rs The Fuselage © The fuselage is the main part of the plane where the passengers sit and their baggage is stored. © The fuselage is a large metal tube. All the other parts of the plane are fixed on to the fuselage. 2 <— rivets oy a © The fuselage is filled with air so that the passengers can breathe. © At the front of the 5 is the flight deck where { pilot and co-pilot sit. hole for doorfin fixes here fuselage frame made of circular ribs ae fixes here passenger cabin floor hold A metal floor divides the fuselage in two. The top part, or deck, is the passenger cabin. The passengers’ seats are fixed to the floor. The bottom part is called the hold. It carries the baggage and the undercarriage. cerca [ee i peThe Wings ® The wings lift the plane into the air and keep it airborne (up in the air). © The wings are made of metal ribs and spars covered in metal panels, 9 On the front and back of the wings are movable pieces that go in and out, or up and down. © The pilot uses these_ movable pieces to control the plane. wing tip _ Fact Box Fuel for the engines is. stored in the wings, in the-spaces | between the ribs and spars. ‘The fuel is carried to the | engines along fuel pipes.o bO0606 668 a GUGEGOS&& dddé Moving parts Flaps and slats The flaps and slats are movable pieces that slide in or out to make the wing bigger or smaller. They are moved by spoiler rods inside the wing. The pilot uses the flaps and slats during take-off and landing. aileron aileron Spoilers F There ig 2 spoiler on top of each wing. The spoilers are moved upwards when the pilot wants to slow down the plane. 4 lerons iere is also an aileron on is spoiler | ch wing. The pilot moves the NM ailerons up and down to make the plane roll from side to side.J The Engine © The plane's engines push the plane through the air, ® Some airliners have two engines, others have three or four. © The engines usually hang under the wings. They are attached to the wings by a structure called a pylon. ® Most airliners have jet engines, The jet engine shown here is called a turbofan. combustion chamberGround power engine Fact Box ‘There is also a small engine inside if one of its two engines} the tail. It works like the main stops working, an engines but does not help the airliner can still carry plane to fly. Instead, it makes electricity on flying safely. for the plane when it is on the ground, ground power engine 1 Fan 4 Turbine ‘ofan jet engine has a huge spinning The hot gases rush backwards out of the engine ne front which sucks in air. and drive the plane forwards. The gases also turn of the air rushes straight the turbine which makes the fan and the but some air goes ft compressor spin round. engine. , ~ air in 2 Compressor 3 Combustion chamber A spinning part inside the Inside the combustion chamber, the air engine, called a compressor, squeezes the air into the combustion chamber. is used to burn fuel. As the fuel burns, it makes a stream, or jet, of hot gases.tailplane Fact Box ° - , Tailplane * tudder Some planes have no tailplane Instead, the wings stretch right fin back to the fin. Other planes have two fins, one at each end of the tailplane, and Fin © The tailplane keeps the plane flying level. elevator © The fin stops the plane swaying from side to side. © There is a movable piece on the fin called the rudder) and two on the tailplane called the elevators, ® The pilot uses the rudder and elevators to steer the plane. tailplaneHoneycomb design The rudder and elevators are not made from ribs and spars like the fin and tailplane. Instead, their insides are like a honeycomb, with the outside layers glued on. Ttail On some planes, the engines are attached to the back of the fuselage instead of to the wings. The tailplane is put at the top of the fin to stop it getting in the way of the engines. This design is called a T-tail. 1001 4 (Ro Bb he job of 4-4 2721 8 fo boyDoors and Windows © The passengers get on and offthe plane ~ through cabin doors in the side of the fuselage. © The doors are tightlu closed before the plane takes off.ful | 6 oa Small airliners have window blind = l their own set of stairs — = called airstairs — which = | are pulled down to let window glass a e oo passengers on or off the plane. The airstairs = fold up and slide under at the door when they are not in use. a Cabin window a Passengers a usually board 1 airliners through e 2 special tunnel The windows in the flight deck give the 4 leading from the pilot and co-pilot a good all-round view. a airport building. They are much bigger,than the passenger — windows, and have very thick glass. 4 | Z ¢ | Fact Box | f | The flight deck windows — even have windscreen wipers, just like a car, -= 2 @ al SS JEEZInside the Cabin © The cabin contains rows of seats for the passengers. 8 Each seat has a seat belt for safety. Wt ) ‘ 2 e e ‘ © In front of each Passenger is a fold-down tray and a magazine rack. . heads are cupbox overhead lockers, and bags. . In-flight entertainment r To stop the passengers getting bored Faces ‘ on long flights, they are given-music to The seats apaoii af listen to or fil watch on video screens. made of materials isengers This helps to prevent fire s Z a 4 ee ! | PLANE PLANE> A 4 a c ~ Pe @ & In control ar. Under = \ panel in the armres headres J . Ahtains controls for the : the cabin $ in-flight entertainment The passengers’ baggage is put inside large metal containers that fit neatly inside the hold. This saves time when the plane is loaded and unloaded. headphone socket light switch volume control channel selector baggage container armrest passenger cabin baggage container ee ee pe pt oe 2235S Dba PPP S92 06/6 /o o/b |b >»)In older airliners, pilots control the flaps, slats and other movable parts directiy, using a system of rods and levers. In some modern airliners, the movable parts are controlled by computers instead This is called fly by-wire. Deck © The flight deck is where the pilot and co-pilot sit. © It contains all the controls and switches wires Carry that the pilots need to fly the plane.’ ¢ signals to movable parts © Instruments give the pilots information about the plane, such as much fuel is © Many kilometres of tric wiring lead from the flight d of the plane. It can detect bad weather ahead. _ The pilots view the radar pictures Radar screen on a screen on the flight deck. PLANEFact Box rudder pedals 4 Soon after take-off, the pilot move rudder = switches on the autopilot - a left or right computer that automatically flies pare ass the airliner. In an emergency, the autopilot can even land the plane.Undercarriage ©The undercarriage is a set of wheels that is used when the plane is on the ground. © Planes have a main undercarriage under the wings and a nose undercarriage. @ The undercarriage folds neatly away into the fuselage after take-off. It unfolds just before the plane lands. © The undercarriage has brakes like a car for slowing the plane down. brakes main f undercarriage nose Main undercarriage undercarriage ere YP OE EW HO OSH HS KO BSY p ate ada Undercarriage doors j After take-off, the undercarriage Ids away into a hole in the lage and wing. Doors close over the hole to give the plane a smooth shape so that it cuts cleanly through the air. An airliner lands at over 200 kilometres an hour. When the tyres hit the runway they get very hot. If they were filled with air the tyres might explode, so they are filled with a special gas instead. == a Fact Box undercarriage The Boeing 747, the world’s door largest airliner, has eighteen wheels in its undercarriage, sixteen in the main under carriage and two in the nose. LALAAAIAIVA APP ppp NOH er Bow us Se os ameEmergency Equipment © An airliner has special equipment for helping the Passengers and crew in an emergency. pulltag to inflate jacket automatically Ce a atEmergency slides If passengers have to leave the cabin quickly, emergency slides are used. The slides are stored in a box inside the * cabin doors. ue aa GQ | Fact Box Aircraft engines have their own fire extinguishers. if an engine SB Ja Pa PP! aa Pl il Da DDI H catches fire, the pilot operates the \ emergency | fire extinguishers slide from the flight deck. overhead locker Life rafts Some planes carry inflatable life rafts, in | case the plane has to Life raft | land in the sea. Beeegegge4 Ss Oxygen masks are stored in the overhead lockers. They fall down automatically if the air escapes from the cabin. Passengers strap the masks over their nose and mouth to in oxygen: eGalleys and Toilets © The galley is where the cabin staff prepare meals for the passengers. unit ® The galley has microwave ovens, kettles and places to store food and drinks, © Hot meals are cooked before they are put on the plane. They are stored in heated containers in the galley. © The washrooms have toilets and washbasins for the passengers. 4 4 4 5 3 4 é a Ll: : i i Hi 1i 4 Getting rid of waste aa one a6 Feeding the passengers Food and drinks are taken on trolleys to _ Each person is given a tray complete with food, cutlery, @ napkin, cup and glass, and is offered a choice of drinks. When the trolleys are not being used, they the toilets until the plane lands at an airpo are locked into place in the galley. Then the waste is sucked on to a fiom taken away for disposal. OEE the passengeé ae Huge tanks in the hold store any waste from RORCRE; Food trolley waste bin om ee om om ey re = = 222s = = em 4 Ost OmOE UE > aI 3 =Built How a Plane is The fuselage and wings © Airliners are very large and have to be oe put together in enormous buildings. The fuselage is made from short sections joined together. The wings © Different parts of the plane are made in fit to the middle section. All the parts rest on special supports different factories. Then they are taken to the main factory to be put together. © It takes many months to build a plane.Fitting the When the fuselage is tems are and other s electrics finished, electrical fitted, along with the fin and tailplane. it can take three or four years before the plane ready to fly, and another year or two before it is delivered to the airlines. Flight testing Every plane is thoroughly te sold. It is flown for many hot Then it is flown from the fa airline company which has: The airline paints the plan in its own colours. The final stages Next, the engines and the undercarriage are added. The seats are fitted last,| Special Parts ° Floats : In countries where there dre many lakes, such as Canada, planes have to be able to land on water. They have floats on their undercarriage instead of wheels © Some planes do special jobs. ® They have different parts from other planes or extra parts which most planes do not have, ® You can see some of these special parts on this spread. Propellers Many planes have Propellers on their Anes to drive the ‘ards. Propeller. planes are not as Jets but they use less fuel and are cheaper to run. nag aay Dy aE ne A AS { ANPP OOP pps ’ ayy mf Ps a my rms 1 YY zs Da He OR fl a aSkis In countries where there is snow for most or all of the year, small planes have skis instead of wheels. The skis slide smoothly along the snow- covered runways. If the snow disappears in the summer, wheels can be fitted. Front opening cargo doors Some planes have huge doors at the front, leading into the cargo (goods) hold. The doors allow big items, such as tanks or helicopters, to be loaded on to the plane.fuselage (body) cabin window taipiene r=Useful Terms aileron A panel towards _ control column The flight deck The room at the end of a plane's wing control which the pilot holds the front of a plane where that is moved up or down to when he or she is flyinga _the pilots sit and where all make the plane roll from _ plane. It controls the the plane’s controls and side to side. : elevators and ailerons. instruments are. autopilot A comp elevator A part on the flies the plane auto e of the tailplane Purclaze, ‘The main part of a plane, where passengers without the pil [Link] up and down _ sit and cargo is carried. All / te e the plane climb or __ the other parts are attached I baggage hold ii nd. to the fuselage. the fuselage passengers’ ca fin The upright piece at “galley Asmall kitchen in are stored di 2 the back of the fuselage. It an airliner’s cabin. Cabin It is normally under the staff prepare food and cabin floor. drinks in the galley. id power engine A Wl jet engine that makes tricity for the plane ile the main engines are 4 ed off. RAK HAH HED Or pr_yserf? ff : e ne rib A hoop of metal in a Wien A part on the back /yjet ore ee aa, plane’s fuselage. Rows of of the wing that lifts up to enn ‘ Tob gases back- ribs make up the frame of slow the plane down before ae ot very hight speed. the fuselage. Metal panels it lands. This pushes the plane are attached to the ribs to ; forwards. form an outer shell. tailplane The small pair of wings at the back of the fuselage. The tailplane helps the plane to fly level. f life raft An inflatable (blow-up) boat used in case a plane has to make an emergency landing at sea. turbofan A type of jet x Apart onthe back engine that is often used on that ned from _ large planes. It has a large i ake the — fan in front of the engine to side to side. suck in air. propeller engine An engine that makes a propeller (a set of long blades) spin round. This pushes the plane forwards. -/pylon The part of a plane that connects the plane’s— engines to its wings. — 2 spar Part of a wing’s frame Aacar An electroni¢ that zetcheg em one end machine that is used to of the wing to the other. detect other planés nearby Spars stop the wi : and bad weather, bending too oo