Somali National University

Faculty of Economics and Management Science

Department of Business Management

CAUSES AND EFECTS OF

UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG GRADUATES

By

GROUP ONE
 Contents

Contents.......................................................................................................2
Tables............................................................................................................4
Figures..........................................................................................................5
CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................6
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................6
1.1. Introduction......................................................................................6
1.2. Background of The Study.................................................................6
1.3. Problem Statement..........................................................................7
1.4. Objectives of the Study....................................................................8
1.5. Research questions..........................................................................9
1.6. Scope of study.................................................................................9
1.7. Significance of study......................................................................10
1.8. A conceptual framework................................................................10
CHAPTER TWO...............................................................................................12
LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................12
2.1. Introduction....................................................................................12
2.2. The Theoretical Review..................................................................12
2.3. . The Conceptual Review................................................................14
2.4. Empirical Review............................................................................17
2.5. Conclusion and Research Gap........................................................18
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................19
METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................19
3.1. Introduction....................................................................................19
3.2. STUDY DESIGN...............................................................................19
3.3. POPOULATION STUDY.....................................................................19
3.4. SAMPLE, SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLE TECHNIQUE.........................20
3.5. DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT....................................................21
3.6. DATA ADMINISTRATION PROCEDURE..............................................21
 3.7. DATA ANALYSIS...............................................................................21
3.8. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY.............................................................21
3.9. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION..............................................................23
REFERENCES...............................................................................................24
 Tables

Table 1Reliability of the Instrument (Total Scale)...........................................22

Table 2 Cronbach’s Alpha Value.....................................................................23
 Figures

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework Showing Causes and Effects of Graduate

Unemployment..............................................................................................18
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction

Graduate unemployment has become a serious global and national challenge, driven by
rapid technological change, shifting labour-market demands, and a growing mismatch
between education and workplace skills. In countries like Somalia, where youth
unemployment is extremely high, graduates face even greater barriers as the labour market
struggles to absorb increasing numbers of degree holders. These conditions highlight the
need to understand why many graduates remain jobless, how this affects their well-being and
national development, and what can be done to address the problem. This study therefore
explores the main causes, effects, and possible solutions to graduate unemployment within
Somalia’s social, economic, and institutional context.

1.2. Background of The Study

1.2.1. Global and Regional Context

Unemployment is widely recognized as a significant global issue. According to Dean et
al., (2021) Unemployment has emerged as a burning issue in the current economic scenario,
both in developing and developed countries. This statement clearly establishes that the
unemployment crisis is not confined to Malaysia but is observed across multiple regions
around the world. The persistence of unemployment, particularly among youth and newly
graduated individuals, makes it a global concern affecting nations regardless of their
economic development status. Furthermore, the authors emphasize that global forces such as
globalization, disruptive technologies, and digital transformation have reshaped labour
markets and contributed to changing patterns of employment worldwide. They note that these
dynamics introduce both opportunities and risks, altering job availability and requirements
for graduates globally. This reflects how international economic and technological trends
influence regional and national graduate employability.

1.2.2. National Context of Graduate Unemployment in Somalia

According to Yasin Gelle et al., (2021), Somalia faces extremely high unemployment
levels, particularly among its youth population. The paper notes that youth unemployment in
Somalia is reported to be over 70% (HIPS, 2020). This high rate reflects the broader state of
job scarcity in the country and forms the backdrop for understanding graduate unemployment
trends. The study further explains that graduate unemployment has become one of the most
serious socio-economic problems in Somalia, rising alongside the growth in the nation's
graduate labour force. Unemployment is broadly defined as a condition in which individuals
who are capable of working, available for work, and actively seeking employment are unable
to find a job. In the context of labour-market analysis, unemployment reflects the degree to
which an economy is able or unable to productively absorb its labour force. Graduate
unemployment refers specifically to the situation in which individuals who have completed
tertiary education (such as diploma, bachelor’s, or postgraduate studies) remain without
meaningful employment. As highlighted in the study, graduate unemployment in Somalia has
become one of the most serious socio-economic problems, particularly as increasing numbers
of graduates enter a labour market unable to absorb them.

Global job problems and Somalia’s local challenges make graduate unemployment a
serious issue. As the economy struggles and more people attend university, it’s important to
understand why graduates can’t find jobs, what problems this causes, and how to fix it. This
study looks at these issues in Somalia’s social, economic, and institutional setting.
1.3. Problem Statement

Globally, higher education systems continue to expand and produce increasing numbers
of graduates, yet many young people still struggle to secure employment due to a persistent
mismatch between what education offers and what the labour market requires. Employers in
many regions prefer candidates with prior experience, leaving fresh graduates who often lack
practical training or hold unrealistic job expectations at a disadvantage. This ongoing
misalignment has led to rising graduate unemployment, creating widespread socio-economic
challenges such as heightened stress, mental health concerns, and long-term obstacles for
youth attempting to transition successfully into the workforce.

Brief Proposed Solution:

We focus on bridge the gap between universities, graduates, and employers by:

1. Promoting more practical, experience-based learning such as internships and

industry-led training,
2. Collaborating with employers to align curriculum and skill requirements with
real labour market needs, and
3. Equipping graduates with employability skills such as adaptability,
professional communication, and job-seeking strategies. This approach makes
your project a targeted intervention that directly addresses the structural
mismatch causing graduate unemployment.

1.4. Objectives of the Study

1.4.1. General Objective

To investigate the major causes and effects of unemployment among graduates

1.4.2. Specific Objectives

The study seeks to:
 a. To identify the major causes of unemployment among graduates.
b. To examine how socio-economic factors contribute to graduate unemployment.
c. To assess the impact of educational factors including skills mismatch, curriculum
quality, and lack of practical training on graduate unemployment.
d. To analyze the influence of institutional factors such as government policies,
labour market structures, and employer requirements on graduate unemployment.
e. To evaluate the effects of unemployment on graduates’ financial stability, mental
well-being, and career development.
f. To determine the broader socio-economic consequences of graduate
unemployment on national development.

1.5. Research questions

a. What are the major causes of unemployment among graduates?

b. what extent do socio-economic factors contribute to graduate unemployment?
c. How do educational factors such as curriculum quality, skills mismatch, and lack
of practical training affect graduate unemployment?
d. What institutional factors (government policies, labour-market systems, employer
requirements) influence unemployment among graduates?
e. What are the main effects of unemployment on graduates’ financial stability,
mental well-being, and career development?
f. How does graduate unemployment affect the socio-economic development of the
country?

1.6. Scope of study

1. Geographical Scope:

The study focuses on graduate unemployment within Somalia, examining national

conditions and labour-market characteristics.

2. Population Scope:
 The research targets graduates from universities and higher education institutions,
including diploma, bachelor’s, and postgraduate holders.

3. Content Scope:

The study covers:

• Causes of graduate unemployment

• Effects on financial stability, mental health, and career development
• Socio-economic and institutional factors influencing unemployment
• Possible solutions to improve employability

4. Time Scope:

The research considers recent unemployment trends from November 2025 to January
2026 provide up-to-date and relevant findings.

5. Limitations:

The study focuses only on unemployment among graduates and does not include
unemployment among non-graduates or informal labour.

1.7. Significance of study

This study is significant because it provides valuable insights into the causes and effects
of unemployment among graduates, helping to bridge the gap between academic training and
labor market demands. It benefits graduates by highlighting the skills and competencies
needed for employability, aids educational institutions in improving curriculum and career
support services, and informs policymakers in designing strategies to reduce unemployment.
Additionally, it offers employers an understanding of common skill gaps and serves as a
reference for future researchers interested in addressing youth unemployment and promoting
economic development.
1.8. A conceptual framework

A conceptual framework shows the relationship between independent variables (IVs) and
the dependent variable (DV) in a study. In this research, graduate unemployment is
influenced by educational, socio-economic, and institutional factors. Graduate
Unemployment Graduate unemployment refers to the condition in which individuals who
have completed tertiary education (diploma, bachelor’s, or postgraduate level) are willing
and able to work but are unable to secure suitable employment within the labour market.

Educational factors refer to elements within the education system that influence
employability, including curriculum relevance, quality of education, skills mismatch, and
availability of practical training. Socio-economic factors are social and economic conditions
that affect employment opportunities and individuals’ ability to access jobs. institutional
factors refer to policies, regulations, and systems established by government, educational
institutions, and employers that shape employment outcomes.. Labour market conditions
refer to the availability of jobs, demand for skills, and overall economic capacity to absorb
graduates.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

1.9. Introduction

This literature review focuses on the causes and effects of unemployment among
graduates by examining existing studies from theoretical, conceptual, and empirical
perspectives. The theoretical review discusses relevant theories that explain graduate
unemployment and labor market behavior. The conceptual review presents key concepts and
variables related to graduate unemployment and shows the relationships between its causes
and effects. The empirical review analyzes findings from previous studies conducted in
different contexts to identify common patterns, gaps, and conclusions regarding graduate
unemployment. Together, these perspectives provide a comprehensive understanding of the
issue.

1.10. The Theoretical Review

1.10.1. Introduction of theoretical review

The study of graduate unemployment draws on, Human Capital theory, Keynesian
theory, and Marxist (Conflict) theory. These theories provide a framework for
understanding the causes and effects of unemployment among graduates.

1.10.2. Human Capital theory

(Van De Rheede et al., 2423) The theory of human capital explains the positive relation
between educational qualifications and higher earnings over the working life of a person as a
result of which a person will invest in education. The basic premise of the theory is that
education and training augment an individual's stock of human capital and therefore increase
that person's productive potential. This, in turn, leads to higher earnings. The human capital
theory claims that education increases the productivity of workers. It does so through
increased knowledge and skills and therefore augments the workers’ future income by
increasing their lifetime earnings. (Hanapi & Nordin, 2014) Based from a human capital
theory by Becker (1964) it is stated that human capital that has a high knowledge and skills
contribute to the increase of the country’s economic productivity. Becker (1964) also stated
that a high investment in producing useful human capitals is important as long as it give high
and positive impacts to the economic productivity.

1.10.3. . Keynesian theory

(Peraturan Daerah Kota Metro No 9, 2017) Keynesian hypothesis of joblessness is
additionally alluded to as the repetitive or insufficient request joblessness. This hypothesis
suggested that joblessness emerges when there is declining total request in the economy to
give employment to each capable, qualified and willing person who need to work. In
perspective of this financial hypothesis, when there is decline in aggregate demand, there is
associated weakening in manufacturing, which requirethe need to diminish the quantity of
staff. This study therefore presumes that the Ghanaian economy has not been growing fast
enough to absorb the teeming unemployed youth because the manufacturing sector is weak.
The weakness of the manufacturing sector is as a result of weak macroeconomic
fundamentals including low aggregate demand. The theory is therefore appropriate for the
study because it is able to explain the fundamental reasons for general unemployment.

1.10.4. Marxist or Conflict theory

This particular theory is a strand of conflict theory associated with Karl Marx (1818-
1883). It is a theory that stresses on the social, political or economic inequality with a social
group. According to Karl Marx, every capitalist society is made up of two classes the
bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (the working class).
Marx posits that the dominant economic system would produce internal tension lending to its
own destruction, thus ushering a radical change. Asserted that unemployment is the
instrument of marginalization used by the dominant class to suppress the desire of the
masses. The implications of corruption and sidetracking of fund meant for employment
creation leads to unemployment which give rise to crime and will eventually affect the
dominant class and prompt them to create employment as a remedy. The major weakness of
this theory is its emphasis on the economic aspect of the society and not taking into
cognizance other factors like religion and culture which can lead to inequality (Nnatu et al.,
n.d.).

1.11. . The Conceptual Review

1.11.1. Concept Of Unemployment

(Chris, 2015) The International Labor Organization (ILO) defines the unemployment as
numbers of the economically active population who are without work but available for and
seeking work, including people who have lost their jobs and those who have voluntarily left
work. (Dean et al., 2021) The unemployment rate among fresh graduates is increasing from
time to time. This problem happens because of many factors, and we are not going to blame
the company only, but the candidates should also be blamed. It is why because the author
fined the reason why unemployment among fresh graduates happens. Candidates themselves
are one reason why unemployment among fresh graduates happens .Some candidates being
picky in choosing their job, especially if they have graduated with a bachelor or master. They
tend to look for a high-position job. But to get the highest position, candidates need to have a
working experience, but most fresh graduates do not have it.

1.11.2. Causes Of Unemployment Graduates

Unemployment among graduates is a growing concern in many societies, as an increasing
number of individuals complete higher education without securing suitable employment. This
situation is influenced by several factors, including socio-economic conditions, educational
challenges, and institutional and labour market issues.
 socio-economic conditions: (Peraturan Daerah Kota Metro No 9, 2017) Poverty suggests
that poverty has been identified not merely with inequality but also with employment. He
cites for example, in the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) “country reports” that it
remains a fact that a person may be working for long hours and be paid for his efforts, but if
his remuneration rate is low, he may still end up being classified as unemployment. Whether
it makes sense to stretch the concept of unemployment into the field of poverty as such
remains an open question, which I have tried to discuss elsewhere, even though it should be
observed that Dendeker and Rath‟s own use of their estimates is hardly affected by whether
they call those people „poor‟ or unemployed. (Ikmal, 2019) Getting employed in this
challenging economic era is not easy compared to many years ago as the work structures had
changed, technologies had advanced and human skills are competing with the new
technologies. Most of the employer rather chose machines as their workers as they may
decrease the inflation to serve to their workers. In other words, during economic recessions,
companies would try to decrease their production volumes by decreasing the number of
workforce in which high employment would be accompanied by low inflation.

Educational Challenges: (Mohd Abdul Kadir et al., 2020) according to a UK University

research, the real problem of job mismatch is the abundance of graduates from the same
course resulting in strict filtering by employers to find the one who rightly deserves the job..
(Peraturan Daerah Kota Metro No 9, 2017) Poor education is identified indicator of the cause
of high rate of joblessness among our adolescences in most African nations. In this regard,
about half of the working age population has acquired just basic education which only
enables them to read and write with no employable skills to secure employment in the formal
segment of the labour market. Additionally, suggests that, the educational systems in Africa
do not correspond directly to the economic realities prevailing outside the school system. He
insists that it simply imparts general and literary education devoid of any practical content.

Institutional And Labour Market :Peraturan Daerah Kota Metro No 9, (2017) the quality
of labour force measured by education and skills acquired over time and their relevance to
the needs of the labour market is determine the probability of an individual being employed
or unemployed. At the point when joblessness develops in a group, disappointment with the
occupant Government takes after. US Agency for International Development (USAID) report
on youth and conflict identified unemployment as a risk factor for young people, asserting
that, „Young people often participate in violence because membership in extremist
organisations provides immediate economic benefits, because violence itself offers
opportunities for economic gain through direct payment or looting, or because conflict
promises to open up longer term economic options, for example, through patronage if "their"
ethnic or religious group captures power.

1.11.3. Effects Of Unemployment Graduates

The persistence of graduate unemployment has wide-ranging economic, social, and
psychological consequences. (Dean et al., 2021) During economic recessions, getting
employed will be challenging where human skills will compete with the new technologies.
Most employers chose machines as their workers to decrease inflation to serve their workers.
He agrees that most companies, especially the factories, would instead choose machines
compared to the human workforce where they could decrease the payment of workers and
increase the volume of productions. From an economic perspective, being over-educated in
the labor market exemplifies graduates who exceed the socially optimal level of education.
According to the law of labour supply and demand, they should get a job regardless of their
educational attainment. It is at this point that conflicts occur. While the group wants to earn
more returns to balance educational costs, ordinary workplaces that require lower academic
requirements do not provide sufficient salaries or benefits to make up for the opportunity cost
of education .When the economy's regular activity is interrupted, economic uncertainty
exists. Instability erodes interest, resulting in lower investment, lower consumption, lower
productivity, and higher unemployment. Commodity price swings, interest rate fluctuations,
confidence levels, stock market crashes, and black swan events such as the Covid19
pandemic may contribute to economic uncertainty.(Peraturan Daerah Kota Metro No 9,
2017) It leads to loss of human resources, poverty and the breeding of social problems.
Among others it leads to political instability, exploitation of labour. Psychologically
Adolescents, who have burned through at least two years in schools and universities, have
dreams and goals. These are dreams of securing fulfilling occupations following their long
years of battle, meeting fundamental necessities of life (nourishment, attire, asylum and
medicinal services), graduating to an existence of solace and pride and, in the long run,
getting a charge out of the extravagances of life. The injury of seeing their fantasies trampled
week-after-week, after a seemingly endless amount of time, can and leads to profound mental
scars that is exceptionally hard to confront at such a youthful age. This injury can have effect
on person's confidence and can prompt clinical misery. Similarly to get a job underway that
settles the individual into realizing his dreams defines his wellbeing as a non-deficient one.
Bill Clinton once indicated that, „I do not believe we can repair the basic fabric of society
until people who are willing to work have work. Work organizes life. It gives structure and
discipline to life.

Figure 1 presents the conceptual framework of the study, illustrating how socio-
economic, educational, and labour market factors contribute to graduate unemployment and
its associated economic, social, and psychological effects.

1.12. Empirical Review

According to (Mekonnen, 2021) the state of job creation report, Ethiopian Job Creation
Commission (2019), revealed that youth graduate unemployment is increasing due to the
reasons such as an oversupply of the educated labour force, unrealistic graduate expectations
for the job market and labour market frictions. A similar report by UEUS (CSA, 2018)
showed that youth graduate unemployment rate increased from 6.06 % in 2014 to 9.22 % in
2018. Youth unemployment is highly increasing compared to total employment in the
country. A tracer study by using tertiary education engineering graduates of both AAU and
BDU found that there exists always time gap (which ranges from 6 months to one year)
between their graduation and the time they got job. According to the study, youth graduates
were mainly employed in public sectors due to the fact that the expectation of the graduates
and the capacity of the private sector to absorb youth graduates was limited. The study has
used snow-ball sampling technique to select graduate students of Debre Birhan university
who graduated from 2011 to 2013 and purposive sampling technique were used to select
employers who have employed graduates of the specified institution. According to the study
about 65.9 per cent of the graduates confirmed that their level of requirement fits the kind of
job they got and very significant percentage (31.5) have reported the skill they acquired
during their stay at the university did not much with the job they are working. On the other
hand, about 64.4 per cent of the employers who participated in the tracer study have
indicated that they are satisfied with the graduate employed in their company. Similarly,

1.13. Conclusion and Research Gap

This chapter reviewed relevant theoretical, conceptual, and empirical literature on

graduate unemployment. The review shows that graduate unemployment is influenced by
socio-economic, educational, and labour market factors and has significant economic, social,
and psychological effects. However, most existing studies focus on general youth
unemployment and are conducted in contexts outside the region, with limited attention given
to the specific experiences of graduates within the region. In addition, few studies examine
both the causes and effects of graduate unemployment together. Therefore, this study seeks to
fill this gap by investigating the causes and effects of graduate unemployment among
graduates in the region.

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework Showing Causes and Effects of Graduate

Unemployment
FACTORS OF Effects Of
CAUSES Unemployment
Graduates
(IV)

Socio-Economic
Conditions Factors, Economic effects

Educational Challenges Social effects

Factors

Psychological
Institutional And Labour effects
Market Factors
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

1.14. Introduction

This chapter describes the research methodology used to examine the causes and effects
of unemployment among graduates in Somalia. It explains the Study design, population,
sample , sample size, sampling technique, data collection Instrument s, Data Administration
Procedure data analysis, and ethical considerations. The methods adopted in this study are
intended to ensure accuracy, reliability, and validity of the data collected in order to achieve
the study objectives and answer the research questions.

1.15. STUDY DESIGN

The study adopts a quantitative research approach using a descriptive survey research
design. This design is appropriate because it enables the researcher to collect standardized
data from a group of respondents and quantify their perceptions regarding the causes and
effects of unemployment among graduates. The design also allows for statistical analysis,
making it suitable for identifying patterns, trends, and relationships among variables.

1.16. POPOULATION STUDY

The target population of this study consists of graduates from universities and higher
education institutions in Somalia, including diploma, bachelor’s, and postgraduate degree
holders. The population will include graduates from both public and private universities who
are actively seeking employment. The population includes unemployed graduates to allow
comparison and better understanding of unemployment dynamics.

1.17. SAMPLE, SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLE TECHNIQUE

1.17.1. SAMPLE
The study will involve a sample of unemployed graduates from Somalia, including
individuals with Bachelor’s, Master’s, and PhD degrees. The sample is specifically selected
to represent graduates who are currently unemployed and actively seeking employment,
ensuring that the data collected is relevant to the research objectives.

1.17.2. SAMPLE SIZE

A total of 20 respondents will be selected for this study. The sample size was determined
based on the scope of the study and the resources available, while ensuring sufficient
representation from each education level to provide meaningful insights into the causes and
effects of unemployment among graduates.

1.17.3. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:

This study will adopt purposive sampling, a non-probability sampling method.
Participants will be deliberately selected based on their unemployment status and level of
education, ensuring that the respondents are directly relevant to the study. Purposive
sampling is appropriate for this research because it focuses on a specific group—graduates
who are unemployed—thus providing accurate and reliable information regarding the causes
and effects of unemployment.

Justification:

The purposive sampling technique is suitable for this study as it allows the researcher to
target respondents who can provide in-depth and meaningful data on the phenomenon under
investigation. This approach ensures that the data collected is relevant and can effectively
inform the findings and conclusions of the study.

1.18. DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

The primary data collection instrument will be a structured questionnaire, designed using
Google Forms for easy distribution. The questionnaire will consist of: Demographic
information: Age, gender, level of education (Bachelor’s, Master’s, PhD), field of study.
Causes of unemployment: Questions about socio-economic factors, education quality, skills
mismatch, and other challenges contributing to unemployment. Effects of unemployment:
Questions exploring psychological, social, and financial impacts. Response scale: A 5-point
Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree) will be used to quantify
perceptions and opinions.

1.19. DATA ADMINISTRATION PROCEDURE

The researcher personally administered the questionnaires to the respondents. She sought
the permission for the respondents individually and separately to participate in the study.
Once the permission was granted, she briefed the respondents individually and separately as
to what the study was about in order to get the needed attention, support and co-operation
thereby enhancing the quality and reliability of the data collected.

1.20. DATA ANALYSIS

Responses will be analyzed using Minitab software to compute descriptive statistics such
as mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentages. Graphs and tables will also be
generated in Minitab to illustrate findings.
 1.21. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

A pilot test was conducted with a sample of 20 respondents. The purpose of the pilot test
was to evaluate the clarity, reliability, and validity of the questionnaire before administering it
to the full study sample. Feedback from the pilot test was used to make minor adjustments to
the wording of some items to improve clarity and understanding.

1.21.1. Validation of the Instrument

(Mekonnen, 2021) The validity is concerned with the accuracy or truthfulness of the data.
The research instrument was subjected to face and content validity by three experts in the
field of education: two from the Department of Business Education and one from the
Department of Measurement and Evaluation. The experts evaluated whether the questions
were aligned with the objectives of the study. Based on their recommendations and
comments, the researcher made necessary corrections. The revised instrument was then
presented to the supervisor for a final validation process, ensuring that it adequately covered
all relevant aspects of graduate unemployment and its effects.

1.21.2. Reliability of the Instrument

The reliability of response received is an important aspect in questionnaire design. The
reliability analysis of a measurement instrument determines the consistency with which the
instrument is measuring the concept (Shamsuddin et al., 2013)

The reliability of the instrument was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha, in MINITAB,
yielding a coefficient of 0.957. This indicates excellent internal consistency, demonstrating
that the items in the questionnaire consistently measure the constructs related to the causes
and effects of graduate unemployment.

Table 1Reliability of the Instrument (Total Scale)

Scale / Number of Mean (Total Standard Cronbach’s

Construct Items Score) Deviation Alpha
Causes and 26 97.90 17.03 0.9577
effects of
unemployment
among graduates
(total scale)

The total scale includes all items covering causes, socio-economic factors, educational
factors, institutional factors, and effects of graduate unemployment. The Cronbach’s Alpha
value of 0.9577 indicates excellent internal consistency.

Table 2 Cronbach’s Alpha Value

CRONBACH’S ALPHA VALUE INTERPRETATION

≥ 0.90 Excellent
0.80 – 0.89 Good
0.70 – 0.79 Acceptable
0.60 – 0.69 Questionable
< 0.50 Unacceptable

1.22. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

Ethical standards will be strictly adhered to in this study to ensure the protection of
participants and the integrity of the research. Participants will be fully informed about the
purpose of the study, and their voluntary participation will be obtained through a consent
statement included at the beginning of the questionnaire. Personal information provided by
respondents will be kept strictly confidential and used solely for the purposes of this
research. Furthermore, participants will have the right to withdraw from the study at any time
without any negative consequences, ensuring that their participation remains entirely
voluntary and respectful of their autonomy.
 REFERENCES

Chris, O. I. (2015). Graduate Unemployment and Economic Growth : Nigerian Experience

Under Democratic Government. International Journal of Engineering Research and
General Science, 3(1), 1389–1393.

Dean, D., Selangor, U., Rasli, S., Lecturer, S., Selangor, U., Shri, M., Kumar, G., Selangor, U.,
Suppiah, G., Resource, H., & Selangor, U. (2021). Unemployment Crisis Among Fresh
Graduates. American International Journal of Social Science Research, 10(1), 1–14.
[Link]

Hanapi, Z., & Nordin, M. S. (2014). Unemployment among Malaysia Graduates:

Graduates’Attributes, Lecturers’ Competency and Quality of Education. Procedia - Social
and Behavioral Sciences, 112(Iceepsy 2013), 1056–1063.
[Link]

Ikmal, A. (2019). e-Journal of Media & Society HIGH RATE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG
GRADUATES. E-Journal of Media & Society, 3, 1–15.

Mekonnen, M. A. (2021). The causes of youth unemployment among tertiary graduates in

Ethiopia By MEKONNEN , Meaza Ambachew The causes of youth unemployment among
tertiary graduates in Ethiopia By. 16–67.

Mohd Abdul Kadir, J., Naghavi, N., Subramaniam, G., & A’amilyn Abdul Halim, N. (2020).
Unemployment among Graduates - Is there a Mismatch? International Journal of Asian
Social Science, 10(10), 583–592. [Link]

Nnatu, S., Azikiwe, N., & Ochuko, I. (n.d.). Causes and Implication of Unemployment in
Anambra State A study of Onitsha North Local Government Area by. 2003.

Peraturan Daerah Kota Metro No 9. (2017). No 主観的健康感を中心とした在宅高齢者における 健康関連指標に関する共

分散構造分析 Title. Ketertiban Umum, Kebersihan, Dan Keindahan, 10600024, 634.

Shamsuddin, A., Mohmad Isa, K. H., Aziz, M. N., Mohamed Mahfol, N. Z. N., & Alagari, T.
(2013). Graduate unemployment: The awareness and perception of graduates towards
 government’s initiatives. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 3(1), 15–
24.

Van De Rheede, T. J., Stoltz, E., & Yu, D. (2423). UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS Graduate unemployment in South Africa: Extent, nature
and causes. August.

Yasin Gelle, L., Abshir, A., & Ali-Salad, M. A. (2021). Graduate Unemployment in Somalia:
Causes, Socio-Economic Consequences and Possible Solutions. Journal of Economics and
Development Studies, 9(3), 14–21. [Link]