PLANE AND VIEWS IN SPACE
PLANE - Definition- Plane is a flat surface that is drawn in two-dimension
length and width.
SPACE - Space exist in three-dimension, length, width and depth.
LINE - This is represented with two points, that is, a line has two ends. It
exists in one dimension only.
TERMS USE IN PLANES AND VIEWS IN SPACE
(a) Horizontal plane
(b) vertical plane
(c) Angle of inclination.
Example - To draw view in space.
(a) Produce the elevation to the XY line and projects this point to the plane
produced. This is the horizontal trace (H.T.)
(b) Produce the plan to the XY line and project this point to the elevation
produced. This is called vertical trace (V.T.)
APPLICATION OF VIEWS IN SPACE
a. Apply in metal fabrication and other engineering industries
b. Mining industry
c. Shipbuilding
d. Petrol-chemical industry.
I. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Definition - Orthographic drawing is a type of a drawing that involved
drawing at right angle by suspending the objects in space and regarding the
principal plane.
TYPES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
a. First angle orthographic projection (Front, End, Plan)
b. Third orthographic projection - (Plan, front, end)
PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
a. Draw orthographic plane (X Y axis)
b. Draw the required elevation in the plane space (front, end and plan) either
first angle or third angle orthographic projection.
c. Indicate hidden details in any of the elevation.
d. Use dimension of the provided drawing to the to draw the elevation on the
space of the orthographic plane.
e. Projection lines must be projected from any of the elevations.
f. At the end of the drawing of the elevations, draw the orthographic symbol
(first or third angle symbol)
APPLICATION OF ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
The knowledge of orthographic drawing is applied in all aspect of
engineering drawing, mechanical, building, civil, architecture drawing e.t.c.
CONVERSION OF ORTHOGRAPHIC TO ISOMETRIC DRAWING
To convert orthographic drawing to Isometric drawing.
a. Knowing the front elevation, draw the front in Isometric
b. Draw the end elevation
c. Draw the plan to complete the Isometric block
BUILDING DESIGN AND WORKING DRAWING
Building is a structure design with the purpose of sheltering/accommodation
people and also for some specific purpose.
BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS
Building design process is the process where after stages of a building
undergo before it can ready to live inside.
TYPES OF BUILDING
Types of building include:
Residential, Commercial, health, educational religious, military, government,
business recreational building etc.
FUNCTION OF A WORKING DRAWING.
Working drawing is to guide the technician or person to understand and
translate into reality.
PRESENTATION OF WORKING DRAWING SHOWING THE FOLLOWING
a. Building plan — A building plan is a set of drawing showing which consist of
floor plan, site plan, cross sections, elevations, electricals, plumbing and
foundation.
b. Elevation — Elevation is a drawing that shows the views of the building,
front ends, rear and roofing design.
ELECTRICAL AND PLUMBING SYMBOL
Symbols are use in building construction drawing to show the finish to a
project, such as wood, switches, water closet, capacitors, wall brackets, wash
hand basin, shower, doorbell, distribution box etc.
It also shows the position / point at which the item will be placed or mounted
or position in the building plan.
DIMENSION
Dimension in building is measurement in terms of length width and height of
the building and other unseen parts as well.
Physical measurement or dimension in the building is in meters (m). In building
drawing paper, millimeter (mm) is used as unit of measurement.
TYPES OF BUILDING TO BE DESIGNED
Building are design and constructed based on particular purpose or function.
Types of building include, education, nilitary, sport complexe, Agricultural,
Health, Commercial, Religion, Residential, trans-port building, Government,
Industrial, parking and storage, power station, and ports building.
FUNCTION OF TYPES OF BUILDING
1. Agricultural building - These is used to store or produce
agricultural product- e.g barn, chicken house, cow-shed farm house
silo
2. Commercial building - They are buildings design for commercial
purposes. E.g Automobile shops, carwash, hotel, markets, shopping
mall.
3. Educational building - They are design for education purposes -
these include, classrooms, studios, Admin offices, laboratories, school
library, boarding house hostel, dinning hall, lecture hall.
4. Industrial building - Design for production of different items. E.g
Uto company, beverage industry, building materials industry,
refinery, power plant, foundry etc.
5. Military building — These is for military purpose — e.g. Amory,
Armory, equipment building.
6. Health building — They for health purposes — e.g. wards,
operation room, laboratory, mortuary etc.
7. Government building — They are building for governmental
function. Eg office
8. Ports — They are for internal and external purposes. These are air
and sea ports.
DETAIL OF PARTS OF BUILDING
IDENTIFICATION OF PARTS OF BUILDING
The three major parts of a building are; foundation, walls and roofs.
a. Foundation — They are parts that support and carries the walls. They
are of different types e.g. pile foundation, Raft foundation, Strip pad
foundation.
b. Walls — They are vertical solids made of bricks, wood or metal use to
carry the top load or roof.
c. Roofs — This is part of building that covers the building and protect
from weather effects. Roofs are made of different designs materials
and shape.
SECTIONAL DRAWING SHOWING FOUNDATION, FLOOR, WALL
OPENING AND LINTEL.
Sectional drawing shows foundation, floors, wall opening, Lintel. Detail
building drawing involves the use of building scale, specifications of
materials, where parts of building are exposed and accurate measurement
are used.
In sectional drawing cutting or centre line X-X or Y-Y is used to cut the
building into two parts from foundation to roof top and dimension and
scale are used to draw.
(a) FOUNDATION - The sectional drawing shows the foundation of the
base of the building beneath the ground. The foundation materials consist
of sand, cement, chippings which are drawn using material symbols.
Foundation of strip type is usually 652 x 255mm.
(b) FLOOR - Floor is above the hardcore which could be made of tiles,
screeding, or terrazzo finishing.
(c) WALLS - walls are made of sandcrete blocks, build on foundation the
wall has opening for doors and windows and has lintel above it. Lintel is
made of rod, chip, cement that are mixed together.
(d) ROOF - Roof are made of mostly wood or metal to form the solid
structure such as, beam, purlin wall plate, King post, rafter, ceiling joist,
eaves, fascia board and ridge cap.
All roofing members are drawn to specification given in the question.
SCALE USE IN BUILDING PLAN AND SECTIONAL DRAWING
(a) Building plan scale = 1:100
(b) Sectional drawing = 1:50
Note: scales can varies e.g 1:100, 1:50, 1:25.
ROOFING TYPES AND ROOF MATERIALS
Roof is the top part of a building that covers the building from weather
element Types of roof include - Hipped roof, garble (pitched) roof, lean-to
roof, Arche Arched roof, combination roof, damp-proof roof, parapet wall
roof, shed roof et.
ROOF MEMBERS
Roof is made up of the following to form a solid structure and serve the
purpose is made.
The following are roof members, wall-plate, tie beam, king post, purling
ridge cap, roofing sheet, facial board, ceiling joist, strut.