Course: CLIMATE CHANGES
AND
FISHERIES RESOURCE
FRM 503
Topic: INTRODUCTION TO
CLIMATE SCIENCE
Presented by
Ananya Datta
Adm. No. FRM 02/23
INTRODUCTION
CLIMATE
• Climate is the long -term pattern of weather in a particular area.
• Weather can change from hour to hour , day to day , month to month
or even year to year. A regions weather patterns , usually tracked for at
least 30 years, are considered its climate .
BIOSPHERE
• The biosphere is a relatively thin layer of the Earth’s surface that
supports life , reaching from a few kilometers into the atmosphere to
deep sea vents . The biosphere is a global ecosystem made up of living
organisms(biota) and the non-living (abiotic) factors that provide them
with energy and nutrients.
CLIMATE FORCING FACTORS
Natural causes :
• Volcanic eruptions
• Ocean currents
• Solar variations
Human causes :
• Greenhouse gases
• Deforestation
• Coal mining
• Burning of fossil fuels
• Industrial process
A HISTORY OF EARTH’S CLIMATE
770 million years ago - Snowball Earth
• Scientists believe that there may have been several times when the
entire Earth was frozen over with ice. There is no consensus as to what
exactly caused these frigid events. One theory holds that a number of
large volcanic eruptions sent sulfur gas particles into the atmosphere
that reacted with solar radiation to produce a cooling effect. Some
scientists speculate that snowball conditions facilitated an explosion of
multicellular organisms.
305 million years ago - Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse
• The Carboniferous period was known for its marshy forest
communities inhabited by the ancestors of reptiles, mammals, and
amphibians
ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES
Main Anthropogenic activities are :
• 1. Burning of fossil fuels
• 2. Deforestation
• 3. Changing land uses
GREENHOUSE GASES
• Carbon dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere
through burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil). Carbon
dioxide is removed from the atmosphere (or "sequestered") when
it is absorbed by plants as part of the biological carbon cycle.
• Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted during the production and
transport of coal, natural gas, agricultural practices and land use.
• Nitrous oxide (N2O): Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural,
land use, and industrial activities.
• Fluorinated gases : That are emitted from a variety of household,
commercial, and industrial applications and processes.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ROLE OF OCEANS
• The ocean plays a crucial role in shaping the Earth’s climate and mitigating
the impacts of climate change. Through the process of ocean circulation, it
redistributes heat and nutrients around the planet, influencing weather
patterns and supporting marine ecosystems.
ROLE OF OCEAN TO MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE
• Oceans are the largest heat sink on the planet. They absorb 90% of the
excess heat caused by climate change. Oceans are also a very efficient
carbon sink, absorbing 23% of human-caused CO2 emissions.
DIAGNOSIS CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS
• The process of identifying a condition, from its signs and symptoms.
A) Selected sources of information (Worldwide)
• World Bank's turn down the heat report series.
• Temperature levels assessed: 1.5º C, 2º C and 4º C.
• WB regions: Latin America and the Caribbean: South East Asia, South
Asia; Europe and Central Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Middle East and
North Africa.
• Regional and executive summaries translated into English, Arabic,
Chinese, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish.
B) Selected sources of information (National level)
-Inter-sectoral impact model inter-comparison (ISIMP), Korea data archive and
publications.
-Coherent climate impact simulations in 11 sectors, including:
• Agriculture
• Water
• Vector- borne diseases
• Coastal Infrastructure
• Fisheries (in progress)
• Energy (in progress)
• Forests (in progress)
• Heat-related mortality & labour productivity
• Raw impact data.
• Data archive publicly accessible.
THANK YOU