DCC40142

STEEL STRUCTURE
DESIGN

Topic 1: INTRODUCTION TO
EUROCODES
Edited by : Waridi 1
 What’s the aims of Structural Design
• FUNCTION -Satisfy the clients’ needs. Must fulfill its intended function. It should
be adequate, for example, in relation to: water tightness, fire resistance, thermal
insulation, sound insulation, deflection, and vibration.

• SAFETY The structure must sustain, with adequate margins of safety, all the loads
and deformation. The possibility of collapse must be remote.

• ECONOMY The structure must be fabricated and constructed economically within

the constrains of FUNCTION and SAFETY. It also economic to maintain.

• AESTHETICS When visible the structures should be of pleasing appearance and

minimise their intrusive effect.

• These aims can be achieved by proper materials selection, adopting recognised

good practice in design & detailing techniques etc.

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Application??????

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 Flowchart for Steel Construction
Owner/Developer

Architect

Engineer
Quantity Surveyor

Main Contractor

Sub-contractor Sub-contractor (Fabricator)

Stockist

Manufacturer

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 Advantages
• High strength/weight ratio : self weight. Suitable for high
a rise, long span bridges and structures on the soft soil

• Ductility
b

• Rapid construction – much economic

c

• Easy to fabricate

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 Disadvantages

a b c d
Fire –
General cost
reduced Maintenance Buckling
is very high
strength

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Types of Hot Rolled Section

H-Beam

I-Beam

Channel

Angle

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Types of Hot Rolled Section

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 *
Backgrounds *Has started in 1974, originated in 1957 at the
Treaty of Rome through EEC Euro Act 1986
* Set of harmonized technical rules for the design of
construction works developed for EU countries. tackle the issued to the process or
harmonization
* must be used in conjuction with national annex
* After 15 years the commision, steering
* National annexes is known as Nationally Determined committee and representatives of Member
Parameters (NDP) which contain those parameters for States, conducted the development of the
national choice, to be used for the design to be Eurocodes program
constructed in the country concerned such as values for
partial factors, symbols, geographical and climatic data,
procedure and references.
Eurocodes
Why Eurocodes? Benefits
*harmonise the construction sector
1. Lower trade barriers – allow contractors
and consultant between member states to
compete fairly for work within Europe * Encourage the and facilitate the marketing and
use of materials, structural compenents

2. No more updates for BS 5950 * Common design aids and software will be
prepared and used

3. Opportunity to develop and utilised * Will lead to a more uniform level of constructions
local values in National Annex safety in the different European region
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 Scope of Structural Eurocodes

EN 1993 EC 3
EN 1991 EC 1
DESIGN OF
ACTIONS ON
STEEL
STRUCTURES
STRUCTURE EN 1998 EC 8
EN 1997 EC 7 DESIGN OF
GEOTECHNICAL STRUCTURES FOR
EN 1995 EC 5 EN 1992 EC 2 DESIGN EARTHQUAKE
DESIGN OF DESIGN OF RESISTANCE
TIMBER CONCRETE
STRUCTURES STRUCTURE

EN 1996 EC 6 EN 1990 EC 0
DESIGN OF BASIC OF
MASONRY STRUCTURAL EN 1999 EC 9
STRUCTURES DESIGN DESIGN OF TIMBER
EN 1994 EC 4 STRUCTURES
DESIGN OF
COMPOSITE
STRUCTURES

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Eurocode 3 Subject Parts Eurocode 3 Sub-Parts

EN 1993-1 Design of steel General rules and EN 1993-1-1 General rules and rules for building
structures rules for building
EN 1993-2 Design of steel Steel Bridges EN 1993-1-2 Structural fire design
structures
EN 1993-3 Design of steel Towers, masts EN 1993-1-3 Cold-formed thin gauge members and sheeting
structures and chimeneys
EN 1993-4 Design of steel Silos, tanks and EN 1993-1-4 Stainless steel
structures pipeline
EN 1993-5 Design of steel Piling EN 1993-1-5 Plated structural elements
structures
EN 1993-6 Design of steel Crane supporting EN 1993-1-6 Strength and stability of shell structures
structures structures
EN 1993-1-7 Strength and stability of planar platted structures transversely
loaded

EN 1993-1-8 Design of joints

EN 1993-1-9 Fatigue strength of steel structures

EN 1993-1-10 Selection of steel for fracture toughness and through-thickness

properties

EN 1993-1-11 Design of structures with tension components made of steel

EN 1993-1-12 Supplementary rules for high strength steel

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 Eurocode 3 Section Subjects

Section 1 General

Section 2 Basic of design

Section 3 Materials

EN 1993-1-1 General Section 4 Durability

rules and rules for
building
Section 5 Structural analysis

Section 6 Ultimate limit states

Section 7 Serviceability limit states

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 BS EN 1993-1-1
Terminology

The major differences in terminology are :-

“ Actions” = loads, imposed displacements, thermal strains

“Effects” = internal bending moments, axial forces etc
“Resistance” = capacity of a structural element to resist bending
moment, axial force, shear, etc
“Verification” = check
“Execution” = construction

Symbols
Four main sub-scripts and their definitions are given below:-
Eurocode Definition Example
Subscript
Ed Design value of an MEd Design Bending Moment
effect
Rd Design resistance MRd Design resistance for bending

el Elastic property Wel Elastic section modulus

pl Plastic property Wpl Plastic section modulus 14

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 Limit State Design

Terminology

The principles of limit state design are set out briefly and the relevant design
situations are classified as :

“Persistent” = conditions of normal use

“Transient” = temporary conditions e.g during repair work
“Accidental” = exceptional conditions applicable to the structure or to its
exposure. e.g explosion, fire
“Seismic” = conditions applicable to the structure when subjected to
seismic events.

There are 2 limit state in design philosophy which is ultimate limit state and
serviceability limit state

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 Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Terminology

The structural design criteria to prevent the ULS are based on plastic collapse or
ultimate strength.

The following conditions should be considered:-

a. Stability : overtuning
b. Strength : including local and overall buckling effects

 Concern the safety of people and structure, nevertheless the serviceability

concern the functioning of the structure, comfort of the people and the
appearance of the construction works

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 Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Figure 1.2 Structural design considerations based

on the ultimate limit state
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 Types of Actions (Loads)
 In the language of the Eurocodes, ‘dead loads’ become ‘permanent actions’,
imposed loads, snow loads and wind loads are collectively called ‘variable actions’ and
‘load combinations’ becomes ‘combinations of actions’.

Permanent actions (G, g), example self weight of structures

Variable actions (Q, q), example imposed loads on building floors

Accidental actions (A), example explosion

Wind actions

More information please visit classification of actions, typical variable actions,

permanent actions

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 Unfavourable and Favourable Loading

Loads may be considered as ‘unfavourable’ or ‘favourable’ in any given

combination, depending on whether they increase or reduce the effects
(bending moments, axial forces etc) in the structural members.

For unfavourable dead loads: G = 1.35

For favourable dead loads: G = 1.00

For unfavourable variable loads: Q = 1.50

For favourable variable loads: Q = 0

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 Example 1.0

Load combinations for a typical structure including wind load

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 Materials Properties (CL.3.2.1 EN 1993-1-1)

Table 3.1 EN 1993-1-1 stated the nominal values of the yield strength, fy and
ultimate strength of steel, fu. There are 3 nominal grades of steel (EN 10 025)

Fe 360 nominal strength: 235 N/mm2

Fe 430 nominal strength: 275 N/mm2

Fe 510 nominal strength: 355 N/mm2

E = 210 kN/mm2
Gamma EC VALUE (UK APPLICATION
Partial Safety Factors Factors M NA VALUE)

F for actions (loading) M0 1.00 (1.00) CROSS SECTION

M for resistance M1 1.00 (1.00) MEMBER BUCKLING
M2 1.25 (1.00) FRACTURE
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 Table 1.3.1b : Values of  factors for building

Actions 0 1 2
Imposed loads in buildings, category (see EN
1991-1-1)

Category A : domestic, residential area 0.7 0.5 0.3

Category B : office area 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C : congregation areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category D : shopping areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E : storage areas 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category F : traffic area, vehicle weight < 30 kN 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category G : 30 kN < vehicle weight < 160 kN 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category H : roofs 0.7 0 0
Wind loads on buildings (see EN 1991-1-4) 0.6 0.2 0
Temperature (on fire) in buildings (see EN 1991- 0.6 0.5 0
1-5)

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Structural Steel material properties

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Structural Steel material properties

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Section Properties

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 Cross
Section
Resistance

Element
Design

Buckling
Resistance

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 Bending,
Shear &
Axial Load
CL 6.2.6
Bending &
Tension
Axial Load
CL 6.2.3
CL 6.2.6

Bending & Cross

Compression
Shear Section CL 6.2.4
CL 6.2.8
Resistance

Torsion Bending
CL 6.2.7 CL 6.2.5

Shear
CL 6.2.6

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 Compression Flexural
CL 6.3.4
Torsional
Flexural-torsional

Bending & Axial

compression
Buckling
CL 6.3.3 Resistance

Bending
CL 6.3.2 Lateral torsional
buckling

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