Solutions

TOPIC:: SOLUBILITY,HENRY’S LAW,RAOULT’S LAW,IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL

SOLUTIONS

Solubility of solid in liquid

[Link] dissolving sugar in water at room temperature solution feels cool to touch. Under which
of the following cases dissolution of sugar will be most rapid? (i) Sugar crystals in cold water.
(ii) Sugar crystals in hot water. (iii) Powdered sugar in cold water. (iv) Powdered sugar in hot
water.

[Link] equilibrium the rate of dissolution of a solid solute in a volatile liquid solvent is
__________. (i) less than the rate of crystallisation (ii) greater than the rate of crystallisation
(iii) equal to the rate of crystallisation (iv) zero

3.A beaker contains a solution of substance ‘A’. Precipitation of substance ‘A’ takes place
when small amount of ‘A’ is added to the solution. The solution is _________. (i) saturated (ii)
supersaturated (iii) unsaturated (iv) concentrated

[Link] amount of a solid solute that can be dissolved in a specified amount of a given
liquid solvent does not depend upon ____________. (i) Temperature (ii) Nature of solute (iii)
Pressure (iv) Nature of solvent

[Link] the solubility rule “like dissolves like” in terms of intermolecular forces that exist in
solutions.

[Link] the items given in Column I with the type of solutions given in Column II.

Column I Column II

(i) Soda water (a) A solution of gas in solid

(ii) Sugar solution (b) A solution of gas in gas

(iii) German silver (c) A solution of solid in liquid

(iv) Air (d) A solution of solid in solid

(v) Hydrogen gas in palladium (e) A solution of gas in liquid

(f) A solution of liquid in solid

Solubility of gas in liquid and Henry’s law

[Link] N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293 K, how many millimoles of N2 gas would dissolve
in 1 litre of water? Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given that Henry’s
law constant for N2 at 293 K is 76.48 kbar.

2.H2S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the qualitative analysis. If the
solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henry’s law constant.

[Link] do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?

[Link]’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67x10^8 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity of
CO2 in 500 mL of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K.

[Link] Henry’s law and mention some important applications.

[Link] of the following factor (s) affect the solubility of a gaseous solute in the fixed volume
of liquid solvent? (a) nature of solute (b) temperature (c) pressure (i) (a) and (c) at constant T
(ii) (a) and (b) at constant P (iii) (b) and (c) only (iv) (c) only

[Link] partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing 6.56 × 10–3 g of ethane is 1 bar. If
the solution contains 5.00 × 10–2 g of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of the gas?

[Link]’s law constant for the molality of methane in benzene at 298 K is 4.27 × 10^5 mm Hg.
Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at 298 K under 760 mm Hg.

[Link] air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major components are oxygen and nitrogen
with approximate proportion of 20% is to 79% by volume at 298K. The water is in equilibrium
with air at a pressure of 10 atm. At 298 K if the Henry’s law constants for oxygen and nitrogen
at 298 K are 3.30 × 107 mm and 6.51 × 107 mm respectively, calculate the composition of
these gases in water.

[Link] concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitude is due
to ____________. (i) low temperature (ii) low atmospheric pressure (iii) high atmospheric
pressure (iv) both low temperature and high atmospheric pressure

2
[Link] of Henry’s constant KH ____________. (i) increases with increase in temperature. (ii)
decreases with increase in temperature. (iii) remains constant. (iv) first increases then
decreases.

[Link] value of Henry’s constant KH is _____________. (i) greater for gases with higher
solubility. (ii) greater for gases with lower solubility. (iii) constant for all gases. (iv) not related
to the solubility of gases.

[Link] value for Ar(g), CO2 (g), HCHO (g) and CH4 (g) are 40.39, 1.67, 1.83×10–5 and 0.413
respectively. Arrange these gases in the order of their increasing solubility. (i) HCHO < CH4 <
CO2 < Ar (ii) HCHO < CO2 < CH4 < Ar (iii) Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO (iv) Ar < CH4 < CO2
< HCHO

[Link] is the significance of Henry’s Law constant KH ?

[Link] are aquatic species more comfortable in cold water in comparison to warm water?

16.(a) Explain the following phenomena with the help of Henry’s law. (i) Painful condition
known as bends. (ii) Feeling of weakness and discomfort in breathing at high altitude. (b) Why
soda water bottle kept at room temperature fizzes on opening?

Vapour pressure of liquid solution and Raoult’s law

[Link] pressure of chloroform (CHCl3) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) at 298 K are 200
mm Hg and 415 mm Hg respectively. (i) Calculate the vapour pressure of the solution prepared
by mixing 25.5 g of CHCl3 and 40 g of CH2Cl2 at 298 K and, (ii) mole fractions of each
component in vapour phase.

[Link] vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K .
Find out the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find
the composition of the vapour phase.

[Link] and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two liquid
components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of a
mixture of 26.0 g of heptane and 35 g of octane?

4.100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol–1) was dissolved in 1000 g of liquid B (molar mass
180 g mol–1). The vapour pressure of pure liquid B was found to be 500 torr. Calculate the
vapour pressure of pure liquid A and its vapour pressure in the solution if the total vapour
pressure of the solution is 475 Torr.

[Link] and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range of [Link] vapour
pressure of pure benzene and toluene at 300 K are 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm Hg

3
respectively. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80 g of benzene is
mixed with 100 g of toluene.

[Link] Raoult’s law explain how the total vapour pressure over the solution is related to mole
fraction of components in the following solutions. (i) CHCl3 (l) and CH2 Cl2 (l) (ii) NaCl(s)
and H2 O (l)

7.

[Link] which liquid will have a higher vapour pressure at 90 ℃ if the boiling points of two
liquids A and B are 140 ℃ and 180 ℃, respectively.

9. State Raoult's law for a solution containing volatile components. What is the similarity
between Raoult's law and Henry's law?

Vapour pressure of solid in liquid

[Link] aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal
boiling point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute?

[Link] vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal
solution of a non-volatile solute in it.

[Link] the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40 g mol–1) which should be
dissolved in 114 g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.

4
4.A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of water has a vapour
pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further, 18 g of water is then added to the solution and the new8
vapour pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate: (i) molar mass of the solute (ii) vapour
pressure of water at 298 K.

[Link] pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of water
at 293 K when 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water.

6.

[Link] Raoult's law for a solution containing volatile components. Why is the vapour pressure
of an aqueous solution of glucose lower than that of water?

Ideal and non ideal solution

[Link] is meant by positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law and how is the sign of
∆mixH related to positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law?

[Link] the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following pairs.

(i) n-hexane and n-octane

(ii) I2 and CCl4

(iii) NaClO4 and water

(iv) methanol and acetone

5
(v) acetonitrile (CH3CN) and acetone (C3H6O).

[Link] on solute-solvent interactions, arrange the following in order of increasing solubility in

n-octane and explain. Cyclohexane, KCl, CH3OH, CH3CN.

[Link] the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly
soluble in water?(i) phenol (ii) toluene (iii) formic acid (iv) ethylene glycol (v) chloroform (vi)
pentanol.

[Link] the formation, breaking and strength of hydrogen bond, predict which of the
following mixtures will show a positive deviation from Raoult’s law? (i) Methanol and
acetone. (ii) Chloroform and acetone. (iii) Nitric acid and water. (iv) Phenol and aniline.

[Link] the basis of information given below mark the correct option. Information: (A) In
bromoethane and chloroethane mixture intermolecular interactions of A–A and B–B type are
nearly same as A–B type interactions. (B) In ethanol and acetone mixture A–A or B–B type
intermolecular interactions are stronger than A–B type interactions. (C) In chloroform and
acetone mixture A–A or B–B type intermolecular interactions are weaker than A–B type
interactions. (i) Solution (B) and (C) will follow Raoult’s law. (ii) Solution (A) will follow
Raoult’s law. (iii) Solution (B) will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law. (iv) Solution
(C) will show positive deviation from Raoult’s law

[Link] forces between two benzene molecules are nearly of same strength as those
between two toluene molecules. For a mixture of benzene and toluene, which of the following
are not true? (i) ∆mix H = zero (ii) ∆mix V = zero (iii) These will form minimum boiling
azeotrope. (iv) These will not form ideal solution.

[Link] the basis of information given below mark the correct option. Information : On adding
acetone to methanol some of the hydrogen bonds between methanol molecules break.

(i) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form minimum boiling azeotrope
and will show positive deviation from Raoult’s law.

(ii) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture forms maximum boiling azeotrope and
will show positive deviation from Raoult’s law.

(iii) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form minimum boiling azeotrope
and will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law.

(iv) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form maximum boiling azeotrope
and will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law.

6
[Link] two liquids A and B form minimum boiling azeotrope at some specific composition then
_______________. (i) A–B interactions are stronger than those between A–A or B–B. (ii)
vapour pressure of solution increases because more number of molecules of liquids A and B
can escape from the solution. (iii) vapour pressure of solution decreases because less number of
molecules of only one of the liquids escape from the solution. (iv) A–B interactions are weaker
than those between A–A or B–B.

[Link] of the following binary mixtures will have same composition in liquid and vapour
phase? (i) Benzene - Toluene (ii) Water-Nitric acid (iii) Water-Ethanol (iv) n-Hexane - n-
Heptane

[Link] of a binary mixture of two liquids A and B were being separated by distillation.
After some time separation of components stopped and composition of vapour phase became
same as that of liquid phase. Both the components started coming in the distillate. Explain why
this happened.

[Link] the terms ideal and non-ideal solutions in the light of forces of interactions
operating between molecules in liquid solutions.

[Link] is it not possible to obtain pure ethanol by fractional distillation? What general name is
given to binary mixtures which show deviation from Raoult’s law and whose components
cannot be separated by fractional distillation. How many types of such mixtures are there?

14. What happens when acetone is added to pure ethanol?

15. Cooking is faster in pressure cooker than in an open pan.