nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 1

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 2
nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs
W. gybkx bv‡mi Be‡b AvdRvj

AbywjLb
mvdIqvb Avng` ivwd`

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 3

 nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs
W. gybkx bv‡mi Be‡b AvdRvj
AbywjLb : mvdIqvb Avng` ivwd`
¯^Z¡ : †jLK
cÖKvkKvj : †g 2023
cÖKvkK
†bvfv eyKm A¨vÛ cvewjkvm©
ivRv g¨vbkb, cÖ_g Zjv, wR›`vevRvi, wm‡jU
01711996032
cÖ”Q` : Zv‡iK gybvIqvi

g~j¨ : 280 UvKv

cwi‡ekK
iPbvcÖKvk, evsjvevRvi, XvKv
AbjvBb cwi‡ekK
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hatekolome Python programing by Dr. Munshi Naser
Ibne Afzal. Published by Nova Books and Publishers. Raza
Mansion, 1st Floor, Zindabazar, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh.
01711996032, novabooksandpublishers@[Link]. Price
: $ 280 Only
ISBN : 978-984-8082-25-6
nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 4
 Drm©M
wcÖq Av‡¼j Wv³vi kixdzj Bmjvg, A¨vw›U mv‡jnv †nvmbv
cvifxb iæbv Ges eÜzei wcÖq †gvnv¤§` gvmD`yi ingvb, AwZwi³
†Rjv I `vqiv RR, †b·Kvbv|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 5

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 6
 f‚wgKv
†cÖvMÖvwgs n‡jv †gwkb‡K Kx Ki‡Z n‡e †mwU ejvi gva¨g| †cÖvMÖvwgs
n‡jv GKcÖKvi wb‡`©k, hv †cÖvMÖvgviiv Kw¤úDUv‡i wj‡Lb, Zvici
Kw¤úDUvi Gme c‡o, Kx Kiv `iKvi †mwU †ev‡S, cÖ‡qvRbxq wµqv
m¤úv`b K‡i Ges cQ›`mB djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i| GKwU mijxK„Z msÁv
n‡jv: ÒwKQy KvR m¤úv`b Kivi Rb¨ GKwU Kw¤úDUvi‡K wb‡`©kbv
†`Iqv|Ó Avgiv †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi cwie‡Z© "Coding" kãwUI e¨envi
K‡i _vwK| Zzwg wbðq c~‡e© †KvwWs kãwU ï‡bQ, bv ï‡b _vK‡j nqZ
GZÿ‡Y eyS‡Z †c‡iQ| G Kvi‡Y †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv‡K †KvWI ejv nq|
ev¯Íe Rxe‡b GKwU k‡ãi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK A_© _vKv LyeB mvaviY|
A‡b‡Ki WvKbvg ev weKí bvg Av‡Q| †Zvgvi Av‡Q Kx?

Zzwg hw` †cÖvMÖvwgs m¤ú‡K© GKUy fv‡ev, hviv †cÖvMÖvwgs K‡i, ZLb Zviv
†gwkb ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i| cieZx©‡Z hLb Zywg
KvD‡K †`L‡e, †KD †gwkb‡K Kx Ki‡Z n‡e Zv ej‡Qb ev †KvwWs
Ki‡Qb, ZLb Zywg eyS‡Z cvi‡e Zviv GKRb †cÖvMÖvgvi| wKš‘, ev¯Íe
Rxe‡b mevB Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv? KviY cÖ_‡g
Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlv Rvb‡Z n‡e| n¨vu, GwU wVK Bs‡iwRi g‡Zv, hv
†Zvgv‡K Ab¨ mevi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Kw¤úDUv‡ii
wbR¯^ fvlv Av‡Q Ges †cÖvMÖvgvi‡`i †cÖvMÖvwgs ïiæ Kivi Av‡M GwU
wkL‡Z n‡e| hvB‡nvK, Zywg wK Rv‡bv †h Bs‡iwR we‡k¦i gvby‡li Øviv
me‡P‡q †ewk K_¨ fvlv|

Zywg wK Rv‡bv? we‡k¦i wØZxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fvlv †KvbwU? Luy‡R †ei K‡iv
†Zv! wKš‘, GKUv mgm¨v Av‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi msL¨vi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM
K‡i| GwUB Zv‡`i gvby‡li †P‡q A‡bK `ªæZ K‡i †Zv‡j| msL¨vi w`K
†_‡K A‡bK gvbyl Lye `ye©j| Zywg wK KLb msL¨v †Uwej gyL¯’ K‡i‡Qv?

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 7

Zywg Aek¨B Rv‡bv †h, Zv‡`i g‡b ivLv KZUv KwVb| K‡qK `kK
Av‡M, †cÖvMÖvgviiv msL¨vq †KvW Ki‡Zb| hv‡Z Kw¤úDUvi wb‡`©kvewj
eyS‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘, wKQy eyw×gvb e¨w³ †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb|
hv gvbyl‡K GKwU †cÖvMÖvg wjL‡Z gvbe fvlv †_‡K kã Ges evK¨vsk
e¨envi Ki‡Z mÿg K‡i‡Q| mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ GwU DbœwZ K‡i‡Q
Ges †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv mnR n‡q D‡V‡Q| AvR, Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q cvB_b
†cÖvMÖvg i‡q‡Q, hv †Zvgvi g‡Zv wkï‡`i‡K mgm¨v QvovB †cÖvMÖvwgs
wkL‡Z mÿg Ki‡e| cvB_b GKwU AwZ mnR †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv|
cvB_‡bi fvlv Kw¤úDUvi eyS‡Z cv‡i Ges eZ©gvb we‡k¦ cvB_b GKwU
LyeB RbwcÖq †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv|

cvB_b wkL‡Z mnR| GwU bZyb †cÖvMÖvgvi-evÜe GKwU fvlv Ges Gi

wmbU¨v· †evSv Lye mnR| wkïiv Awff~Z bv n‡q `ªæZ GB fvlv wkL‡Z
cv‡i| cvB_b I‡qe †W‡fjc‡g›U †_‡K †gwkb jvwb©s ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z
A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GwU ev”Pv‡`i †kLvi Rb¨
GKwU PgrKvi fvlv K‡i †Zv‡j KviY GwU ev”Pv‡`i wkLvi wewfbœ †ÿÎ
Db¥y³ K‡i †Zv‡j| cvB_b A‡bK wk‡í e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq Ges
fwel¨‡Z Gi RbwcÖqZv evo‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv n‡”Q| cvB_b †kLvi
gva¨‡g ev”Pv‡`i‡K cÖhyw³ ev Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Îi K¨vwiqv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍyZ
Ki‡Z cv‡i, hvi Rb¨ †KvwWs `ÿZv AwZ cÖ‡qvRb| †cÖvMÖvwgs ev”Pv‡`i
m„Rbkxj n‡Z Ges †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i aviYv cÖKvk Ki‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i| cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs m„RbkxjZv weKvk Kivi Rb¨ wkï‡`i GKwU
mnR fvlv ev gva¨g cÖ`vb K‡i|

A‡bK DbœZ we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z wkï‡`i cvB_b m¤ú‡K© ¯‹y‡j avibv

†`Iqv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e Avgv‡`i †`‡k Gi cÖPjb †bB ev Lye Kg| G
Rb¨ AvR‡Ki GB cÖhyw³i we‡k¦i mv‡_ wkï‡`i †cÖvMÖvwgs ev †KvwWs
m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`Iqv A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| mvgwMªKfv‡e,
nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 8
cvB_b †kLv ev”Pv‡`i Rb¨ GKwU PgrKvi wewb‡qvM, KviY GwU Zv‡`i
Ggb `ÿZv cÖ`vb K‡i| hv Zv‡`i GKv‡WwgK Ges †ckv`vi Rxeb
Ry‡o DcK…Z Ki‡e|

†Kb wkï‡`i †cÖvMÖvwgs wkLv DwPZ?

Avwg Rvwb Zywg wbðqB fve‡Qv †h, KvU©yb †`Lv ev †MBg †Ljvi †P‡q
†Kb †Zvgvi GB eBwU cov DwPZ? Av”Qv, GLv‡b †Zvgvi Rb¨ GKwU
cÖkœ: †Kgb nq, hw` Zywg wb‡RB GKwU KvU©yb ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡iv Ges
†Zvgvi gv, evev, fvB, †evb Ges †Zvgvi eÜy‡`i †`Lv‡Z cv‡iv? †Kgb
nq hw` Zywg wb‡RB GKwU †MBg ˆZwi Ki‡j Ges Zywg wb‡Ri wbq‡g
†Lj‡Z cvi‡j! PgrKvi †kvbv‡”Q, ZvB bv? m¤¢eZ Zywg eÜy‡`i P¨v‡jÄ
K‡i Zuv‡`i civwRZ Kivi †Póv Ki‡e...GUv A‡bK gRvi n‡e! Zywg
hw` GB eBwUi mv‡_ _v‡Kv, Z‡e Zywg GB mg¯Í wRwbm Ges AviI
A‡bK wKQy wkL‡Z cvi‡e|

GB eB‡qi f~wgKvq, Avwg B‡Zvg‡a¨ ev”Pv‡`i †Kb †cÖvMÖvwgs †kLv

DwPZÑZv wb‡q we¯Íi Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| GLv‡b Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
KviY i‡q‡Q: e‡ov Avw_©K wewb‡qvM ev Ab¨ †Kv_vI hvIqvi cÖ‡qvRb
QvovB ev”Pviv Zv‡`i m„Rbkxj w`KwU A‡š^lY Ki‡Z cv‡i| mwZ¨
ej‡Z wK, AvRKvj ev”Pv‡`iI e¨¯Í mgqm~wP _v‡K| ev”Pv‡`i ¯‹yj Ges
†jLvcovq G‡Zv e¨¯Í mgq _v‡K †h, GKwU bZyb wRwb‡mi Dci
†dvKvm Kiv †ewkifvM ev”Pv ev Zv‡`i wcZvgvZvi c‡ÿ m¤¢e nq bv|

Z‡e eZ©gv‡b †ewkifvM evwo‡ZB Kw¤úDUvi Ges B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM

i‡q‡Q, ZvB †m¸‡jv †KvbI bZyb wewb‡qvM QvovB ev”Pv‡`i Rb¨
e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cvB_b md&UIq¨viwU m¤ú~Y© webvg~‡j¨, ZvB
Ab¨b¨ Avbymvw½K LiP Qvov ev Ab¨ †Kv_vI wM‡q wkLvi †P‡q GB
eB‡qi gva¨‡g ev”Pviv wb‡RivB N‡i e‡m Aemi mg‡q cvB_b
†cÖvMÖvwgs m¤ú‡K© A‡bK wKQy wkL‡Z cvi‡e|
nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 9
cvB_b BÝUj Kiv
Kw¤cDUv‡i cvB_b BÝUj Kiv A‡bK mnR| Avgiv Windows Ges
macOS Gi g‡a¨ wKfv‡e cvB_b BÝUj Ki‡Z cvwi †mwU wkLe|
cvB_b BÝUj Kivi mgq Avgv‡`i IDLE †cÖvMÖvg cÖ‡qvRb| GwU n‡jv
Integrated Developement Environment hv cvB_‡b †cÖvMÖvg
wjLvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i|

Windows Gi g‡a¨ cvB_b BÝUj Kiv

Windows 11 Gi g‡a¨ cvB_b BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ cvB_‡bi 3.10
fvm©b A_ev Gi c‡ii †h‡KvbI fvm©b
[Link] GB wj¼ †_‡K WvDb‡jvW
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Z‡e Windows Gi cyivZb fvm©b †hgb Windows
7/8 e¨envi K‡i _vK‡j, cvB_‡bi me©‡kl fvm©b KvR Ki‡e bv, Gi
Rb¨ cvB_‡bi 3.8. fvm©b WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z n‡e| DB‡ÛvR WvDb‡jvW
([Link] GB
I‡qe‡cBRwU †`‡Lv Ges †R‡b bvI †h, †Zvgvi Windows fvm©‡bi
mv‡_ cvB_‡b †Kvb fvm©b KvR Ki‡e|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 10

cÖ_‡g WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z †M‡j eªvDRvi wRÁvmv Ki‡e †h, dvBjwU
†mBf Ki‡Z n‡e bvwK I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡e, GLv‡b Avgiv †mBf Kie|
Windows G cvB_b WvDb‡jvW nIqvi ci GwU Avgv‡`i‡K ivb
Kivi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Ki‡e| hw` GwU bv nq, Zvn‡j WvDb‡jvW †dvìvi
Ly‡j Wvej wK¬K Kivi ci Avgiv cvB_b †cÖvMÖvg BÝUj Kivi
wb‡`©kvewj AbymiY Ki‡Z cvie,
→ 1. Install Now G wK¬K K‡iv
→ 2. hLb cÖMÖvgwU allow the app to make changes wR‡Ám
Ki‡e, ZLb Yes †cÖm K‡iv|
→ 3. BÝU‡jkb †kl nIqvi ci, Close G wK¬K K‡iv, Gevi Zzwg
†Zvgvi Window Start menu Gi g‡a¨ wewfbœ cvB_b AvBKb
†`L‡Z cvi‡e|

macOS Gi g‡a¨ cvB_b BÝUj Kiv

Zzwg hw` macOS e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kv, Zvn‡j †Zvgvi Kw¤cDUv‡i
Av‡M †_‡KB GKwU cvB_‡bi fvm©b BÝUj Kiv _vK‡e, Z‡e GwU
cyivZb fvm©b n‡Z cv‡i| Zzwg bZzb fvm©b e¨envi Ki‡Qv wK bv †mwU
hvPvB Ki‡Z spotlight (Dc‡ii Wvbw`‡K GKwU g¨vwMœdvwqs Møv‡mi
nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 11
AvBKb) AvB‡Kb wK¬K Ki Ges †h dialog Avm‡e †mLv‡b terminal
wj‡Lv| Terminal Ly‡j †M‡j python3 --version wj‡L Enter
†cÖm K‡iv| hw` command not found Av‡m A_ev fvm©b 3.10
c~‡e©i nq Zvn‡j [Link] GB
wj‡¼ wM‡q macOS Gi Rb¨ me©‡kl fvm©b WvDb‡jvW K‡i bvI|

WvDb‡jvW nIqvi ci w¯‹‡bi jvB‡m‡Ý Agree K‡iv Ges BÝUj

Kivi avc¸‡jv AbymiY K‡i macOS Gi g‡a¨ BÝUj K‡i bvI|
cvB_b BÝUj nIqvi Av‡M Mac Gi Administrative Password
wR‡Ám Ki‡Z cv‡i| hw` †Zvgvi Kv‡Q †mwU bv _v‡K Zvn‡j †Zvgvi
evev-gv †K wR‡Ám Ki‡Z cv‡iv|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 12

†fwi‡qej I K¨véz‡jkb
Avgiv wKQz mnR MYbv I K¨véz‡jkb w`‡q ïiæ Kie Ges Zvici
†fwi‡qej e¨envi Kiv wkLe| †fwi‡qej n‡jv Kw¤cDUv‡i wKQz
msiÿ‡Yi GKwU gva¨g Ges †fwi‡qej †Zvgv‡K A‡bK¸‡jv †cÖvMÖvg
wjL‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

cvB_b w`‡q K¨véz‡jkb

a‡i bvI, †Zvgv‡K 8 × 3.57 Gi g‡Zv `ywU msL¨vi ¸Ydj †ei Ki‡Z
ejv n‡j, Zzwg ¯^vfvweK fv‡e GKwU K¨vjKz‡jUi ev GKwU †cwÝj Ges
KvMR e¨envi K‡i djvdj wbY©q Ki‡e, ZvB bv? Z‡e P‡jv Avgiv
GKUz †`wL wKfv‡e cvB_b w`‡q Avgiv GB K¨véz‡jkb Ki‡Z cvwi|
†W·Uc †_‡K IDLE icon G Wvej wK¬K K‡i Python Power Shell
ïiæ K‡iv| Prompt G wb‡Pi K¨véz‡jkb wjL|

cvB_‡b ¸Y Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv ¸Y wPý (×) Gi cwie‡Z© Asterisc

wPý (*) e¨envi Kie| P‡jv Avgiv Av‡iKwU K¨véz‡jkb mgvav‡bi
†Póv Kwi| g‡b K‡iv, †Zvgvi GKwU Kv‡Vi ev· Av‡Q Ges †mLv‡b
Zzwg UvKv Rgv K‡iv| AvR IB ev‡· 20 UvKv Av‡Q Ges †Zvgvi gv
†Zvgv‡K cÖwZw`b Kv‡Vi ev‡· Rgv Kivi Rb¨ 10 UvKv †`b| Zvn‡j
Kx ej‡Z cvi‡e, 1 eQi ci †Zvgvi Kv‡Vi ev‡· KZ UvKv _vK‡e?
nv‡Z Kj‡g K¨véz‡jkbUv wVK GiKg n‡et

10 × 365 = 3650
3650 + 20 = 367
Aek¨B, Zzwg K¨véz‡jUi w`‡q mn‡R GwU Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Z‡e Avgiv
Kx GUv cvB_b w`‡q Ki‡Z cvie? P‡jv †mwU †`‡L Avwm| cÖ_‡g
nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 13
Avgv‡`i 3650 †c‡Z n‡j 10 UvKv eQ‡ii 365 w`b Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z
n‡e| cieZ©x‡Z Avgv‡`i Av‡Mi 20 UvKv mn †gvU 3670 †c‡Z n‡j
3650 Gi mv‡_ 20 †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡P Gi cvB_b †KvW †`Iqv
n‡jvÑ

GLb g‡b K‡iv, †Zvgvi cv‡ki evmvi eÜy †Zvgvi mv‡_ †Ljvi Rb¨
cÖwZ mßv‡ni ïµev‡i †Zvgvi evmvq Av‡m Ges †Zvgvi Kv‡Vi ev·
†_‡K 3 UvKv Pywi K‡i wb‡q hvq, Zvn‡j GK eQi ci †Zvgvi ev‡·
KZ UvKv _vK‡e? wb‡P cvB_b w`‡q GwUi K¨véz‡jkb †`Iqv n‡jv|

Dc‡i Avgiv 3 UvKv eQ‡ii 52 mßv‡ni mv‡_ ¸Y Kijvg, G‡Z Avgiv

156 †cjvg| cieZ©x‡Z Avgv‡`i †gvU 3670 UvKv †_‡K IB 156
UvKv we‡qvM Kivi ci Avgiv Avgv‡`i Kvw•LZ djvdj 3514 UvKv
†c‡q †Mjvg| †`L‡j! KZ mn‡R Avgiv K¨véz‡jUi QvovI mn‡R
cvB_b w`‡q MYbv Kijvg| wVK Gfv‡e Avgiv GB eB †_‡K GiKg
AviI DcKvix †cÖvMÖvg mn‡R ˆZwi Kiv wkLe|

cvB_b Acv‡iUi
Avgiv cvB_b w`‡q †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM mn AviI Ab¨vb¨ MvwYwZK
K¨véz‡jkb m¤cv`b Ki‡Z cvie| Gme †ewmK cÖZxK¸‡jv‡K
cvB_‡bi fvlvq Acv‡iUi ejv nq| cvB_‡bi wKQz †ewmK Acv‡iUi
†`Iqv n‡jv|
nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 14
 +
Addition
-
Subtraction
*
Multiplication
/
Division
Forward Slash (/)

Avgiv cvB_‡b fvM Kivi Kv‡R e¨envi K‡i _vwK| g‡b K‡iv †Zvgvi
Kv‡Q 100 wU Avg Av‡Q Ges Zzwg †Zvgvi 20 Rb eÜy‡`i gv‡S fvM
K‡i w`‡Z PvI, Zvn‡j cvB_‡b Zzwg 100/20 wjL‡jB Zzwg †Zvgvi
DËi †c‡q hv‡e|

Acv‡ik‡bi avivevwnKZv
cvB_‡b Avgiv Acv‡ik‡bi avivevwnKZv wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv
eªv‡KU () e¨envi K‡i _vwK| GKwU Acv‡ikb nj Ggb wKQz hv GKwU
Acv‡iUi e¨envi K‡i| †hvM I we‡qvM Gi †P‡q ¸Y I fv‡Mi
avivevwnKZv Av‡M, ZvB cvB_‡b, ¸Y I fvM, †hvM Ges we‡qv‡Mi
Av‡M m¤cvw`Z nq| †hgb cvB_‡b Avgiv †Kv‡bv BKz‡qkb mgvavb
Kivi †Póv Ki‡j †hvM ev we‡qv‡Mi Av‡M ¸Y ev fvM m¤úv`b Kiv
nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, cvB_‡b wbgœwjwLZ mgxKi‡Y, 30 Ges 20
msL¨v¸wj cÖ_‡g ¸Y Kiv nq, Ges Zv‡`i ¸Yd‡ji mv‡_ 5 b¤^i †hvM
Kiv nq|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 15

GB mgxKiYwU m¤cv`‡bi Av‡iKwU Dcvq, 30 †K 20 Øviv ¸Y K‡iv
Ges Zvici 5 †hvM K‡iv|

djvdj nj 605| Avgiv eªv‡KU () Øviv Acv‡ik‡bi µg cwieZ©b

Ki‡Z cvwi †hgb:

GB mgxKi‡Yi djvdj 700 n‡q‡Q, 605 bq| KviY eªv‡KU

cvB_b‡K cÖ_‡g 30 Gi mv‡_ 5 †hvM Ki‡Z e‡j, †h‡nZz (30+5)
eªv‡K‡Ui g‡a¨ Ges cvB_b eªv‡K‡Ui Acv‡ikb mevi cÖ_‡g Kivi †Póv
K‡i| d‡j cÖ_‡g 30 Gi mv‡_ 5 †hvM Kivi ci djvdj 35 n‡q‡Q
Ges djvd‡ji mv‡_ 20 ¸Y K‡i cvB_b Avgv‡`i 700 Gi djvdj
w`‡q‡Q| eªv‡KU¸‡jv‡K †b÷ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hgb cvB_‡b GKwU
eªv‡K‡Ui g‡a¨ Av‡iKwU eªv‡KU _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgbt

GLv‡b cvB_b cÖ_‡g me‡P‡q wfZ‡ii eªv‡K‡Ui Acv‡ikb m¤cv`b

Ki‡e, cieZ©x‡Z evwn‡ii Acv‡ikb Ki‡e| Dc‡ii cvB_b †Kv‡W
cvB_b cÖ_‡g 30 Gi mv‡_ 5 †hvM K‡i‡Q, Ges †hvMdj 35 Gi
mv‡_ 20 ¸b K‡i‡Q I djvdj 700 †K cvB_b Avevi 10 Øviv fvM

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 16

K‡i Ges djvdj 70 wbY©q K‡i‡Q| hw` Avgiv eªv‡KU () e¨envi bv
KiZvg, Zvn‡j djvdj wKQzUv wfbœ nZt

GLv‡b cÖ_‡g 30 †K 20 Øviv ¸Y Kiv n‡q‡Q (djvdj 600), Ges

600 †K 10 Øviv fvM Kivi ci djvdj 60 Av‡m Ges me©‡k‡l 60
Gi mv‡_ 5 †hvM K‡i| g‡b ivL‡e, hw` bv eªv‡KU w`‡q Acv‡ik‡bi
avivevwnKZv wba©viY bv Kiv nq, Zvn‡j cvB_‡b †hvM I we‡qv‡Mi
Av‡M ¸b I fv‡Mi Acv‡ikb m¤cv`b nq|

†fwi‡qej¸wj †j‡e‡ji g‡Zv

†cÖvMÖvwgs-G †fwi‡qej kãwU Ggb GKwU ¯’vb‡K eY©bv K‡i, †hLv‡b
Z_¨ msiÿY Kiv hvq| †hgb msL¨v, Aÿi, msL¨v Ges Aÿ‡ii
ZvwjKv BZ¨vw`| GKwU †fwi‡qej g~jZ : GKwU wKQzi Rb¨ †j‡ej|
D`vniY¯^iƒc, fred bv‡gi GKwU †fwi‡qej ˆZwi Ki‡Z Avgiv GKwU
mgvb wPý e¨envi Kwi (=) Ges Zvici cvB_b‡K ej‡ev, †Kvb
Z‡_¨i Rb¨ †fwi‡qe‡ji †j‡ej fred nIqv DwPZ| GLv‡b Avgiv
†fwi‡qej fred ˆZwi Kwi Ges cvB_b‡K ewj †h, GwU 100 b¤^‡ii
Rb¨ GKwU †j‡ej| (g‡b ivL‡e †h Ab¨ †fwi‡qe‡jiI GKB gvb
_vK‡Z cv‡i|)

GKwU †fwi‡qe‡ji gvb Lyu‡R †c‡Z n‡j, cvB_b †k‡j wcÖ›U wjL‡Z
n‡e, Zvici eªv‡K‡U Gfv‡e †fwi‡qe‡ji bvg w`‡Z n‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 17

Avgiv cvB_b‡K, †fwi‡qej fred Gi †j‡ej cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨
wb‡`©k w`‡Z cvwi| †hgb, Gfv‡e Avgiv fred Gi †j‡ej 100 †_‡K
200 Ki‡Z cvwi|

cÖ_g jvB‡b Avgiv fred Gi †j‡ej 200 Kijvg| wØZxq jvB‡b

Avgiv cwieZ©b wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ fred Gi gvb wcÖ›U Kwi, G‡Z
cvB_b †k‡li jvB‡b fred Gi gvb wcÖ›U K‡i 200| Avgiv GKB
AvB‡U‡gi Rb¨ GKvwaK †j‡ej e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwit

GLv‡b Avgiv cvB_b‡K ejwQ, Avgiv john I fred Gi Rb¨ GKB

†j‡ej PvB| G Rb¨ Avgiv john I fred Gi gv‡S = wPý e¨envi
Kie| Aek¨B, †d«W m¤¢eZ GKwU †fwi‡qe‡ji Rb¨ Lye Av`k© bvg bq
KviY GwU †fwi‡qejwU wK‡mi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq †m m¤c‡K© m¤¢eZ
Avgv‡`i †Kvb avibv cÖ`vb K‡i bv| P‡jv, fred-Gi cwie‡Z© Avgv‡`i
†fwi‡qej Gi bvg number_of_coins wba©viY Kwit

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 18

GLb Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi Avgiv 200 wU K‡qb wb‡q KvR KiwQ|
†fwi‡qej Gi bv‡gi g‡a¨ Aÿi, bv¤^vi Ges underscore
character(_) _vK‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e †fwi‡qe‡ji bvg, bv¤^vi w`‡q ïiæ
n‡e bv| Zzwg GKwU Aÿi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i GKwU evK¨, †fwi‡qe‡ji
bvg wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡iv (†fwi‡qe‡ji bv‡gi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv
†¯cm _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv, G Rb¨ bv‡gi Aÿi Avjv`v Ki‡Z
underscore (_) e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e)| A‡bK mgq mn‡R †KvW
wjLvi Rb¨ †fwi‡qe‡ji bvg †QvU n‡j fv‡jv| †fwi‡qe‡ji bvg, Zvi
A‡_©i Dci wbf©ikxj| GLb Zzwg nq‡Zv †fwi‡qej wbY©q Kiv wk‡L
wM‡qQ, Gevi P‡jv †`‡L Avwm wKfv‡e Avgiv †fwi‡qej e¨envi Ki‡Z
cvwi|

†fwi‡qe‡ji e¨envi
†Zvgvi g‡b Av‡Q, Avgiv c~‡e© †`‡LwQjvg wKfv‡e Avgiv cvB_b w`‡q
eQi †k‡l Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q KZ UvKv _v‡K, †mwU †`‡LwQjvg| Avgv‡`i
BKz‡qkb GiKg wQjt

Avgiv Dc‡ii BKz‡qkb‡K Gfv‡e wb‡Pi gZ wjL‡Z cviet

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 19

GwU cov Lye KwVb g‡b n‡”Q, wKš‘ †Kgb nq, hw` Avgiv msL¨v¸wj‡K
wb‡Pi g‡Zv †fwi‡qe‡j cwiYZ Kwi?

Dc‡ii †KvW¸‡jv found_coins, magic_coins Ges

stolen_coins bv‡gi 3wU †fwi‡qej wbY©q K‡i‡Q| GLb, Avgiv
c~‡e©i BKz‡qkb GBfv‡e wjL‡Z cviet

†`L‡Z cv”Q, Dc‡ii BKz‡qkb Avgv‡`i 3514 DËi w`‡q‡Q| g‡b

K‡iv, Avgiv Gevi stolen_coin Gi gvb 2 Ki‡Z PvB, Zvn‡j
Avgv‡`i stolen_coin Gi †fwi‡qej cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e| Avgiv
stolen_coin Gi †fwi‡qej Gfv‡e cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cviet

Avgiv Avevi djvdj wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ Av‡Mi BKz‡qkb Kwc K‡i
†c÷ Ki‡Z cvie,

1. Kwc Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i cÖ_‡g wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| wm‡j± Kiv Rb¨
ev‡K¨i ïiæ †_‡K †kl,
nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 20
wb‡Pi Qwei g‡Zv gvDm wK¬K K‡i ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ WªvM K‡i †bBt

wm‡j± Kivi ci GwU Kwc Ki‡Z n‡e (CTRL +C w`‡q Avgiv Kwc
Ki‡Z cvwi)| Gevi Kwc K‡i Avgiv stolen_coin Gi c‡i †c÷
Ki‡ev (CTRL+V w`‡q Avgiv †c÷ Ki‡Z cvwi)| Gevi Enter †cÖm
Ki‡jB Avgv‡`i bZzb djvdj P‡j Avm‡e|

†`L‡j, cybtivq UvBc Kivi †P‡q Kwc †c÷ Kiv KZ mnR| Zzwg
†Zvgvi K¨véz‡jk‡bi gvb cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡RB djvd‡ji cwieZ©b
†`L‡Z cvi‡e| g‡b K‡iv, Gevi magic_coins Gi †fwi‡qej

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 21

Avgiv 10 †_‡K 13 Ki‡Z PvB Ges bZzb djvdj †`L‡Z PvB|
Zvn‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv Avgv‡`i †KvW wjL‡Z n‡e|

Avgiv hv wk‡LwQ
GB Aa¨v‡q, Avgiv wk‡LwQ wKfv‡e cvB_b e¨envi K‡i wKQz mnR
mgxKiY mgvavb Ki‡Z nq, Acv‡iUi Ges Acv‡ik‡bi µg wbqš¿Y
Ki‡Z wKfv‡e eªv‡KU () e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| cieiZx©‡Z Avgiv wk‡LwQ
wKfv‡e Avgiv †fwi‡qej wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi Ges †Kv_vq Avgiv
†fwi‡qej e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|

w÷ªs, wj÷, Uvcjm Ges wWKkbvwi

Av‡Mi Aa¨v‡q Avgiv cvB_b w`‡q wKQz †ewmK K¨véz‡jkb K‡iwQ Ges
†fwi‡qej m¤c‡K© †R‡bwQ| GB Aa¨v‡q Avgiv Av‡iv bZzb wKQz
†`L‡ev, †m¸‡jv n‡jv w÷ªs, wj÷m, Uvcjm Ges wWKkbvwi| Avgiv
w÷ªs w`‡q Avgv‡`i †cÖvMÖv‡g †g‡mR cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvie ( †hgb †MBg
Gi g‡a¨ ÒGet ReadyÓ Ges ÒGame OverÓ, †g‡mR| Avgiv
Av‡iv †`L‡ev wKfv‡e †KvbwKQz msiÿY Ki‡Z wj÷, Uvcjm I
wWKkbvwi e¨envi Kiv nq|

wֻs
†cÖvMÖvwgs Kivi mgq Avgiv mvaviYZ †U·U‡K w÷ªs ewj| w÷ªs n‡jv
Aÿ‡ii Kv‡jKkb| GB eB‡qi mg¯Í Aÿi, msL¨v Ges wPý GgbwK
†Zvgvi bvg Ges wVKvbv G‡KKwU w÷ªs n‡Z cv‡i |

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 22

w÷ªs ˆZwi Kiv
cvB_‡b, Avgiv †U·‡Ui Pvicv‡k K‡Ukb wPý(ÒÓ) ewm‡q w÷ªs ˆZwi
Kwi| KviY †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvq wewfbœ ai‡bi gv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb| g‡b K‡iv, Avgiv Av‡Mi Aa¨vq †_‡K †fwi‡qej fred †K
GKwU w÷ªs †j‡ej Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z cvie|

Zvici, fred Gi wfZ‡i wK i‡q‡Q †mwU †`L‡Z, Avgiv print

(fred) wjL‡Z cvwi:

Zzwg wm‡½j †Kv‡Ukb gvK© e¨envi K‡iI Gfv‡e w÷ªs ˆZwi Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 23

Z‡e, Zzwg hw` w÷ªs Gi gva¨‡g GKvwaK jvBb †jLvi †Póv K‡iv Ges
ïaygvÎ GKwU single quote (‘) ev GKwU double quote (æ)
e¨envi K‡i w÷ªs wjLvi †Póv K‡iv A_ev single quote(‘) w`‡q ïiæ
K‡i double quote (æ) w`‡q †kl Ki, Zvn‡j cvB_‡b error
†g‡mR cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv UvBc K‡i †`‡Lv|

Zzwg GB djvdj †`L‡Z cvi‡e,

GwU GKwU error †g‡mR †hUv syntax m¤c‡K© error w`‡”Q †h,
Avgiv single quote (æ) ev double quote (æ) w`‡q w÷ªs ïiæ
ev †kl Kivi wbqg AbymiY Kwiwb| †hgb Avgiv Dc‡i How do
dinosaurs pay their bills? †jLvi mgq ïiæ K‡iwQ double
quote (Ò) w`‡q, Z‡e †k‡l Avgiv double quote (Ò) e¨envi
Kwiwb, GRb¨ Avgv‡`i error †g‡mR P‡j Avm‡Q| wmbU¨v· gv‡b
GKwU ev‡K¨ k‡ãi web¨vm Ges µg ev GKwU cÖMÖv‡gi kã I
cÖZxK¸wji web¨vm I µg| SyntaxError Gi gv‡b nj †h, Avgiv
cvB_‡b Ggbfv‡e w÷ªs †j‡LwQ †hUv cvB_b eyS‡Z cv‡iwb| EOL
gv‡b end-of-line, GUvi gv‡b cvB_b Avgv‡`i ej‡Q †h, GwU w÷ªs
Gi †k‡li jvB‡b †Kvb double quote Ly‡u R cvqwb| GKwU w÷ªs Gi

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 24

g‡a¨ GKvwaK jvBb wjL‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i three single quote (
’’’ ) e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges jvBb¸‡jvi gvSLv‡b wb‡Pi Qwei g‡Zv
ENTER †cÖm Ki‡Z n‡e|

P‡jv Avgiv GLb fred †fwi‡qej‡K wcÖ›U Kwit

w÷ªs w`‡q mgm¨v cwiPvjbv

Gevi GKwU D`vniY †`wL †hUv cvB_‡b error cÖ`k©b Ki‡et

cÖ_g jvB‡b, Avgiv GKwU w÷ªs ˆZwi Kivi †Póv Kwi †hUv single
quote (‘) Øviv Ave×| Z‡e G‡Z kã †hgb can’t, shouldn’t,
and wouldn’t Ges double quote Gi wgkªY i‡q‡Q| wK GKUv
RMvwLPzwo!, ZvB bv? g‡b ivL‡e, cvB_b †Kv‡bv eyw×gvb gvbyl bq,
GRb¨ cvB_b w÷ªs Gi g‡a¨ He said, "Aren †`L‡Q Ges Ab¨vb¨
Aÿi I k㸔Q †`L‡Qbv| hLb cvB_b GKwU quotation mark
†`‡L (single A_ev double ), ZLb cvB_b a‡i †bq †h w÷ªs ïiæ
n‡q‡Q cÖ_g quotation †_‡K Ges †kl n‡q‡Q Abyiƒc cÖ_g
quotation Gi g‡Zv Av‡iKwU quotation G| Dc‡ii
silly_string Gi †ÿ‡Î cvB_b a‡i wb‡q‡Q w÷ªs ïiæ n‡q‡Q cÖ_g
single quotation †_‡K A_©vr He †_‡K Ges †kl n‡q‡Q cieZ©x
single quotation Gi Av‡M A_©vr Aren Gi n ch©šÍ, †k‡li
jvB‡b cvB_b Avgv‡`i ej‡Q GwU GK ai‡bi error Gi m¤§yLxb
n‡q‡Q, †mwU n‡jv syntax error| Single quotation Gi cwie‡Z©

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 25

double quotation e¨envi Ki‡jI cvB_‡b error Avm‡et

GLv‡b cvB_b double quotation Gi wfZ‡i _vKv kã‡K w÷ªs a‡i

wb‡”Q †hgb, He said,(space)| Aren’t †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cieZ©x
mewKQzi Rb¨ cvB_b error cÖ`k©b Ki‡Q| Gi KviY n‡jv, cvB_‡bi
g‡Z w÷ªs G AwZwZi³ wKQz _vKvi K_v bq| cvB_b cÖ_g
quotation †_‡K cieZ©x matching quotation ch©šÍ we‡ePbv
K‡i Ges GKB jvB‡b Gi evB‡ii k㸇jv‡K Kx Ki‡Z nq Zv Rv‡b
bv| GB mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡jv three single quotation (''') w`‡q
multiline string ˆZwi Kiv| G‡Z Avgiv †Kvb cÖKvi error Qvov
single I double quotation e¨envi Ki‡Z cvie| ZvQvov
Gfv‡e Avgiv single I double quotation Gi †h‡Kvb ai‡Yi
mswgkÖY Ki‡Z cvie| Avgv‡`i error gy³ w÷ªs †`L‡Z GiKg n‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 26

Z‡e `vovI, AviI Av‡Q| Zzwg GKB jvB‡b single Ges double
quotation e¨envi Ki‡Z PvI? Z‡e three single quotation
w`‡Z bv PvB‡j Zzwg cÖwZwU quotation Gi c~‡e© GKwU backslash
(\) w`‡Z cv‡iv| GB c×wZ‡K escaping ejv nq| GwU cvB_b‡K
e‡j †h, Avgv‡`i w÷ªs G GKvwaK quotation Av‡Q Ges ïiæi I
†k‡li quotation e¨wZZ Ab¨ quotation we‡ePbv bv Kivi Rb¨
wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i| w÷ªs escaping Ki‡j †KvW co‡Z Amyweav n‡Z
cv‡i| Z‡e GwUI w÷ªs †jLvi GKwU gva¨g, hv †R‡b ivLv fv‡jv| wKQz
escaping Gi D`vniY †`Iqv n‡jvt

cÖ_‡g Avgiv single quotation w`‡q backslash e¨envi K‡i

GKwU w÷ªs ˆZwi Kijvg| cieZ©x‡Z double quotation w`‡q,
backslash e¨envi K‡i Av‡iKwU w÷ªs ˆZwi Kijvg| Avgiv `ywU
w÷ªs‡K wcÖ›U Ki‡j †`L‡Z cvB †h backslash wcÖ›U nqwb|

w÷ªs Gi g‡a¨ f¨vjy ¯’vcb Kiv

Zzwg hw` GKwU †fwi‡qej e¨envi K‡i †Kvb message cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z
PvI, Zvn‡j GKwU we‡kl w÷ªs e¨envi K‡i Zzwg †mwU Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
GB we‡kl w÷ªs n‡jv f-string (formatted string literals)

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 27

D`vniY¯^iƒc GKwU †MB‡g †Zvgvi c‡q›U cvB_b w`‡q Mbbv Ki‡Z
PvI, GRb¨ GKwU sentence mshy³ K‡iv ÒI scored 1000
pintsÓ quote Gi Av‡M GKwU f †RvM K‡iv Ges 1000 bv¤^vi‡K
†fwi‡qej Øviv second bracket {} Gi g‡a¨ Gfv‡e cÖwZ¯’vcb
K‡ivt

GLv‡b cÖ_‡g Avgiv myscore bv‡g †fwi‡qej ˆZwi Kijvg Ges

f¨vjy 1000 cÖ`vb Kijvg| †fwi‡qfj message G Avgiv f-string
e¨envi K‡iwQ 'I scored {myscore} points'| cieZ©x jvB‡b
Avgiv djvdj †`L‡Z †g‡mR wcÖ›U K‡iwQ| djvdj n‡jv I scored
1000 points. Avgv‡`i †fwi‡qej e¨envi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB,
Avgiv wb‡Pi D`vniY e¨envi K‡iI djvdj wcÖ›U Ki‡Z cviet

Avgiv GKwU w÷ªs Gi g‡a¨ GKvwaK †fwi‡qej e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwit

GgbwK Avgiv GKwU f-string-Gi g‡a¨ G·‡cÖkb ivL‡Z cvwi,

†hgbt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 28

GB D`vni‡Y, cvB_b 2nd bracket Gi wfZ‡ii BKz‡qkb MYbv
K‡i wcÖ›U Gi g‡a¨ djvdj cÖ`k©b K‡i|

w÷ªs Gi ¸Yb
Zzwg ej‡Z cvi‡e 10 Gi mv‡_ 5 Gi ¸Ydj KZ n‡e? DËi n‡e
50| Z‡e 10 Gi mv‡_ a Gi ¸Ydj KZ n‡e ej‡Z cv‡iv? GB †h
cvB_b e‡j w`‡et

cvB_b †cÖvMÖvgviiv wewfbœ Kvi‡Y w÷ªs ¸Y Ki‡Z cv‡i, †hgb †g‡mR

cÖ`k©b Kivi mgq GKwU wbw`©ó msL¨K †¯cm mn †g‡mR‡K mvwR‡q
ivLvi Rb¨| cvB_b †k‡j wbgœwjwLZ AÿiwU wcÖ›U Kivi †Póv K‡iv|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 29

cvB_‡b GB †KvW wjLvi ci File>Save As wbe©vPb Ki| †Zvgvi
dvB‡ji bvg [Link] w`‡Z cv‡iv| Gevi Zzwg Run>Run
Module wK¬K K‡i GB †KvW ivb Ki‡Z cv‡iv| GB D`vni‡Yi cÖ_g
jvB‡b Avgiv 25 †K GKwU †¯cm Øviv ¸Y K‡i spaces bv‡g
†fwi‡qej wbY©q Kijvg| wb‡P GB D`vni‡Yi djvdj †`Iqv n‡jvt

wj÷, w÷ªs-Gi †P‡q †ewk kw³kvjx

gvKomvi cv, e¨v‡Oi cv‡qi AvOzj, ev`y‡oi Wvbv, ¯¬vM evUvi, Ges
mv‡ci LykwK Lye mvaviY evRv‡ii ZvwjKv bq (hw` bv Zzwg GKRb
DBRvW© nI)| Z‡e Avgiv G¸‡jv w÷ªs I wj÷ Gi cv_©K¨ †`Lvi Rb¨
e¨envi Ki‡ev| Avgiv wizard_list †fwi‡qe‡j w÷ªs e¨envi K‡i
Gme AvB‡Ug msiÿY Ki‡Z cvwi, †hgbt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 30

Z‡e Avgiv wj÷I ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvie, GwU GKai‡bi Rv`yKwi cvB_b
e¯Íy hv‡K Avgiv mn‡R wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cvie| wb‡P ZvwjKv¸‡jv wj÷
AvKv‡i wj‡L †`Lv‡bv n‡jvt

w÷ªs †_‡K wj÷ evbv‡bvi Rb¨ GKUz †ewk UvBwcs Gi cÖ‡qvRb| Z‡e
wj÷ w÷ªs †_‡K A‡bK DcKvix KviY G¸‡jv Avgiv wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z
cvwi| Avgiv square bracket [] Gi g‡a¨ bv¤^vi (index
positioning) cÖ‡ek K‡i GKwU wbw`©ó AvB‡Ug wcÖ›U Ki‡Z cvwit

Zzwg hw` g‡b K‡i _v‡Kv toe of frog n‡jv wØZxq AvB‡Ug Zvn‡j
bat wing †K‡bv wcÖ›U n‡jv| Gi KviY n‡jv, cvB_‡b wj÷ ïiæ nq
0 †_‡K, Zvn‡j cÖ_g AvB‡Ug 0, wØZxq AvB‡Ug n‡jv 1, Z…Zxq
AvB‡Ug n‡jv 2| GUv Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q hyw³hy³ bvI n‡Z cv‡i Z‡e
Kw¤cDUv‡ii Rb¨ GwU hyw³hy³| Avgiv wj‡÷i g‡a¨ _vKv AvB‡Ug
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvwi| †hgb Avgiv bat wing Gi ¯’v‡b snail
tongue Gfv‡e cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cviet

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 31

GUv AvB‡Ug‡K index position 2 †Z †mU K‡i| wj‡÷i 2 †_‡K 5
ch©šÍ AvB‡Ug †`Lvi Rb¨ Avgiv wb‡Pi †KvWwU e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|

GLv‡b [2:5] wjLvi A_© n‡jv Avgviv cvB_b‡K wj‡÷i 2 †_‡K 5 bs

AvB‡Ug¸‡jv cÖ`k©b Kivi wb‡`©k w`w”Q| wj÷, wKQz bv¤^vi msiÿY
Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡it

wj÷, w÷ªs-I msiÿb Ki‡Z cv‡it

wj‡÷ bv¤^vi I w÷ªs Gi wgkÖY _vK‡Z cv‡it

wj‡÷ Ab¨vb¨ wj÷ _vK‡Z cv‡it

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 32

Dc‡ii D`vniYUv 3wU †fwi‡qej ˆZwi K‡i, numbers Gi g‡a¨
4wU bv¤^vi, w÷ªs Gi g‡a¨ 8wU w÷ªs Ges mylist Gi g‡a¨ number
I String. Z…Zxq wj÷ mylist G ïay 2wU Gwj‡g›U Av‡Q KviY GwU
n‡jv †fwi‡qe‡ji bv‡gi wj÷, Z‡e †fwi‡qe‡ji Dcv`vb bq|
mylist Gi `ywU Dcv`vb Avgiv Avjv`vfv‡e wcÖ›U Ki‡Z cviet

GLv‡b Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, mylist[0] Gi g‡a¨ msL¨vi wj÷

i‡q‡Q Ges mylist[1] n‡jv w÷ªs Gi wj÷|

wj‡÷ AvB‡Ug hy³ Kiv

wj÷ Gi †k‡l †Kvb AvB‡Ug †hvM Ki‡Z n‡j Avgiv append
function e¨envi Ki‡ev| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Avgiv hw` wizard’s
shopping list G bear burp †hvM Ki‡Z PvB, Zvn‡j cvB_‡b
Avgiv wb‡Pi g‡Zv †KvW wjL‡evt

Avgiv Gfv‡e wizard’s list G AviI AvB‡Ug †hvM Ki‡Z cviet

GLb wizard’s list Uv GiKg n‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 33

Gevi Avg‡`i wizard wKQz Rv`y Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍyZ |

wj÷ †_‡K wKQz AcmviY Kiv

wj÷ †_‡K wKQz AvB‡Ug AcmviY Ki‡Z Avgiv del KgvÛ (delete
Gi shortform) e¨envi Ki‡ev| †hgb Avgiv hw` wizard’s list
†_‡K cÂg AvB‡Ug snake dandruff wi‡gvf Ki‡Z PvB, Avgiv
Gfv‡e †KvW wjLet

g‡b ivL‡e, wj÷ ïiæ nq 0 †_‡K, Zvn‡j wizard_list[4] Gi gv‡b

n‡jv Avgiv cÂg AvB‡Ug‡K D‡jøL KiwQ|

Avgiv c~‡e© †hme AvB‡Ug A¨vW K‡iwQ (mandrake, hemlock,

and swamp gas) †m¸‡jv Gfv‡e wi‡gvf Kivi †Póv K‡ivt

wj÷ Avwi_‡gwUK
†hfv‡e Avgiv (+) wPý w`‡q bv¤^vi A¨vW Kwi, wVK †mBfv‡e Avgiv
wj÷¸‡jv GKwÎZ Ki‡Z cvwi| g‡b K‡iv, Avgv‡`i `ywU wj÷ Av‡Q|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 34

list1 Gi g‡a¨ 1 †_‡K 4 ch©šÍ bv¤^vi Av‡Q Ges list2 Gi g‡a¨ wKQz
kã i‡q‡Q| Avgiv (+) wPý w`‡q `ywU wj÷ A¨vW Ki‡Z cvwit

Avgiv `ywU wj÷ A¨vW K‡i djvdj Ab¨ Av‡iKwU †fwi‡qej wn‡m‡e
ivL‡Z cvwit

Avgiv bv¤^vi w`‡q wj÷ †K ¸Y Ki‡Z cvwi| †hgb list1 †K 5 w`‡q

¸Y Ki‡Z Avgiv wjL‡ev list1*5

GB †KvW cvB_b‡K, list1 †K 5 evi cybive„wË Kivi Rb¨ wb‡`©k w`‡e,

G‡Z djvdj n‡e 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1,2, 1, 2| Aciw`‡K fvM Ges
we‡qvM GB D`vni‡Y error †`Lv‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 35

Z‡e †Kb? (+) w`‡q wj÷ hy³ Kiv Ges (*) w`‡q ¸Y Kiv LyeB
¯^vfvweK Acv‡ikb| GB Kb‡mÞ¸‡jv Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bI
hyw³hy³ g‡b nq †hgb, †Zvgv‡K `ywU evRv‡ii ZvwjKv w`‡q hw` ejv
nq `ywU wj÷ †K GKwU KvM‡R A¨vW K‡iv, Zvn‡j Zzwg `ywU wj÷ Gi
AvB‡Ug‡K GKwU KvM‡R wjL‡e, ZvB bv? Avevi hw` †Zvgv‡K ejv nq
GB wj÷ †K wZbevi GKwU KvM‡R wjL Zvn‡j Zzwg AvB‡Ug¸‡jv
GKwU KvM‡R wZbevi wjL‡e| Z‡e Zzwg wKfv‡e wj÷‡K fvM Ki‡e?
hw` †Zvgv‡K ejv nq, 6 Uv bv¤^vi‡K 2 Øviv fvM K‡iv Zvn‡j Zzwg
wewfbœfv‡e fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡et

Zzwg Kx gvSvgvwS fvM Ki‡e bvwK cÖ_gUv wb‡q evwK¸‡jv Avjv`v

Ki‡e, bvwK †h‡Kvb ¯’vb †_‡K fvM Ki‡e? GLv‡b †Kvb wbw`©ó
djvdj †bB, Ges Avgiv hLb cvB_b‡K GKwU wj÷ fvM Kivi Rb¨
ewj, wK Ki‡Z n‡e, cvB_b †mwU eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ Avgv‡`i
error †`Lvq|

G Kvi‡Y Avgiv wj÷ e¨wZZ Ab¨wKQz wj‡÷ A¨vW Ki‡Z cvwi bv|
hLb Avgiv wj‡÷ bv¤^vi A¨vW Ki‡Z hvB, ZLb Avgv‡`i GB error
†g‡mR Avm‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 36

GLv‡b Avgiv error †Kb †`Ljvg? Av”Qv, wj‡÷ 50 A¨vW Kiv gv‡b
Avgiv Avm‡j wK D‡jøL K‡iwQ? Gi A_© wK cÖwZwU AvB‡U‡g 50 †hvM
Ki‡ev? Z‡e hw` AvB‡Ug¸‡jv bv¤^vi bv nq? Gi gv‡b wK Avgiv
wj‡÷i ïiæ‡Z ev †k‡l 50 †hvM Ki‡ev? Kw¤cDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡g
KgvÛ¸‡jv †hfv‡e ejv n‡q _v‡K wVK GKBfv‡e KvR Kiv DwPZ|
Kw¤cDUvi ïay mv`v I Kv‡jv †`‡L, G‡K †Kvb RwUj wKQz Ki‡Z ejv
n‡j error cÖ`k©b Ki‡e |

Uvcjm
Uvcjm n‡jv GKai‡bi wj÷ hv eªv‡KU e¨envi K‡i| †hgbt

GLv‡b Avgiv †fwi‡qej fibs 0,1,1,2,3 bv¤^vi wn‡m‡e ˆZwi K‡iwQ|

Avgiv index position 3 GB AvB‡Ug wU print (fibs[3]) wj‡L
wcÖ›U Ki‡Z cvie| wj÷ I Uvcjm Gi g~j cv_©K¨ n‡jv Uvcjm
GKevi ˆZwi Kivi ci Avevi cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| †hgb Avgiv
Uvcjm fibs Gi cÖ_g AvB‡Ug 4 Øviv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z PvB‡j cvB_b
Avgv‡`i error †`Lv‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 37

Zvn‡j Avgiv wj÷ Gi cwie‡Z© †Kb Uvcjm e¨envi Ki‡ev? A‡bK
mgq Avgv‡`i wKQz †fwi‡qej e¨envi Ki‡Z nq hv Avgiv cwieZ©b
Ki‡Z PvB bv| Zzwg `ywU Gwj‡g›U w`‡q Uvcm ˆZwi Ki‡j GwUi
Gwj‡g›U me mgq 2 _vK‡e|

cvB_b wWKkbvwi
cvB_‡b dict (dictionary Gi shortform) n‡jv wj÷ Avi Uvcj
Gi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv wKQzi mgwó|

wWKkbvwi, wj÷ I Uvcjm Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡jv dict Gi cÖwZwU

AvB‡U‡g GKwU key I Abyiƒc value _vK‡e| D`vniY¯^iƒc,
Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q wKQz †jvK Ges Zv‡`i wcÖq †Ljv¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv
i‡q‡Q| Avgiv Gfv‡e Zvu‡`i bvg I Zvu‡`i wcÖq †Ljv cvB_‡b wj÷
AvKv‡i ivL‡Z cvwit

Avwg hw` †Zvgv‡K wRÁvmv Kwi Rebecca Clarke Gi wcÖq †Ljv

†KvbwU? Zzwg GB wj÷ †`‡L ej‡Z cvi‡e Netball| Z‡e GLv‡b hw`
100 R‡bi bvg _v‡K?

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 38

Avgiv hw` GB GKB Z_¨ GKwU wWKkbvwi‡Z msiÿY Ki‡Z PvB,
†hLv‡b bvg _vK‡e key I wcÖq †Ljv _vK‡e value wn‡m‡e, Gi Rb¨
cvB_b †KvWwU GiKg n‡et

cÖwZUv key †K Avjv`v Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv colon e¨envi K‡i _vwK,
wcÖwZwU key Ges value, single quote Øviv Ave×| jÿ Ki‡j
†`L‡Z cvi‡e wWKkbvwi‡Z AvB‡Ug¸wj {} wØZxq eªv‡KU Øviv Ave×|
djvdj, wb‡Pi g‡Zv GKwU wWKkbvwi n‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 39

Gevi, Rebecca Clarke Gi wcÖq †Ljv Rvb‡Z n‡j Avgiv Avgv‡`i
favoruite_sports wWKkbvwi‡Z LyR
u vi †Póv Kiet

djvdj n‡jv Netball| wWKkbvwi †_‡K wKQz wWwjU Ki‡Z n‡j,

GwUi key e¨envi Ki| †hgb P‡jv Avgiv Ethel Smyth †K wi‡gvf
Kwit

wWKkbvwii †Kvb value cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j Avgiv Gi key e¨envi

K‡i _vwK| †hgb Avgiv Ralph Williams Gi wcÖq †Ljv Football
†_‡K Ice Hokey †Z cwieZ©b Ki‡Z PvB, Avgiv Gfv‡e GwU Ki‡Z
cviet

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 40

Dc‡ii †KvW w`‡q Avgiv Ralph Williams Gi wcÖq †Ljv football
†_‡K Ice Hokey-†Z cwieZ©b Kijvg| Zzwg jÿ Ki‡j †`L‡Z
cvi‡e, wWKkbvwi Gi mv‡_ KvR Kiv, wj÷ Avi Uvcjm Gi mv‡_
KvR Kivi g‡Zv| Z‡e Zzwg (+) w`‡q wWKkbvwi †hvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e
bv, Kivi †Póv Ki‡j cvB_‡b error †`Lv‡et

wWKkbvwi †hvM Kiv cvB_‡bi Rb¨ hyw³hy³ bq, GRb¨ error Av‡m|

Avgiv hv wk‡LwQ
GB Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †`‡LwQ wKfv‡e cvB_b w÷ªs e¨envi K‡i Aÿi
msiÿY K‡i, wKfv‡e cvB_‡b wewfbœ AvB‡Ug cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wj÷
Avi Uvcjm e¨envi Kiv nq| Avgiv †`‡LwQ

wKfv‡e cvB_‡b wj‡÷i AvB‡Ug Avgiv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvwi, Ges

GKwU wj÷ Gi mv‡_ Av‡iKUv wj÷ mshy³ Ki‡Z cvwi Z‡e Uvcjm
Gi value AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K hvq|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 41

wKfv‡e Avgiv wWKkbvwi e¨envi K‡i value †K key Gi mv‡_
msiÿY Ki‡Z cvwi, hv‡Z Avgiv mn‡R value LyR
u ‡Z cvwi|

†cÖvMÖvwgs mgm¨v
wKQz †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi mgm¨v wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv, Zzwg wb‡R wb‡R G¸‡jv
mgvavb Kivi †Póv K‡iv|

#1 †dfvwiUm
†Zvgvi wcÖq K‡qKwU †Ljvi GKwU wj÷ ˆZwi K‡iv Ges Gi bvg `vI
games| Gevi †Zvgvi wcÖq Lvev‡ii GKwU wj÷ ˆZwi K‡iv Ges Gi
bvg `vI foods. Gevi `ywU wj÷‡K GKÎ K‡iv Ges bvg `vI
favorites me©‡k‡l favorites †fwi‡qej print K‡iv|

#2 †hv×v MYbv
g‡b K‡iv, wZbwU fe‡bi cÖwZwUi Qv‡` 25 Rb wbbRv Av‡Q Ges `ywU
¸nvi cÖwZwU ¸nvq 40 Rb mvgyivB i‡q‡Q| Zvn‡j †gvU KZRb wbbRv
I mvgyivB †hv×v i‡q‡Q, hviv G‡K Ac‡ii wec‡ÿ hy× Ki‡e?

#3 ï‡f”Qv evZ©v
`ywU †fwi‡qej ˆZwi K‡iv, GKwU hv †Zvgvi cÖ_g bvg wb‡`©k K‡i Ges
Ab¨wU †Zvgvi bv‡gi †k‡li Ask wb‡`©k K‡i| Gevi GKwU w÷ªs ˆZwi
K‡iv Ges placeolder e¨envi K‡i †Zvgvi bv‡gi mv‡_ `ywU
†fwi‡qej e¨envi K‡i GKwU †g‡mR wcÖ›U K‡iv| †hgb ÒHi there,
Brando Ickett!Ó

#4 gvwëjvBb †jUvi

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 42

c~‡e© Avgiv †h †jUvi ˆZwi K‡iwQjvg †mwUi g‡Zv Av‡iKwU †U·U
single print call (Ges GKwU multiline string) e¨envi K‡i
wcÖ›U Kivi †Póv K‡iv|

Turtle w`‡q Wªwqs

cvB_‡bi Uvi‡Uj Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe RM‡Zi Uvi‡Uj-Gi g‡Zv bq|
Avgiv Rvwb, Uvi‡Uj GKwU mixm„c hv Lye ax‡i ax‡i P‡j Ges kix‡ii
Dc‡i Zvi Ni enb K‡i| cvB_‡b Uvi‡Uj n‡jv GKwU ÿz`ª, Kv‡jv
Zxi, hv w¯Œ‡bi Av‡kcv‡k ax‡i ax‡i P‡j| Avm‡j cvB_‡bi Uvi‡Uj
Pjv‡div Kivi mgq kvgy‡Ki g‡Zv †cQ‡b Qvc †i‡L P‡j hvq| Avgiv
GB Aa¨v‡q cvB_‡b Uvi‡Uj e¨envi K‡i mvaviY AvKvi I AvK…wZ
AsKb Kivi gva¨‡g †ewmK Kw¤cDUvi MÖvwd· m¤c‡K© Rvb‡ev|

cvB_‡b Uvi‡Uj gwWDj Gi e¨envi

cvB_‡b module n‡jv GKwU gva¨g ‡hLv‡b GKRb cÖMÖvgv‡ii †KvW
msiÿb K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i hv‡Z, Ab¨ †cÖvMÖvgviiv mn‡R Gme †KvW
Zuv‡`i K‡R e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Uvi‡Uj n‡jv GKcÖKvi we‡kl
module| hv e¨envi K‡i Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvie Kw¤cDUvi wKfv‡e
Qwe AsKb K‡i| Uvi‡Uj module n‡jv vector, grapics †cÖvMÖvwgs
Gi GKwU gva¨g, mvaviYZ GwU Qwe AvKvi g‡Zv jvBb, WU Ges Kvf©
AsKb K‡i |

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 43

Z‡e P‡jv, †`‡L Avwm wKfv‡e Uvi‡Uj KvR K‡i| cÖ_‡g Python
Shell ïiæ K‡iv, Gevi cvB_b‡K turtle module B‡¤úvU© Kivi
gva¨‡g Uvi‡Uj e¨envi Kivi wb‡`©k `vI|

Module B‡¤úvU© Kivi gv‡b n‡jv Avgiv GB module e¨envi

Kie|
K¨vbfvm ˆZwi Kiv
Avgiv †h‡nZz cvB_‡b turtle module B‡¤úvU© K‡iwQ, GLb
Avgv‡`i GKwU K¨vbfvm ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e, K¨vbfvm n‡jvÑGKwU
Lvwj ¯’vb, †hLv‡b Avgiv Qwe AsKb K‡i _vwK| GUv Ki‡Z n‡j
Avgv‡`i turtle module †_‡K Turtle dvskb wb‡Z n‡e| GB
dvskb ¯^qswµqfv‡e GKwU K¨vbfvm ˆZwi K‡i| wb‡Pi g‡Zv †KvW
wj‡L Avgiv cvB_‡b Turtle dvskb wb‡Z cviet

Zzwg GKUv Zxi mn GKwU dvuKv e· †`L‡Z cvi‡e| w¯Œ‡bi gvSLv‡b

Zxi n‡jv Uvi‡Uj|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 44

Uvi‡Uj Gi gyf‡g›U
Zzwg t †fwi‡qe‡ji dvskb e¨envi K‡i Uvi‡Uj‡K BÝUªvKkb w`‡Z
cvi‡e| †hgb forward BÝUªvKkb Uvi‡Uj‡K mvg‡b hvIqvi Rb¨
e‡j| Uvi‡Uj‡K 50 wc‡·j mvg‡b †bIqvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi KgvÛ wjLt

Zzwg wb‡Pi Qwei g‡Zv wKQz GKUv †Zvgvi w¯Œ‡b †`L‡Z cvi‡et

Uvi‡Uj 50 wc‡·j mvg‡b AMÖmi n‡q‡Q| wc‡·j n‡jv w¯Œ‡bi GKwU

ÿz`ª c‡q›U, Kw¤cDUv‡i Zzwg hv †`LQ meB wc‡·j w`‡q ˆZwi hv ÿz`ª
eM©vKvi WU| Zzwg †Zvgvi K¨vbfv‡m Ryg Ki‡j †`L‡Z cvi‡e Uvi‡Uj

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 45

Gi Zxi K‡qK¸”Q wc‡·j w`‡q ˆZwi| GwUB n‡jv Kw¤cDUvi MÖvwd·
Gi g~j wfwË|

GLb Avgiv Uvi‡Uj‡K wb‡Pi Kgv‡Ûi gva¨‡g 90 wWwMÖ evg w`‡K

Nyi‡Z ej‡evt

Zzwg hw` GLbI wWwMÖ m¤c‡K© bv wk‡L _v‡Kv Z‡e g‡b Ki †h, Zzwg
GKwU e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª `vuwo‡q Av‡Qv| Zzwg †h w`‡Ki w`‡K gyL K‡i
ZvwK‡q Av‡Qv, Zv nj 0 wWwMÖ | Zzwg †Zvgvi evg nvZ DVv‡j †mwU
n‡e ev‡g 90 wWwMÖ | wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e 90 wWwMÖ Gi
N~Y©b †`L‡Z cvi‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 46

cvB_‡b [Link](90) KgvÛwU Zxi‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K wb‡q hvq| wb‡Pi
Qwe‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡jvt

Gevi Avgiv GKwU PZzf©zR AvuKvi †Póv Ki‡ev| wb‡Pi †Kv‡Wi g‡Zv
cvB_‡b †KvW wjLvi †Póv K‡ivt

Uvi‡Uj GLb GKwU PZzf©zR AvuK‡e Ges c~‡e©i g‡Zv GKB w`‡K
ZvwK‡q _vK‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 47

K¨vbfvm‡K gy‡Q †`Iqvi Rb¨ [Link]() wjL| GUv K¨vbfvm‡K
m¤c~Y© gy‡Q w`‡e Ges Uvi‡Uj‡K ïiæi Ae¯’v‡b wdwi‡q wb‡q hv‡e|

Zzwg PvB‡j [Link]() e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡iv, GB †KvW w¯Œb wK¬qvi K‡i
Uvi‡Uj‡K c~‡e©i ¯’v‡b wb‡q Avm‡et

Avgiv PvB‡j, Uvi‡Uj‡K Wvbw`‡K Ges †cQ‡b wb‡Z cvie| Avgiv

up e¨envi K‡i Uvi‡Uj‡K Qwe AvuKv eÜ Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡Z cvwi Ges
down e¨envi K‡i Avevi Uvi‡Uj‡K Qwe AvuKv ïiæ Kivi wb‡`©k
w`‡Z cvwi| GB dvskb¸‡jv Av‡Mi e¨eüZ dvsk‡bi g‡Zv wjL‡Z
cvwi| Av‡mv GB KgvÛ¸wj e¨envi K‡i Av‡iv wKQz Qwe AvuKvi †Póv
Kwit

cÖ_‡g Avgiv [Link]() w`‡q Uvi‡Uj‡K c~‡e©i ¯’v‡b wb‡q †Mjvg|

Gevi Avgiv Uvi‡Uj‡K [Link](100) †KvW Gi gva¨‡g 100
wc‡·j †cQ‡b wb‡q wbjvg, [Link]() e¨envi K‡i Uvi‡Uj‡K Qwe AvuKv
eÜ Kivi wb‡`©k w`jvg| Gevi [Link](90) KgvÛ w`‡q Uvi‡Uj‡K
Wv‡b 90 wWwMÖ Nywi‡q wb‡Pi w`‡K Bw½Z Kijvg Ges [Link](20)

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 48

KgvÛ e¨envi K‡i Avgiv Uvi‡Uj‡K 20 wc‡·j mvg‡b wb‡q wbjvg|
wKQz AvuKv nq wb KviY Avgiv Z…Zxq jvB‡b up KgvÛ e¨envi KiwQ|
Gevi Avgiv down KgvÛ e¨envi K‡i Uvi‡Uj‡K Avevi Qwe AvuKvi
wb‡`©k w`‡ev Ges [Link](90) KgvÛ e¨envi K‡i 90 wWwMÖ ev‡g Nywi‡q
wbjvg| me©‡kl Avgiv [Link](100) KgvÛ e¨envi K‡i cÖ_g
jvB‡bi mgvšÍivj GKwU †iLv AvuKjvgt

Avgiv hv wk‡LwQ
GB Aa¨v‡q Avgiv wk‡LwQ, wKfv‡e cvB_‡b Uvi‡Uj gwWDj e¨envi
Ki‡Z nq| Avgiv †`‡LwQ up, down, left Ges right Gme KgvÛ
e¨envi K‡i wKfv‡e mn‡R wKQz jvBb AvuK‡Z cvwi| Avgiv †`‡LwQ
wKfv‡e TURTLE Gi Qwe AvuKv _vgv‡bv Ges cybivq ïiæ Kiv hvq
Ges wKfv‡e wWwMÖ e¨envi K‡i Uvi‡Uj‡K Nyiv‡Z cvwi|

†cÖvMÖvwgs mgm¨v
Uvi‡Uj w`‡q wb‡P D‡jøwLZ wKQz Qwe AvuKvi †Póv K‡iv|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 49

#1 AvqZ‡ÿÎ
Uvi‡Uj w`‡q GKwU bZzb K¨vbfvm ˆZwi K‡iv Ges GKwU AvqZ‡ÿÎ
AvuKvi †Póv K‡iv|
#2 wÎfzR
Av‡iKwU K¨vbfvm ˆZwi K‡i GKwU wÎfzR AvuKvi †Póv K‡iv|
#3 †KvY Qvov GKwU e·
wb‡Pi Qwei g‡Zv GKwU †KvY Qvov PZyf©yR AvuKvi †Póv K‡ivt

#4 †Kvb Qvov GKwU †njv‡bv e·

wb‡Pi Qwei g‡Zv GKwU †KvY Qvov †njv‡bv e· AvuKvi †Póv K‡ivt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 50

cvB_b jyc (Loop)
GKB KvR evi evi Kivi †P‡q weiw³Ki Avi wKQz †bB, ZvB bv? Gi
KviY n‡jv Aweivg cybive„wË A‡bK boring| †cÖvMÖvgviivI GKB
wRwbm evi evi Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡ib bv| Thankfully cÖvq mKj
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvq for loop i‡q‡Q, hv w`‡q statements Ges block
GB¸‡jv repeat Kiv hvq| GB Aa¨v‡q Avgiv for jyc Ges while
jyc wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

For jyc Gi e¨envi

cvB_‡b hello 5 evi wcÖ›U Ki‡Z n‡j, Avgv‡`i GBfv‡e †KvW
wjL‡Z n‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 51

Z‡e Gfv‡e †jLv LyeB K¬vwšÍKi, Zzwg GLv‡b for jyc e¨envi Ki‡j
†Zvgv‡K evi evi UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e bvt

Range dvskb w`‡q Avgiv cÖ_g bv¤^vi †_‡K †k‡li bv¤^vi ch©šÍ
GKwU bv¤^v‡ii wj÷ MVb Ki‡Z cvwi| GUv GKUz confusing g‡b
n‡Z cv‡i, Zvn‡j P‡jv, Avgiv range dvskb‡K list dvskb Gi mv‡_
mshy³ Kwi Ges †`‡L Avwm GUv wKfv‡e KvR K‡i| Range dvskb
Avm‡j bv¤^v‡ii wj÷ ˆZwi K‡i bv, GwU interator cÖ`vb K‡i, hv
GKwU cvB_b object, loop Gi KvR Kivi Rb¨ MwVZ| Zvn‡j
Avgiv †`‡L Avwm range †K list Gi mv‡_ GKÎ Ki‡j wK nqt

Avgiv Avgv‡`i wcÖ›U †÷U‡g›U Gi g‡a¨ hello Gi msL¨v MYbvi Rb¨

x †fwi‡qej e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwit

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 52

Avgiv †hvw` for jyc e¨envi bv KiZvg, Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i †KvWwU
†`L‡Z GiKg n‡Zvt

for jyc e¨env‡ii d‡j Avgv‡`i AwZwi³ 8 wU jvBb wjL‡Z n‡jv

bv| ZvB jyc †cÖvMÖvgvi‡`i g‡a¨ Lye RbwcÖq GKwU dvskb| jyc ˆZwi
Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i range dvskb e¨envi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| Zzwg
c~‡e© ˆZwi K‡i‡Qv Ggb GKwU list Gfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ivt

GB †KvW cvB_b‡K wizard_list Gi cÖwZwU AvB‡Ug‡K i †fwi‡qe‡j

msiÿY Kivi Rb¨ e‡j‡Q Ges IB †fwi‡qe‡ji contenet wcÖ›U
Kivi Rb¨ ej‡Q| Gevi Avgv‡`i for jyc †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z n‡j
Avgv‡`i GiKg wKQz Kiv cÖ‡qvRbt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 53

Avev‡iv for Avgv‡`i‡K A‡bK UvBc †_‡K myiÿv w`‡q‡Q| P‡jv
Avgiv Av‡iv wKQz jyc dg©zjv ˆZwi Kwit

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 54

cÖ_g jvB‡b Avgiv huge, hairy, and pants m¤^wjZ GKwU list
ˆZwi K‡iwQ,c‡ii jvB‡b Avgiv wj‡÷i AvB‡Ug¸‡jv‡K i †fwi‡qej
w`‡q loop Gi g‡a¨ w`‡qwQ| c‡ii `yB jvB‡b Avgiv †fwi‡qej‡K
`yB evi wcÖ›U Kijvg| Gevi Enter †`Iqvi ci cvB_b i †fwi‡qej
Gi Gwj‡g›U¸‡jv‡K `yBevi wcÖ›U K‡i‡Q|

g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, fzj msL¨K †¯cm cÖ`vb Ki‡j error †g‡mR
Avm‡e| †hgb PZz_© jvB‡bi †Kv‡Wi ïiæ‡Z AwZwi³ †¯cm cÖ`vb
Ki‡j cvB_‡b Gfv‡e error Avm‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 55

GLv‡b `ywU eø‡Ki †KvW mn GKwU di jy‡ci RwUj D`vniY i‡q‡Q:

GB †Kv‡Wi eøK¸‡jv †Kv_vq? cÖ_g eøKwU, cÖ_g for loop Gi Rb¨t

cieZ©x eøKwU n‡jv wØZxq for loop Gi single wcÖ›U jvBbt

ej‡Z cv‡iv GB †KvW wK Ki‡Z P‡j‡Q? Hugehairypants bvgK

wj÷ ˆZwi Kivi ci Avgiv c‡ii `ywU jvBb †_‡K ej‡Z cvwi †h
cvB_b wj÷ Gi AvB‡Ug‡K jyc Ki‡Z hv‡”Q Ges cÖwZwU AvB‡Ug‡K
wcÖ›U Ki‡Z hv‡”Q| Z‡e, j in hugehairypants Gi Rb¨, GwU
wj÷‡K Avevi jyc Ki‡e, Z‡e Gevi †fwi‡qej Gi f¨vjy j ai‡e Ges
Avevi wcÖ›U Ki‡e| †Kv‡Wi GB †kl `ywU jvBb GLbI jy‡ci cÖ_g
Ask| cvB_‡b GB †KvWwU wjL Ges wb‡RB †`‡L bvIt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 56

cvB_b cÖ_g jy‡c cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges wj÷ †_‡K GKwU AvB‡Ug wcÖ›U
K‡i| Gici, GwU wØZxq jy‡c cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges wj‡÷i mg¯Í AvB‡Ug
wcÖ›U K‡i| Gi c‡i, GwU ZvwjKvi wØZxq AvB‡UgwU print(i) mn
wcÖ›U K‡i Ges Zvici Avevi wfZ‡ii jy‡c print(j) KgvÛ w`‡q
m¤c~Y© wj÷ wcÖ›U K‡i| me©‡k‡l GwU AveviI print(i) w`‡q wj‡÷i
Z…Zxq AvB‡Ug wcÖ›U K‡i, Gi ci AviI GKevi m¤c~Y© wj÷‡K Avevi
inner jyc w`‡q wcÖ›U K‡i| AvDUcy‡U, → wPwýZ jvBb¸wj print(i)
Øviv print n‡q‡Q, Ges AwPwýZ jvBb print(j) †÷U‡g›U Øviv
print n‡q‡Q| P‡jv practical wKQz wcÖ›U Kivi †Póv Kiv hvK| g‡b
Av‡Q, Avgiv wØZxq Aa¨v‡q wk‡LwQjvg, eQi †k‡l Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q KZ
UvKv _vK‡e, GUv †`L‡Z GiKg wQjt

P‡jv †`‡L Avwm cÖwZ mßv‡n Avgv‡`‡i UvKv wKfv‡e e„w× cv‡e|
Avgv‡`i GB MYbv for loop w`‡q Ki‡Z n‡e, Z‡e cÖ_‡g

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 57

Avgv‡`i‡K magic_coin †fwi‡qe‡ji f¨vjy cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e
hv‡Z GwU cÖwZ mßv‡ni UvKvi wnmve wb‡`©k K‡i| Avgiv cÖwZw`b 10
UvKv cvB Ges GK mßv‡n 7 w`b _v‡K Zvn‡j magic_coin 70
nIqvi K_v|

Avgiv coin bvgK †fwi‡qej Gi gva¨‡g for loop w`‡q †`L‡Z

cvie wKfv‡e Avgv‡`i UvKv cÖwZ mßv‡n e„w× cv‡”Qt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 58

†fwi‡qej coin Gi g‡a¨ found_coin Gi f¨vjy i‡q‡Q, GwU
Avgv‡`i ïiæ Kivi bv¤^vi| c‡ii jvBbwU for loop Gi Rb¨, GwU
eø‡K KgvÛ ivb K‡i| GwU hZevi loop nq week †fwi‡qe‡j 1
†_‡K 52 Gi g‡a¨ bZzb bv¤^v‡i load nq| coins = coins +
magic_coins stolen_coins GB jvBbwU GKUz RwUj| Avgiv cÖwZ
mßv‡n hZ UvKv †c‡qwQ Zv †hvM Ki‡ev Ges h‡Zv UvKv Pzwi n‡q‡Q
†hvMdj †_‡K we‡qvM Ki‡ev| mgvb wPý (= ) †Kv‡Wi GKwU e‡ov

Ask hv Wvbw`‡Ki Kvh©µg Av‡M Kivi wb‡`©k †`q, Ges evgw`‡Ki

bvgwU e¨envi K‡i cieZx©i Rb¨ †mf Kivi wb‡`©k †`‡q| wcÖ›U
†÷U‡g›U mßv‡ni bv‡gi mv‡_ †gvU UvKvi cwigvY wcÖ›U Kivi wb‡`©k
cÖ`vb K‡it

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 59

While jyc
cvB_‡b for loop GKgvÎ jyc bq| GLv‡b while jycI i‡q‡Q|
GKwU for loop Gi wbw`©ó ˆ`N¨© i‡q‡Q, while loop Gi †Kvb wbw`©ó
ˆ`N¨© †bB| Zzwg hw` bv Rv‡bv, KLb †Zvgvi jyc _vg‡e, ZLb GB
while jyc e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡iv| g‡b Ki, GKwU wmuwo‡Z 20wU avc
Av‡Q Ges wmuwowU †Zvgvi evmvq| Zvn‡j Zzwg wmuwo‡Z mn‡RB DV‡Z
cvi‡e| wmwoi 20wU av‡ci for loop Gi †KvWwU GiKg n‡et

Gevi g‡b Ki, GwU †Kvb GKwU cvnv‡o DVvi wmuwo Ges cvnvowU
A‡bK DuPz| Zzwg mn‡R DV‡Z cvi‡e bv A_ev Lvivc AenvIqv
†Zvgv‡K DV‡Z w`‡e bv| while loop wVK G iKg n‡et

Zzwg GB †KvW Pvjv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡j error cÖ`k©b Ki‡e, KviY Avgiv
tired Ges badweather †fwi‡qej wbY©q Kwiwb| GwU ïay GKUv
mvaviY while loop cÖ`k©b K‡i|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 60

Avgiv step = 0 w`‡q step †fwi‡qej wbY©q Kwi| Gi ci Avgiv
GKwU while loop wbY©q Kwi Ges step Gi f¨vjy 10,000 Kg bv
†ewk Zv hvPvB Kwi| hZÿY ch©šÍ step 10,000 Gi wb‡P n‡e,
cvB_b Zvi evwK †KvW Pvjv‡Z _vK‡e| print(step) Gi gva¨‡g
Avgiv step Gi f¨vjy if tired == True KwÛkb †PK Kwi †h,
tired †fwi‡qej true bvwK false. True n‡j Avgiv break e¨envi
K‡i jyc eÜ Ki‡Z cvwi| Break keyword w`‡q Avgiv mivmwi jyc
eÜ Ki‡Z cvwi Ges GwU Avgiv for Ges while `ywUi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi
Ki‡Z cvwi| GB D`vni‡Y break cvB_‡bi jyc MYbv eÜ K‡i
w`‡q‡Q Ges step = step + 1 line Gi c‡ii †hK‡bv Kgv‡Û
hvIqvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q| elif badweather == True GB jvBbwU
badweather is true †mU Kiv Av‡Q wKbv Zv cixÿv K‡i, GwU
n‡j jyc eÜ n‡q hv‡e Ges tired Ges badweather Gi KbwUB
true bv n‡j jyc Pj‡Z _vK‡e Ges step = step + 1 Gi mv‡_ 1
†hvM Ki‡e|

while loop Gi avc¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc

1. KwÛkb †PK Kiv|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 61

2. eø‡K‡KvW Pvjv‡bv|
3. cybivq Avevi Kiv|

AviI mvaviYfv‡e, wKQz k‡Z©i mv‡_ GKwU while jyc ˆZwi Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i, Gfv‡et

GLv‡b Avgiv x Gi f¨vjy 45 a‡i Ges y Gi f¨vjy 80 a‡i `ywU

†fwi‡qej wbY©q K‡iwQ| jy‡ci `ywU kZ© n‡jv, x, 50 Gi Kg _vK‡e
Ges y, 100 Gi Kg _vK‡e| Dfq kZ© mZ¨ n‡jI, †h jvBb AbymiY
K‡i Dfq †fwi‡qe‡j 1 †hvM K‡i Ges Zvici †m¸wj wcÖ›U Kiv nq|
AvDUcyU †`L‡Z GiKg n‡et

Zzwg eyS‡Z †c‡iQ wKfv‡e GwU KvR K‡i‡Q? Avgiv MYbv ïiæ K‡iwQ
45 Ges 80 w`‡q Ges cÖwZ jy‡c Avgiv Df‡qi mv‡_ 1 †hvM K‡iwQ|
jyc ZZÿY Pj‡e hZÿY x 50 Gi Kg Ges 100 Gi Kg| cvuPevi
jyc Kivi ci, x-G gvb 50 G †cŠu‡Q‡Q| GLb cÖ_g kZ© ( x < 50 )
Avi mZ¨ bq, ZvB cvB_b jywcs _vwg‡q w`‡q‡Q| Avgiv while jyc

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 62

e¨envi K‡i GKwU A‡a©K-Pjgvb jyc ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvwi hv wPiKvj
Pj‡e hZÿY †Kv‡W break nIqvi g‡Zv wKQz n‡”Qbvt

while jy‡ci kZ©wU ïay True, hv me©`v mZ¨, ZvB eø‡Ki †KvW
memgq Pj‡e, hw` some_value , true n‡j cvB_b jyc eÜ K‡i
w`‡e|

Avgiv hv wk‡LwQ
GB Aa¨v‡q, Avgiv cybive„wËg~jK KvR¸wj m¤cv`b Kivi Rb¨ `yB
ai‡bi jyc e¨envi K‡iwQ, For loops Ges while loops| G¸wj
GKB iKg Z‡e wewfbœ Dcv‡q e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv
KvR¸j‡K eø‡K †jLvi gva¨‡g Ges jy‡ci g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek K‡i cvB_b‡K
e‡jwQ Kx Kx Avgv‡`i GKvwaKevi `iKvi| Avgiv break e¨envi
K‡i jyc eÜ Kiv wk‡LwQ|

†cÖvMÖvwgs mgm¨v
jy‡ci wKQz Davnib mgvavb Kivi †Póv K‡iv|

#1 Hello jyc
†Zvgvi g‡Z wb‡Pi ‡KvWwU wKfv‡e KvR Ke‡i? GB †Kv‡Wi djvdj
Kx n‡Z cv‡i? cvB_‡b GB †KvW ivb K‡iv Ges †Zvgvi Dˇii mv‡_
wgwj‡q bvI|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 63

#2 †Rvo msL¨v
Ggb GKwU jyc ˆZwi K‡iv hv †Rvo msL¨v wcÖ›U K‡i hZÿY bv GwU
†Zvgvi eZ©gvb eq‡mi mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| (hw` †Zvgvi eqm we‡Rvo
msL¨v n‡j GKwU jyc ˆZwi K‡iv hv we‡Rvo msL¨v wcÖ›U K‡i, hZÿY
ch©šÍ GwU †Zvgvi eq‡mi mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| wcÖ›U A‡bKUv GiKg n‡et

#3 Avgvi wcÖq DcKiY

wb‡Pi D`vni‡Yi g‡Zv m¨vÛDBP Gi 5 wU DcKi‡Yi GKwU wj÷ ˆZwi
K‡ivt

Gevi bv¤^vi mn hv‡Z cvB_b GB wj÷ wcÖ›U Ki‡Z cv‡i GRb¨ GKwU
jyc ˆZwi K‡ivt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 64

#4 Pvu‡` †Zvgvi IRb
Pvu‡` †Zvgvi IRb c„w_exi 16.5 kZvsk n‡q hv‡e| Zzwg †Zvgvi f‡ii
mv‡_ 0.165 ¸Y K‡i †mwU MYbv Ki‡Z cv‡iv| Gevi Zzwg 15 eQi
ch©šÍ cÖwZ eQi 2 †KwR e„w× K‡iv Zvn‡j 15 eQi ci Zzwg Pvu‡` †M‡j
†Zvgvi IRb KZ n‡e|

dvskb Ges gwWDj w`‡q †KvW wimvB‡Kj Kiv

Avgiv cÖwZw`b A‡bKwKQz †d‡j †`B †hgb: cvwbi †evZj, ‡mvWv
K¨vb, cøvw÷‡Ki m¨vÛDBP †gvoK, Av‡c‡ji UzK‡iv, kwcs e¨vM,
msev`cÎ, g¨vMvwRb BZ¨vw`| GLb Kíbv K‡iv †h mg¯Í AveR©bv
KvMR, cøvw÷K Ges wU‡bi K¨vb Avjv`v bv K‡i †Zvgvi evmvi mvg‡b
GKwU ¯Í~‡c †d‡j †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, Zzwg m¤¢eZ G¸‡jv wimvB‡Kj Kivi
†Póv Ki‡e| †cÖvMÖvwgs RM‡Z, †KvW wimvB‡Kj Kiv wVK ZZUvB
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Zzwg hw` †Kv‡bv †KvW cybivq e¨envi bv K‡iv Zvn‡j
†Zvgv‡K GZUvB UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e †h †Zvgvi Av½yj¸‡jv Ae‡k‡l
e¨_v Ki‡Z cv‡i| wimvB‡Kwjs, †KvW‡K †QvU Ges mn‡R Kivi
Dc‡hvMx K‡i Z‡j|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 65

dvskb e¨envi
dvskb n‡jv †Kv‡Wi mgwó| hv cvB_b‡K wKQz Kivi wb‡`©k †`‡q|
†KvW cybivq e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ dvskb n‡jv GKwU gva¨g| Zzwg PvB‡j
†cÖvMÖv‡g dvskb evi evi e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡iv| cvB_‡b e¨env‡ii Rb¨
A‡bK dvskb i‡q‡Q, G‡`i bvg n‡jv built-in functions A_ev
builtins. GQvovI module Gi g‡a¨ function i‡q‡Q Ges Zzwg
†Zvgvi wb‡Ri g‡Zv dvskb wjL‡Z cvi‡e| Avgiv Av‡Mi Aa¨v‡q
range Ges list e¨env‡ii mgq dvskb m¤c‡K© wkL‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQ|

K‡qKwU msL¨vi GKwU ZvwjKv UvBc Kiv Lye KwVb bq, Z‡e ZvwjKv
hZ e‡ov n‡e, ZZ‡ewk UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e| dvskb w`‡q mn‡R nvRvi
msL¨vi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡et

mvaviY †cÖvMÖvg wjLvi mgq dvskb e¨envi Kiv A‡bK mnR| hLb
`xN© Ges RwUj †cÖvMÖvg †jLv ïiæ Ki‡e ZLb dvskb Lye cÖ‡qvRbxq
n‡q c‡o| Zvn‡j P‡jv †`‡L Avwm wKfv‡e Avgiv Avgv‡`i wb‡Ri
Rb¨ dvskb ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvwi|

dvsk‡bi Ask
GKwU dvsk‡bi wZbwU Ask i‡q‡Q GKwU bvg, c¨vivwgUvi Ges GKUv
ewW| wb‡P GKwU mvaviY dvsk‡bi D`vniY †`Iqv n‡jv|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 66

GB dvsk‡bi bvg testfunc. GUvi myname bvgK GKUv
c¨vivwgUvi i‡q‡Q Ges Gi ewW n‡jv def Gi cieZ©x †KvW Gi eøK|
GKwU c¨vivwgUvi n‡jv GKwU †fwi‡qej hv ïaygvÎ dvskb e¨env‡ii
mgq _v‡K| Zzwg PvB‡j dvsk‡bi parameter f¨vjy‡Z eªv‡KU
e¨envi K‡i dvsk‡bi bvg call K‡i dvskb ivb Ki‡Z cv‡ivt

dvskb, parameter Gi †h‡Kvb bv¤^vi wb‡Z cv‡i|

g‡b ivL‡e, GKvwaK parameter e¨envi Kivi mgq Kgv w`‡q

f¨vjy‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z n‡e|

Avgiv cÖ_‡g †fwi‡qej ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvwi Ges Zvic‡i Zv‡`i mv‡_
dvskbwU call Ki‡Z cvwi

dvskb return †÷U‡g›U w`‡q GKwU value †diZ w`‡Z cv‡i|

†hgb, Zzwg KZ UvKv mÂq Ki‡Qv, †mwU MYbv Kivi Rb¨ dvskb
wjL‡Z cv‡ivt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 67

GB dvsk‡b 3 Uv parameter i‡q‡Q| GwU cÖ_g `ywU‡K †hvM K‡i
Ges †k‡liUv we‡qM K‡i| djvdj, †fwi‡qe‡j assign Kiv hv‡e|

†fwi‡qej Ges †¯‹vc

GKwU †fwi‡qej, †hwU GKwU dvsk‡bi wfZ‡i _v‡K| †mwU GKevi
run Kivi ci Avevi e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| KviY GwU ïaygvÎ
dvsk‡bi †fZi Aew¯’Z| †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi fvlvq, †hLv‡b †fwi‡qej
e¨envi Kiv hvq Zv‡K scope ejv nq| P‡jv K‡qKwU mvaviY dvskb
†`‡L Avwm hv GKvwaK †fwi‡qej e¨envi K‡i, Z‡e †Kvb
parameter †bBt

GB D`vni‡Y Avgiv variable_test dvskb wbY©q K‡iwQ,hv

first_variable Ges second_variable Gi ¸Ydj cÖ`vb K‡it

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 68

Gevi Avgiv print w`‡q dvskb call Ki‡j 200 cv‡ev| Z‡e, Avgiv
dvsk‡bi eø‡Ki evB‡ii first_variable Gi K‡›U›U wcÖ›U Kivi †Póv
Ki‡j Avgiv error †g‡mR cv‡ev|

†fwi‡qej dvsk‡bi evB‡i wbY©q Kiv _vK‡j Gi wfbœ scope _v‡K|

†hgb, dvskb ˆZwi Kivi Av‡M P‡jv GKUv †fwi‡qej wbY©q Kwi Ges
dvsk‡bi †fZi e¨envi Kivi †Póv Kwit

hw`I GB †Kv‡Wi first_variable Ges second_variable

dvsk‡bi evB‡i e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| Ab¨ †fwi‡qej,
another_variable (hv dvsk‡bi evB‡i ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q) dvsk‡bi
†fZi e¨envi Kiv hv‡e| wb‡P GB dvskb call Gi djvdj †`Iqv
n‡jvt

Gevi, g‡b K‡iv Zzwg wKQz wimvB‡Kj wUb w`‡q GKwU Spaceship
ˆZwi KiQ| Zzwg spaceship Gi evB‡ii evuKv †`qvj ˆZwi Kivi
Rb¨ cÖwZ mßv‡n `ywU wU‡bi K¨vb mgZj Ki‡Z cv‡iv, Z‡e †Zvgvi

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 69

fuselage ˆZwi Ki‡Z 500 K¨vb jvM‡e| P‡jv GK eQ‡i cÖwZ mßv‡n
KZwU K¨vb mgZj Kiv hv‡e Zvi Rb¨ GKwU †KvW wjwLt

K¨vb Gi msL¨v‡K parameter a‡i Avgiv cÖwZ mßv‡n KZwU K¨vb

mgZj K‡iwQ ‡mwU Avgv‡`i dvskb MYbv K‡i w`‡et

dvsk‡bi cÖ_g jvB‡b Avgiv total_cans †fwi‡qej wbY©q K‡iwQ

Ges Gi f¨vjy 0 w`‡qwQ| c‡i Avgiv mßv‡ni Rb¨ GKwU jyc ˆZwi
Kijvg Ges cÖwZ mßv‡n KZwU K¨vb mgZj Kijvg †mwUi bv¤^vi add
Kijvg| GB †Kv‡Wi eøK Avgv‡`i dvsk‡bi content ˆZwi K‡i‡Q
Ges †k‡li `yB jvBb for loop Gi Rb¨ Av‡iKwU eøK ˆZwi K‡i‡Q|
P‡jv Gevi cvB_b †k‡j †mB dvskb cÖ‡ek Kivi †Póv Kwi Ges †Kvb
msL¨vi wfbœ gvb ewm‡q Kj Kivi †Póv Kwit
nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 70
cÖwZ mßv‡n K¨v‡bi wfbœ msL¨vi mv‡_ GB dvskb e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i, hv cybtivq loop UvBc Kivi †P‡q GwU GKUz mvkªqx| hLb
Avgiv spaceship_building (10) ivb Kwi ZLb 50Zg mßv‡n
Avgv‡`i spaceship ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß K¨vb _vK‡e|
dvskb¸‡jv module Gi g‡a¨ GK‡Î Mªæc Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, hv
cvB_b‡K AviI Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡j|

gwWDj Gi e¨envi
dvskb, †fwi‡qej Ges Ab¨vb¨ A‡bKwKQz GKÎ K‡i Av‡iv kw³kvjx
Kivi Rb¨ gwWDj e¨envi Kiv nq| wKQz gwWDj cvB_‡b †`Iqv _v‡K,
wKQz Avevi Avjv`vfv‡e WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z nq| wKQz gwWDj †Mgm
evbv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i(‡hgb tkinter hv cvB_‡b †`Iqv _v‡K Ges
PyGame hv †`Iqv _v‡K bv), wKQz gwWDj Qwe manipulate K‡i
(†Kgb pillow, the Python Imaging Library), Ges wKQz
gwWDj wÎgvwÎK MÖvwd· ˆZwi K‡i (†hgb panda3D)

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 71

gwWDj meai‡bi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv hvq| †hgb Zzwg †Kv‡bv GKwU
wmgy‡jkb †MBg ˆZwi KiQ| †hLv‡b †Zvgvi †MBg Gi c„w_exi mgq
Avgv‡`i Avmj c„w_exi g‡Zv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z PvI, Zvn‡j Zzwg time
gwWDj w`‡q eZ©gvb mgq wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡et

GB import KgvÛ cvB_b‡K time gwWDj e¨enviKivi wb‡`©k

cÖ`vb K‡i| Avgiv WU (.) wPý w`‡q GB gwWD‡ji dvskb call Ki‡Z
cvie| †hgb Gfv‡e Avgiv time gwWDj Gi asctime dvskb call
Ki‡Z cviet

asctime dvskb, time gwWDj Gi GKUv Ask GwU eZ©gvb ZvwiL

Ges mgq w÷ªs AvKv‡i cÖ`vb K‡i| Gevi a‡iv, Zzwg KvD‡K GKwU
f¨vjy wjLvi Rb¨ wR‡Ám Ki‡j, †hgb Zvu‡`i Rb¥w`b| Zzwg print
†÷U‡g›U Ges sys (short of system) e¨envi K‡i GKwU †g‡mR
display Ki‡Z cvi‡e, Ges sys gwWD‡j cvB_‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM
Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| cÖ_‡g Avgiv sys gwWDj B‡¤úvU©
Kwit

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 72

gwWD‡ji wfZi GKwU we‡kl e¯Íy i‡q‡Q, bvg n‡jv stdin (for
standard input) hv redline bvgK GKwU DcKvix dvskb cÖ`vb
K‡i| redline dvskb Kx‡ev‡W© wjwLZ GKwU †U·U jvBb Enter
†cÖm Kivi c~e© ch©šÍ c‡o _v‡K| redline †U÷ Kivi Rb¨ cvB_b
†k‡j wb‡Pi †KvWwU wjLt

Gevi Zzwg wKQz word UvBc K‡i Enter †cÖm Ki‡jB, cvB_b †k‡j
word wcÖ›U n‡e| †hgbt

eq‡mi f¨wi‡qej Ges Gi if †÷U‡g›U Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó f¨vjy

cÖ`vb bv K‡i Gevi Avgiv KvD‡K Zvi eqm cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ wR‡Ám
Ki‡Z cvwi| Z‡e cÖ_‡g Avg‡`i †KvWwU‡K dvsk‡b iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z
n‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 73

Gevi Zzwg dvsk‡bi bvg wj‡L Ges eªv‡K‡U bv¤^vi cÖ`vb K‡i ‡Kvb
bv¤^vi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e †mwU D‡jøL K‡i w`‡q dvskb call Ki‡Z
cvi‡et

Gevi P‡jv, eqm wR‡Ám Kivi Rb¨ dvskb ˆZwi Kwit

int dvskb wPb‡Z †c‡iQ, hv GKwU w÷ªs‡K bv¤^v‡i iƒcvšÍi K‡i?

Avgiv GB dvskb mshy³ K‡iwQ KviY [Link]. readline( )
GwU‡Z, †KD †Kvb w÷ªs cÖ‡ek Ki‡j †mwU return Ki‡e, wKš‘ Avgiv
GKwU msL¨v PvB hv‡Z Avgiv 10 I 13 Gi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvwi|
wb‡RB GwU †`Lvi Rb¨ parameter Qvov dvskb call Kivi †Póv
K‡iv, Ges How old are you? Avmvi ci GKwU bv¤^vi UvBc K‡ivt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 74

cÖ_‡g dvskb call Kivi ci GwU ÒHow old are you?Ó †`wL‡q‡Q,
cieZ©x‡Z Avgiv 10 Enter K‡iwQ Ges GwU GKwU cÖkœ wcÖ›U K‡i‡Q|
wØZxqevi Avgiv 15 Enter Kivi ci dvskb ÒHuh?Ó wcÖ›U K‡i‡Q|

BbcyU dvskb
Kx‡evW© †_‡K BbcyU read Kivi Rb¨ [Link] GKgvÎ
gva¨g bq, Gi †P‡q Av‡iv mnR Dcvq n‡jv built-in input dvskb|
input dvskb GKwU optional prompt parameter wb‡q _v‡K
(GK ai‡bi w÷ªs †g‡mR, hv Avgiv wWm‡cø‡Z †`Lv‡Z PvB)| Ges
Enter Kx †cÖm Kivi Av‡M hv UvBc Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv wiUvb© K‡it

input e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ P‡jv Avevi IB silly_age_joke

dvskbUv wjwLt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 75

wKQz Kg jvB‡bi †KvW _vKvi ciI Av‡Mi †KvW †_‡K GB bZzb
†Kv‡Wi cv_©K¨ n‡jv, bZzb †Kv‡W Avgiv w÷ªs (‘How old are
you?) Gi †k‡l GKwU newline character (n) A¨vW K‡iwQ|
newline Kvimi‡K wWm‡cøi GK jvBb †_‡K c‡ii jvB‡b wb‡q hvq|
GUv wcÖ›U Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ automatically n‡q hvq, Z‡e input
dvsk‡bi mv‡_ nq bv| ZeyI GB †KvW wVK Av‡Mi g‡Zv KvR Ki‡e|

Avgiv hv wk‡LwQ
GB Aa¨v‡q Avgiv dvskb I gwWD‡ji gva¨‡g cvB_‡bi †Kv‡Wi
cybivq e¨envi‡hvM¨ Ask¸wj ˆZwi Ki‡Z wk‡LwQ| Zzwg †`‡LQ wKfv‡e
†fwi‡qe‡ji scope, †fwi‡qej‡K dvsk‡bi wfZ‡i ev evB‡ii w`‡K
cÖ`k©b Ki‡e †mwU wbqš¿Y K‡i| GQvovI def wK-IqvW© e¨envi K‡i
wKfv‡e dvskb ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq Ges wKfv‡e gwWDj Gi content
e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Zvu‡`i imort Ki‡Z nq Avgiv †m¸‡jv wk‡LwQ|

†cÖvMÖvwgs mgm¨v
dvskb ˆZwi Kivi gva¨‡g wb‡Pi D`vnib¸‡jv mgvavb Kivi †Póv
K‡iv|

#1 Pvu‡` IR‡bi Rb¨ mvaviY dvskb

jyc Gi Aa¨v‡q †cÖvMÖvwgs mgm¨vq Avgiv Pvu‡` Avgv‡`i IRb wba©viY
Kivi Rb¨ GKU for jyc ˆZwi K‡iwQ| IB jyc mn‡R dvsk‡b iƒcvšÍi
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GKwU dvskb ˆZwi K‡iv hvi GKwU ïiæi IRb

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 76

_vK‡e Ges cÖwZ eQi Gi cwigvY evo‡e| Zzwg bZzb dvskb‡K
GBfv‡e †KvW e¨envi K‡i call Ki‡Z cv‡iv|

#2Pvu‡` IRb Ges eQi wbY©‡qi dvskb

Zzwg GBgvÎ †h dvskb ˆZwi K‡iQ †mUv‡K wewfbœ mg‡qi g‡a¨ KvR
Kivi Rb¨ cwieZ©b K‡iv, †hgb 5 eQi ev 20 eQ‡ii Rb¨| Z‡e
dvskb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z fzj‡e bv, hv‡Z GwU the initial weight,
the weight gained each year, and the number of years
GB wZbwU arguments wb‡Z cv‡i|

#3 Pvu‡` IR‡bi cÖMÖvg

GKwU mvaviY dvskb Ges value †K parameter Øviv cvm Kivi
cwie‡Z© Zzwg [Link]() Ges input() e¨envi K‡i
wgwb‡cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡iv, hv value Gi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Ki‡e|
G‡ÿ‡Î Zzwg parameter QvovI dvskb call Ki‡et

GB dvskb GKai‡bi †g‡mR cÖ`k©b Ki‡e, hv cÖ_‡g starting

weight wR‡Ám Ki‡e, wØZxq †g‡m‡R the amount the weight
will increase each year wR‡Ám Ki‡e Ges me©‡kl †g‡m‡R
number of years wR‡Ám Ki‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 77

g‡b ivL‡e [Link]() e¨envi K‡i †Kvb dvskb ˆZwi
Kivi c~‡e© sys gwWDj B‡¤úvU© Ki‡e|

#4 g½jMÖ‡n IR‡bi †cÖvMÖvg

P‡jv, Gevi Pvu‡` IRb wbY©q Kivi †cÖvMÖvg‡K g½jMÖ‡n IRb wbY©q
Kivi †cÖvMÖv‡g iƒcvšÍi Kwi| Z‡e Gevi GwU n‡e †Zvgvi cy‡iv
cwiev‡ii Rb¨| GB dvskb †Zvgvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i IRb wR‡Ám
Ki‡e, g½jMÖ‡n Zvu‡`i IRb MYbv Ki‡e (0.3782 Øviv ¸Y K‡i)
Ges me©‡k‡l mevi IRb †hvM K‡i †gvU IRb cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| Zzwg
A‡bKfv‡e GB †KvW wjL‡Z cv‡iv, Z‡e GLv‡b mevi †gvU IRb
†`Lv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

MÖvwd‡· wUwK›Uv‡ii (Tkinter) e¨envi

Uvi‡Uj w`‡q Qwe AvuKvi GKwU mgm¨v n‡jv GwU Lye axi MwZ‡Z Qwe
Avu‡K| GgbwK Uvi‡Uj Gi m‡e©v”P MwZI A‡bK axi| GwU Uvi‡Uj
Gi Rb¨ †Kvb mgm¨v bv n‡jI Avgv‡`i Rb¨ A‡bK e‡ov GKwU
mgm¨v| Kw¤cDUv‡ii MÖvwd·‡K A‡bK MwZm¤úbœ n‡Z nq| †Zvgvi
Kw¤cDUv‡i †MBgm †Ljvi mgq w¯Œ‡b †MB‡gi MÖvwd· Gi K_v wPšÍv
K‡iv| Two-dimensional (2D) †MBgm ¸‡jv mvaviYZ flat nq|
G‡`i K¨v‡i±vi mvaviYZ Wv‡b ev‡g A_ev mvg‡b wcQ‡b PjvPj K‡i|
Pseudo-three -dimensional (3D), †h¸‡jv cÖvq 3D †MBgm
Gi KvQvKvwQ, GBme †MBg‡m Qwe¸‡jv Avmj g‡b nq, Z‡e
Kv‡i±vi¸‡jv ïay mgZ‡j Pjv‡div K‡i (isomtric grapics bv‡gI
cwiwPZ)| me©‡k‡l 3D †MBgm hv ev¯ÍeZv‡K AbyKib K‡i| †nvK 2D
nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 78
ev 3D, meai‡bi †MBgm Kw¤cDUvi‡K `ªæZfv‡e cwiPvjb Ki‡Z
n‡e|

Zzwg c~‡e© †Zvgvi wb‡Ri animation ˆZwi Kivi †Póv bv Ki‡j, GB

mnR cÖ‡R± Kivi †Póv K‡ivt

1. GKwU Lvwj KvMR bvI Ges cÖ_g †cB‡Ri wb‡Pi †KvYvq wKQz
AvuKvi †Póv K‡iv (n‡Z cv‡i GKwU w÷K wdMvi)|
2. c‡ii †cB‡Ri †KvYvq c~‡e©i w÷K wdMvi AvuK, Z‡e Gevi Gi cv
GKUz `~‡i mivI|
3. c‡ii †cB‡R Avevi w÷K wdMvi ˆZwi K‡iv, Gevi cv †K AviI
`~‡i mivI|
4. GKwU cwiewZ©Z w÷K wdMvi ˆZwi K‡i ax‡i ax‡i cÖwZwU c„ôvi ga¨
w`‡q hvI|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 79

AvuKv †kl n‡q †M‡j †cR¸‡jv flip K‡iv, †`L‡e w÷K wdMviUv
move n‡”Q| GwUB mKj KvU©zb I A¨vwb‡gkb ˆZwi Kivi †gŠwjK
cÖwµqv| †Kvb gyf‡g›U ˆZwi Ki‡Z GKwU Qwe AvuKv nq Ges Zvici
mvgvb¨ cwiewZ©Z Av‡iKwU Qwe Avevi AvuKv nq| †Kvb Qwe‡K Pjgvb
Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZ †d«Bg ev animation Gi Ask¸‡jv Lye ZvovZvwo
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| cvB_b w`‡q wewfbœfv‡e MÖvwd· ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
Uvi‡Uj gwWD‡ji mv‡_ Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ gwWDj e¨envi Kiv hvq (hv
Avjv`vfv‡e install Ki‡Z nq)| Tkinter gwWDj w`‡q full
application ˆZwi Kiv hvq, †hgb mvaviY word processor Ges
drawing| GB Aa¨v‡q Avgiv tkinter e¨envi K‡i MÖvwd· ˆZwi
Kiv wkL‡ev|

Clickable evUb ˆZwi Kiv

Avgv‡`i cÖ_g D`vni‡Y Avgiv tkinter gwWDj e¨envi K‡i evUb mn
GKwU applicaton ˆZwi Kie| wb‡Pi †KvWwU wjLt

cÖ_g jvB‡b tkinter Gi Kb‡U›U B‡¤úvU© Ki‡Z n‡e| from

module-name import * GB jvBb w`‡q Avgiv bvg e¨envi Kiv
Qvov gwWD‡ji Kb‡U›U e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi| Gi wecix‡Z, import
turtle e¨envi Kivi mgq Avgv‡`i gwWD‡ji Kb‡U›U access †c‡Z
gwWD‡ji bvg e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 80

Import e¨env‡ii mgq Avgv‡`i [Link], call Ki‡Z n‡e
bv, hv Avgiv c~‡e© K‡iwQjvg| GwU A‡bK¸‡jv class I function
e¨env‡ii mgq DcKvix, KviY GwU‡Z †KvW †jLvi cwigvY Kg|

evUb jvB‡bi D`vni‡Y, Avgiv GKwU †fwi‡qej ˆZwi KiwQ, †hLv‡b

GKwU class Gi object Tk Gi mv‡_ tk = Tk() i‡q‡Q| Tk
Ae‡R± GKwU †gŠwjK DB‡Ûv ˆZwi K‡i, †hLv‡b Avgiv cieZ©x‡Z
Ab¨wKQz mshy³ Ki‡Z cvwi| GUv tkinter gwWD‡ji main class,
Tk class Gi g‡a¨ Ae‡R± ˆZwi bv K‡i Zzwg †Kvb cÖKvi MÖvwd· ev
animation ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv| Z…Zxq jvB‡b Avgiv btn =
Button w`‡q evUb ˆZwi KiwQ Ges Tk †fwi‡qej cÖ_g
parameter wn‡m‡e pass K‡i Ges evUb text=’click me’ Gi
gva¨‡g †U·U wn‡m‡e Òclick meÓ cÖ`k©b Ki‡e | Avgviv hw`I
window Gi g‡a¨ evUb mshy³ K‡iwQ, hZÿY Avgiv [Link]()
jvBbwU mshy³ KiwQ bv, ZZÿY GwU wWm‡cø‡Z wKQyB cÖ`k©b Ki‡e
bv, GwU evUb‡K `„k¨gvb nIqvi Rb¨ wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i| Ab¨ †Kvb
nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 81
evUb ev e¯‘ _vK‡j GwU w¯Œ‡b mewKQz‡K mwVKfv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨
mvwR‡q iv‡L| djvdj GB wdMv‡ii g‡Zv n‡et

GB gyn~‡Z© click me evUb KvR Ki‡e bv| Avgv‡`i †Kv‡W wKQz

cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ_‡g wKQz †U·U wcÖ›U Kivi Rb¨ GKwU dvskb
ˆZwi Kwit

Gevi Avgiv Avgv‡`i D`vniY‡K e¨env‡ii Rb¨ cwieZ©b Ki‡evt

Avgiv ïay mvgvb¨ GKwU cwieZ©b K‡iwQ, Avgiv command

c¨vivwgUvi mshy³ K‡iwQ| hLb evUb wK¬K Kiv n‡e, ZLb hello
dvskb e¨env‡ii Rb¨ cvB_b‡K wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Ki‡e| Gevi hLb Zzwg
evUb †cÖm Ki‡e ZLb Òhello thereÓ †`L‡Z cvi‡e| Zzwg hZevi

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 82

evUb †cÖm Ki‡e ZZevi †jLvwU †`L‡Z cvi‡e| wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z Avgiv
evUb‡K 5 evi wK¬K K‡iwQt

Avgiv cÖ_gevi †Kvb named c¨vivwgUvi Avgv‡`i †Kv‡W e¨envi

K‡iwQ, P‡jv G‡`i m¤c‡K© Av‡iv wKQz †`‡L Avwm|

Named Parameter Gi e¨envi

Named Parameter mvaviY c¨vivwgUv‡ii gZ, Z‡e †Kvb value
†Kvb parameter Gi AšÍiMZ, †mwU GKwU dvsk‡b cÖ`Ë gvb¸‡jvi
wbw`©ó µg AbymiY bv K‡i Avgiv ¯cófv‡e bvg cÖ`vb Kwi, hv‡Z
Zviv †h‡Kvb µ‡g Dcw¯’Z n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK mgq dvsk‡b
A‡bK¸‡jv c¨vivwgUvi _v‡K Ges Avgv‡`i‡K me c¨vivwgUv‡ii
value me mgq w`‡Z nq bv| Named Parameter Gi mgq
Avgv‡`i †h¸‡jvi gvb †`Iqvi cÖ‡qvRb Avgiv ïay IBme
c¨vivwgUv‡ii f¨vjy w`‡Z cvie| g‡b K‡iv Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q person
dvskb Av‡Q| hv `ywU c¨vivwgUvi MÖnY K‡i, weight Ges height

Avgiv GB dvskb‡K Gfv‡e call Ki‡Z cvwit

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 83

named parameter e¨envi K‡i Avgiv GB dvskb call Ki‡Z
cvie Ges cÖwZwU f¨vjy w`‡q c¨vivwgUv‡ii bvg wbw`©ó Ki‡Z cvie|

Avgiv AviI hZ tkinter e¨envi Kie named parameter Av‡iv

e¨envi Dc‡hvMx n‡e|

Wªwqs Gi Rb¨ canvas ˆZwi

evUb¸‡jv LyeB DcKvix tool, Z‡e w¯Œ‡b wKQz AvuKvi mgq Giv
we‡klfv‡e DcKvix bq| Qwe AvuKvi mgq Avgv‡`i Av‡iKwU wfb¨
component jvM‡e, †mwU n‡jv canvas object, hv canvas
class Gi GKwU object. GKwU K¨vbfvm ˆZwi Kivi mgq Avgiv Gi
height Ges weight cvB_b‡K cÖ`vb Kwi| GwUi †KvW evUb
†Kv‡Wi g‡Zv, †hgbt

evU‡bi D`vni‡Y hLb tk+Tk() †cÖm Kiv n‡e ZLb GKwU window
Lyj‡e| †k‡li jvB‡b Avgiv K¨vbfvm‡K [Link]() Øviv pack
Kie, hv K¨vbfv‡mi mvB‡Ri cwieZ©b Avb‡e (†Kv‡Wi Z…Zxq jvB‡b

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 84

D‡jøwLZ 500 wc‡·j height, 500 wc‡·j width)| evU‡bi
D`vni‡Yi g‡Zv pack dvskb K¨vbfvm‡K window Gi mwVK ¯’v‡b
cÖ`k©b nIqvi Rb¨ e‡j| hw` pack, call Kiv bv nq, Zvn‡j wKQzB
mwVKfv‡e cÖ`wk©Z n‡ebv|

jvBb AvuKv
K¨vbfv‡m GKwU jvBb AvuK‡Z Avgiv pixel coordinates e¨envi
K‡i _vwK| Coordinates, surface Gi g‡a¨ wc‡·‡ji ¯’vb wba©viY
K‡i| GKwU Tkinter K¨vbfv‡m, wc‡·‡j KZUzKz K¨vbfvm Ry‡o,
KZ`~i evg †_‡K Wv‡b Ges K¨vbfvm KZUv wb‡P ev Dc‡i emv‡Z n‡e
†mwU wba©viY K‡i| †h‡nZz Avgv‡`i K¨vbfvm 500 wc‡·j cÖ¯’ Ges
500 wc‡·j DuPz, ZvB wb‡Pi Wvbw`‡K w¯Œ‡bi coordinate n‡jv
(500, 500)| wb‡Pi Qwei g‡Zv jvBbwU AvuK‡Z n‡j Avg‡`i ïiæi
coordinate (0, 0) e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †k‡li coordinate
(500, 500) e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 85

create_line dvskb e¨envi K‡i Avgiv coordinates wbw`©ó
Ki‡Z cvwit

create_line dvskb 1 wiUvb© K‡i, GwU GKwU identifier: Avgiv

GwU m¤c‡K© cieZ©x‡Z Rvb‡ev| Avgiv hw` GKwU turtle gwWDj
w`‡q wba©viY KiZvg, Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i GiKg †Kv‡Wi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zvt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 86

GB †Kv‡W canvas Gi cÖ¯’ 500 wc‡·j Ges D”PZv 500 wc‡·j,
Zvn‡j turtle 250, 250 cwRk‡b Avm‡e| Avgiv [Link](-250,
250) GB dvskb e¨envi Ki‡j, Avgiv evgw`‡K 250 wc‡·j Ges
evgw`‡K 250 wc‡·j Dc‡i hv‡ev| hLb Avgiv [Link](500, -
500) call Ki‡ev, Avgiv Wvbw`‡K 500 wc‡·j Ges Wvbw`‡K 500
wc‡·j wb‡P hv‡ev| Zvn‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q tkinter †KvW GKUz
DbœZ| GwU GKUz †QvU Ges mnR| Gevi canvas Ae‡R‡± wKQz
dvskb †`‡L Avwm, hv w`‡q Avgiv AviI gRvi wKQz Qwe AvuK‡Z
cvie|

PZzf©zR AvuKv
Turtle gwWDj w`‡q Avgiv Dc‡i, wb‡P Nywi‡q GKwU PZzf©zR
Gu‡KwQjvg| cieZ©x‡Z KZUzKz mvg‡b ev †cQ‡b †h‡Z n‡e †mwU
e¨envi K‡i Avgiv GKwU AvqZvKvi PZzf©zR Gu‡KwQjvg|

Tkinter gwWDj eM©‡ÿÎ Ges AvqZ‡ÿÎ AvuKv A‡bK mnR K‡i

†Zv‡j| †Zvgv‡K ïay †Kv‡Yi coordinate Rvb‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi
D`vniYwU Kivi †Póv K‡ivt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 87

GB †Kv‡W Avgiv tkinter e¨envi K‡i GKwU canvas ˆZwi K‡iwQ|
hvi cÖ¯’ 400 wc‡·j Ges D”PZv 400 wc‡·j, Ges cieZ©x‡Z Avgiv
window Gi Dc‡ii evgw`‡K GKwU eM©‡ÿÎ AvuwKt

†Kv‡Wi me©‡kl jvB‡bi canvas.create_rectangle, GLv‡b

Avgiv †hme c¨vivwgUvi pass K‡iwQ, †m¸‡jv eM©‡ÿ‡Îi Dc‡ii
evgw`‡Ki coordinates| Avgiv canvas Gi evg w`‡Ki `~iZ¡ Ges
Dc‡ii w`‡Ki `~iZ¡ wnmv‡e coordinates cÖ`vb K‡iwQ| G‡ÿ‡Î
cÖ_g `ywU coordinates n‡jv, evg w`K †_‡K 10 wc‡·j Ges Dci
†_‡K wb‡P 10 wc‡·j, bv¤^vi¸‡jv n‡jvt 10, 10| PZzf©z‡Ri wb‡Pi
Wvbw`K nj, K¨vbfv‡mi evgw`K †_‡K 50 wc‡·j Ges Dci †_‡K
50 wc‡·j, bv¤^vi¸‡jv n‡jvt 50, 50| Avgiv GB `yB †mU
coordinates †K x1,x2 Ges y1, y2 wn‡m‡e refer Ki‡ev| GKwU

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 88

AvqZ‡ÿÎ AvuK‡Z Avgiv canvas Gi cv‡mi w`‡Ki wØZxq †Kv‡Yi
`~iZ¡ Gfv‡e evov‡Z cvwit

GB D`vni‡Y AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi Dc‡ii evgw`‡Ki coordinate n‡jv,

(10, 10), Wvbw`‡Ki wb‡Pi coordinate n‡jv (300, 50)|
djvdj n‡jv GKwU AvqZ‡ÿÎ hvi D”PZv c~‡e©i eM©‡ÿ‡Îi mgvb,
Z‡e GKUz cÖk¯Í|

Canvas Gi Dci †_‡K wØZxq †Kv‡Yi `~iZ¡ evwo‡q Avgiv AvqZ‡ÿÎ

AvuK‡Z cviet

create_rectangle GB dvsk‡b Avgiv tkinter †K ejwQt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 89
1. Canvas Ry‡o 10 wc‡·j hvIqvi Rb¨ (Dc‡ii evgw`K †_‡K)|
2. Canvas Gi g‡a¨ 10 wc‡·j wb‡P hvI| GwU AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi ïiæi
†KvY|
3. 50 wc‡·j Ry‡o AvqZ‡ÿÎ AvuK|
4. wb‡Pi w`‡K 300 wc‡·j ch©šÍ AvuK|

djvdj †`L‡Z GiKg n‡et

A‡bK¸‡jv AvqZ‡ÿÎ AsKb Kiv

Gevi P‡jv random gwWDj e¨envi K‡i canvas Gi g‡a¨ wewfbœ
AvKv‡i AvqZ‡ÿÎ AvuKvi †Póv Kwi Ges GKwU dvskb ˆZwi Kivi
†Póv Kwi hv AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi Dc‡ii evgw`K I wb‡Pi Wvbw`‡Ki

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 90

coordinates Gi Rb¨ random bv¤^vi e¨envi Ki‡e| Avgiv
random gwWD‡ji randrage dvskb e¨envi Ki‡ev| hLb Avgiv
GB dvsk‡b bv¤^vi cÖ`vb Kwi GKwU 0 Ges 9 Gi g‡a¨ random
integer †diZ †`‡q| †hgb, randrange(10), 0 Ges 9 Gi g‡a¨
GKwU bv¤^vi †diZ w`‡e, randrange(100), 0 †_‡K 99 Gi g‡a¨
GKwU bv¤^vi †diZ w`‡e| dvsk‡b randrange e¨env‡ii Rb¨
Avgv‡`i File New File wm‡j± K‡i GKwU bZzb window ˆZwi
Ki‡Z n‡e, Ges wb‡Pi †KvW enter Ki‡Z n‡et

Width Ges height parmeter wb‡q Avgiv Avgv‡`i

(random_rectangle) dvskb wWdvBb Kijvg| Gi ci Avgiv
randrange dvskb e¨envi K‡i parameters, x1 =
[Link](width) Ges y1 =
[Link](height) w`‡q width I height pass
K‡i Dc‡ii evgw`‡Ki †KvYvi Rb¨ †fwi‡qej ˆZwi Kwi| dvsk‡bi
wØZxq jvB‡b Avgiv †fwi‡qej x1 bv‡g GKwU †fwi‡qej ˆZwi Kivi
Rb¨ ejwQ Ges Gi f¨vjy 0 †_‡K parameter Gi width ch©šÍ
wba©viY K‡iwQ| c‡ii `yB jvBb wb‡Pi Wvbw`‡Ki †KvYvi Rb¨
†fwi‡qej ˆZwi K‡i| Z…Zxq jvB‡b dvskb, x1 Gi mv‡_ random
bv¤^vi †hvM K‡i x2 †fwi‡qej ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ ej‡Q | me©‡kl,
nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 91
canvas.create_rectangle Gi mv‡_ †fwi‡qej x1 , y1 , x2 ,
Ges y2 e¨envi K‡i K¨vbfv‡mi g‡a¨ Avgiv AvqZ‡ÿÎ AvuK‡Z
cvie| wb‡Pi †KvWwU †jLvi †Póv K‡ivt

†KvW save K‡iv Ges Run Module wm‡j± K‡iv| dvskb KvR Kiv
ïiæ Ki‡j, random_rectangle w`‡q jyc ˆZwi K‡i w¯Œb
AvqZ‡ÿÎ Øviv c~Y© K‡iv| Gevi P‡jv 100 wU random AvqZ‡ÿÎ
ˆZwi Kivi †Póv Kwi| wb‡Pi †KvWwU wj‡L †mBf K‡iv Ges †KvWwU
ivb Kivi †Póv K‡ivt

ivb Kivi ci djvdj †`L‡Z GiKg n‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 92

iO wba©viY Kiv
P‡jv Gevi Avgiv Avgv‡`i MÖvwd‡· wKQz iO hy³ Kwi| Avgiv
random_rectangle dvsk‡b wKQz iO mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ Av‡iv wKQz
AwZwi³ c¨ivwgUvi hy³ Ki‡ev| GKwU bZzb window Gi g‡a¨
wb‡Pi †KvWwU wj‡L save K‡iv Ges dvBj‡K [Link] bv‡g
call K‡ivt

create_rectangle dvskbwU Gevi fill_color bv‡gi GKwU

c¨vivwgUvi MÖnY Ki‡e hv AvqZ‡ÿÎ AvuKvi mgq wbw`©ó iO wba©viY
Ki‡e| Avgiv Gfv‡e K‡qKwU i‡Oi AvqZ‡ÿÎ ˆZwi Ki‡Z dvsk‡b
i‡Oi bvg D‡jøL K‡i w`‡Z cvwi| [Link] Gi dvbk‡bi wb‡P
GB †KvWwU mshy³ K‡ivt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 93

Gme i‡Oi †KvW A‡bK¸‡jv iO cÖ`k©b Ki‡e, Z‡e evwK¸‡jv error
†g‡mR cÖ`k©b Ki‡e | Avgiv ïay K‡qKwU i‡Oi bvg Rvwb, Z‡e Av‡iv
A‡bK iO i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jvi bvg Avgiv Rvwb bv| Z‡e Avgiv G‡`i
hexadecimal color value e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡W IBme iO mshy³
Ki‡Z cvwit

GLv‡b hash (#) e¨envi Kivi A_© n‡jv Avgiv cvB_b‡K

hexadecimal number e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ wb‡`©k w`w”Q| Tkinter
gwWD‡j i‡Oi hexadecimal color value Rvbvi GKwU mnR
Dcvq Av‡Q| wb‡Pi KWwU ivb Kivi †Póv K‡ivt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 94

GB †KvW color choser cÖ`k©b Ki‡e | from tkinter import *
e¨envi Kivi mgq GB colorchoser gwWDj cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e,
KviY cvB_‡b GwU mivmwi †`Iqv _v‡K bv|

GKwU iO wbe©vPb K‡i OK †cÖm Ki‡j GKwU Uvcj cÖ`k©b Ki‡e |

GB Uvc‡ji g‡a¨ Ab¨ Av‡iKwU Uvcj _v‡K hvi g‡a¨ wZbwU bv¤^vi
Ges GKwU w÷ªs _v‡Kt

wZbwU bv¤^vi jvj, meyR Ges bxj i‡Oi cwigvY wb‡`©k K‡i|
Tkinter Gi g‡a¨ GKwU i‡Oi primary color 0 †_‡K 255 Gi
g‡a¨ GKwU bv¤^vi Øviv wba©vwiZ nq| Uvcj-G Aew¯’Z w¯¿b-Gi g‡a¨
IB wZbwU bv¤^v‡ii hexadecimal version _v‡K| Zzwg w÷ªs-Gi
f¨vjy Kwc Ges †c÷ K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡iv, A_ev Uvcj‡K
†fwi‡qej wn‡m‡e msiÿY K‡i hexadecimal value Gi index

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 95

position e¨¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡iv| P‡jv random_rectangle
dvskb e¨envi K‡i †`‡L Avwm wKfv‡e GwU KvR K‡it

djvdj wb‡P †`L‡Z cvi‡et

e„‡Ëi cwiwa (Arc) AsKb Kiv

Arc n‡jv GKwU e„‡Ëi ev eµ‡iLvi cwiwai GKwU Ask| Tkinter
w`‡q GKwU arc AvuK‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i create_arc dvskb e¨envi
K‡i GKwU AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi g‡a¨ GwU AvuK‡Z n‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 96

Zzwg hw` Tkinter Gi mKj tab eÜ K‡i `vI A_ev IDLE eÜ K‡i
Avevi Pvjy Ki‡j, cybivq Tkinter †K import Ki‡Z, n‡e Gi ci
GB †KvW wjL‡Z n‡et

GB †KvW AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi Dc‡ii evgw`‡Ki †KvYvq arc †K (10, 10)

GB coordinates Gi g‡a¨ arc ¯’vcb Ki‡e, hv 10 wc‡·j Ry‡o
Ges 10 wc‡·j wb‡P _vK‡e, Ges Gi wb‡Pi Wvbw`‡Ki †Kv‡Yi
coordinates n‡jv (200,100), A_ev 200 wc‡·j Ry‡o Ges 100
wc‡·j wb‡P| c‡ii extent Parameter, arc Gi †Kv‡Yi wWwMÖ
wbw`©ó Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z `ywU arc Gi D`vniY †`Iqv
n‡jvt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 97

wb‡Pi †KvWwU †cB‡R wewfbœ ai‡bi arc AvuK‡e, GwUi gva¨‡g Avgiv
hLb create_arc dvskb w`‡q wewfbœ wWwMÖ e¨envi Kwi ZLb Kx nq
Zv †`L‡Z cvi‡et

djvdj wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z †`Iqv n‡jvt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 98

Style parameter n‡jv, Avgiv †h ai‡bi arc AvuK‡Z PvB †mwUi
aib| arc `yB ai‡bi i‡q‡Qt chord Ges pieslice. Chord n‡jv
Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ †h arc AsKb K‡iwQ, cÖvq IBUvi g‡Zv, Z‡e Gi
`yB cÖvšÍ GKwU mij‡iLv Øviv hy³| Pieslice, pie A_ev pizza
†_‡K GKwU slice Gi g‡Zv

eûfzR (Polygon) AvuKv

GKwU polygon n‡jv Ggb GKwU AvK…wZ hvi wZbwU AZev Gi †ewk
evû i‡q‡Q| eûfzR ‡hgb wÎfzR, eM©‡ÿÎ, AvqZ‡ÿÎ, cÂfzR,
lofzR BZ¨vw`| Av‡iv A‡bK ai‡bi eûfzR i‡q‡Q †hgb Amg evû
Gi eûfzR Ges A¯^vfvweK AvK…wZi eûfzR| tkinter w`‡q eûfzR
AvuKvi mgq, eûfz‡Ri cÖwZwU we›`yi coordinates cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avgiv wbgœwjwLZ †KvW w`‡q GKwU wÎfzR AvuK‡Z cvwit

GB D`vniYwU x Ges y ¯’vbv¼ w`‡q ïiæ K‡i GKwU wÎfzR Avu‡K

(10,10), Zvic‡i (100, 10) G P‡j hvq Ges (100, 110) G †kl
nq| Avgiv fill color Lvwj ivwL, G‡Z wÎfz‡R †Kvb iO e¨eüZ n‡e
bv Ges outline Gi iO black ivLv n‡qQ| G‡Z evû¸‡jv Kv‡jv
i‡Oi n‡e| djvdj wb‡Pi Qwei g‡Zv n‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 99

Avgiv wb‡Pi †KvWwU e¨envi K‡i GKwU A¯^vfvweK polygon AvuK‡Z
cvwit

GB †KvW (200, 10) coordinates w`‡q ïiæ nq Ges Ae‡k‡l

(140, 120) G P‡j hvq| tkinter gwWDj ¯^qswµqfv‡e jvBb‡K
Avevi cÖ_g ¯’vbv‡¼i mv‡_ †hvM †`q|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 100

†U·U (Text) cÖ`k©b Kiv
AvK…wZ AvuKvi cvkvcvwk, Zzwg create_text dvskb e¨envi K‡i
K¨vbfv‡m wjL‡ZI cvi‡e| GB dvskbwU †U·U cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨
named parameter Gi mv‡_ ïaygvÎ `ywU coordinates MªnY
K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv text Gi x Ges y A‡ÿi Ae¯’vb| wbgœwjwLZ
†Kv‡W, Avgiv Av‡Mi g‡Zv Avgv‡`i K¨vbfvm ˆZwi Kwi Ges (150,
100) GB coordinates G Avgv‡`i †U·U cÖ`k©b Kwi| wb‡Pi
†KvWwU‡K [Link] bv‡g †mBf Kwit

create_text dvskb Ab¨vb¨ DcKvix c¨vivwgUvi wb‡Z cv‡i, †hgb

†U·U wdj Kvjvi| wbgœwjwLZ

†Kv‡W Avgiv †h †U·U cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z PvB, mv‡_ jvj †U·U wdj w`‡Z
PvB, †mwU Avgiv (130, 120) coordinate mn create _text
dvskb call K‡i Ki‡Z cviet

Zzwg d‡›Ui bvg Ges †U·U Gi AvKv‡ii mv‡_ d‡›Ui bvg Ges AvuKvi
Uvcj wn‡m‡e wbw`©ó Ki‡Z cvi‡e| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 20 mvB‡Ri UvBgm
d‡›Ui Uvcj n‡jv ('Times', 20)| wbgœwjwLZ †Kv‡W, Avgiv UvBgm
d›UwU 15 AvKv‡i †mU, †nj‡fwUKv d›UwU 20 AvKv‡i Ges Kzwiqvi
d›UwU 22 Ges 30 AvKv‡i †mU K‡i †U·U cÖ`k©b Ki‡evt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 101

wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z cvuPwU wfbœ AvKv‡i wZbwU wbw`©ó d›U e¨envi K‡i GB
dvsk‡bi djvdj †`Lv‡bv n‡jvt

Qwe (Image) cÖ`k©b Kiv

tkinter e¨envi K‡i K¨vbfv‡m GKwU Qwe cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z, cÖ_‡g QwewU
†jvW K‡iv Ges Zvici K¨vbfvm Ae‡R‡± create_image dvskbwU
e¨envi K‡iv| †Zvgvi Home †dvìvi, Qwe ivLvi Av`k© RvqMv|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 102

DB‡Ûv‡R GwU nj c: \ Users \<your username> ; MacOS /
Users/<your username>; Ges Ubuntu A_ev Raspberry
PI Gi Rb¨, /home/ <your username>| wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z †Zvgvi
Kw¤cDUv‡ii Home folder Gi Qwe †`Iqv n‡jvt

tkinter Gi gva¨‡g, Zzwg ïaygvÎ GIF B‡gR dvBj .gif G·‡Ubkb

mn †jvW Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Ab¨vb¨ ai‡bi Qwe †hgb PNG (.png) Ges
JPG (.jpg) cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e, Z‡e Gi Rb¨ †Zvgv‡K GKwU wfbœ
gwWDj †hgb Pillow, the Python Imaging Library e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e| †Zvgvi hw` e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ GKwU GIF bv _v‡K,
Zvn‡j GKwU Qwe Ly‡jv Ges Zvici GwU‡K GIF wnmv‡e msiÿY Kivi
†Póv K‡iv| Windows Gi g‡a¨ paint app Gi gva¨‡g mn‡R GwU
Ki‡Z cvi‡e, Z‡e Qwe‡K Av‡iv A‡bKfv‡e GIF G KbfvU© Kiv hvq|
[Link] bvgK Qwe‡K Avgiv Gfv‡e cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cviet

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 103

cÖ_g Pvi jvB‡b, Avgiv Av‡Mi D`vniY¸wji g‡Zv K¨vbfvm ˆZwi
K‡iwQ| cÂg jvB‡b, QwewU my_image †fwi‡qe‡j †jvW Kiv nq|
Avgiv dvB‡ji bvg c:\\Users\\jason\\[Link] w`‡q d‡Uv B‡gR
ˆZwi Kwi| Windows Filename Gi g‡a¨ Avgv‡`i `ywU e¨vK¯¬¨vk
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e (\\), KviY, cvB_b w÷ªs Gi g‡a¨ e¨vK¯¬¨vk GKwU
we‡kl Aÿi (G‡¯‹c K¨v‡i±vi bvgK wKQzi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq
D`vniY¯^iƒc, \t G‡¯‹c K¨v‡i±vi GKwU U¨ve‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i, \n
G‡¯‹c K¨v‡i±vi GKwU bZzb jvB‡bi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i, hv Avgiv c~‡e©
e¨envi K‡iwQ ), Ges `ywU e¨vK¯¬¨vk n‡jv ÒGLv‡b Avwg GKwU
escape character e¨envi Ki‡Z PvB bv - Avwg GKwU GKK
e¨vK¯¬¨vk PvB|Ó ejvi GKwU gva¨g| Zzwg hw` †W¯‹U‡c Qwe msiÿY
K‡i iv‡Lv, Zvn‡j IB †dvìv‡i photo image ˆZwi Kiv DwPZt

wPÎwU †fwi‡qe‡j †jvW n‡q †M‡j, canvas.create_image(0,

0,anchor=NW, image=my_image), create_image dvskb
e¨envi K‡i Qwe cÖ`k©b K‡i| GB (0, 0) coordinates Gi g‡a¨
Qwe cÖ`wk©Z n‡e, Ges NW (North West Gi mswÿß iƒc)
dvskbwU‡K Qwe AvuKvi mgq m~Pbv we›`y wn‡m‡e Dc‡ii-evg cÖvšÍwU
e¨envi Ki‡Z e‡j, Ab¨_vq, GwU †K›`ª e¨envi Ki‡e| final
named c¨vivwgUvi, image , †jvW Kiv Qwei Rb¨ †fwi‡qe‡j
c‡q›U K‡i| w¯Œ‡b wb‡Pi g‡Zv wewU cÖ`wk©Z n‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 104

mvaviY A¨vwb‡gkb ˆZwi Kiv
Avgiv †`‡LwQ wKfv‡e w¯’i Qwe ˆZwi Kiv hvq, hv PjvPj K‡i bv, P‡jv
GLb Avgiv A¨vwb‡gkb ˆZwi‡Z g‡bv‡hvM w`‡ev|A¨vwb‡gkb, tkinter
gwWD‡ji cÖavb KvR bq, Z‡e GwU mvaviY wKQz A¨vwb‡gkb cwiPvjb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Avgiv GB †KvW e¨envi K‡i GKwU wÎfzR
AvuK‡Z cvwi Ges †mwU‡K w¯Œ‡bi †h‡Kvb ¯’v‡b wb‡q †h‡Z cvwit

hLb †KvWwU ivb Ki‡e, ZLb wÎfzRwU w¯Œ‡bi g‡a¨ PjvPj Ki‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 105

Av‡Mi g‡Zv, Avgiv Tkinter import Kivi ci cÖ_g wZbwU jvBb
GKwU K¨vbfvm cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ †gŠwjK †mU-Avc ˆZwi Ki‡Z e¨envi
K‡iwQ| Avgiv canvas.create_polygon(10, 10, 10, 60, 50,
35) dvskb e¨envi K‡i wÎfzR ˆZwi Kwi| Zzwg hLb GB jvBbwU
cÖ‡ek Kiv‡e, ZLb w¯Œ‡b GKwU msL¨v wcÖ›U n‡e| GwU n‡jv GKwU
eûfz‡Ri Rb¨ kbv³Kvix msL¨v| Avgiv c‡i AvK…wZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z
GwU e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi| Gici, Avgiv for x in range(1, 61)
w`‡q ïiæ K‡i 1 †_‡K 61 ch©šÍ MYbv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU jyc ˆZwi
Kwi| jy‡ci wfZ‡ii †KvW eøKwU wÎfzRwU‡K w¯Œb Ry‡o wb‡q hvq|
[Link] dvskb x Ges y Gi gvb †hvM K‡i †h‡Kvb e¯‘‡K
mwi‡q †`‡e|

D`vniY¯^iƒc, [Link](1, 5, 0) w`‡q, Avgiv ID 1 (wÎfzR

Gi kbv³Kvix) †K 5 wc‡·j mvg‡b Ges 0 wc‡·j wb‡P miv‡ev|
GwU‡K Avevi †cQ‡b miv‡Z, Avgiv [Link](1, -5, 0)
dvskb e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 106

[Link]() dvskb tkinter †K w¯Œb Avc‡WU Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i|
hw` Avgiv update, e¨envi bv Kwi, tkinter wÎfzRwU miv‡bvi c~‡e©
jyc †kl bv nIqv ch©šÍ A‡cÿv Ki‡e, A_©vr wÎfzRwU K¨vbfv‡m
gm„Yfv‡e PjvPj bv K‡i †kl Ae¯’v‡b jvwd‡q P‡j hv‡e| jy‡ci †kl
jvBb, [Link](0.05),cvB_b‡K MYbvi GK †m‡K‡Ûi wek
fv‡Mi GK fvM fvM (0.05 †m‡KÛ) wej¤^ Ki‡Z e‡j| wÎfzRwU‡K
c`©vi wb‡P Zxh©Kfv‡e miv‡bvi Rb¨, Avgiv move (1, 5, 5) call
K‡i †KvWwU cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvwi| Gevi K¨vbfvm eÜ K‡iv Ges
wb‡Pi †KvWwU wjLvi Rb¨ GKwU bZzb dvBj ˆZwi K‡ivt

GB †KvW `yBfv‡e Av‡Mi g~j †KvW †_‡K c„_Kt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 107

1. Avgiv canvas = Canvas (tk, width=400, height=400)
e¨envi K‡i K¨vbfv‡mi D”PZv 200 Gi cwie‡Z© 400 K‡iwQ|
2. Avgiv [Link](1, 5, 5) Gi mv‡_ wÎfz‡Ri x Ges y
coordinates Gi mv‡_ 5 †hvM K‡iwQ| wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z jy‡ci †k‡l
wÎfz‡Ri Ae¯’vb †`Lvq, Gevi †KvWwU msiÿb K‡iv Ges
†KvWwU ivb K‡ivt

wÎfzRwU‡K Zxh©Kfv‡e miv‡bvi Rb¨, w¯ŒbwU‡K ïiæi Ae¯’v‡b wb‡q hvI

Ges (-5, -5) e¨envi

K‡iv| dvB‡ji wb‡Pi w`‡K GB †KvWwU mshy³ K‡ivt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 108

GB †KvWwU ivb Kivi ci, wÎfzRwU †hLv‡b ïiæ n‡qwQj †mLv‡b wd‡i
hv‡e|

†Kv‡bv e¯Íyi cÖwZwµqv ˆZwi Kiv

Avgiv event bindings e¨envi K‡i †Kvb evUb Pvc‡j wÎfz‡Ri
cÖwZwµqv NUv‡Z cvwi| B‡f›U n‡jv Ggb wKQz hv GKwU †cÖvMÖvg
PjvKvjxb N‡U, †hgb †KD gvDm bvov‡”Q, GKwU evUb †cÖm Ki‡Q ev
windows eÜ Ki‡Q| Zzwg tkinter †K GB NUbv¸‡jv †`Lvi Rb¨
Ges Zvici cÖwZwµqv wn‡m‡e wKQz Kivi Rb¨ ej‡Z cvi‡e|
B‡f›U¸‡jv cwiPvjbv Kiv ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ (B‡f‡›Ui mgq cvB_b‡K
wKQz Ki‡Z), Avgiv cÖ_‡g GKwU dvskb ˆZwi Ki‡ev| hLb Avgiv
Tkinter †K ewj, †Kvb dvskb GKwU wbw`©ó G‡f‡›Ui mv‡_ msw¯øó,
ZLb binding AskwU Av‡m| GwU B‡f›U cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨
¯^qswµqfv‡e tkinter Øviv Kj Kiv n‡e| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Enter †cÖm
K‡i wÎfzR‡K miv‡bvi Rb¨ Avgiv wb‡Pi dvskbwU wWdvBb Ki‡Z
cvwit

dvskbwU GKwU GKK c¨vivwgUvi (B‡f›U) MÖnY K‡i, hv dvsk‡b

B‡f›U m¤c‡K© Z_¨ cvVv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Avgiv bind_all dvskb
Øviv Tkinter †K ewj †h, GB dvskw›U GKwU wbw`©ó B‡f‡›Ui Rb¨
e¨envi Kiv DwPZ| m¤c~Y© †KvWwU Gfv‡e †`Lv‡e| P‡jv GwU‡K GKwU
bZzb dvB‡j wj‡L ivb Kivi c~‡e© [Link] bv‡g †mf
Kwit

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 109

GB dvsk‡bi cÖ_g c¨vivwgUviwU †mB B‡f›UwU eY©bv K‡i, hv Avgiv
tkinter †K †`Lv‡Z PvB| GB †ÿ‡Î, GwU‡K <KeyPress-Return>
ejv nq, hv Enter Ges Return evUb Gi Press| Avgiv Tkinter
†K ej‡ev †h, hLb keypress B‡f›U NU‡e ZLbB movetriangle
dvskbwU m¤cv`b n‡e| Gevi †KvWwU ivb K‡iv, gvDm w`‡q K¨bfv‡m
wK¬K K‡iv Ges Gi ci Kx‡ev‡W© Enter †cÖm Kivi †Póv K‡iv|

P‡jv Gevi wewfbœ key press Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i wÎfz‡Ri w`K
cwieZ©b Kivi †Póv Kwi, †hgb arrow key| Avgv‡`i cÖ_‡g
movetriangle dvskbwU cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡et

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 110

Movetriangle G cvm Kiv B‡f›U Ae‡R‡± †ek wKQz †fwi‡qej
i‡q‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv, keysum (key wP‡ýi Rb¨), GwU
GKwU w÷ªs hv cÖK…Z key press Gi f¨vjy a‡i iv‡L| keysym
†fwi‡qe‡ji g‡a¨ hw` up w÷ªs _v‡K, Zvn‡j event .keysym ==
’Up’ GB jvBbwU e‡j †h parameter (1, 0, –3) mn
[Link], Kj Kiv DwPZ| hw` keysum Gi g‡a¨ down
_v‡K, †hgb elif [Link] == ’Down’, Avgiv c¨vivwgUvi
(1, 0, 3) mn Kj Kwi| g‡b ivL‡e, cÖ_g msL¨vwU K¨vbfv‡m AvuKv
AvK…wZ kbv³Kvix msL¨v, wØZxqwU nj x (horizontal)
coordinates Gi mv‡_ †hvM Kivi gvb, Ges Z…ZxqwU n‡jv
(vertical) coordinates Gi mv‡_ †hvM Kivi gvb| GLb Avgiv
Tkinter †K ej‡ev †h, movetriange dvskbwU PviwU wfbœ B‡f›U
(up, down, left, and right) cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv n‡e|
wb‡P [Link] †KvWwU †Kgb n‡e †mwU †`Lv‡bv n‡jvt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 111

gyfUªvqv‡½j dvsk‡bi cÖ_g jvB‡b, keysym †fwi‡qe‡j up Av‡Q Kx
bv †mwU †PK K‡iwQ| hw` _v‡K, Zvn‡j Avgiv wÎfzR‡K move
dvskb Gi mv‡_ 1, 0 , -3 c¨vivwgUvi w`‡q Dc‡i Zzj‡ev| cÖ_g
c¨vivwgUvi wÎfzR kbv³Kvix, wØZxqwU Wvbw`‡K miv‡bvi cwigvY Ges
Z…ZxqwU wb‡Piw`‡K miv‡bvi cwigvY (-3 wc‡·j)| hw` †Kvb f¨vjy bv
wg‡j Zvn‡j me©‡kl else wÎfzR‡K Wvbw`‡K wb‡q hvq|

kbv³Kvix (Identifier) e¨envi Kivi AviI Dcvq

hLbB Avgiv K¨vbfvm †_‡K GKwU create_function e¨envi Kwi,
†hgb create_polygon ev create_rectangle, ZLb GKwU
kbv³Kvix cÖ`vb Kiv nq| GB mbv³Kvix bv¤^vi Ab¨vb¨ K¨vbfvm
dvskb¸‡jvi mv‡_ e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hgb Avgiv Av‡M gyf
dvskb w`‡q K‡iwQt

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 112

GB D`vni‡Yi mgm¨v nj create_polygon memgq 1 †diZ †`‡e
bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Zzwg hw` Ab¨ AvKvi¸wj ˆZwi K‡iv Z‡e GwU 2, 3
ev GgbwK 100 †diZ w`‡Z cv‡i (‡Zvgvi ˆZwi Kiv AvKv‡ii msL¨vi
Dci wbf©i K‡i)| hw` Avgiv †fwi‡qej wn‡m‡e †diZ cvIqv gvbwU
msiÿY Kivi Rb¨ †KvW cwieZ©b Kivi ci †fwi‡qej e¨envi Kwi,
ZLb, †KvWwU †h‡Kvb †diZ cvIqv msL¨vi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡e|

Move dvskb Avgv‡`i Identifier e¨envi K‡i w¯Œ‡bi Pvicv‡k

Ae‡R±¸wj miv‡Z †`q| wKš‘ Ab¨vb¨ K¨vbfvm dvskb¸wjI Avgiv
†hme AvK…wZ AsKb K‡iwQ,‡m¸‡jv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
D`vniY¯^iƒc, itemconfig dvskb GKwU AvK…wZi wKQz c¨vivwgUvi
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, †hgb Gi fill Ges outline Gi iO| hw`
Avgiv GKwU jvj wÎfzR ˆZwi Kwi:

Avgiv itemconfig Gi mvnv‡h¨ wÎfzRwU‡K Ab¨ i‡O cwieZ©b Ki‡Z

cvwi| wb‡Pi †KvWwU mytriangle †fwi‡qej Øviv wPwýZ e¯Íyi fill
color †K bxj i‡O cwieZ©b K‡i|

Avgiv identifier †K cÖ_g c¨vivwgUvi wn‡m‡e evenvi K‡i

wÎfzRwU‡K GKwU wfbœ i‡Oi ‡iLv w`‡Z cvwit
nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 113
Avgiv hv wk‡LwQ
GB Aa¨v‡q, Avgiv GKwU K¨vbfv‡m mnR R¨vwgwZK AvK…wZ, wPÎ
cÖ`k©b Ges †gŠwjK A¨vwb‡gkb m¤cv`b Kivi Rb¨ tkinter gwWDj
e¨envi †`‡LwQ| Avgiv †`‡LwQ event bindings w`‡q †Kvb key
†cÖm Kivi mv‡_ wKfv‡e GKwU Qwe cÖwZwµqv K‡i| Avgiv Av‡iv
†`‡LwQ wKfv‡e Tkinter Gi create function GKwU identifying
bv¤^vi return K‡i, hv Qwe AvuKvi c‡i†m¸wj‡K w¯Œ‡b Nyiv‡bv ev
Zv‡`i iO cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†cÖvMÖvwgs avuav
tkinter gwWDj Ges †gŠwjK A¨vwb‡gkb AviI Mfxifv‡e †`L‡Z
n‡j wbgœwjwLZ D`vniY¸‡jv †Póv K‡iv|

#1 wÎfzR w`‡q w¯Œb fwZ© Kiv

w¯Œb wÎfzR w`‡q fwZ© Kivi Rb¨ Tkinter e¨envi K‡i GKwU †cÖvMÖvg
ˆZwi K‡iv| Gi ci w¯Œ‡b wewfbœ i‡Oi wÎfzR w`‡q fwZ© Kivi Rb¨
†cÖvMÖvgwU cwieZ©b K‡iv|

#2 PjšÍ wÎfzR
wÎfzRwU‡K ¯Œxb Ry‡o Wvbw`‡K, Zvici bx‡P, Zvici Avevi evgw`‡K
Ges Avevi ïiæi Ae¯’v‡b wb‡q †h‡Z, GKwU wÎfz‡Ri Rb¨ PjšÍ
†KvWwU‡K gwWdvB K‡iv|

#3 PjšÍ Qwe
K¨vbfv‡m wb‡Ri GKwU Qwe cÖ`k©b Kivi †Póv K‡iv| wbwðZ K‡iv †h
GwU GKwU GIF Qwe| Zzwg wK Qwe‡K w¯Œb Ry‡o miv‡Z cvi‡e?

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 114

#4 Qwe w`‡q w¯Œb c~Y© Kiv
Av‡Mi avuavq †h QwewU e¨envi K‡iQ, GwU‡K †QvU K‡iv| Gevi time
gwWDj import K‡iv Ges sleep dvskb ([Link](0.5))
e¨envi K‡iv hv‡Z Qwe¸‡jv AviI ax‡i ax‡i cÖ`wk©Z nq|

nv‡ZKj‡g cvB_b †cÖvMÖvwgs ▪ 115