Subject: Solution for Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Problems
Part 1: CRC Calculation*
Problem Statement:
Use the generator polynomial G(x) = x³ + 1 to compute the CRC bits
for the data word 110101. Show the transmitted frame.
Solution Steps:
1. Identify Data and Generator:
* Data Word (D): 110101
* Generator Polynomial G(x): x³ + 1
* This corresponds to the binary generator pattern (P): 1001
2. *Determine CRC Bits:*
* The degree of the generator polynomial is 3. Therefore, the
number of CRC bits (r) is 3.
* Append 3 zeros to the data word to prepare for division.
3. *Augmented Data:*
* The data word with 3 appended zeros is: 110101000
4. *Binary Division (Modulo-2):*
We divide 110101000 by 1001.
110011
_________
1001| 110101000
- 1001
------
1000
- 1001
------
0011
- 0000
------
0110
- 0000
------
1100
- 1001
------
1010
- 1001
------
011 <-- Remainder (CRC bits)
5. Final Result:
* The remainder of the division is *011*. These are the CRC
bits.
* The transmitted frame is the original data followed by the
CRC bits.
* Transmitted Frame (T) = 110101 + 011 = *110101011*
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*Part 2: Error Verification*
*Problem Statement:*
A frame 1001101 is received with CRC using generator polynomial
G(x) = x² + x + 1. Verify whether an error has occurred.
*Solution Steps:*
1. *Identify Received Frame and Generator:*
* Received Frame (T'): 1001101
* Generator Polynomial G(x): x² + x + 1
* This corresponds to the binary generator pattern (P): 111
2. *Verification Process:*
* The receiver divides the entire received frame by the
generator.
* If the remainder is zero, no detectable error has occurred.
* If the remainder is non-zero, an error has been detected.
3. *Binary Division (Modulo-2):*
We divide 1001101 by 111.
11111
________
111 | 1001101
- 111
-----
0111
- 111
-----
0001
- 000
-----
0010
- 000
-----
0101
- 111
-----
010 <-- Remainder
4. Final Result:
* The remainder of the division is *010*.
* Since the remainder is *not zero, we can conclude that **an
error has occurred* in the transmission.