity
U
Pascal-second (Pa· s)
VT

Newton-second per square meter (N·s/m²)

1 poise is equal to 0.1 Pa·s

Department of Civil Engineering 62 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Viscosity Test – Units of Measurement
3. Kinematic Viscosity

.IN
square meters per second (m²/s)

C
stoke (St)

N
centistoke (cSt)
1 stoke = 1 cm²/s
1 centistoke = 1 mm²/s SY
U
4. Rotational Viscosity
VT

Pascal-second (Pa· s)
centipoise = 0.001 Pa·s
Department of Civil Engineering 63 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 5. Flash & Fire Point Test

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 64 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 6. Solubility in Trichloro Ethylene

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 65 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Viscosity Test – Units of Measurement

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 66 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Tests on Cement/Concrete

.IN
Cement Concrete

C
• Consistency • Workability

N
SY
• Setting time • Compressive
• Soundness strength
U
• Flexural strength
VT

• Compressive
strength
Department of Civil Engineering 67 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 1. Consistency & Setting Time of Cement

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 68 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Soundness of Cement

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 69 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Soundness of Cement

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 70 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Soundness of Cement

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 71 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Concrete Workability

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 72 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Concrete Workability

.IN
Slump Value Degree of Workability

C
N
25-50 mm Low workability

50-100 mm SY Medium/Moderate workability

U
VT

100-150 mm High workability

Department of Civil Engineering 73 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Concrete Workability

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 74 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Concrete Workability

.IN
Compaction factor Degree of Workability

C
0.75 0.80 Poor workability

N
0.80-0.85
SY Low workability
U
0.85-0.92 Medium/Moderate workability
VT

0.92 and above High workability

Department of Civil Engineering 75 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Concrete Workability

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 76 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Concrete Workability

.IN
Time Workability

C
N
2-5 seconds High workability

5-10 seconds SY Medium/Moderate workability

U
VT

10-20 seconds Low workability

Department of Civil Engineering 77 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D Strength of Concrete

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 78 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Bituminous Paving Mix
 One of the primary requirements for pavement design

.IN
is the understanding properties of paving mixes

C
 Properties required for bituminous paving mix are

N
A. Workability
B. Skid resistance SY
U
C. Flexibility
VT

D. Stability
E. Durability
Department of Civil Engineering 79 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D A. Workability of Bituminous Mix
 Ease of placement of bitumen in uniform layers is

.IN
very important property

C
 Workability results in appropriate densification at

N
specific temperature
SY
 Workability of paving mix also has influence on
U
VT

density and stability

Department of Civil Engineering 80 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D B. Skid Resistance
 Excess bitumen on the surface of pavement leads

.IN
to slip and skid of vehicle / tyres

C
 Sufficient voidage has to be provided in paving

N
SY
mixes to allow for densification during traffic
 Type of aggregate also influences skid resistance
U
VT

of the pavement

Department of Civil Engineering 81 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D C. Flexibility
 It is ability of paving mixes to adjust itself to load

.IN
settlements without cracking

C
 Following are the factors influencing flexibility

N
i. Quantity of bituminous binder
ii. Viscosity SY
U
iii. Temperature susceptibility
VT

iv. Quantity of filler material

Department of Civil Engineering 82 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D D. Stability
 Stability is the resistance of bituminous mixes

.IN
against displacement

C
 Shoving and rutting are most common defects

N
which depends on stability
SY
 Stability is more important and critical at higher
U
VT

temperatures encountered at field

Department of Civil Engineering 83 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D D. Stability

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 84 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D E. Durability
 Resistance to application of traffic loads

.IN
 Resistance to deterioration by water

C
N
 Resistance to freezing & thawing
 Resistance to swell SY
U
 Resistance to deterioration by air
VT

 Resistance to temperature change

Department of Civil Engineering 85 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Types of Bitumen Paving Mix

.IN
 Dense graded bitumen mixes

C
 Semi-dense graded bitumen mixes

N
 Open graded bitumen mixes SY
U
VT

 Gap graded bitumen mixes

Department of Civil Engineering 86 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Tests on Bituminous Paving Mix
1. Stripping value of coarse aggregate

.IN
2. Marshal stability

C
N
3. Stone polishing value of coarse aggregate
4. Binder content SY
U
5. Indirect tensile strength
VT

6. Resilient modulus

Department of Civil Engineering 87 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 1. Stripping Value
 200 grams of 20mm passing 12.5mm retained dry

.IN
aggregate to be considered

C
 5% Binder to be added to aggregate at higher

N
SY
temperature
 After proper adhesion, bitumen mix is placed in
U
beaker with water bath at 400C for 24 hours
VT

 Based on visual observation stripping is interpreted

Department of Civil Engineering 88 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Marshal Stability Test

.IN
Marshall stability of a test specimen

C
is the maximum load required to

N
produce failure when the specimen
is preheated to a SY prescribed
U
VT

temperature

Department of Civil Engineering 89 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Marshal Stability Test

.IN
 Preheating of aggregate and bitumen

C
 Mixing of aggregate and bitumen

N
SY
 Heating of mixture to specific temperature
U
VT

 Filling the mixture in mould for compaction

Department of Civil Engineering 90 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Marshal Stability Test

.IN
 Hammer is used for compaction from both ends

C
 Specimen removed from mould and cooled

N
SY
 Weight of the specimen in air & water is measured
U
VT

 Specimen is heated to 60oC in water bath / oven

Department of Civil Engineering 91 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Marshal Stability Test

.IN
Theoretical Specific Gravity

C
N
SY
U
Bulk Specific Gravity of the mix
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 92 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Marshal Stability Test
Air Voids %

.IN
C
% Volume of Bitumen

N
Voids in mineral aggregate
SY
U
VT

Voids filled with bitumen

Department of Civil Engineering 93 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 3. Stone Polishing Value

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 94 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 3. Stone Polishing Value

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 95 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 3. Stone Polishing Value

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 96 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 3. Stone Polishing Value

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 97 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 3. Stone Polishing Value

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 98 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 3. Stone Polishing Value

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 99 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 4. Binder Content

.IN
𝑊1 − (𝑊2 + 𝑊3)
𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑥 100

C
𝑊1

N
SY W1 Weight of bituminous mix
U
W2 Weight after extraction
VT

W3 Weight of residue

Department of Civil Engineering 100 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 6. Indirect Tensile Strength

.IN
2000 𝑃
𝐼𝑇𝑆 =
𝜋𝐷𝑡

C
N
P = Failure load
SY
U
D is Diameter
VT

t is Thickness (Height)

Department of Civil Engineering 101 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D 7. Resilient Modulus

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 102 PESITM - Shivamogga

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 .IN
C
N
End of Module 2 SY Thank you
U
VT

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]