CHAPTER – 2

Introduction To Polynomials and Linear Modelling

1. Which one of the following is a polynomial

(a) − (b) √2𝑥 − 1 (c) 𝑥 + (d)

2. If 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3, then value of 𝑝(𝑥) + 𝑝(−𝑥) is equal to

(a) 3 (b) 2x (c) 0 (d) 6
3. The value of the polynomial 6𝑟 + 7𝑟 − 3 when 𝑟 = −1 is
(a) −4 (b) 4 (c) −13 (d) 10
4. Consider the expression 𝑥 + 3, where m is a constant. What is the least integer
value of m for which the given expression is a polynomial in one variable
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
5. If 𝑝(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 0𝑥 + 0𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 7, then the degree of the polynomial p(x) is
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7
6. If 𝑝(𝑥) = (3𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1), then the leading coefficient of the polynomial p(x) is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
7. The linear equation 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 7 has
(a) a unique solution (b) two solutions (c) no solution (d) infinitely many
solutions
8. How many linear equations are satisfied by 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = −3
(a) only one (b) two (c) three (d) infinitely many
9. The graph of the equation 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6 is a line which meets the x and y axes
respectively at the points
(a) (3,0) & (0,2) (b) (2,0) & (0,3) (c) (0,3) & (2,0) (d) (3,2) & (2,3)
10. If 𝑥 = 𝑘 + 1 and 𝑦 = 2𝑘 − 1 is a solution of the equation 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7 = 0, then 𝑘 =
(a) 10 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 12
11. In the linear equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, if 𝑚 < 0, the line represents
(a) linear growth (b) linear decay (c) constant value (d) vertical line
12. Which option shows 5𝑦 − 8𝑥 = 7(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 9 expressed in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
(a) 15𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 9 = 0 (b) 15𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 9 = 0 (c) −𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 9 = 0 (d) −𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 9 = 0
13. A plant is 10 cm tall and grows at a rate of 2 cm per week. What is the linear
relationship between height y and weeks x
(a) 𝑦 = 10𝑥 + 2 (b) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 10 (c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 12 (d) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 10
14. Which of the following is not a solution of the equation 2x + y = 7 ?
(a) (1, 3) (b) (3, 1) (c) (-0.7) (d) (1, 5)
15. If the point (2,-1) lies on the graph of the equation 3x + ky = 4 then the value of k is
(a) 2 (b) -2 (c) 0 (d) -1
16. The graph of which of the following equations passes through the origin?
(a) 2x + 3y = 1 (b) 2x + 3y = 0 (c) 2x + 3y = 6 (d) 3x - 2y = 5
17. Which of the following does not pass through the origin?
(a) 5y = 2x (b) y = mx (c) x - y = 0 (d) x + y = 1
18. The equation of a line parallel to y-axis and 4 units to the left of origin, is:
(a) x = 4 (b) y = 4 (c) x = - 4 (d) y = - 4
19. Any point on the line x = y is of the form:
(a) (0, a) (b) (a, 0) (c) (- a, 0) (d) (a, a)
20. Which of the following is a linear equation in one variable?
(a) 2x = y (b) y2 = 3y + 5 (c) 4x - y = 4 (d) 3t + 5 = 9t - 7

3.

4. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 7, then evaluate 𝑓 .

5. If 𝑝(𝑥) = −5𝑥 + 0𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 11, then

(i) write the leading term (ii) write the leading coefficient.
(iii) write the degree of p(x) (iv) Subtract coefficient of 𝑥 from the coefficient of 𝑥 .
Level – 2
1. A taxi-service charges a fixed fare of Rs 50 plus Rs 20 for every kilometre travelled.
(i) write a linear equation representing the total fare y for x kilometres.
(ii) Identify the rate of change and the initial value.
2. Classify each polynomial by degree and give its name (constant / linear / quadratic /
cubic):
(i) 12-5p² (ii) 9 (iii) 2m³ m + 4 (iv) 7k – 3
3. One number is 4 more than twice another. Their sum is 52. Frame a linear equation
and find both numbers.
4. Explain whether each situation shows linear growth or linear decay. Give the constant
rate:
(i) A pool fills at 350 litres per hour from empty.
(ii) A battery discharges by 12% every hour.
5. A staircase pattern adds 3 blocks at each new step. Step 1 has 5 blocks. Write T(n) for
the number of blocks at Step n. How many blocks are at Step 15?
Level – 3
1. If p(x) = 5x + c and p(−2) = −3, find c. Then find p(4).
2. A delivery driver earns a fixed daily wage of ₹850 plus ₹18 per parcel delivered. Write a
linear expression for earnings E when d parcels are delivered. What does the slope
represent in this context?
3. Without drawing, state how the graphs of y = 2x + 1, y = 2x + 5, and y = 2x − 3 are
related to each other, and Why.
4. Write 2x - 3y + 5 = 0 in terms of (i) x and (ii) y.
5. Express in ax + by + c = 0 and indicate the values of a, b and c in each of the following
cases:

(a) 7x - 8y = 4 (b) √3𝑥 + y = 0 (c) y - 6 = 0 (d) x -√3 = 0

3 Marks
Level – 1

5. In the given table, Riya's savings each week is given. Is the pattern linear?
Level – 2

5. The linear equation that converts Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius (C) is given by the relation,
9C = 5𝐹 − 160
(1) If the temperature is 86°F, what is the temperature in Celsius?
(ii) If the temperature is 35°C, what is the temperature in Fahrenheit?
(iii) If the temperature is 0°C, what is the temperature in Fahrenheit and if the
temperature is 0°F, what is the temperature in Celsius?
Level – 3
1. The table below shows values of a linear polynomial q(x):

(i) Find q(x) = ax + b.

(ii) Verify using two values from the table.
(iii) Find x when q(x) = 0.
2. Two internet service providers charge differently:
Provider X: ₹400 fixed monthly charge + ₹50 per GB used.
Provider Y: No fixed charge + ₹90 per GB used.
(i) Write linear expressions CX(g) and CY(g) for g GB used.
(ii) For how many GB will both plans cost the same?
(iii) Which is cheaper for 15 GB per month? By how much?
3. The nth term of a pattern is given by T(n) = 6n − 4.
(i) List the first 6 terms.
(ii) Show it is a linear pattern by finding constant differences.
(iii) Which term of the sequence equals 86? How many terms are less than 50?
4. Identify the slope and y-intercept of each linear model and explain what each value
means
physically:
(i) A mountain road rises 2 m for every 5 m horizontal — model: h(d) = 0.4d + 100
(ii) A dam loses 15,000 litres per day — model: V(t) = 500000 − 15000t
5. Let f(x) = 4x − 3 and g(x) = x + 9.
(i) Find f(x) + g(x).
(ii) Find f(x) − g(x).
(iii) For what value of x is f(x) = g(x)?
6. On the same axes, sketch the lines y = 3x − 6 and y = −3x − 6. Then answer:
(i) What are the y-intercepts of both lines?
(ii) What are their x-intercepts?
(iii) What can you conclude about two lines with equal y-intercepts but slopes that are
negatives of each other?
7. A cylindrical tank initially holds 1200 litres. Water is used at 40 litres per hour. Model
W(t) and answer:
(i) How much water remains after 18 hours?
(ii) After how many hours will the tank be exactly half full?
(iii) Is this linear growth or decay? Justify using the slope.
8. State True or False and justify with a reason:
(i) The polynomial 5x0 + 3 is a polynomial of degree 1.
(ii) A linear polynomial always has exactly one zero.
(iii) Lines with different y-intercepts and the same slope never meet.
(iv) Every line of the form y = ax passes through (0, 0).
5 Marks
Level – 1
1. Priya and Ajay are saving money each month. Priya starts with ₹400 and adds ₹75
every month. Ajay starts with ₹900 but spends ₹25 every month.
(i) Write linear expressions P(n) and A(n) for their savings after n months.
(ii) After how many months will Priya's savings equal Ajay's savings?
(iii) Make a table for n = 1 to 7 and verify your answer.
(iv) After 12 months, who has more savings and by how much?
2. A linear polynomial p(x) = ax + b passes through the points (3, 10) and (8, 25).
(i) Set up two equations and solve for a and b.
(ii) Write p(x) and find where it crosses the x-axis.
(iii) Find where it crosses the y-axis.
(iv) Sketch a rough graph marking both intercepts clearly.
3. An event venue has two pricing models:
Venue A: ₹8,000 hall rental + ₹250 per guest.
Venue B: No rental charge but ₹450 per guest.
(i) Write linear cost functions CA(n) and CB(n) for n guests.
(ii) Find the number of guests for which both venues cost the same.
(iii) Which is cheaper for 30 guests? For 60 guests?
(iv) Sketch both graphs and explain the significance of the intersection point.
4. A matchstick pattern for squares in a row: Stage 1 = 4 sticks, Stage 2 = 7 sticks, Stage
3 = 10 sticks.
(i) Find the linear expression S(n) for sticks needed at Stage n.
(ii) Verify for Stage 4 and Stage 5.
(iii) Which stage requires exactly 100 sticks? Is it possible?
(iv) Can any stage in this pattern require exactly 50 sticks? Justify.
5. Consider f(x) = 5x + 5 and g(x) = −5x + 5.
(i) Identify slopes of both. What do positive and negative slopes mean geometrically?
(ii) Find f(x) + g(x). What type of polynomial is the sum? What does this mean
graphically?
(iii) At what point do the two lines intersect?
(iv) Find the x-intercepts of f(x) and g(x). Are they symmetric? What is special about all
linear functions of the form f(x) = ax + a?
Level – 2
1. (i) Find three solutions of the equation 5x - 4y + 8 = 0
(ii) Write four solutions of the equation: x + 𝜋y = 3
2. (i) Find two solutions of the linear equation 3x + 5y = 15 and check whether (2, 3) is
the solution.
(ii) Check whether x = 2, y = 1 is a solution of the following equation or not: 2x - 3y = 1
3. Find the value of k for, each of the following equations if x = 1 , y = 1 is its solution:
(i) 2x + 3y = k (ii) 2kx + 3y = 5 (iii) - 2x + 5ky = - 7 (iv) 5x + 2ky = 3k
4. Find two solutions of the following equations:
(i) - 2x + 3y = 6 (ii) 5x - 3y = 6 (iii) 2x + 5y = 15 (iv) 2y + 6 = 0
5. (i) If (1, 2) is a solution of the equation 2x - y = p find the value of p.
(ii) Find the value of m, if (5, 8) is a solution of the equation 11x - 2y = 3m Then find
one more solution of this equation.
6. Find the value of a for which the equation 2x + ay = 5 has (1, 1) as a solution. Find
two more solutions for the equation obtained.
Level – 3
1. The tens digit of a two-digit number is 5 more than the units digit. When the digits are
interchanged and the new number is added to the original number, the result is 121.
Find the original number.
(i) Let the units digit be x. Express both the original and swapped numbers in terms of x.
(ii) Set up and solve the linear equation.
(iii) Write both possible solutions and verify each.
2. Draw the graphs of the following equations on the same coordinate axes. For each,
state the slope, y-intercept, and coordinates where the line cuts each axis. Identify which
pairs of lines are parallel and justify.
(i) y = −2x + 6 (ii) 3y = −6x – 9 (iii) y = 4x – 2 (iv) 2y = 8x + 10
3. The graph of a linear polynomial r(x) passes through the points (−1, 2) and (4, 17).
(i) Find the polynomial r(x).
(ii) Find the coordinates where the graph cuts the x-axis (zero of the polynomial).
(iii) Find the y-intercept.
(iv) If another polynomial s(x) = 3x + k is parallel to r(x), find k. Where does s(x) meet the
y-axis?
4. Let p(x) = ax + b and q(x) = cx + d be two linear polynomials satisfying all of the
following conditions:
(i) p(0) = −4
(ii) p(x) − q(x) cuts the x-axis at (5, 0)
(iii) p(x) + q(x) = 8x − 2 for all real x
Using these conditions, find p(x) and q(x). Show all steps clearly.
5. Study the matchstick pattern of pentagons placed in a row, where each new pentagon
shares one side with the previous one. Stage 1: 5 matchsticks | Stage 2: 9 matchsticks |
Stage 3: 13 matchsticks
(i) Write the linear expression M(n) for matchsticks at Stage n.
(ii) Complete the table for Stages 1 to 6.
(iii) How many matchsticks are needed at Stage 20?
(iv) Can exactly 101 matchsticks form a valid stage? Justify your answer algebraically.
(v) A second pattern (triangles in a row: Stage 1 = 3, Stage 2 = 5, ...) gives T(n). Write T(n)
and explain whether the graphs of M(n) and T(n) are parallel. What does this mean about
their patterns?
ASSERTION REASAON:
The following questions consist of two statement - Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true
1. Assertion (A): Degree of polynomial (ax + b) (cx + d) is 2.
Reason (R): Product of two linear polynomials is a quadratic polynomial.
2. Assertion (A): Every monomial is a linear polynomial.
Reason (R): A monomial has only one term.
3. Assertion (A): x = 4, y = 5 is a solution of equation 2x + y = 3
Reason (R): At x = 4, y = 5 , the LHS of equation 2x + y = 3 is equal to the RHS of the
equation.
4. Assertion (A): (0,2), (1, 0) and (3, 4) are the three solutions of equation 2x - y - 2 = 0
Reason (R): x = y is the equation of the line passing through (1, 0).
5. Assertion(A): The slope of the line 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 6 is 4
Reason(R): The slope intercept-form of a line is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, where m is the slope.
6. Assertion(A): A linear equation representing growth usually has a positive slope (m>0)
Reason(R): In growth models, as the independent variable (x) increases, the dependent
variable (y) also increases.
7. Assertion(A): The degree of the polynomial p(x) = 5 is 0.
Reason(R): A non-zero constant polynomial written as 5x0 and the highest power of the
variable is 0.
8. Assertion(A): If the graph of a linear equation passes through the origin (0, 0), then
the equation is of the form y = mx
Reason(R): The coordinates (0,0) satisfy the equation y = mx because LHS = RHS = 0.

9. Assertion(A): √3𝑥 + 5 is a linear polynomial.

Reason(R): A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial.
10. Assertion(A): The graph of the equation x = 3 is a line parallel to the x-axis.
Reason(R): The equation x = a represents a line parallel to the y-axis at a distance 'a'
from it.
CASE STUDY – 1
A city installs smart water meters. A household is charged a fixed connection fee of ₹120
per month plus ₹8 per kilolitre (kL) of water used. The monthly bill B(w) depends on the
number of kilolitres w consumed. Last month, a family used 35 kL and got a bill. This
month, they used 55 kL. Answer the following:
(a) Write the linear model B(w) for the monthly bill.
(b) Calculate the bills for last month (35 kL) and this month (55 kL).
(c) What does the slope 8 represent in this context?
(d) If the family's budget for water is ₹500, what is the maximum water they can use?
(e) The government introduces a rebate: the first 10 kL is free. Write the revised model
B'(w) for w > 10 kL. Does the slope change?
CASE STUDY – 2
Nandini participates in a cycling event. She cycles at a steady speed of 18 km/h. The
distance D covered (in km) after t hours is given by D(t) = 18t. Her friend Kabir starts 36
km ahead of her and cycles at 12 km/h in the same direction. Kabir's position K(t) from
the start = 36 + 12t. Answer the following:
(a) At t = 0, where is Nandini? Where is Kabir?
(b) Write expressions D(t) and K(t). What are their slopes and what do the slopes
represent?
(c) After how many hours does Nandini catch up with Kabir? Show working.
(d) How far from the start is the meeting point?
(e) On a graph, both lines are plotted. What does the intersection point represent? Which
line is steeper and why?
CASE STUDY – 3
An electricity provider charges as follows:
• Fixed meter charge: ₹75 per month
• First 100 units: ₹4 per unit
• Above 100 units: ₹6 per unit
Ramesh used 80 units last month. This month he used 140 units. Answer the following:
(a) Write the linear model for Ramesh's bill if he uses w units (for w ≤ 100).
(b) Calculate Ramesh's last month's bill (80 units).
(c) For this month (140 units), the rate changes above 100 units. Calculate this month's
total bill.
(d) What is the y-intercept of the model for w ≤ 100? What does it represent?
(e) The slope changes from 4 to 6 above 100 units. What does this change in slope
mean? Is the overall relationship still linear for all values of w? Explain.
CASE STUDY – 4
Aditya purchased two types of chocolates A and B at the rate of Rs x and Rs y respectively.
The total amount spent is Rs 7. After reaching home, he forms a linear equation in two
variables for two types of chocolates. He prepares a table and a graph of the linear equation
as shown in adjoining graph: Based on the above information, answer the following
questions:
(i) How to represent the above situation in linear equations in two variables?
(ii) If the cost of chocolate A is ₹5, then find the cost of chocolate B?
(iii) Does the point (3, 4) lie on the line x + y = 7?
(iv) Where does the line x + y = 7 intersect y-axis?

CASE STUDY – 5
A donation is a gift, typically of money, goods, or services, given to support a cause or
charity. It can be used to benefit a variety of organisations and purposes, including
healthcare, education and more Pawan and Amit are two friends. They together decided
to donate ₹1600 for children in an NGO which provides food for hungry children and help
them to get education.
Based on the given information, answer the following questions, assuming Pawan’s
contribution as ‘x’ and Amit’s contribution as ‘y’:
(i) Form the linear equation for the above-mentioned information.
(ii) Express the linear equation obtained in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 and indicate the
values of a, b and c.
(iii) If Pawan contributes thrice the amount contributed by Amit, then find the amount
contributed by both.
(iv) If the point (𝑚 + 1, 𝑚 − 1) lies on the line of equation obtained in (i), then what is the
value of m?