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 INVERTERS

The converter which converts the power into ac power popularly known as the inverter.
The application areas for the inverters include the uninterrupted power supply (UPS), the ac
motor speed controllers, etc.

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The inverters can be classified based on a number of factors like, the nature of output waveform
(sine, square, quasi square, PWM etc), the power devices being used (thyristor transistor,
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MOSFETs IGBTs), the configuration being used, (series. parallel, half bridge, Full bridge), the
type of commutation circuit that is being employed and Voltage source and current source
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inverters.
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The thyristorised inverters use SCRs as power switches. Because the input source of power is
pure de in nature, forced commutation circuit is an essential part of thyristorised inverters. The
commutation circuits must be carefully designed to ensure a successful commutation of SCRs.
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The addition of the commutation circuit makes the thyristorised inverters bulky and costly. The
size and the cost of the circuit can be reduced to some extent if the operating frequency is
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increased but then the inverter grade thyristors which are special thyristors manufactured to
operate at a higher frequency must be used, which are costly.

Typical applications: Un-interruptible power supply (UPS), Industrial (induction motor) drives,
Traction, HVDC.

Classification of Inverters: There are different basis of classification of inverters. Inverters are
broadly classified as current source inverter and voltage source inverters. Moreover it can be
classified on the basis of devices used (SCR or gate commutation devices), circuit configuration
(half bridge or full bridge), nature of output voltage (square, quasi square or sine wave), type of
circuit (switched mode PWM or resonant converters) etc.

Principle of Operation:

1. The principle of single phase transistorized inverters can be explained with the help of Fig.
The configuration is known as the half bridge configuration. 2. The transistor Q1 is turned on for
a time T0/2, which makes the instantaneous voltage across the load Vo = V12. 3. If transistor Q2
is turned on at the instant T0/2 by turning Q1 off then -V/2 appears across the load.
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Half bridge inverter with Inductive load.

Operation with inductive load:

Let us divide the operation into four intervals. We start explanation from the second lime interval
II to t2 because at the beginning of this interval transistor Q1 will start conducting.

Interval II (tl - t2): Q1 is turned on at instant tl, the load voltage is equal to + V/2 and the positive
load current increases gradually. At instant t2 the load current reaches the peak value. The
transistor Q1 is turned off at this instant. Due to the same polarity of load voltage and load
current the energy is stored by the load. Refer Fig. 8.3(a).

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Interval III (t2- t3): Due to inductive load, the load current direction will be maintained same
even after Q1 is turned off. The self induced voltage across the load will be negative. The load
current flows through lower half of the supply and D2 as shown in Fig. 8.3(b). In this interval the
stored energy in load is fed back to the lower half of the source and the load voltage is clamped
to -V/2.

At the instant t3, the load current goes to zero, indicating that all the stored energy has been
returned back to the lower half of supply. At instant t3 ' Q2 ‘is turned on. This will produce a
negative load voltage v0 = - V/2 and a negative load current. Load current reaches a negative
peak at the end of this interval. (See Fig. 8.4(a)).

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Interval I (t4 to t5) or (t0 to t1): Conduction period of the transistors depends upon the load
power, factor. For purely inductive load, a transistor conducts only for T0/2 or 90 o. Depending
on the load power factor, that conduction period of the transistor will vary between 90 to 1800 (
1800 for purely resistive load).

Fourier analysis of the Load Voltage Waveform of a Half Bridge Inverter:

Assumptions:

• The load voltage waveform is a perfect square wave with a zero average value.

• The load voltage waveform does not depend on the type of load.

• an, bn and cn are the Fourier coefficients.

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• өn is the displacement angle for the nth harmonic component of output voltage.

• Total dc input voltage to the inverter is V volts.

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The important observations from the waveforms of Fig. 8.10 are as follows:

(i) The load current is in phase with the load voltage

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(ii) The conduction period for each transistor is 1t radians or 1800

(iii) Peak current through each transistor = V/R.

(iv) Average current through each transistor = V/2R

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(v) Peak forward voltage across each transistor = V volts.

Single Phase Bridge Inverter with RL Load:

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The operation of the circuit can be divided into four intervals or modes. The waveforms are as
shown in Fig. 8.13.
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Interval I (t1 – t2):

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At instant tl, the pair of transistors Q1 and Q2 is turned on. The transistors are assumed to be
ideal switches. Therefore point A gets connected to positive point of dc source V through Q, and
point B gets connected to negative point of input supply.

The output voltage Vo == + V as shown in Fig 8.11(a). The load current starts increasing
exponentially due to the inductive nature of the load.

The instantaneous current through Q1 and Q2 is equal to the instantaneous load current. The
energy is stored into the inductive load during this interval of operation.
Interval II (t2 - t3):

• At instant t2 both the transistors Q1 and Q2 are turned off. But the load current does not reduce
to 0 instantaneously, due to its inductive nature.

• So in order to maintain the flow of current in the same direction there is a self induced voltage
across the load. The polarity of this voltage is exactly opposite to that in the previous mode.

• Thus output voltage becomes negative equal to - V. But the load current continues to now in
the same direction, through D3 andD4 as shown in Fig. 8.11(b).

• Thus the stored energy in the load inductance is returned back to the source in this mode. The
diodes D1 to D4 are therefore known as the feedback diodes.

• The load current decreases exponentially and goes to 0 at instant t3 when all the energy stored

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ill the load is returned back to supply. D3 and D4 are turned off at t3·

Interval III (t3 – t4) :

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• At instant t3 ' Q3 and Q4 are turned on simultaneously. The load voltage remains negative
equal to - V but the direction of load current will reverse and become negative.
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• The current increases exponentially in the negative direction. And the load again stores energy)
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in this mode of operation. This is as shown in Fig. 8.12(a) .

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Interval IV ( t4 to t5) or (t0 to t1):

• At instant t4 or to the transistors Q3 and Q4 are turned off. The load inductance tries to
maintain the load current in the same direction, by inducing a positive load voltage.

• This will forward bias the diodes D) and D2. The load stored energy is returned back to the
input dc supply.

The load voltage Vo = + V but the load current remains negative and decrease exponentially
towards 0. This is as shown in Fig. 8.12(b).

• At t5 or t1 the load current goes to zero and transistors Q1 and Q2 can be turned on again.
Conduction period of devices:

• The conduction period with a very highly inductive load, will be T014 or 90 0 for all the
transistors as well as the diodes.

• The conduction period of transistors will increase towards To/[Link] 1800 with increase in th1
load power factor. (i.e., as the load becomes more and more resistive).

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Principle of Operation of CSI:

The circuit diagram of current source inverter is shown in Fig. 8.14. The variable dc voltage
source is converted into variable current source by using inductance L.
The current IL supplied to the single phase transistorised inverter is adjusted by the combination
of variable dc voltage and inductance L.

The waveforms of base currents and output current io are as shown in Fig. 8.15. When transistors
Q1 and Q2 conduct simultaneously, the output current is positive and equal to + IL. When
transistors Q3 and Q4 conduct simultaneously the output current io = - IL. But io = 0 when the
transistors from same arm i.e. Q( Q4 or Q2 Q3 conduct simultaneously.

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The output current waveform of Fig. 8.15 is a quasi-square waveform. But it is possible to
Obtain a square wave load current by changing the pattern of base driving signals. Such
waveforms are shown in Fig. 8.16.
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Load Voltage:

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• The load current waveform in CSI has a defined shape, as it is a square waveform in this case.
But the load voltage waveform will be dependent entirely on the nature of the load.
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• The load voltage with the resistive load will be a square wave, whereas with a highly inductive
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load it will be a triangular waveform. The load voltage will contain frequency components at the
inverter frequency f, equal to l/T and other components at multiples of inverter frequency.

• The load voltage waveforms for different types of loads are shown in Fig. 8.17.
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Variable DC link Inverter:

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The circuit diagram of a variable DC-link inverter is shown in Fig.8.18. This circuit can be
divided into two parts namely a block giving a variable DC voltage and the second part being the
bridge inverter itself.

The components Q, Dm, Land C give out a variable DC output. L and C are the filter
components. This variable DC voltage acts as the supply voltage for the bridge inverter.
 .IN
The pulse width (conduction period) of the transistors is maintained constant and the variation in
output voltage is obtained by varying the DC voltage.

The output voltage waveforms with a resistive load for different dc input voltages are shown in
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Fig. 8.19. We know that for a square wave inverter, the rms value of output voltage is given by,
V0 ( rms) = Vdc volts
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Hence by varying Vdc, we can vary V0 (rms)
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One important advantage of variable DC link inverters is that it is possible to eliminate or reduce
certain harmonic components from the output voltage waveform.
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The disadvantage is that an extra converter stage is required to obtain a variable DC voltage from
a fixed DC. This converter can be a chopper.
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