Solutions

(2025)
Q.1 In case of association, abnormal molar mass of solute will
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/1/1)
A. remain same
B. increase
C. decrease
D. first increase and then decrease
Q.2 An unripe mango placed in a concentrated salt solution to prepare pickle,
shrivels because ________ .
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/1/1)
A. it loses water due to osmosis
B. it gains water due to osmosis
C. it gains water due to reverse osmosis
D. it loses water due to reverse osmosis
Q.3 Which of the following solutions will have the highest boiling point in water
?
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/7/1)
A. 1% glucose
B. 1% urea
C. 1% KCl
D. 1% CaCl2
Q.4 Assertion (A) : Cooking time is reduced in pressure cooker.
Reason (R) : Boiling point of water inside the pressure cooker is elevated.
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/7/1)
A. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
B. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A).
C. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
D. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
Q.5 Which of the following aqueous solutions will have the highest freezing
point?
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/5/1)
A. 1.0MAlCl3
B. 1.0MNa2SO4
C. 1.0MGlucose
D. 1.0MKCl
Q.6 Assertion (A) : Henry's law constant (KH) decreases with increase in
temperature.
Reason (R) : As the temperature increases, solubility of gases in liquids
decreases.
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/5/1)
A. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A).
B. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
C. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
D. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
Q.7 The value of Henry's constant KH is :
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/4/1)
A. constant for all gases
B. greater for gases with lower solubility
C. greater for gases with higher solubility
D. not related to the solubility of gases
Q.8 The freezing point of one molal KCl solution, assuming KCl to be completely
dissociated in water, is : (Kf for water =1.86 K kg mol−1)
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/6/1)
A. −3⋅72∘C
B. −1⋅86∘C
C. +2⋅72∘C
D. +3⋅72∘C
Q.9 A solution of acetone in ethanol :
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/6/1)
A. obeys Raoult's law.
B. shows a positive deviation from Raoult's law.
C. forms an ideal solution.
D. shows a negative deviation from Raoult's law.
Q.10 Give reasons :
(a) Cooking is faster in pressure cooker than in an open pan.
(b) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y , volume of the resulting solution decreases.
What type of deviation from Raoult's law is shown by the resulting solution ?
What change in temperature would you observe after mixing liquids X and Y ?
(2 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/1/1)
Q.11 Define Azeotrope. What type of Azeotrope is formed by negative deviation
from Raoult's law ? Give an example.
(2 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/1/1)
Q.12 What is meant by positive deviation from Raoult's law ? Give an example.
What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation ?
(2 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/7/1)
Q.13 Calculate the elevation of boiling point of a solution when 3 g of CaCl2
(Molar mass = 111 g mol−1) was dissolved in 260 g of water, assuming
that CaCl2 undergoes complete dissociation. (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol−1)
Q.14 Liquids ' X ' and ' Y ' form an ideal solution. The vapour pressure of pure 'X'
and pure 'Y' are 120 mm Hg and 160 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the vapour
pressure of the solution containing equal moles of ' X ' and ' Y '.
(2 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/5/1)
Q.15 State Henry's law. Why are aquatic species more comfortable in cold water
as compared to warm water?
(2 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/6/1)
Q.16 A solution of glucose (molar mass =180 g mol−1) in water has a boiling
point of 100.20°C. Calculate the freezing point of the same solution. Molal
constants for water Kf and Kb are 1.86 K kg mol−1 and 0.512 K kg mol−1
respectively.
(3 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/1/1)
Q.17 0.3 g of acetic acid (Molar mass = 60 g mol−1) dissolved in 30 g of benzene
shows a depression in freezing point equal to 0.45 °C. Calculate the percentage
association of acid if it forms a dimer in the solution. (Given : Kf for benzene =
5.12 K kg mol−1)
(3 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/7/1)
Q.18 Shweta mixed two liquids A and B of 10 mL each. After mixing, the volume
of the solution was found to be 20.2 mL.
(i) Why was there a volume change after mixing the liquids?
(ii) Will there be an increase or decrease of temperature after mixing?
(iii) Give one example for this type of solution.
(3 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/5/1)
Q.19 (i) How does sprinkling of salt help in clearing the snow-covered roads in
hilly areas?
(ii) What happens when red blood cells are kept in 0.5% (mass/vol) NaCl
solution? Justify your answer.
(iii) Write an application of reverse osmosis.
(3 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/2/1)
Q.20 At 25°C the saturated vapour pressure of water is 24 mm Hg. Find the
saturated vapour pressure of a 5% aqueous solution of urea at the same
temperature. (Molar mass of urea = 60 g mol−1)
Q.21 An aqueous solution of NaOH was made and its molar mass from the
measurement of osmotic pressure at 27°C was found to be 25 g mol−1. Calculate
the percentage dissociation of NaOH in this solution.
[Atomic mass : Na = 23u, O = 16u, H = 1u]
(3 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/4/1)
Q.22 Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 24.8 mm Hg. Calculate the
lowering in vapour pressure of an aqueous solution which freezes at −0.3°C. (Kf
of water = 1.86 K kg mol−1)
(3 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/6/1)
Q.23 The spontaneous flow of the solvent through a semipermeable membrane
from a pure solvent to a solution or from a dilute solution to a concentrated
solution is called osmosis. The phenomenon of osmosis can be demonstrated by
taking two eggs of the same size. In an egg, the membrane below the shell and
around the egg material is semipermeable. The outer hard shell can be removed
by putting the egg in dilute hydrochloric acid. After removing the hard shell, one
egg is placed in distilled water and the other in a saturated salt solution. After
some time, the egg placed in distilled water swells-up while the egg placed in
salt solution shrinks. The external pressure applied to stop the osmosis is
termed as osmotic pressure (a colligative property). Reverse osmosis takes
place when the applied external pressure becomes larger than the osmotic
pressure.
(a) Define reverse osmosis. Name one SPM which can be used in the process of
reverse osmosis.
(b) (i) What do you expect to happen when red blood corpuscles (RBC's) are
placed in 0.5%NaCl0.5%NaCl solution?
(4 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/2/1)
Q.24 According to the generally accepted definition of the ideal solution there
are equal interaction forces acting between molecules belonging to the same or
different species. (This is equivalent to the statement that the activity of the
components equals the concentration.) Strictly speaking, this condition is
fulfilled only in exceptional cases for mixtures (optical isomers, isotopic
mixtures of an element, hydrocarbon mixtures). It is still usual to talk about
ideal solutions as limiting cases in reality since very dilute solutions behave
ideally with respect to the solvent. This view is further supported by the fact
that Raoult's law empirically found for describing the behaviour of the solvent
in dilute solutions can be deduced thermodynamically via the assumption of
ideal behaviour of the solvent.
Answer the following questions :
(a) Give one example of miscible liquid pair which shows negative deviation
from Raoult's law. What is the reason for such deviation?
(b) (i) State Raoult's law for a solution containing volatile components.
(4 Mark) (CBSE 2025 - 56/4/1)

Answer
Q.1. B
Q.2. A
Q.3 D
Q.4 B
Q.5 C
Q.6 C
Q.7 B
Q.8 A
Q.9 B
Q.10 (a) Due to high pressure inside the pressure cooker, higher is the boiling
point and faster is the cooking.
(b) Negative deviation
Temperature increases.
Q.11 Same composition in liquid and in vapour phase and boil at a constant
temperature.
Maximum Boiling Azeotrope
68%HNO3 + 32%H2O (Or any other correct example) (Percentage can be
ignored)
Q.12 When vapour pressure of the solution is higher than expected from the
ideal behaviour.
Example : ethanol and acetone/ carbon disulphide and acetone (or any other
suitable example) Minimum boiling azeotrope
Q.13

Q.14
Q.15 At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly
proportional to the partial pressure of the gas present above the surface of
liquid or solution/ the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution
Because the solubility of oxygen increases with decrease in temperature/
Because of low solubility of O2 in warm water.
Q.16

Freezing point of solution

Q.17

Q.18 (i) The solution is non ideal, shows positive deviation from Raoult's law /
A-B interactions are weaker than A−A and B−B interactions
(ii) Decrease in temperature
(iii) Ethanol and acetone (or any other suitable example)
Q.19 (i) Salt lowers the freezing point of water and prevents formation of ice
and hence its easy to clean.
(ii)-Red blood cells swell up
-As the solution is hypotonic, water will flow into the cell/ As the solution is
hypotonic, endosmosis occurs.
(iii) Desalination of sea water
Q.20
Q.21

Q.22
Q.23 (a)
When external pressure is larger than the osmotic pressure, then the
movement of solvent is from solution to solvent side through semi permeable
membrane. / The direction of osmosis can be reversed if a pressure larger
than the osmotic pressure is applied to the solution side.
Cellulose acetate / Or any other suitable example.
(b) (i) RBC swells up / Cells swell and may even burst due to endo-osmosis.
Q.24 (a)Chloroform and Acetone
(or Any other correct example)
A − B interactions are stronger than A − A and B − B interaction.
(b)(i) For any solution the partial vapour pressure of each volatile component
is directly proportional to its mole fraction.

(2024)
Q.1 Isotonic solutions have the same
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/5/1)
A. osmotic pressure
B. volume
C. density
D. refractive index
Q.2 Van't Hoff factor for Na2SO4.10H2O solution, assuming complete ionization is
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/5/1)
A. 13
B. 22
C. 33
D. 11
Q.3 For an electrolyte undergoing association in a solvent, the van't Hoff factor :
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/1/1)
A. is always less than one
B. has negative value
C. has zero value
D. is always greater than one
Q.4 Assertion (A) : When NaCl is added to water a depression in freezing point
is observed.
Reason (R) : NaCl undergoes dissociation in water.
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/1/1)
A. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A).
B. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
C. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
D. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
Q.5 A % solution of solute ' X ' is isotonic with a 6%6% solution of sucrose
(molar mass = 342 g mol−1). The molar mass of solute ' X ' is :
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/3/1)
A. 57 g mol−1
B. 114 g mol−1
C. 3.42 g mol−1
D. 34.2 g mol−1
Q.6 Assertion (A) : Addition of ethylene glycol to water lowers its freezing point.
Reason (R): Ethylene glycol is insoluble in water due to lack of its ability to form
hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/3/1)
A. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A).
B. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
C. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
D. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Q.7 An azeotropic solution of two liquids has boiling point lower than either of
them when it:
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/2/1)
A. shows no deviation from Raoult's law
B. shows positive deviation from Raoult's law
C. shows negative deviation from Raoult's law
D. is saturated
Q.8 The relative lowering of vapour pressure of an aqueous solution containing
non-volatile solute is 0.0225. The mole fraction of the non-volatile solute is :
(1 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/2/1)
A. 0⋅0225
B. 0⋅725
C. 0⋅15
D. 0⋅80
Q.9 (a) Define molal depression constant. How is it related to enthalpy of fusion
?
 (2 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/3/1)
Q.10 (b) What type of deviation is shown by ethanol and acetone mixture? Give
reason. What type of azeotropic mixture is formed by that deviation?
(2 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/4/1)
Q.11 18 g of a non-volatile solute is dissolved in 200 g of H2O freezes at 272.07
K. Calculate the molecular mass of solute (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol−1)
(2 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/4/1)
Q.12 A 6% solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol−1) is isotonic
with 2.5% solution of an unknown organic substance. Calculate the molecular
weight of the unknown organic substance.
(2 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/4/1)
Q.13 A solution is prepared by dissolving 5 g of a non-volatile solute in 200 g of
water. It has a vapour pressure of 31.84 mm Hg at 300 K . Calculate the molar
mass of the solute.
(Vapour pressure of pure water at 300 K = 32 mmHg)
(3 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/3/1)
Q.14 The vapour pressure of a solvent at 283 K is 100 mm Hg. Calculate the
vapour pressure of a dilute solution containing 1 mole of a strong electrolyte AB
in 50 moles of the solvent at 283 K (assuming complete dissociation of solute
AB).
(3 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/2/1)
Q.15 (a) (i) Ishan's automobile radiator is filled with 1.0 kg of water. How many
grams of ethylene glycol (Molar mass = 62 g mol−1) must Ishan add to get the
freezing point of the solution lowered to 2.8°C. Kf for water is 1.86 K kg. mol−1.
(ii) What type of deviation from Raoult's law is shown by ethanol and acetone
mixture? Give reason.
(5 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/5/1)
Q.16 (b) (i) Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg pressure is 99.68°C. How much
sucrose (Molar mass = 342 g mol−1) is to be added to 500 g of water such that it
boils at 100°C?(Kb for water = 0.52 K kgmol−1).
(ii) State Henry's law and write its any one application.
(5 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/5/1)
Q.17 (a) (i) At the same temperature, CO2 gas is more soluble in water than O2
gas. Which one of them will have higher value of KH and why ?
(ii) How does the size of blood cells change when placed in an aqueous solution
containing more than 0.9% (mass/volume) sodium chloride?
(iii) 1 molal aqueous solution of an electrolyte A2 B3 is 60% ionized.
Calculate the boiling point of the solution. (Given : Kb for H2O = 0.52 K kg mol−1)
(5 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/1/1)
Q.18 (b) (i) The vapour pressures of A and B at 25°C are 75 mm Hg and 25 mm
Hg, respectively. If A and B are mixed such that the mole fraction of A in the
mixture is 0.4, then calculate the mole fraction of BB in vapour phase.
(ii) Define colligative property. Which colligative property is preferred for the
molar mass determination of macromolecules?
(iii) Why are equimolar solutions of sodium chloride and glucose not isotonic?
(5 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/1/1)
Q.19 (a) (i) Define reverse osmosis.
(ii) Why are aquatic species more comfortable in cold water in comparison to
warm water?
(iii) A solution containing 2 g of glucose (M = 180 g mol−1) in 100 g of water is
prepared at 303 K. If the vapour pressure of pure water at 303 K is 32.8 mm Hg,
what would be the vapour pressure of the solution?
(5 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/4/1)
Q.20 (b) (i) Predict whether Van't Hoff factor will be less or greater than one,
when Ethanoic acid is dissolved in benzene.
(ii) Define ideal solution.
(iii) Calculate the mass of CaCl2 (molar mass = 111 g mol−1) to be dissolved in
500 g of water to lower its freezing point by 2 K, assuming that CaCl2 undergoes
complete dissociation.
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol−1)
(5 Mark) (CBSE 2024 - 56/4/1)

Answer
Q.1. B
Q.2. B
Q.3 D
Q.4 B
Q.5 A
Q.6 C
Q.7 B
Q.8 A
Q.9 (a) Molal depression constant is the depression in freezing point observed
in 1 molal solution. The depression in freezing point when one mole of non.
volatile solute is dissolved in 1 kg or 1000 g of the solvent.

Q.10 (b) Positive deviation. Because ethanol - acetone interaction is weaker

than pure ethanol and pure acetone molecular interactions.
Minimum boiling azeotropes
Q.11
Q.12

Q.13

Q.14
Q.15

(ii) Positive deviation

Interaction between ethanol-ethanol is stronger than ethanol-acteone.
Q.16
Q.17

Q.18

In Vapour phase

(ii) The property which depends upon the number of solute particles but not
on the nature of solute. ; Osmotic pressure.
Q.19 (a) (i) If a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is applied to the
solution side, resulting in the movement of solvent particles from solution to
solvent.
(ii) Solubility of gases in water decreases with rise in temperature. More
oxygen will be available in the cold water.
(iii)

Q.20 (a) (i) i will be less than 1.

(ii) Solution which obeys Raoult's law over the entire range of concentration.
(iii) i = 3