Nursing Informatics

Clinical Instructor: Danielle Kaye D. Torremoro, RN

Made by: Wendy Nicole M. Marticio, RN
Level/Section: BSN Level 2
Informatics as translated by Walter Bauer established itself as a specialty in the nursing field.
“information” + “automation” = automatic information
processing Various forms of machinery such as ventilators and
physiological monitors were first used in intensive and
definition: a science that combines a domain science, critical care settings, and are now currently used in adapted
computer science, information science and form in less acute areas, even in home care.
cognitive science
Nursing has evolved significantly over the past few decades,
Health Informatics: the practice of acquiring, studying and with many of the changes being driven by advances in
managing health data and applying medical concepts in information and communication technology.
conjunction with health information technology systems to
help clinicians provide better healthcare Four Major Nursing Areas
- Nursing Practice - Nursing Education
Components of Healthcare Informatics - Nursing Administration - Nursing Research
1. Computer science - development, configuration,
architecture of computer hardware and software
2. Healthcare science - the body of knowledge in which
the healthcare profession bases their practice on
3. Information science - information technology, process
of sending and receiving information
4. Cognitive science - the process of human thinking,
understanding and remembering

Nursing Informatics
This is a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer
science, and information science to manage and
communicate data, information, knowledge and wisdom in
nursing practice.

Computer systems that are used by nurses:

Management Information System - a designated department
that facilitates the application of data used to manage an Advantages of Nursing Informatics
organization or department • Improved access to information
• Error reduction and improved communications
Hospital Information System - a system catered to the types • Decreased redundancy of data entry
of data needed to manage client care activities and health • Convenience
care organizations • Decreased time spent in medication administration and
documentation
Purpose of Nursing Informatics: • Increased time for client care
1. For nursing education • Facilitation of data collection and research
2. Computer-assisted learning • Improved quality of documentation
3. Distance learning • Improved compliance with regulatory requirements
4. Documentation of client status and medical records • Improved record security
• Improved quality of care and patient satisfaction
Core Competencies • Decreased administrative costs for location and
The Entry Level Nurse - knows how to use the nursing maintenance of client record
specific software • Creation of lifetime clinical record facilitated
The Experienced Nurse - skilled in information information systems.
management and computer
technology Disadvantages of Nursing Informatics
The Informatics Nurse Specialist - has advanced informatics • Decrease communication and socialization between
preparation at the nurse and patient
graduate level • Increased costs to startup, maintain, train, and upgrade
• Computer literacy required
• Confidentiality, privacy and security difficult to guarantee
History • A complex conceptual design process
Nurses have worked in informatics for over 30 years, but • The need for multiple external databases
the phrase “nursing informatics” was not seen in • The need to hire database-related employees
the literature until 1984. Nursing informatics has • A more complex programmer environment
• Potentially catastrophic program failures Schwirian’s Model (1986)
• A longer running time for individual applications Nursing informatics involves identification of information
needs, resolution of the needs, and attainment of nursing
Why we NEED to study Nursing Informatics? goals/objectives
1. In the 21st Century, information is doubling every 5yrs, if
not tripling in quantity and quality. Patricia Schwerin – proposed a model intended to stimulate
2. Information is POWER and guide systematic research in nursing informatics in
3. Technology also facilitates the creative process in nurses, 1986 Model/framework that enables identification of
affording amazing vehicles for patient education, significant information needs, that can foster research
teaching and learning and providing general health (somewhat similar to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
promotion and prevention information on a global scale.
Turley’s Model (1996)
Nursing informatics is the intersection between the
Nursing informatics is a field of nursing that incorporates discipline-specific science (nursing) and the area of
nursing, computer, and information sciences to maintain informatics
and develop medical data and systems to support the Core components of informatics:
practice of nursing, and to improve patient care outcomes. 1. Cognitive science
2. Information science
Technologies that have evolved due to health care/nursing 3. Computer science
informatics include:
● Computerized provider order entry (CPOE) Data-Information-Knowledge Model
● Electronic medical records (EMRs) Nursing infromatics is a specialty that integrates nursing
o Test results science, computer science and information science to
o Progress notes manage and communicate data, information, knowledge
o Nursing notes and wisdom into nursing practice (ANA)
o Medication records
Nursing informatics is an evolving, dynamic process
There are three "building blocks" of nursing involving the
communications - data, information, and knowledge. conversion of data into information, and subsequently
knowledge
Data - raw facts which lack meaning (eg. name, age, VS)
Important Note: Processing of information does not always
Information - data that is interpreted, organized or result in the development of knowledge.
structured (eg. % of HAIs by care unit)
Benner’s Level of Expertise Model
Knowledge - processed information that helps clarify or Every nurse must be able to continuously exhibit the
explain some aspects of our environment capability to acquire skills (in this case, computer
(eg. the effect of nurse-patient ratios and literacy skills parallel with nursing knowledge), and then
patient outcomes) demonstrate specific skills beginning with the very
first student experience
Nursing knowledge: defined as information that has been
synthesized so that interrelationships are identified and Novice > Beginner > Competent > Proficient > Expert
formalized resulting in decisions that guide nursing practice
(eg. the effect of nurse-patient ratios and patient outcomes)
Computer - special machine that performs tasks
Theories and Models (calculations, data processing, and handling electronic
Different Theories: communication, etc.
- Lewin’s Change Theory
- Information Theory CPU - microprocessor chip
- General Systems Theory - information stored in here is caled the register
- Cognitive Science register: can be thought of as the CPU’s scratchpad
- Learning Theories
Instruction Cycle
Change Theory When a program is running, one special register called the
No matter which agency experiences computerization of program counter keeps track of which program instruction
information and whether it is an entirely new experience, comes next by maintaining the memory location of the next
or an update to an ongoing system, change is involved. program instruction to be executed.

Graves and Corcoran Model (1989) 1. The CPU’s control unit coordinates and times the CPU’s
Nursing informatics as the linear progression - from data functions, and it uses the program counter to locate and
into information and knowledge retrieve the next instruction from memory.

Management processing is integrated within each element, 2. The program counters changes usually increasing a small
depicting nursing informatics as the proper management of amount so that it contains the location of the
knowledge – from data as it is converted into information instruction that will be executed next.
and knowledge
3. The current instruction is analyzed by a decoder, which - both 0 and 1 can be represented by analog computers but
determines what the instruction will do. so can 0.5, 1.5 or pi (3.14)

4. Any data the instruction needs are retrieved via the bus Basic Computer Terminologies
and placed in the CPU’s registers. - Cursor
- Desktop
5. The CPU executes the instruction, and the results are - Drive
stored in another register or copied to specific memory - Monitor
locations via a bus. - CPU or processor
- Hard drive or Hard Disk
Four Main Functions of a Computer - RAM
1. Accepts data - ROM
2. Processes data - CD-ROM Drive
3. Produces output - Hardware
4. Stores results - Peripherals
- Monitor or Displays
Input (Accepts data) - Mouse
- allows user to interact and input data - Keyboard
- Floppy Drive and Floppy Disk
Keyboards - file document
Pointing devices (eg. mouse) - Gig
Game controller devices (eg. joystick) - Icons
Audio input device (eg. microphone) - Operating system
Visual and imaging devices (eg. webcam) - Software
- Windows
Output (Produces output)
- output devices deliver data Main Components of a Typical Computer
- the five main components that make up a typical,
Softcopy output present-day computer include:
Display output (eg. monitor)
Sound output (eg. speaker) 1. Motherboard
2. Central processing unit (CPU)
Hardcopy output (eg. printer) 3. Graphics processing unit - also known as video card
4. Random access memory (RAM) - volatile memory
Processing/Process data 5. Storage - solid state drive (SSD) or hard disk drive (HDD)
- essential computer hardware: processing devices (eg. CPU)
Types of Computer as to Use (General Performance Level)
Storage/Stores result Personal or Micro - for personal use
Memory devices Server - refers to a computer’s function rather than to a
RAM (Random Access Memory) specific kind of computer
Read Only Memory (ROM) Processing - processing is the special ability of the computer

Storage devices Type of Databases

- hold data and programs permanently, different from RAM Flat database - earliest and simplest database
- magnetic storage (eg. floppy and hard drive) Relational database - uses a set of tables which are linked
- optical storage (CD and DVD) together
Queries - looking at just a part of the data in a database
Range of Computer Ability Paint - work with pictures on a pixel-by-pixel basis
Programmable computers - vary enormously in their Drawing - defines images in terms of vectors
computational power, speed, FTP (File transfer protocol) - manages moving of files
memory and physical size Chat
Portable laptop - used in businesses and at homes to Instant messaging
communicate in computer networks, for Central processing unit - part of the computer where work
word processing, to track finances and gets done
for entertainment Arithmetic logic unit - executes the computer’s commands
Workstations - similar to personal computers but have Control unit - part of the computer that controls the
greater memory and more extensive machine cycle
mathematical abilities Input/Output Storage
Mainframe computers - have more memory, speed and Main memory - where the computer stores the data and
capabilities than workstations commands that are currently being used
Primary storage devices - compact disks o
Types of Computers Auxiliary storage = Second storage - holds what is not
1. Digital - manipulates binary numbers (0s or 1s) currently being
- a bit can have the value of 0 or the value but processed
nothing in between 0 and 1 Flash memory - several different brands of removable
2. Analog - refers to circuits or numerical values that have a storage cards, also called memory cards
continuous range
USB Drive - does not yet have a generaly accepted name
- each company calls it something different:
flash drive, flash pen, thumb drive, key drive &
mini-USB drive.
Removable hard drives - several types of special drives that
compress data
- a regular external hard drive can Using the Health Informatics Program
be used for backup GUI (Graphical User Interface)
Optical cards - a chip on the card holds information like The Health Informatics Program is subdivided into different
health records and auto repair records modules, a set of modules can be used to prepare
Operating system - instruction that the computer uses to reports in tabular form and a set of modules can be used to
tell itself how it operates extract data and transform it into graphical form
Working storage - the numbers and characters that are the
intermediate results of computer Software
operations must be stored until the the information that the computer uses to get the job done
final values are calculated - these values
“in progress” are kept in temporary Examples of Software Programs or Applications:
locations Operating System
Computer communication - is the transmission of data and Word processor
information over a Spreadsheet
communications channel Database
between two computers which Internet browser
can be several different things Email
Basic computer communication types - data communication,
telecommunication, Computer network
teleprocessing List of the most common type of computer networks:
Personal Area Network (PAN)
a computer network used for communication
Computer Software among computer devices close to one person
Computer software is a collective term in information such as the computer systems is hospital departments
technology used to describe the function or the contribution (pharmacy, laboratory, nursing, etc)
of the sets of commands, procedures in computer systems.
Local Area Network (LAN)
It is a set of instructions with a step by step algorithm that small computer network covering a small physical area
directs the computer hardware to perform specific such as hospitals and inter department computer
tasks systems

Types of Software Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

System software, programming software and the application a network that connects two or more local area
software networks but does not extend beyond the boundaries
of the immediate town/city
System Software
basic computer software that commands the computer Wide Area Network (WAN)
hardware and computer system to perform a computer network that covers a broad area
specific task the largest and most well-known example of a WAN is
the internet
Programming Software
provides tools to assist a programmer in writing commands or Network Topology
codes using different programming languages in the term topology is the context of a communication
a more convenient way network that refers to the way the computers or
work stations in the network are linked together
Application Software
a compiled readily executable program that can be used in Star Topology
different applications such as in Electronic Health In star topology, a number of workstations are directly
Record, Clinical Information System, Pharmacy Information linked to a central station called node.
System, Hospital Information System, Health The bi-directional communication system between the
Information System, etc. workstations makes it more reliable than a single
directional system
Application Software Useful for Healthcare Industry The central workstations are responsible for controlling
all the activities of the sub stations

Bus topology
In bus topology, all workstations are connected to a single
communication line called bus.
In this type of network topology, there are no central
workstations as compared in star topology
Ring topology Win Key + CTRL + F Display the search for computer
in ring topology, each station is attached to a nearby window
station on a point to point basis so that the entire system is Win Key + F1 Displays the Microsoft Windows help
in the form of a ring Win Key + R Open the run window
Win Key + Pause/Break Key Open the system properties
Freeware window
- any software that is available to use for free Win Key + U Open Utility Manager
- do not provide any freedom of modifying, sharing, and Win Key + L Lock the computer (Windows XP and above
studying the program (closed source) only)

free software is a matter of the user’s freedom to run, copy, Other Shortcut
distribute, study, change and improve software Click, hold and drag Selects text from where you click and
hold to the point you drag and let go
eg. Adobe PDF Double click If double clicking a word, it selects the
complete word
Shareware Double click Double clicking on the left, center or right of
software applications that are paid programs, but are made a blank line will make the alignment of the
available for free of a limited period of time known as ‘trial text left, center, or right aligned
period’ Double click Double clicking anywhere after text on a line
will set a tab stop
eg. WinZip, Adobe Acrobat 8 Professional Triple click Selects the line or paragraph of the text the
mouse triple-clicked
Open Source Software Ctrl + Mouse wheel Zooms in and out of a document
a type of software that has an open-source code that is
available to use for all users Understanding the Role of Computer Systems to Health
The decision of the implementation of a health information
Open source initiative has created certification mark system coupled with the health statistical information
“OSI certified”. On order to be OSI certified, the software system can be motivated by the desire to enhance the
must be distributed under a license that guarantees the quality of healthcare services.
right to read, redistribute, modify and use software freely.

Open source is any software that satisfies the open

software initiative (OSI) definition.

Closed Source Software

a type of software that are non-free for the programmers.
for this software, the source code is the intellectual property
of software publishers

Utility Software
considered a subgroup of system software.
they manage the performance of your hardware and
application software installed on your computer to make
sure they work optimally.

Computer Viruses
a program dsigned by a computer to do certain unwated
functions

Two Basic Forms of Virus

Boot sector virus - infects the section of a disk that is first
read by the computer Advantages
✓ Automatic searching of parallel records
Program virus - infects other programs when the infected ✓ Automated review
program is run or executed ✓ Improved communication between multiple providers

The Shortcut Key Understanding Health Informatics

Win Key + D Minimizes all windows and returns the user to a specialty that integrates medical science, computer
the desktop. science and information systems to manage and
Win Key + M Minimizes all windows communicate data, information, and knowledge in
Win Key + SHIFT + M Undo minimize professional practice
Win Key + E Open Microsoft Explorer
Win Key + Tab Cycle through open programs through multidisciplinary scientific endeavor of processing data into
taskbar information, data managing, analyzing, reporting, making
Win Key + F Display the Windows Search/Find feature. knowledge-based decisions and intermediary for patient
care, and use this special knowledge in order to enhance
the quality of service and professional practice
Specific Role of Health Information Specialist 7. Caveats
To employ informatics theories, concepts, methods, and
tools to analyze information and information system Electronic Mailing Lists
requirements; design, select, implement, and evaluate an interactive means of communication between a
information systems, data structures, and decision support subscriber and the group.
mechanisms that support patients, medical practitioners,
and their human-computer interactions within health joining a list is called subscribing and subscriptions are
care contexts and to facilitate the creation of new basic free
knowledge.
Flame Wars
IT Team Governance: It refers to the implementation of when others respond derogatorily with other positions on
operational parameters for working units and individuals' the disputed posts
use of IT systems, architecture, and networks. The
governance of the master data is based on workflow rereading all messages before
processes that integrate business rules and subject matter sending and trying to imagine how they will look to others
domain expertise. This is part of the conventional IT who do not share the same view or background goes a
security as well as the data assurance for which the IT long way toward preventing flame wars
department is also responsible.
The Internet: The New Healthcare Paradigm
IT Team Infrastructure: It refers to the hardware components, Consumer Health Informatics
the network, the circuitry, and all other equipment to reduce healthcare cost. New term to describe patient
necessary to make an IT system function according to the centered informatics
established needs and system "size" of the company. it is an applied science using concepts from health
communication, education, social network theories
IT Team Functionality: It is perhaps the most apparent task and behavioral sciences.
performed by the IT department. It refers to creating
and maintaining operational applications; developing, Intranets - accessed using a web browser but are available
securing, and storing electronic data that belongs to the only to users within a specific organization
organization; and assisting in the use of software and data
management to all functional areas of the Extranets - an extension of an intranet with added security
organization. features. It provides accessibility to the intranet to a
specific group of outsiders.
Terms to take note of:
Internet Internet Applications
World Wibe Web Teleconferencing also known as teleseminar
Website
Homepage Web Conference: Used as an umbrella term for various
Link types of online collaborative services including web
Browser seminar (Webinars), webcasts and peer- level web meeting
Search engine
URL NVivo: - it also can manage documents, audio and video
Address box files as categories, attributes, or nodes in visual displays
Search box that show the structure and properties of the document
Site map
Domain Available Software for nurses
HTML Telehealth
Tettito
The Internet: eHealth Tools Nursing Central
Healthcare depends greatly on communication. PEPID
Skyscape
One of the core elements of eHealth is the use of electronic Netdoc
technologies to enhance this communication for the Tarasion
purpose of furthering the goals of healthcare. PDA Cortex

Types of Search Tools MediSoft: These are only some of the types of software.
Search Engines From these there are many different kinds of downloads
Specialized Search Tools the focus on areas such as medication, nursing dx, nurses’
Health-related Search Tools notes, medical dictionary, nursing procedures and
The Invisible Web mostly anything else that one could think of Skyscape is the
worldwide leading software service for handheld devices
Evaluating Sources
1. Veracity of Validity INFORMM is a nursing database developed and
2. Content maintained by Nursing Informatics
3. Disclosure
4. Links
5. Design
6. Interactivity