YOGYASHREE SCHEME - Schedule & Planning for Class XII JEE/NEET Coaching

(2026 -2027)

Physics

Module 11 (Module for Class no. 11)

Electromagnetic Induction:
Generation of emf/current in a circuit by changing the strength, position or orientation of the magnetic field associated
with the circuit is called Electromagnetic Induction.

The emf so developed is called induced emf. If it is a closed circuit, then there will be a current, called induced current.

N S N S

G G
(a) (b)

In fig. (a), there is a circuit consisting of a loop connected to a galvanometer. When the N-pole of magnet is moved
towards the loop, there is a change in magnetic flux linked with the coil. So an induced emf is generated between the
ends of the loop, and galvanometer deflection occurs.

In fig. (b), the same magnet (N-pole) is moving away from the loop. The galvanometer needle deflects in opposite
direction.

Magnetic Flux:
The total number of magnetic field lines passing through a surface placed in a magnetic field is called magnetic flux
linked with the surface.
ds

qin
E ds = ε0

Magnetic flux = B ds

(Similar to electric flux = E ds )

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Magnetic field B at a point is the magnetic flux linked with a surface of unit area placed perpendicular to the direction
of magnetic field.

Magnetic field B is also termed as magnetic flux density or magnetic induction.

Unit of Magnetic Flux:

ds
Magnetic flux = B ds
0
B
=B ds

SI unit of Tm2 (tesla m2) or weber (wb)

cgs unit of gauss.cm2 or maxwell

1 weber = 104gauss. 104cm2 = 108 maxwell

Now, it is evident that (from = B dsCos 0 )

Change in magnetic flux can be done by:

a. Changing the magnitude of B
b. Changing the area of surface
c. Changing the value of θ

Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:

(1st and 2nd law of EMI – statements)

From these laws we get that,

Induced emf generated in a circuit is given as
d0 k d0
e e=
dt dt

By definition, 1 weber/sec change of magnetic flux induces 1 volt emf in the circuit.
So, we get k = 1
d0
or, e =
dt

Third Law of Electromagnetic Induction (Lenz’s Law):

(statement)

This law gives the direction of induced current.

So, we get -d0
e=
dt

Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy – Explanation

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Motional Electromotive Force:

When a conductor moves through a magnetic field, an emf is induced in the conductor. This induced emf is called
motional emf.

Let us consider a straight conductor of length , moving through a uniform magnetic field B directed perpendicular to
the plane of paper upwards.

Velocity of the conductor along the paper is v towards right.

-
-
-

F
B
V

B
+
+
+

So, every free electron of the conductor will experience a magnetic force, FB = -q( V B ) directed along CD

Clearly there will be a surplus of +ve charge at end C, whereas surplus of -ve charge happens at end D.
Thus an electric field E is induced along the length of conductor from C to D. This field again exerts force FE = eE
along DC.

During the motion of conductor, the magnitude of E gradually increases and equilibrium occurs at a certain stage,
when, F = F (Oppositely directed)
B E

and we get, qVB = qE or E = VB

If p.d. between ends of the conductor at that stage be e, then e = E = VB

BV
If R be the resistance of the conductor, induced current, i =
R

For a conductor of any shape, moving in a uniform or non-uniform magnetic field, we take a length element  of the
conductor to get

de = (V B)11

where (V B)11 is the component of (V B) parallel to 

So, V = (V B)11 .

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For a semicircular conducting loop of radius R, with centre at O, moving with velocity v as in the picture, we get
V = BV.2R = 2BVR
v

P Q
R. V
P O Q

* What will be the emf induced in the conductor PQ, moving as directed,
in magnetic field B? sinθ V
V
Here, no emf is induced due to the component vcosθ.
So, induced emf e = B VSinθ P Q
V cosθ

For a circular loop of radius R, moving with velocity v, we consider it as a conductor of length 2R.
Q
Induced emf e = BV.2R
= 2BVR
B V
R

Motional emf in a Rotating Bar:

Let a conducting rod of length l rotate with angular speed ω about one of its ends along the plane of paper.

A uniform magnetic field B is there as directed. B

ω
V
Here, for an elementary length dr of the bar, the induced emf is de = BVdr P dr
Q

PQ=

 

For the whole bar, induced emf e = BVdr = Bωrdr = Bω

 

 e =  Bω

e= Bω + -
 Q
P

For a conducting disc of radius R, rotating about its axis with angular speed ω in a uniform magnetic field B parallel to
its axis of rotation,
we consider a rod between centre and point P ω

Here, e = Bω B
 O R P
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Direction of motional emf or current can be easily obtained from Fleming’s right hand rule or dynamo
rule
(Statement)

Eddy Current:

When a changing magnetic flux is applied to a bulk piece of metal (conducting material), then circulating currents are
induced in the metal piece. This current is called Eddy current.

Let a rectangular metal plate be placed in the plane of paper, and there is an electromagnetic field B perpendicular
to the plane of paper inwards.

We take a loop C inside the plate. With the change in electromagnetic field, the magnetic flux linked with the loop
will change and an induced current will be generated in the loop.

c Metal Plate
i

There are many such loops in the metal piece, and current will flow in each such loop along the same direction.

When B decreases with time, current is directed clockwise. (From Lenz’s law).

Flow pattern of these currents resembles swirling eddies in water. So these are called
eddy currents.
This current shows heating and magnetic effect.

Disadvantage:

Eddy currents are produced inside the iron cores of rotating armatures of dynamos and motors, cores of transformers
etc.

These currents produce unnecessary heating and wastage of power and there is risk of damage.

Methods to Reduce Eddy Current:

Metal cores of transformer, motor, choke etc. are divided into many layers and kept insulated from each other.

Moreover, the planes of laminations are arranged parallel to the magnetic field.

Thus, eddy current paths get cut, and thus the eddy current is minimised.

Applications:
1. Induction Furnace
2. Electromagnetic damping
3. Electric Power meter
4. Magnetic Braking in trains
(Brief discussion)
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Physics

Self Induction:

When there is a change in the value of current through a coil, there will be a change in magnetic flux linked with the
coil. This will induce an emf in the coil (and induced current). This is known as Self Induction.

So, generation of induced emf in a coil, due to the change of current through it, is called Self Induction.

If i be the current at any instant in the coil, then magnetic flux linked with the coil is,

0 i
or, 0 = Li
d0 L di ((
e= =
dt dt

L is called self inductance of the coil.

SI Unit = weber amp−1 = WbA−1
or, volt sec amp−1 = VsA−1

Self Inductance of a Coil:

For a circular coil of N turns each of radius r, carrying a current i,

μ0 2πNi μ Ni
B0 = Bcentre = = 0
4π r 2 r
μ0 Ni μ0
Flux linked with the coil, 0 = Nπr2 . r = 2
πN2r.i
2

μ0 2
L= N πr
2

Self Inductance of a Solenoid:

For a long solenoid of length l, radius r, where l r, having N turns and carrying a current i, magnetic field inside the
solenoid is
N
B = μ0 


Magnetic flux through each turn, 0 = S.B (where S is the cross-sectional area of the solenoid)
Total flux linked, N 0 = μ0 N 
2


N0 N2  = μ n2   (n = N )
L= = μ0 0 
 
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Energy Stored in a Coil:

di
If i be the current (increasing) through a coil of self inductance L, we have induced emf e = -L
dt

+ E -

Using KVL
di
E - iR - L =0
dt
di
Ei = i2R + L
dt
di
The power, P = -ei = Li
dt

Actually, in increasing the current i, the emf source has to do some work against the induced emf. This work done is
stored as magnetic potential energy in the inductor.

du di
Here, P = = Li
dt dt

[ [

1 2 This is analogous to
When the current in the coil is i, the potential energy stored is u = Lidi = Li 1
2 E = CV2 of capacitor
 2
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Physics

Numerical Problem & other MCQs

1. A square loop of side 0.5m is placed in a 10T magnetic field, and plane of the loop makes an angle of 30O with the
direction of field.
The magnetic flux through the loop is
a) 5Wb b) 2Wb c) 1.25Wb d) 2.5Wb

1 . 1
O = BA cosθ = 10.(0.52).cos 60oWb = 10. Wb = 1.25 Wb
4 2

2. A conducting rod is rotating in constant magnetic field of 10−4T about one of its ends with an angular speed
1400rpm.
Length of rod is 1m, and its plane of rotation is perpendicular to the magnetic field. Find the emf induced in the rod.

1
e= B2w
2

3. A coil of area 10cm2 and 10 turns is placed in a magnetic field changing at rate 108Gs−1 and directed perpendicular
to the plane of coil. The resistance of the coil is 20Ω. What is the value of induced current?

dB
= 108Gs−1 Area of coil = 10cm2
dt

Rate of change of magnetic flux, N do = 10.10.108 maxwell s-1

= 102 wbs-1
dt
(1 wb = 108 maxwell)

e = NA dB
dt
e 100
i = r = 20 A = 5A

4. An infinitely long conductor AB lies along the axis of a circular loop of radius R. If the current in the conductor
varies at x amps−1 ,then the induced emf in the loop is

μ0 μ0 μ0 π
a. xR b. 0 c. xR d. xR
2 4 2

Here magnetic field lines due to the conductor AB are tangential to the plane of loop.

d B
OB = 0 e= O =0
dt B
i

A
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5. A loop ABCD is moving with velocity v towards right. The magnetic field is 4T. The loop is connected to a resistance
of 8Ω. If 2A steady current flows in the loop, and its resistance is 4Ω, find v. Given AB = AD = 30cm, sin 37o = 3 5
D C
Resistance of the circuit, R = 12Ω
i = 2A


8
Potential difference (induced emf) = 24V
BVl = 24V o
3 37
l = AD sin 37O = 30. cm = 18cm
5 A B
24
V = 24 = ms-1 = 100 ms-1
Bl 18 3
4.
100

6. A metallic ring is dropped down, keeping its plane perpendicular to a constant horizontal magnetic field. The ring
enters the region of magnetic field at t=0, and leaves the region completely at t=Tsec. The current in the ring
varies as:

a. b. c. d.

i i i i

T t T t t T
t

Induced emfs are oppositely directed when the ring enters and leaves the field. Also, when it is completely inside
the field, no change of magnetic flux occurs, so no induction is there. These facts are described in (b).

6. A bulb and an inductor coil are connected to an a.c. source through a key. The key is closed and after sometime an
iron rod is inserted into the interior of the inductor. The glow of the bulb will

a) Increase b) Remain unchanged c) Decrease d) Fluctuate

When the iron rod is inserted into the interior of the inductor, the magnetic flux linked increases, which in turn
increases the magnitude of induced emf opposing the current. Thus net current in the circuit decreases, and glow
of the bulb decreases.