30/9/25 Chemistry 10:40~10:45
Overview: Chill topic, no work, talking about Mr. Hans’ teacher in school on organic
chemistry, big guy tutoring kids in Harvard 4 years older than him
Converting the frequencies created by radiation stretching and bending molecules, to music. He created
a whole new field on this.
30/9/25 Chemistry 10:45~
Overview: Ch. 13, Redacted (in syllabus, NOT IN current BOOK) - Organic chem -
Limestone cycle, Greenhouse gases, Blast furnace
Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3
Limestone, Chalk, Marble are ALL forms of calcium carbonate. It is a sedimentary rock and is made from
remains of organisms millions of years ago. Usually contains fossils.\
Formation of Limestone
● Very High concentration of calcium carbonate -> causes it to crystallize out as calcite -> this forms
limestone.
● Limestone is formed from organisms found normally around bottom of shallow seas.
Uses of Limestone
● Buildings and roads
● Glass
○ Heat+sand+sodium carbonate
● Cement
○ Heat+clay
● Mortar - Holds brick together
○ Cement+water+sand
● Neutralising acidic soils and latkes
● Concrete
○ Cement+Sand+Water+Gravel
● Blast furnace
Neutralization of acidic soil
Calcium carbonate/limestone is used to neutralize soils better due to:
● Being more cheap than calcium oxide, which is just limestone but with added required heat (thermal
decomposition)
● Slow acting, doesn’t immediately make soil alkaline and doesn't kill plants
● Limestone and clay used to make carbonic acid
● Carbonic acid thermally decomposes into water and carbon dioxide
○ H2CO3 -> CO2 + H2O
● Acidity of soil
○ If vinegar added & effervescence, it is a basic soil
○ If baking soda added & effervescence, it is an acidic soil
Blast furnace
Calcium carbonate thermally decomposes to Calcium Oxide
Calcium oxide reacts with Silicate (SiO2) formed from combustion of sand in the hematite, to form CaSiO3,
slag, which can be tapped off and used in roads & cement.
Limestone used in manufacture of cement & concrete
● Chalk (limestone) + clay -> (heated rotary system) to create cement (contains calcium illuminate and
calcium silicate)
○ Dry product is ground to a powder, CaSO4 added to slow settling rate and ensure mixing of the
products
○ Water is added to slowly make hydrated crystals of calcium aluminate and calcium silicate, known
as CEMENT.
● CONCRETE is formed from cement, sand and gravel mixed.
Making quicklime
● Thermal decomposition/dissociation of limestone (CaCO3)
forms lime (calcium oxide) & Carbon Dioxide
● Quicklime settles to bottom.
● Uses of lime
○ Used to neutralize acids and acidic waste products
○ Used as a drying agent and to improve the drainage of clay
○ Lime + soda + sand -> soda glass
○ Lime can also be converted into slaked lime/limewater, Ca(OH)2
Slaked lime/limewater (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2)
● Cheap alkali
● Water + Calcium oxide (quicklime) -> calcium hydroxide
● Reaction is controlled as it lets off a lot of heat and is
highly exothermic.
● Uses
○ Bleaching powder
○ Reducing acidity of acid
○ Neutralizing waste,
○ Purifying water
○ Making Whitewash & Glass
● To turn limewater back into limestone, react it with CO2
Other reactions
● Calcium Bicarbonate (Bicarbonate = Hydrogen Carbonate, HCO3-)
● Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime/limewater)) mixed with sand can make mortar
○ Used to hold bricks together
● Scum buildup of soap and water in drains.
○ Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Carbonic Acid
○ Carbonic Acid + Calcite (limestone) -> Calcium Bicarbonate
Carbonates
● These are naturally formed salts made from carbonic acids.
● Metal carbonates + heat -> metal oxide + carbon dioxide
○ More reactive the metal, harder for the metal carbonate to thermally decompose
○ Group 1 metal carbonates do NOT thermally decompose EXCEPT FOR LITHIUM
● In reactivity series
○ All group 1 metal carbonates except lithium do NOT thermally decompose
○ From Calcium to Copper, all carbonates thermally decompose to metal oxide + carbon dioxide
○ Silver, Gold and Platinum, all carbonates thermally decompose into Metal + Carbon dioxide +
Oxygen
Producing Carbon Dioxide
● Dilute Hydrochloric acid is buretted down into
a bunged conical flask containing marble chips
of calcium carbonate. A built in tube connects
to a water trough, through a black box, into an
inverted test tube where carbon dioxide gas is
bubbled up.
○ Reaction: 2HCl + CaCO3 -> CaCl2 +
CO2 + H2O
○ Produced aqueous gas is then bubbled
through a bunged conical flask of
sulfuric acid to dry the gas.
Carbon Dioxide Properties
● Properties
○ Colorless gas
○ Denser than air
○ Soluble in water
● Chemical Uses:
○ CO2 + water -> carbonic acid
○ CO2 helps reactive metals combust, in Group 1 & 2, producing oxygen and further combusting
metals.
■ Such as redox rxns
● Carbon dioxide + water + strong alkali -> carbonates\