By Sanya Ma’am en chemical Reactions and Equations in One Shot 2 Question Practice< RYovit teva Lier eB erie usme bhaag lo /PHYSICAL CHANGES cHEMICAL CHANGES Those changes in which no ubstances are Those change: formed, ar which new sub: Ina physical change, the substances involved do not change their identity. Ina chemi ige, the substances involved [change their identity rhe changes in physical state, size and shape of Ja substance are physical changgs. They get converted into entirely new tsuaty reverse / . 7 They are usually irreversil melting ice, bolling of water, breaking of lass ere se \gnesium ribbon,BURNING OF CANDLE oD AX PhysicalChange -» Helting of 09K B Chemical Change — Bunning of candle fm « JD) Malik Galti ho gaya! of a =5 Hatemen a 0 te eae ore * mee), pals out foe oe fe qr Me +4240 Joce iP a) aay Staal) | + Chemical reactions are the processes in which Chemical Equation - Method of ‘new substances with new properties are representing a chemical reaction in formed. The new substance formed have the form of symbols and formulas of entirely different properties from their the substances involved is called constituents. chemical equation. + Chemical reactions involve chemical changes. 3°9, + During a chemical reaction, atoms of one > ‘2° ono, element do not change into those of another 2 ® element. Only a rearrangement of atoms takes ee place in a chemical reaction. Rearrangement of atomsCASE STUDY OF MAGNESIUM RIBBON ‘When a magnesium ribbon is heated, it burns in air with a dazzling white flame to form a white powder called magnesium oxide. Actually, on heating, magnesium combines with ‘oxygen present in air to form magnesium oxide: wile Dazaling. white + 0, — Mg0 ‘fle. “Yate Proud Ky Because Magnesium reacts with the oxygen present in air to forma layer of magnesium oxide on its surface, which interferes with the burning process.Creer eno Cece ere a eats te D Sete sl How do we know that a(Cliemical Reaction has taken place ? Linte[Quicklime, Evolution of Formation of ) Change in Change in Change in agas a precipitat colour seen \ temperature state znt pee KL-+Pb(NOs),. Casoy re i Gorto? woale hala) 11 A et Cafol erat KND, ia a th ce ‘ell 1 Slakad 5 fl i a te = Tererstn oa Heat Heat R— Po teat Retet—r P Endotutic Exothomic,|S: 7 coMMONLY ASKED cuesTiOns Agi o + Reactants - substances that undergo chemical changes in a reaction. * Products - new substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction. + Physical change - a change in which no new substance is formed and the change is generally reversible. + Chemical change - a change in which new substances are formed and the changes generally irreversible. + Chemical reaction - a process where reactants transform into products. Te.¢ HOW TO WRITE CHEMICAL FORMULA oD Caleium Carbonate Sodivin Canbenaile me (0, Dam a ee 0 PEE Unbalanced chemical equation + Equations in which the number of + Equations in which the number of atoms of all the elements is equal atoms of elements is not equal on ‘on both sides both sides as Zn+ R80, 9 Boyt M ta +> Hf eves i f t *Da me a Ce eed Pee ere Cen Penn In order to satisfy the LAW OF CONSERVATION QF MASS “=1=” LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS Law of conservation of mass was given by Lavoisier in 1774. According to the law of conservation of mass : + Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. * There is no change in mass during a chemical reaction. VAL eee TN OLS J karufmain may jjau? koiffeeling nahifhai?De a P| Let us try to balance the following chemical equation - 3Fe + 4H,0 ——> Fe,0, + 4H, LHS RAS Fe | 1xa=3 /3 BCE H FB /aXY=e G 0 Jiyv=4 |4 CS HIT AND TRIAL To equalize the number of atoms, it must be remembered that we cannot alter the formulae of the compounds or elements involved in the reactions.re DO CRUE cee ES cma aC BBoch + Al, (S04), —> 38050, +AAICh of RKS ba X e R TASK $ De> O53 Oar ZT No +3#,0 —>3NOOH + H, ws RHS Na] | E Sodium + Water——+ Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen No +240 —PQNQdH + Hy uns No | \xas2 H | axr=y Ta Ox 2 2 re 8 = y a S|Crete outta ea Pe eat Bee EO KUN om coe sete Cues , the values of 'p’,‘q’, 'r' and 's' Qk +340 ALO, 4H CBSE (2025) Us RMS RI ly, , ee eee ERC Bak Ny 7 and z respectively are 6 % i al re N MnO,+xHCI > MnCl, +yH,0+2Cl, CBSE (2023)=D HOW TO MAKE EQUATIONS MORE INFORMATIVE oD The equation which gives more information about the chemical reaction is known as more informative or information giving equation. The chemical equations can be made more informative in three ways: anls)+ H,S04(o4)—> 2ns0,,(o4}- no + By indicating the “physical states” of the reactants and products. $i %ig + By indicating the “heat changes” taking place in the reaction! + By indicating the “conditions” under which the reaction takes place. Rappnel Rt Heat Sp Prem ee 0 Some of the important types of chemical reactions are ¥ Combination Reaction ¥ Decomposition Reaction J Displacement Reaction Double Displacement Reaction \y/Oxidation and Reduction reaction pee Lui) eC 6 Areaction in which 2 or more substances (Reactants) combine together to Commo re Sum Seances (Reactanss) commune togetie give a single product > @-me LAU) el) oD AtB— AB Those reactions in which 2 or more substances combine to form a single substance, are called combination reactions. L Ca0 (s) H,0 (1) Ca(OH). (s) Calcium oxide + Water © ——* Calcium hydroxide (Lime or Quicklime) (Slaked lime) Calcium oxide (lime or quicklime) reacts vigorously with water to form calcium hydroxide (slaked lime), releasing a large amount of heat. pe) lat 0 Asolution of slaked lime produced by the reaction below is used for white washing walls. a0 (s) H,0() Ca(OH). (aq) + Heat Calcium oxide + “Water. © ——+ Caleiunvhydroxre (Lime or Quicklime) (Slaked lime) Ca(OH). (aq) COs) CaCOs(s) + H20 Calciumhydroxide + Carbon dioxide ——— Calcium carbonate Water (From air) Since this process gives a white, shiny appearance to the wall of a house, it is called white-washing. The calcium carbonate is actually formed after two to three days of white-washing and give: Lt LS ABO ATB Those reactions in which a compound breaks or decomposes into 2 or more simpler substances are known as decomposition reactions. Example When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes to give calcium oxide and carbon dioxide: 2 a Fae eee a CaCO; (s) Cad (5) C02 (g) Heat Calcium carbonate seompomitn Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide (Limestone) (Lime) napeau BC late tS w Decomposition Reactions are opposite of Combination Reactions HL+0, — to §5 = HF mA A A Le ES 0 Take about 2 ¢ ferrous sulphate crystals . in a dry boiling tube FeS0y#h0 Nea eats tare te Coceteaen etes * Cqreen) eareries Pee Soa oe Ca at Pt eC CNS Cnt irae Peo Ste Canm eae tg DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS Example When ferrous sulphate is heated strongly, it decomposes to form ferric oxide, Sulphur dioxide and Sulphur trioxide: ca —-Fe205(5) $02 (2) 503(8) JL Heer), “+ Ferricoxide + Sulphurdioxide + Sulphur PALE Decomposition (Brown Colour) trioxidetm SA AD Be ES 0 In this reaction, the green colour of ferrous sulphate changes to brown due to the formation of ferric oxide. A smell of burning Sulphur is obtained. In this reaction, one substance is splitting up into three substances, so this is a decomposition reaction. mA A eH ES o Pee rae Re one een ms COR at CRE eee Te) Soca eee anna ae) SCOR aa Cn SS ey pea Ta) Slate) tS Example When lead nitrate is heated strongly, it breaks down to form simpler substances like Jead monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen. This can be written as: Brown Se ee ‘oat Tres on —"“\. Lead monoxide + Nitrogendioxide + Oxygen Ueadtrate Seampoin “hater ae a % oy - ‘ 4Types of DR we fF Heat Crenyy— < Abie dght DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS Heat Thermal Decomposition Reactions : (Theamolsis) CaCO, (s) Hest Ca0 (s) C02 (g) Calcium carbonate —““+ calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide (Limestone) (Lime) yr ee 0; 0) $0 (8) 504 (8) reese, I rericonide + Sulphur oxide + Subur ° Pecemposto® (Brown Colour) trioxide est 2PbO (s) 4 4N0- (8) 4 0268) sae) "+ Lead monoxide * Nitrogen dioxide * Oxygen ’ecompositon (Yellow) (Brown fumes) (colourless) TYPE OF DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS Electrolysis / Electrochemical Decomposition reaction : (Elechicity) a 4, Oa) Hydrogen * Oxygen 17% Anode PAO? 2H,0() Water o, ate! Vol of gases-joo A a) Ta oD Photolysis / Photochemical Decomposition reaction: ( Light) 2AgCI(s) wh 2Ags) 5 Che Silver chloride Giconpeatin Silver Chlorine (White) (Greyish white) (Yellowish-green) 2AgBr(s) tie 2ra(s) 4, Brala) Silver bromide Sxcnponica Silver Bromine (Pate yellow) (Greyish white) (Red brown) Sri is why AgCl and AgBr are kept in black colour bottles to protect from sunlight yan in black and white photography) oma AL a CD NE) 0 When silver chloride is exposed to light, it decomposes to form silver metal and chlorine gas: 2hgCts) a 2ags) + Cl silver (White) (Greyish white) In this reaction, the white colour of silver chloride changes to greyish white due to the formation of silver metal. The decomposition of silver chloride is caused by light (Iemay be sunlight or bulb light) PA 9 AL Achemical reaction in which a more reactive lement displaces a less reactive element from its compound is called a Displacement reaction.Pe ae LLC) Tc al G w” a Pinlu Ss as mum 4 4 Chimti.2-0 vetee ral pros Fes0y + Reactivity Series :- eee ees Nana. Na Sodium Aseries in which elements are arranged oe oem in decreasing order of their reactivities fe “ Aluminium on moving from top to bottom. — Reactivity In aRS, ametal can displace all the i 6 Copper tals present below it, but cannot, 2 or, displace the metals present above it. Pe se Leastreactve te em ee Lt 0 CuSO, (aq) Copper sulphate (Blue solution) Zn(s) + Zinc (Silvery-white) ‘ZnSOs (aq) ——+ Zincsulphate + (Colourless solution) (Red brown) Cu(s) Copper This displacement reaction takes place because zinc is more reactive than copper. CuSO, (aq) Ma(s) MgSO, (aq) Cuts) Copper sulphate + Magnesium —+ Magnesium sulphate + Copper (Blue solution) (Silvery-white) (Colourless solution) (Red brown) Here, magnesium is able to displace copper from copper sulphate solution because magnesium is more reactive than copper. NO CuSO, + Zn ——p 2nS0y + Cx fe Ea BY A to & 1”ee eT ae at he, Caduee Po 0 Those reactions in which 2 compounds react by an exchange of ions to form 2 new corhpounds are called double displacement reactions BaCl, (aq) NazS0, (aq) BaSO, (5) 2NaCl (aq) Barium chloride * Sodium sulphate ——* Barium sulphate * Sodium (white ppt) chloride Dea AgNO; (aq) NaCI(aq) AgCl(s) NaNO;(aq) Fiver nitrate * Sodiumchloride ———* Silver chloride * Sodium nitrate (white ppt) BaCl, (aq) ‘CuSO, (aq) BaSO, (s) CuCl, (aq) Barium chloride * Copper sulphate ———* Barium sulphate * Copper (white ppt) chloride Bi Pb(NO,), (aa) 2KI (aq) Poi, (5) 2KNO, (aq) * Potassium iodide ———*__Lead iodide Potassium (yellow ppt) nitrate Lead nitratePrecitilation Pems—s fxn in which ppt is formed Oxidation Reduction + Addition of oxygen + Addition of hydrogen © Removal afhydrogen + Removal of oxygen 2Cu +0, —+ 2Cud 2Cud —+ 2Cu+0, re Sis 7 z fa A AGT Pe taal Oxidising Agent Reducing Agent “ue as in 5 moo Ry Whi 0/8 teks Heat POMEL EPC Sees Zn + co, plas Zinc Oxide Carbor Zine @:0.9:0 Carbon Monoxide | Aimulteneoly aide, CG) & Rn Reduce: (zm) = ™* —a:(Znda Stal) | 0 iv eat OX uo +) HS cu + 10, x ovidise:— Ma Rath Redua:~ C40 OA-Gd & RSKOIMN or Difference Between + Displacement and Double Displacement Reaction + Combination and Decomposition Meaction // + Exothermic and Endothermic Reaction if * Oxidation and Reduction f a Sal) |a Stal) | Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday Life CORROSION. Reactor + Oxidation has damaging effect on met4ls as well as on food. The damaging effect of oxidation on metals is studied as corrosion and that on food is studied as rancidity. Thus there are two common effects of oxidation reactions which we observe in daily life. These are, aera of metals Rancidity of food yt} L ay | The process of slowly eating up of metals due to their conversion into oxides, carbonates, sulfides, sulfates etc. By the action of air and moisture is called corrosion. as ee 1% fee Heisler merase per r :| Rusting of iron: Rusting of iron metal is the most common form of corrosion. When an iron ‘object is left in moist air for a considerable time, it gets covered with a red- brown flaky substance called ‘rust’ This is called rusting of iron. During the corrosion of iron (or rusting of iron), iron metal is oxidized by the oxygen of air in the presence of water (moisture) to form hydrated iron (III) oxide called rust: 4Fp + 30, + 2xH,0 —+ 2Fe,0,xH,0 nd yt} Silver Silver develops a black coating after some time. Ag +H,S —(8) H, Lele NY te} Copper Copper develops a green coating after some time. Cu+H,0+CO, +0, —+CuCO,.cu(OH), Vv v Basie copper orbenals a(as) STEPS FOR PREVENTION OF CORROSION Gy Painting of x oiling / / Depositing @ Greasing Jour 4 an iron Galvanizatio: Vf / o + When the fats and oils present in food materials get oxidized by the oxygen (or air), their oxidation produces products having unpleasant smell and taste. Due to this, the smell and taste of the food materials containing fats and oils changes and becomes very unpleasant. + When fats and oils present in food get oxidized, they develop unpleasant smell and taste. This is called rancidity. ae + Rancidity spoils the food materials prepared in fats and oils which have been kept for a considerable time and makes them unfit for eati LY Goa koa ns can be prevented by packaging fat and oil containing foods in nitrogen gas. When the packed food is surrounded by nitrogen gas, there is no oxygen (or air) to cause its oxidation and make it rancid. + Rancidity can be retarded by keeping food in a refrigerator. The refrigerator has alow temperature inside it, ers, then there is little exposure to oxygen of air. Due to reduced exposure to oxygen, the oxidation of fats and oils present in food is slowed down and hence the development of rancidity is retarded. ~ 4QUESTION PRACTICE POC USO ee Rua nO ee ae LT Pree es EET (CBSE 2025) A It burns with a dazzling white flame / B Awhite powder is formed on burning / é Itis an endothermic reaction Xx Itis an example of a combination eens Ce ree aT MOC Ty Prorat (CBSE 2024) Caco, ——*X’+ CO, Cao + co, by Quick lime G Limestone 3B Gypsum D Plaster of Paris 2s(Cn Oe OEE KOM AO ie Der acres eee Ty —. (CBSE 2022) Z\_ Displacement Rxn (G_Endothermic Rxn Exothermic Rxn ])) _Neutralisation Rxn Roms One tC REO [oS e LED) Decomposition of vegetable matter into compost Decomposition of calcium carbonate to form quicklime and carbon dioxide Burning of a candle Process of respiration Silver chloride kept in a China dish turns grey in sunlight Sea ae ret erro) . Name the type of chemical reaction taking place and write the Cee CCC nett Mee eee CR Ree Ra can be used for the same purpose (ot Aye) %a, ros One ee ROE A a C817 al LS x A MnO, is oxidised and HCI is reduced. TB HClis oxidised. / reduced. / G no. Both BandC ) a cack Conn iet TR acer ken etd 3°00’ heated in a dry boiling tube? Give balanced chemical equat d (s) of the reactions(s) that occur(s). (ots PAA WedL BD A copper wire on burning in flame, gets coated with a black |@ iC Mi Pee Oe CeCe Ca: eet nn 5 takes place. How can this chemical change be reversed ? iP CBSE (2025) Ata > Quo (Black) uo +H Gt 40 aPS REO CCC RR Eee Oe Roe Reo tons barium chloride taken in a test tube ? write equation for the chemical reaction involved and name the type of reaction in this case. Peis) AIBC) Na,S0y + Bad, —> 2Nadt Basoy J Amt Dea ees) oC eed eer en PAC yee es The case/cases in which new product(s) will form is/are: . Vas @) LA, only (i) ‘2 e Only (iii) @ DD (0, (ii) and (iv) A @ Wand iiv) a A 8HCI > 3PbCl, + Cl, +4H,0 B 60))+ 5Ca > 2V + 5CaO G 3Fe+ fi.0)> Fe,0, + 4H, PsHOMEWORK QUESTION SOT Or one sed A\, Storing of oxygen gas under pressure ina gas cylinder TB Liquefaction of air G Keeping petrol in a china dish in the open JD) Heating copper wire in presence of air at high temperature (OED 0