Applied Mathematics IB (Math 1041)

Addis Ababa University

College of Natural and Computational Sciences
Department of Mathematics
Chapter 5: Integration

June 24, 2024

Addis Ababa UniversityCollege of Natural and Computational

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1 / 86
 1) Antiderivatives, Indefinite integrals
A function F is an antiderivative of a continuous function f on an
interval I such that F ′ (x) = f (x).
Then the set of all antiderivative of f is called an Indefinite Integral of
f and denoted by: Z
f (x)dx = F (x) + c

Indefinite Integrals
R
f (x)dx = F (x) + c
d R d
f (x)dx = [F (x) + c] = f (x)
Rdx ′ dx
f (x)dx = f (x) + c

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 Indefinite integrals properties
Suppose F(x) and G(x) are antiderivative of f(x) and g(x)
respectively. Then
R R
a) af (x)dx = a f (x)dx = aF (x) + c
R
b) [f (x) ± g (x)]dx = F (x) ± G (x) + c
1
x n dx = x n+1 + c
R
c)
R x n+1
d) e dx = e x + c
R 1
e) dx = ln|x| + c
x
R x ax
f) a dx = +c
lna
R 1 1
g) dx = ln(ax + b) + c
ax + b a
R 1 1 x
h) dx = arctan( ) + c
x 2 + a2 a a

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 Example 1: Find antiderivative of each of the following functions.
a. f (x) = 3x 4 − 5x 3 − x + 4
1
b. f (x) = 2
x
√3
c. f (x) = x 2
x +1
d. f (x) = √
x

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 Solution:
3 5 1
a. (3x 4 − 5x 3 − x + 4)dx = x 5 − x 4 − x 2 + 4x + c
R
5 4 2
R 1 R −2 1
b. dx = x dx = − + c
x2 x
R√ 3 R 2/3 3 R 5/3
c. x 2 dx = x dx = x +c
5
R x +1 R x 1
d. √ dx = [ √ + √ ]dx
x x x
Z
2
= [x 1/2 + x −1/2 ]dx = x 3/2 + 2x 1/2 + c
3
2 √ √
= x x +2 x +c
3
2 √
= [ x + 2] x + c
3

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 2) Techniques of integration: Integration by substitution
Suppose F is antiderivative of f and g is differentiable functions:
d
[F (g (x))] = F ′ (g (x))g ′ (x)
dx
F (g (x))g ′ (x)dx = F (g (x)) + c
R
du
u = g (x) ⇒ = g ′ (x) ⇒ du = g ′ (x)dx
R dx
f (u)du = F (u) + c
Steps:
Assume a part of the integrand to be u.
Find du
Convert the given integral completely in terms of u.
Then integrate
Substitute the value of u back in the result.

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 Example 2: Evaluate the following integrals using substitution method
a. 2xsin(x 2 )dx
R

b. 2x(x 2 − 1)4 dx
R
R
c. sin(2x)cos(2x)dx
R (x + 2)
d. √ dx
x 2 + 4x
R √
e. x x − 3dx
R
f. tanxdx

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 Solution:
a. 2xsin(x 2 )dx
R

Let u = x 2 ⇒ du = 2xdx
2xsin(x 2 )dx = sin(u)du = −cos(u) + c = −cos(x 2 ) + c
R R

2x(x 2 − 1)4 dx
R
b.
u = x 2 − 1 ⇒ du = 2xdx
1 1
2x(x 2 − 1)4 dx = u 4 du = u 5 = (x 2 − 1)5 + c
R R
R 5 5
c. sin(2x)cos(2x)dx
1
Let u = sin(2x) ⇒ du = 2cos(2x)dx ⇒ cos(2x)dx = du
2
R R 1 1R
Thus, sin(2x)cos(2x)dx = u[ du] = udu
2 2
1 1 2 1 1
= [ u + c] = u 2 + c = sin2 (2x) + c
2 2 4 4

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 R (x + 2)
d. √ dx
x 2 + 4x
Let u = x 2 + 4x
⇒ du = (2x + 4)dx = 2(x + 2)dx
1
⇒ du = (x + 2)dx
2
R (x + 2) R 1 du 1 R −1/2
√ dx = 2√ = u du
2
x + 4x u 2
1 1/2
= [2u ] + c
2
1
= [2(x 2 + 4x)1/2 ] + c
2
p
= x 2 + 4x + c

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 R √
e. x x − 3dx
Let u = x − 3 ⇒ du = dx and x = u + 3
R √ R √
x x − 3dx = (u + 3) udu
Z Z
= (u + 3)u du = [u 3/2 + 3u 1/2 ]du
1/2

2 5/2
= u + 2u 3/2 + c
5
2
= (x − 3)5/2 + 2(x − 3)3/2 + c
5
2 √ √
= ( x − 3)5 + 2( x − 3)3 + c
5
2 4 √
= [ x + ]( x − 3)3/2 + c
5 5

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 R
f. tanxdx
R R sin(x)
tanxdx = dx
cos(x)
Let u = cos(x) ⇒ du = −sin(x)dx ⇒ −du = sin(x)dx
R R sin(x) R 1
tanxdx = dx = − du
cos(x) u

= −ln|u| + c = −ln|cos(x)| + c
= ln|[cos(x)]−1 | + c
1
= ln| |+c
cos(x)
= ln|sec(x)| + c

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 3) Techniques of integration: Integration by parts
We will use the Product Rule for derivatives to derive a powerful
integration formula:

f (x)g (x) = f (x)g ′ (x) + f ′ (x)g (x)

f (x)g ′ (x)dx, we get

R
Solve for
Z Z
f (x)g ′ (x)dx = f (x)g (x) − f ′ (x)g (x)dx

u = f (x) ⇒ du = f ′ (x)dx
dv = g ′ (x) ⇒ v = g (x)
Then the formula becomes integration by parts:
Z Z
udv = uv − vdu

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 Choose u, dv in such a way that:
u is easy to differentiate
dv is easy to integrate
R R
vdu is easier to compute than udv
Example 3: Evaluate the following integrals using parts method
a. xe x dx
R

b. x 2 e −x dx
R
R
c. lnxdx
d. e x cosxdx
R

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 Solution
a. xe x dx
R

u = x ⇒ du = dx
dv = e x dx ⇒ v = e x
Thus, xe x dx = uv − vdu
R R

Z
= xe x − e x dx

= xe x − e x + c
= [x − 1]e x + c

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 x 2 e −x dx
R
b.
u = x 2 ⇒ du = 2xdx
dv = e −x dx ⇒ v = −e −x
R 2 −x
x e dx = uv − vdu = x 2 (−e −x ) − (−e −x )(2xdx)
R R

Z
= −x 2 e −x + 2 x(e −x )dx

x(e −x )dx
R
Use by part again for:
u = x ⇒ du = dx
dv = e −x dx ⇒ v = −e −x
x(e −x )dx = uv − vdu = x(−e −x ) − (−e −x dx
R R R

Z
= −xe + e −x dx
−x

= −xe −x − e −x + c

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 From both integral:
Therefore, x 2 e −x dx = −x 2 e −x + 2 x(e −x )dx
R R

= −x 2 e −x + 2[−xe −x − e −x + c]
= −x 2 e −x − 2xe −x − 2e −x ) + c
= −e −x [x 2 + 2x + 2] + c

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 R
c. lnxdx
dx
u = lnx ⇒ du =
x
dv = dx ⇒ v = x
R R R
Thus, lnxdx = udv = uv − vdu
Z
dx
= xlnx − x
x
Z
= xlnx − dx

= xlnx − x + c
= x[lnx − 1] + c

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 e x cosxdx
R
d.
u = e x ⇒ du = e x dx
dv = cosdx ⇒ v = sin(x)
Thus, e x cosxdx = uv − vdu
R R

Z
= e x sinx − e x sinxdx

Integral on the right-hand side by parts:

R x
e sinxdx
u = e x ⇒ du = e x dx and
dv = sinxdx ⇒ v = −cos(x)

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 e x sinxdx = uv −
R R
Thus, vdu
Z
x
= −e cos(x) + cos(x)e x dx

Therefore, from two parts

R x
e cosxdx = e x sinx − [−e x cos(x) + cos(x)e x dx]
R

Z
= e sinx + e cos(x) − cos(x)e x dx
x x

Z
= e sinx + e cos(x) − cos(x)e x dx
x x

Collect like terms

⇒ 2 e x cosxdx = e x sinx + e x cos(x)
R

⇒ e x cosxdx = 12 e x [sinx + cos(x)] + c

R

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 4) Techniques of integration: Integration by partial fractions
R dx
Assume: I = . Then:
a3 x + a2 x 2 + a1 x + ao
3
1
a. If: I = , then
(x + a)(x + b)(x + c)
Z
A B C
I = [ + + ]dx
(x + a) (x + b) (x + c)
1
b. If: I = , then
(x + a)2 (x + b)
Z
A1 A2 B
I = [ + 2
+ ]dx
(x + a) (x + a) (x + b)
1
c. If: I = , then
(x + a)(a2 x2 + a1 x + ao )
Z
A Ax + B
I = [ + ]dx
(x + a) (a2 x 2 + a1 x + ao )
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 Example 4: Evaluate the following integrals using partial fractions
method
R 3x + 2
a) 2
dx
x + 3x + 2
R 2x + 4
b) dx
x 3 − 2x 2

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 Solution:
R 3x + 2 R 3x + 2
a) 2
dx = dx
x + 3x + 2 (x + 1)(x + 2)

Z
A B
= [+ ]dx
x +2 x +1
Z
4 1
= [ − ]dx
x +2 x +1
Z Z
4 1
= − dx
x +2 x +1
= 4ln|x + 2| − ln|x + 1| + c
= ln|(x + 2)4 | − ln|x + 1| + c
(x + 2)4
= ln| |+c
x +1

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 Solution:
R 2x + 4 R 2x + 4
b) dx = dx
x 3 − 2x 2 x 2 (x − 2)
Z
A B C
= [ + 2+ ]dx
x x x −2
−2 −2
Z
2
= [ + 2 + ]dx
x x x −2
Z
1 1 1
= [−2 − 2 2 + 2 ]dx
x x x −2
2
= −2ln|x| + + 2ln|x − 2| + c
x
2 x −2
= + 2ln| |+c
x x

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 5) Trigonometric integrals: Powers for trigonometric functions
1 n−1R
A) sinn (x)dx = − sinn−1 (x)cos(x) + sinn−2 (x)dx
R
n n
Example 5: Evaluate the following trigonometric integrals
R
a) sin(x)dx
b) sin2 (x)dx
R

c) sin3 (x)dx
R

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 Solution:
1 1−1R
a) sin(x)dx = − sin1−1 (x)cos(x)+ sin1−2 (x)dx = −cos(x)+c
R
1 1
1 2−1R
b) sin2 (x)dx = − sin2−1 (x)cos(x) + sin2−2 (x)dx
R
2 2
1 1R
sin2 (x)dx = − sin(x)cos(x) +
R
dx
2 2
1 1
= x − sin(x)cos(x) + c
2 2
1
= [x − sin(x)cos(x)] + c
2
1 3−1R
c) sin3 (x)dx = − sin3−1 (x)cos(x) + sin3−2 (x)dx
R
3 n
1 2R
sin3 (x)dx = − sin2 (x)cos(x) +
R
sin(x)dx
3 3
1 2
= − sin2 (x)cos(x) − cos(x) + c
3 3
1
= − cos(x)[sin2 (x) + 2] + c
3
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 5) Trigonometric integrals: Powers for trigonometric functions
1 n−1R
B) cos n (x)dx = cos n−1 (x)sin(x) + cos n−2 (x)dx
R
n n
Example 6: Evaluate the following trigonometric integrals
R
a) cos(x)dx
b) cos 2 (x)dx
R

c) cos 3 (x)dx
R

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 Solution:
1 1−1R
a) cos(x)dx = cos 1−1 (x)sin(x) + cos 1−2 (x)dx = sin(x) + c
R
1 1
1 2−1R
b) cos 2 (x)dx = cos 2−1 (x)sin(x) + cos 2−2 (x)dx
R
2 2
Z
1 1 1 1
= cos(x)sin(x) + dx = x + sin(x)cos(x) + c
2 2 2 2
1
= [x + sin(x)cos(x)] + c
2
1 3−1R
cos 3 (x)dx = cos 3−1 (x)sin(x) + cos 3−2 (x)dx
R
c)
3 n
Z
1 2 2 1 2
= cos (x)sin(x) + cos(x)dx = cos 2 (x)sin(x) + sin(x) + c
3 3 3 3
1
= sin(x)[cos 2 (x) + 2] + c
3

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 5) Trigonometric integrals: Powers for trigonometric functions
1
C) tann (x)dx = tann−1 (x) tann−2 (x)dx
R R
n−1
n 1 n−2R
sec n−2 (x)tan(x) + sec n−2 (x)dx
R
D) sec (x)dx =
n−1 n−1
1 n−2R
E) csc n (x)dx = − csc n−2 (x)cot(x) + csc n−2 (x)dx
R
n−1 n−1

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 sinm (x)cos n (x)dx
R
F) Trigonometric integrals of the form:
If m is odd:
split of factor cos(x)
apply cos 2 (x) = 1 − sin2 (x)
make substitution by: u = sin(x)
If n is odd:
split of factor sin(x)
apply sin2 (x) = 1 − cos 2 (x)
make substitution by: u = cos(x)
If m, n are even: and
1 + cos(2x)
reduce to cos 2 (x) =
2
1 − cos(2x)
sin2 (x) =
2

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 Example 7: Evaluate the following trigonometric integrals
a) sin4 (x)cos 5 (x)dx, n = 5 is odd
R

Solution: sin4 (x)cos 5 (x)dx = sin4 (x)cos 4 (x)cos(x)dx

R R

Z
= sin4 (x)[1 − sin2 (x)]2 cos(x)dx
Z
= u 4 [1 − u 2 ]2 du
Z
= [u 4 − 2u 6 + u 8 ]du
1 2 1
= u5 − u7 + u9 + c
5 7 9
1 2 1
= sin5 (x) − sin7 (x) + sin9 (x) + c
5 7 9

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 sin4 (x)cos 4 (x)dx, m = n = 4 are both even
R
b)
Solution: sin4 (x)cos 4 (x)dx = [sin2 (x)]2 [cos 2 (x)]2 dx
R R

Z
1 1
= [ (1 − cos(2x))]2 [ (1 + cos(2x)]2 dx
2 2
Z
1
= [1 − cos 2 (x)]2 dx
16
Z
1
= sin4 (2x)dx
16
Z
1
= sin4 (u)du
32
1 3 1 1
= [ u − sin(2u) + sin(4u)] + c
32 8 4 32
3 3 1
= x− sin(4x) + sin(8x) + c
128 128 1024

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 tanm (x)sec n (x)dx
R
G) Trigonometric integrals of the form:
If n is even:
split of factor sec 2 (x)
apply sec 2 (x) = 1 + tan2 (x)
make substitution by: u = tan(x)
If n is odd:
split of factor sec(x)tan(x)
apply tan2 (x) = sec 2 (x) − 1
make substitution by: u = sec(x)
If m is even, n are odd:
split of factor sec(x)
apply tan2 (x) = sec 2 (x) − 1
make substitution by: u = sec(x)

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 Example 8: Evaluate the following trigonometric integrals
a) tan2 (x)sec 4 (x)dx
R

Solution: tan2 (x)sec 4 (x)dx

R

Z
= tan2 (x)sec 2 (x)sec 2 (x)dx
Z
= tan2 (x)[tan2 (x) + 1]sec 2 (x)dx
Z
= u 2 [u 2 + 1]du
1 1
= u5 + u3 + c
5 3
1 1
= tan5 (x) + tan3 (x) + c
5 3

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 tan3 (x)sec 3 (x)dx
R
b)
Solution: tan3 (x)sec 3 (x)dx
R

Z
= tan2 (x)sec 2 (x)sec(x)tan(x)dx
Z
= [sec 2 (x) − 1]sec 2 (x)(sec(x)tan(x))dx
Z
= [u 2 − 1]u 2 du
1 1
= u5 − u3 + c
5 3
1 5 1
= sec (x) + sec 3 (x) + c
5 3

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 R R
H) Integrals of the form: sin(mx)cos(nx)dx, sin(mx)sin(nx)dx,
R
cos(mx)cos(nx)dx can be found using the trigonometric identities:
sin(α)cos(β) = 12 [sin(α − β) + sin(α + β)]
sin(α)sin(β) = 12 [cos(α − β) − cos(α + β)]
cos(α)cos(β) = 12 [cos(α − β) + cos(α + β)]
R
Example 9: Evaluate sin(7x)cos(3x)dx
R
Solution: sin(7x)cos(3x)dx
Z
1
= [sin(7x − 3x) + sin(7x + 3x)]dx
2
Z
1
= [sin(4x) + sin(10x)]dx
2
1 1
= − cos(4x) − cos(10x) + c
8 20

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 6) Integration by Trigonometric substitution
The technique of trigonometric substitution contain the expression:
√
For a2 + x 2 , use x = atan(θ) and sec 2 (θ) = tan2 (θ) + 1
√
For x 2 − a2 , use x = asec(θ) and tan2 (θ) = sec 2 (θ) − 1
√
For a2 − x 2 , use x = asin(θ) and θ = sin−1 ( xa )

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 Example 10: Evaluate the following trigonometric integrals
R 1
a. √ dx
x2 + 1
R 1
b. √ dx
x2 − 1
R x2
c. √ dx
1 − x2
R 1
d. √ dx
x2 + 4

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 R 1
a. √ dx
x2
+1
Let x = atan(θ) = tanθ
⇒ dx = sec 2 θdθ
x 2 = tan2 θ = sec 2 (θ) − 1
⇒ sec 2 θ = x 2 + 1
√
⇒ sec(θ) = x 2 + 1
R dx R sec 2 (θ)dθ
√ =
x2 + 1 sec(θ)
Z
= sec(θ)dθ

= ln|sec(θ) + tan(θ)| + c
p
= ln| x 2 + 1 + x| + c

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 R 1
b. √ dx
x2
−1
Let x = asec(θ) = sec(θ)
⇒ dx = sec(θ)tan(θ)dθ
x 2 = sec 2 (θ) = tan2 (θ) + 1
⇒ tan2 (θ) = x 2 − 1
√
⇒ tan(θ) = x 2 − 1
R 1 R sec(θ)tan(θ)dθ
√ dx = dx
2
x −1 tan(θ)
Z
= sec(θ)dθ

= ln|secθ + tan(θ)| + c
p
= ln|x + x 2 − 1| + c

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 R x2
c. √ dx
1 − x2
Let x = asin(θ) = sin(θ) ⇒ dx = cos(θ)dθ and θ = sin−1 (x)
√
⇒ x 2 = sin2 (θ) = 1 − cos 2 (θ) ⇒ cos(θ) = 1 − x 2
x2 R sin2 (θ)cos(θ)dθ R
= sin2 (θ)dθ
R
√ dx =
1 − x2 cos(θ)

n−1
Z
1 n−1
= − sin (θ)cos(θ) + sinn−2 (θ)dθ
n n
Z
1 1
= − sin(θ)cos(θ) + dθ
2 2
1
= [θ − sin(θ)cos(θ)] + c
2
1 p
= [sin−1 (x) − x 1 − x 2 ] + c
2

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 1
dx; Let x = atan(θ) = 2tan(θ) ⇒ dx = 2sec 2 (θ)dθ
R
d. √
2
x +4
x x
⇒ = tan(θ) ⇒ [ ]2 = tan2 (θ)
2 2
2 x2 x2 x2 + 4
sec (θ) − 1 = ⇒ sec 2 (θ) = +1=
r 4 4 4
x2 + 4 1√ 2 √
sec(θ) = = x + 4 ⇒ 2sec(θ) = x 2 + 4
4 2
R dx R 2sec 2 (θ)dθ R
√ = = sec(θ)dθ
x2 + 4 2sec(θ)
= ln|secθ + tanθ| + c
√
x2 + 4 x
= ln| + |+c
2 2
1p 2
= ln| [ x + 4 + x]| + c
2
1 p
= ln| | + ln| x 2 + 4 + x| + c
p2
= ln| x 2 + 4 + x| − ln(2) + c
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Chapter
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 7) Definite integrals
Ra
a. a f (x)dx = 0
Rb Ra
b. a f (x)dx = − b f (x)dx
Rb Rb
c. a cf (x)dx = c a f (x)dx
Rb Rb Rb
d. a [f (x) ± g (x)]dx = a f (x)dx ± a g (x)dx
Rb Rc Rb
e. a f (x)dx = a f (x)dx + c f (x)dx, for a ≤ c ≤ b
Rb
f. If f (x) ≥ 0 for a ≤ x ≤ b, then a f (x)dx ≥ 0
Rb Rb
g. If f (x) ≥ g (x) for a ≤ x ≤ b, then a f (x)dx ≥ a g (x)dx
h. If m ≤ f (x) ≤ M for a ≤ x ≤ b, then
Z b
m(b − a) ≤ f (x)dx ≤ M(b − a)
a

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 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part I (FTC I)
Let f be continuous on [a, b], then the function g defined by:
Rx
g (x) = a f (t)dt, a ≤ x ≤ b is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable
on (a, b) and g ′ (x) = f (x).
Example 11: Use the FTC I to find the derivative of the function:
d Rx √ 2
a) [ t + 4dt]
dx 0
d R4√ 3
b) [ t + 5dt]
dx x
d xR 2 √
c) [ t 3 − 4dt]
dx 5
d Rx √ 4
3
d) [ 2 t − 2dt]
dx x

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 Solution:
d Rx √ 2 √
a) [ 0 t + 4dt], f (t) = t 2 + 4
dx
d Rx √ 2 d Rx
[ 0 t + 4dt] = [ f (t)dt]
dx dx 0
d d
= [F (t)|x0 ] = [F (x) − F (0)] = f (x) − 0
dx
p dx
= x2 + 4

d R4√ 3 √
b) [ x t + 5dt], f (t) = t 3 + 5
dx
d R4√ 3 d R4
[ x t + 5dt] = [ f (t)dt]
dx dx x
d d
= [F (t)|4x ] = [F (4) − F (x)] = 0 − f (x)
dxp dx
= − x3 + 5

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 Solution:
d R x2 √ 3 √
c) [ 5 t − 4dt], f (t) = t 3 − 4
dx
d R x2 √ 3 d R x2
[ 5 t − 4dt] = [ f (t)dt]
dx dx 5
d 2
= [F (t)|x5 ]
dx
d
= [F (x 2 ) − F (5)]
dx
= f (x 2 )(2x) − 0
q
= 2x (x 2 )3 − 4
p
= 2x x 6 − 4

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 Solution:
d R x3 √ 4 √
d) [ x 2 t − 2dt], f (t) = t 4 − 2
dx
d R x3 √ 4 d R x3
[ x 2 t − 2dt] = [ 2 f (t)dt]
dx dx x
d 3
= [F (t)|xx 2 ]
dx
d
= [F (x 3 ) − F (x 2 )]
dx
= f (x 3 )(3x 2 ) − f (x 2 )(2x)
= 3x 2 f (x 3 ) − 2xf (x 2 )
q q
= 3x 2 (x 3 )4 − 2 − 2x (x 2 )4 − 2
p p
= 3x 2 x 12 − 2 − 2x x 8 − 2

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Chapter
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 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part II (FTC II):
Rb
If F is continuous on [a, b], then a f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a), where F is
any anti derivative of f, that is a function such that F ′ = f .
Example 12: Evaluate the following function using FTC II.
r
R4 5
a) 1
dx
x√
R1 x + x
b) 0 dx
4 
R6 x 2 , x <2
c) 0 f (x)dx if f (x) =
3x − 2, x ≥ 2

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 Solution: √
√ R4 1
r
R4 5 R4 5
a) 1 dx = 1 √ dx = 5 1 1/2 dx
x x x
√ Z 4 −1/2
= 5 x dx
1
√
= 2 5x 1/2 |41 dx
√
= 2 5[2 − 1]dx
√
=2 5
√
R1 x + x 1 R1 √
b) 0 = 0 [x + x]dx
4 4

1 x 2 2x 3/2 1
= [ + ]|0
4 2 3
7
=
24
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Chapter
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 
R6 x 2 , x <2
c) 0 f (x)dx if f (x) =
3x − 2, x ≥ 2
R6 R2 R6
Solution: 0 f (x)dx = 0 f (x)dx + 2 f (x)dx
Z 2 Z 6
2
= x dx + (3x − 2)dx
0 2
x3 3x 2
= |20 + [ − 2x]62
3 2
8
= ( − 0) + [42 − 2]
3
128
=
3

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Chapter
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 8) Application of the integral: Area
If y = f(x) is continuous and non-negative on [a, b], then the area of
the region under the curve y = f (x) on [a, b] is given by:
Z b
Area = A = f (x)dx
a

If f (x) ≥ g (x) for all x in [a, b], then the area A of the region
between the graphs of f and g and x = a, x = b is given by:
Z b
Area = A = [f (x) − g (x)]dx
a

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Chapter
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 Example 13: Calculate the area of the region bounded by the line
y = 8 − 2x and the x-axis, y-axis.
Solution: y = 8 − 2x ⇒ x = 4 ⇒ [0, 4]
1 1
i. A = bh = (4)(8) = 16
2 2
Rb R4
ii. Area = A = a f (x)dx = 0 |8 − 2x|dx

= [8x − x 2 ]|40 = 32 − 16
= 16

Rb R8 1
iii. Area = A = a f (y )dy = 0 |4 − y |dx
2
1
= [4y − y 2 ]|80 = 32 − 16
4
= 16

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Chapter
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 Example 14: Calculate the area of the region bounded by the line:
a. y = x and y = 3x − x 2
b. y = x + 6 and y = x 2
c. x = y 2 and y = x − 2
d. y = x and y = (x − 2)2

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 a. y = x and y = 3x − x 2
To get interval: 3x − x 2 = x ⇒ x 2 − 2x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 2

The A is given by:

Z 2 Z 2
2 x3
A= [3x − x − x]dx = [2x − x 2 ]dx = [x 2 − ]|20
0 0 3
8
= [4 − ] − [0 − 0]
3
4
=
3
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 b. y = x + 6 and y = x 2
Solution: To get the intervals: y = x + 6 = x 2
⇒ x 2 − x − 6 = 0 ⇒ (x + 2)(x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = −2, 3
R3
The A is given by: A = −2 [x + 6 − x 2 ]dx

x2 x3 27 −22
=[ + 6x − ]3−2 = −
2 3 2 3
27 22
= +
2 3
125
=
6

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Chapter
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 c. x = y 2 and y = x − 2, −1 ≤ x ≤ 2
The A is given by:
2
y2 y3
Z
A= [y + 2 − y 2 ]dx = [
+ 2y − ]2−1
−1 2 3
8 1 1
= (2 + 4 − ) − ( − 2 + )
3 2 3
10 7
= +
3 6
27
=
6
9
=
2

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Chapter
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 d. y = x and y = (x − 2)2

The A is given by:

Z 4
A= [x − (x − 2)2 ]dx
1
9
=
2

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Chapter
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 9) Application of the integral: Volume of solid of revolution
1. Volume by the disk method:
The volume of the solid generated by a region under f(x) bounded by
the x-axis and vertical lines x=a and x=b, which is revolved about the
x-axis is given by:
Z b Z b
Volume = V = A(x)dx = π (f (x))2 dx
a a

The volume of the solid generated by a region under f(y) (to the left
of f(y) bounded by the y-axis, and horizontal lines y = c and y = d
which is revolved about the y-axis is given by:
Z b Z b
Volume = V = A(y )dy = π (f (y ))2 dy
a a

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 2. The Washer Method:
The volume of the solid generated by a region between f(x)and g(x)
bounded by the vertical lines x=a and x=b, which is revolved about
the x-axis is given by:
Z b
Volume = V = π [f (x)2 − g (x)2 ]dx
a

The volume of the solid generated by a region between f(y) and g(y)
bounded by the horizontal lines y=c and y=d which is revolved about
the y-axis. is given by:
Z b
Volume = V = π [f (y )2 − g (y )2 ]dx
a

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Chapter
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 3. The Cylindrical shells Method:
The volume of the solid revolution that is generated by revolving the
region R about the y-axis is given by:
Z b
Volume = V = 2πxf (x)dx
a

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Chapter
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 Example 15: Find the volume of the solid formed by the regions of the
following curve.
√
a. f (x) = x over the interval [0, 1] revolved about the x-axis
b. y = x and y = x 2 revolved about the x-axis
c. y = x, y = x 2 revolved the line x = −1
d. y = x 1/3 and y = x 2 revolved around y = −1
e. y = x and y = x 2 revolved around y = 2
f. y = x 1/3 , y = x 2 revolved the line x = 2
g. y = x − x 2 from x = 0 to x = 1 around x = 2.

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 √
a. f (x) = x over the interval [0, 1] revolved about the x-axis

By the disk method, the volume of the solid is:

Rb Rb
V = a A(x)dx = π a (f (x))2 dx
Z 1 √
=π ( x)2 dx
0
1
πx 2 1
Z
=π xdx = |
0 2 0
π
=
2

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Chapter
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 b. y = x and y = x 2 revolved about the x-axis
y = x and y = x 2 ⇒ x 2 − x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 1
Rb R1
V = π a [f (x)2 − g (x)2 ]dx = π 0 [x 2 − (x 2 )2 ]dx
Z 1
=π [x 2 − x 4 ]dx
0
x3
x5 1
= π[ ]| −
3 5 0
1 1
= π[ − − 0]
3 5
2π
=
15

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 c. y = x, y = x 2 revolved the line x = −1

A1 (x) = πr 2 = π(1 + x)2 = π(1 + y 1/2 )2

A2 (x) = πr 2 = π(1 + x)2 = π(1 + y )2
Rb
V = π a [f (y )2 − g (y )2 ]dy
Z 1
π
=π [(y 1/2 + 1)2 − (y + 1)2 ]dy =
0 2

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 d. y = x 1/3 and y = x 2 revolved around y = −1

Radius r1 = y − (−1) = x 1/3 − (−1) = x 1/3 + 1

A1 (x) = πr 2 = π(x 1/3 + 1)2
r2 = y − (−1) = x 2 − (−1) = x 2 + 1
A2 (x) = πr 2 = π(x 2 + 1)2
Rb
V = π a [f (x)2 − g (x)2 ]dx
Z 1
37π
=π [((x 1/3 + 1)2 ) − (x 2 + 1)2 )]dx =
0 30

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 e. y = x and y = x 2 revolved around y = 2
Solution: The outer radius of the disk is 2 − x 2 and the inner radius
of the disk is 2–x.
Then by the washer method, the volume of the resulting solid is:
Rb R1
V = π a [f (x)2 − g (x)2 ]dx = π 0 [(2 − x 2 )2 − (2 − x)2 ]dx
Z 1
=π [x 4 − 5x 2 + 4x]dx
0
x5 5
= π[ − x 3 + 2x 2 ]|10
5 3
1 5
= π[ − + 2 − 0]
5 3
8π
=
15

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 f. y = x 1/3 , y = x 2 revolved the line x = 2

A1 (x) = πr 2 = π(2 − x)2 = π(2 − y 3 )2

A2 (x) = πr 2 = π(2 − x)2 = π(2 − y 1/2 )2
Rb
V = π a [f (y )2 − g (y )2 ]dy
Z 1
55π
=π [(2 − y 3 )2 − (2 − y 1/2 )2 ]dy =
0 42

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Chapter
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 g. y = x − x 2 from x = 0 to x = 1 around x = 2.

Then by shell method, the volume of the solid is:

Rb
V = a 2πr (x)f (x)dx
Z 1 Z 1
= 2π [(2 − x)(x − x 2 )]dx = 2π [x 3 − 3x 2 + 2x]dx
0 0
π
=
2

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Chapter
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 10) Application of the integral: Arc length
Let a function: [a, b] → R, and a smooth curve C be given by
y = f (x), x ∈ [a, b].
Then the arc length of C is given by:
Z b q
ℓ(C ) = 1 + (f ′ (x))2 dx
a

Let a function: [a, b] → R, and a smooth curve C be given by

x = g (y ), y ∈ [c, d].
Then the arc length of C is given by:
Z d q
ℓ(C ) = 1 + (g ′ (y ))2 dy
c

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Chapter
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 Example 16: Find the arc length of:
a. the line: y = x on the interval [2, 4].
x3 1
b. the curve: y = + on the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 2.
3 4x
2
c. the curve: y = (x 2 + 1)3/2 on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
3

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 Solution:
a. the line: y = x on the interval [2, 4].
Rbp
ℓ(C ) = a 1 + (f ′ (x))2 dx
Z 4q
= 1 + ((x)′ )2 dx
2
Z 4√
= 1 + 1dx
2
Z 4√
= 2dx
2
√
= 2x|42
√
= 2[4 − 2]
√
=2 2

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 x3 1
b. the curve: y = + on the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 2.
3 4x
1
y′ = x2 − 2
4x
′ 1 1 1
⇒ 1 + (y )2 = 1 + [x 2 − 2 ]2 = 1 + x 4 − +
4x 2 16x 4
1
⇒ 1 + (y ′ )2 = (x 2 + 2 )2
4x r
R2p
′
R2 1
Thus, L = 1 1 + (y ) dx = 1 (x 2 + 2 )2 dx
2
4x
Z 2
1 x3 1
= [x 2 + 2 ]dx = | − |21
1 4x 3 4x
8 1 1 1
=[ − ]−[ − ]
3 8 3 4
7 1
= +
3 8
59
=
24

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 2
c. the curve: y = (x 2 + 1)3/2 on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
3
2 2 3/2
y = (x + 1)
3
′ 2 3 √ √
⇒ y = . (2x) x 2 + 1 = (2x) x 2 + 1
3 2
1 + (y ′ )2 = 1 + 4x 4 + 4x 2 = (2x 2 + 1)2
R1p
L = 0 1 + (y ′ )2 dx
Z 1q
= (2x 2 + 1)2 dx
0
Z 1
= [2x 2 + 1]dx
0
2x 3
=[ + x]|10
3
5
=
3

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Chapter
/ 86
 11) Improper integrals
Improper integrals are definite integrals that cover an unbounded area.
If the limit exists, then the improper integrals converges.
If the limit does not exists, then the improper integrals diverges.
1. The improper integrals of f over the interval (a, ∞) is
Z +∞ Z b
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx
a b→+∞ a

2. The improper integrals of f over the interval (−∞, b) is

Z b Z b
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx
−∞ a→−∞ a

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Chapter
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 3. The improper integrals of f over the interval (−∞, +∞) is
Z +∞ Z c Z +∞
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx
−∞ −∞ c

4. The improper integrals of f over the interval (a, b) and discontinuity

at b is Z b Z k
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx
a k→b − a
5. The improper integrals of f over the interval (a, b) and discontinuity
at a is Z b Z b
f (x)dx = lim+ f (x)dx
a k→a k
6. The improper integrals of f over the interval (a, b) and discontinuity
at c in (a, b) is
Z b Z c Z b
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx
a a c

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 Example 17: Evaluate the following improper integrals
R ∞ dx
a. 1 3
x
R2 dx
b. −∞
(4 − x)2
R +∞ dx
c. −∞
1 + x2
R 1 dx
d. 0 √
1−x
R 5 dx
e. 2 √
x −2
R 2 dx
f. 0 √ 3
x −1

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 R ∞ dx
a. 1 x3
R ∞ dx R b dx
Solution: 1 3 = limb→+∞ 1 3
x x
1 b
= lim [− ]|
b→+∞ 2x 2 1
1 1
= lim ( − 2 )
b→+∞ 2 2b
1 1
= − lim
2 b→+∞ 2b 2
1
= −0
2
1
=
2

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Chapter
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 R2 dx
b. −∞ (4 − x)2
Solution: The integral improper
Rb Rb
−∞ f (x)dx = lima→−∞ a f (x)dx
R2 dx R2 dx R 2 du
−∞ (4 − x)2 = lima→−∞ [ a (4 − x)2 ] = lima→−∞ [ a − u 2 ]

Z 2
1
= lim [ −u −2 du] = lim [ ]|2a
a→−∞ a a→−∞ u
1 1 1
= lim [ ]|2 = lim [ − ]
a→−∞ 4 − x a a→−∞ 4 − 2 4−a
1 1 1 1
= lim [ − ] = − lim [ ]
a→−∞ 2 4−a 2 a→−∞ 4 − a
1
= −0
2
1
=
2

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 R +∞ dx
c. ∞ 1 + x2
Solution: Evaluate integral by choosing c = 0
R +∞ dx R b dx
0 2
= limb→+∞ 0
1+x 1 + x2

= lim [tan−1 (x)]|b0

b→+∞

= lim (tan−1 (b) − tan−1 (0))

b→+∞

= lim (tan−1 (b) − 0)

b→+∞
π
=
2

Addis Ababa UniversityCollege of Natural and Computational

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 R0 dx R 0 dx
−∞ 2
= lima→−∞ a
1+x 1 + x2
= lim [tan−1 (x)]|0a
a→−∞

= lim (−tan−1 (a))

a→−∞
π
=
2
Thus, the integral converges and its value is

= lim (tan−1 (0) − tan−1 (a))

a→−∞
Z +∞
dx
∞ 1 + x2
Z +∞ Z 0
dx dx
= 2
+
0 1 + x −∞ 1 + x2
π π
= +
2 2
=π
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 R1 dx
d. 0
√
1−x
Solution: The integral improper
R 1 dx R k dx
0
√ = limk→1− 0 √
1−x 1−x
√
= lim [−2 1 − x]|k0
k→1−
√
= lim (−2 1 − k + 2)
k→1−
√
= −2 1 − 1 + 2
=0+2
=2

Addis Ababa UniversityCollege of Natural and Computational

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1041) of Mathematics
June 24, 2024 80
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 R5 dx
e. 2
√
x −2
Solution: The integral improper
R 5 dx R 5 dx
2
√ = limk→2+ k √
x −2 x −2
Z 5
dx
= lim+ 1/2
, u = x − 2, du = dx
k→2 k (x − 2)
Z 5 Z 5
du
= lim+ 1/2
= lim+ [(u)−1/2 ]
k→2 k (u) k→2 k
√ 5 √
= lim+ 2 u|k = lim+ 2 x − 2|5k
k→2 k→2
√ √ √ √
= lim+ 2[ 5 − 2 − k − 2] = 2[ 3 − lim+ k − 2]
k→2 k→2
√ √
= 2[ 3 − 2 − 2]
√
=2 3

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 R2 dx
f. 0
√
3
x −1
Solution: The integral improper
R 2 dx R k dx R 2 dx
√
0 3 = limk→1− 0 √ 3
+ limk→1+ k √
3
x −1 x −1 x −1
3 3
= lim [ (x − 1)2/3 ]|k0 + lim+ [ (x − 1)2/3 ]|2k
k→1− 2 k→1 2
3
= [ lim [(k − 1)2/3 − (0 − 1)2/3 ] + lim+ [(2 − 1)2/3 − (k − 1)2/3 ]]
2 k→1− k→1
3
= [(1 − 1)2/3 − (−1)2/3 ] + [(1)2/3 − (1 − 1)2/3 ]]
2
3 3
= [−1 + 1] = [0]
2 2
=0

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Applied Mathematics
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June 24, 2024 82
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 Addis Ababa University
College of Natural and Computational Sciences
Department of Mathematics
Applied Mathematics I (Math 1041)
Exercises on Chapter 5

Addis Ababa UniversityCollege of Natural and Computational

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 1) Evaluate the following integrals.
R 1 R e4 dx
a. ( √ )dx k. e
p
x x x ln(x)
R √ R dx
b. ( xsin(1 + x 3/2 ))dx l. ( )
√ xln(x)
R x2 − 1 R0 1
c. ( )dx m. −1 ( √ )dx
x3 3
1 − 2x
R x −1 2 R1 x
d. ( √ )dx n. 0 ( 2x )dx
x3 e
R √ 4
√3
R2 1
e. ( x 3 + x 4 )dx o. √
2
( √ )dx
3 2
R x x −1
(2x 2 − 1)2 dx
R
f. p. (cos(x)ln(sin(x)))dx
√
R 2 R sin( x)
g. (x (sin(πx))dx q. √ dx
x
R √ x √x R1 2
h. ( xe )dx r. 0 (x (1 + 2x 3 )5 )dx
R 2 ln(x) R 1
i. 1
( 2 )dx s. ( 2 )dx
x (x + 2x + 2)2
R 1 R x
j. (p √ )dx t. dx
x( x + 1) (x + 1)2
2

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 2) Find a function f that satisfies the given conditions.
√
a. f ′ (x) = 3
x + 3, f (1) = 4
′
√
b. f (x) = x(6 + 5x), f (1) = 10
3
c. f ′′ (x) = √ , f (4) = 20, f ′ (0) = 4
x
3) Find the general solution of F ′ (x) = 2x − 2 and find the particular
solution that satisfies the initial condition F (1) = 2.
R 10 R8 R 10
4) If 0 f (x)dx = 17 and 0 f (x)dx = 12, then find 8 f (x)dx
5) Find the area of the region bounded by the following curves.
a. y = e x , y = x, x = π and by the lines x = 0 and x = 1
b. x = 4y − y 2 and x = 2y − 3
c. y = e x − 1, y = x 2 − x, x = 1
d. y = 1 − x 2 and y = 3x 2 between x = 0 and x = 1

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 6) Find the number b such that the line y = b divides the region
bounded by the curves y = x 2 and y = 4 into two regions with equal
area.
7) Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded
by the graph of the equations about the x–axis or y-axis.
p
a. y = sin(x), x = 0 and x = π about the x-axis
√ 3
b. y = 25 − x 2 and g (x) = x about the x-axis
√ 2
c. y = 4 − x, y = 0 and x = 0 about the y-axis
1
d. y = y , x = 0 and y = 0 about the y-axis
2
e. y = x 2 + 1, y = 0, x = 0 and x = 1 about the y-axis
f. y = 3 − x 2 and 2 − x 2 in the interval [0, 1] about the y-axis

Addis Ababa UniversityCollege of Natural and Computational

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