METHODS
What are methods:
➢ Methods are members of classes which provide functionality for
classes.
➢ We can write our own methods in the classes.
➢ The functions performing on the data are known as methods.
➢ When a method returns a value then the method itself takes the
value.
➢ A method will have its own copy of variable.
➢ Skeleton of method:
returnType methodName(parameter list) !signature/header
{
--------------
--------------
}
Example program:
class test
{
static int max(int x, int y)
{
x++;
if(x>y)
return x;
else
return y;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=10,b=15,c;
c=max(a,b);
[Link](c);
}
}
Passing object as parameters:
➢ To call a method from main method it is needed to be maid static.
➢ When the method is called the value of actual parameters are copied
in formal parameters which is the only parameter passing method in
java.
➢ The address of object in formal and actual parameter is Same.
➢ String cannot be modiIied as it is immutable.
➢ A method can also return an object.
Example program:
class test
{
static void update(int A[])
{
A[0]=25;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
int A[]={2,3,4,5,6};
update(A);
[Link](A[0]);
}
}
➢ A method can have its object as the return type.
Parameter passing in java.
➢ Whoever is calling a method is called as a caller or a method call.
➢ The method which is called by a caller is known as called method.
➢ The parameters/arguments passed in calling method are called as
actual parameters.
➢ And the parameters of a called method are called as formal
parameters.
➢ Formal parameters are nothing but input into a method where the
return type is known as output to a method.
➢ The contents of actual parameters are copied in formal parameters is
the only method of parameter passing in java.
➢ Passing of objects also follow the same method.
➢ Parameter passing for primitive datatypes the values are copied in
formal parameters, whereas in parameter passing of objects the
reference of the object id is copied in formal parameters.
➢ In short the primitive datatypes are passed by value and the objects
are passed by reference.
Example program:
class test
{
int add(int x, int y)
{
int z;
z=x+y;
return z;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=10,b=5,c;
c=add(a,b);
[Link](c);
}
}
Method overloading:
➢ Method overloading means writing more than one method having
same names but different parameter list or data types.
➢ Compiler will call the corresponding method depending upon the
parameter list.
Variable arguments:
➢ It is nothing but writing a single method which can run for number of
parameters of same data types.
➢ For example – void show(int …x)
Where … represents the variable arguments.
➢ It is similar to ellipsis in c/c++.
➢ The parameters passed are converted into an array.
➢ The parameters can be directly passed using an anonymous array.
➢ Variable argument should always be the last parameter.
➢ Printf is based on variable arguments in version 1.7 java.
Command line arguments:
➢ Java programs can utilize command line arguments.
➢ Dos Iile is used for command line arguments.
➢ There are different commands like.
• cls: to clear the screen.
• dir : to display the contents of the disk.
• cd windows : to change the directory.
➢ C: \Windows> dir v*.*
• the above is command line in which
Dir is command and v*.* is an argument
RECURSION
➢ A recursive method is the one which will call itself.
➢ When the recursive function can not call itself further because of the
base condition it will return back along the same path.
➢ Not to make the program lengthy loops are used instead of recursive
functions.
➢ The recursions are used in problem solving.