Types of Solutions

Type of Solute Solvent Common Examples

Solution
Gaseous Gas Gas Mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gases
Solutions Liquid Gas Chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas
Solid Gas Camphor in nitrogen gas

Liquid Gas Liquid Oxygen dissolved in water

Solutions Liquid Liquid Ethanol dissolved in water
Solid Liquid Glucose dissolved in water

Solid Solutioris Gas Solid Solution of hydrogen in palladium

Liquid Solid Amalgam of mercury with sodium
Solid Solid Copper dissolved in gold
Solid Solutions-
* In solid solution, the physical state of solvent is solid.
* Solute of the solid solution can be solid, liquid or gas.
[Link] SOLUTE Solvent Type Example
1 Solid Solid Solid in Solid Alloys
2 Liquid Solid Liquid in Solid Amalagm

3 Gas Solid Gas in Solid H₂ in Pd or Pt

Liquid Solutions
* In the liquid solution, the physical state of solvent is liquid.
* Solute in the liquid solution can be solid, liquid or gas.
* Liquid solutions are the most significant types of solutions.
[Link] SOLUTE Solvent Type Example
1 Solid Liquid Solid in Liquid Salt Solution
2 Liquid Liquid Liquid in Liquid Ethanol in H₂O
3 Gas Liquid Gas in Liquid Aerated Drink
GAS Solutions –
* In gas solution, the physical state of solvent is gas
[Link] SOLUTE Solvent Type Example

1 Solid Gas Solid in Gas lodine Vapours

2 Liquid Gas Liquid in Gas Humiditu in Air
3 Gas Gas Gas in Gas Air
revision Mole Concept
 Concentration Terms
Temperature Dependent Temperature Independent
Gram per litre (w/v) Mass percentage (w/w)
Volume percentage (v/v) Mole fraction
Molarity Molality
Normality Parts per million
Mass Percentage (w/w%)
* It is equal to the mass of a solute in grams present in 100 g of a solution.
Volume Percentage (v/v%)
* It is the ratio of the volume of solute that is present in a solution, relative to the volume
of the solution, as a whole.
Mass by Volume Percentage (w/v)
* It is equal to the mass of solute present in 100ml of the solution.
Molarity
* It is equal to the number of gram moles of solute present in 1 litre of solution.
Molality
* It is equal to the number of moles of the solute present in 1 kg (1000 g) of the
solvent.
Mole Fraction
* It is the ratio of moles of one component to the total number of moles (solvent and
solute) present in the solution. it is important to know that sum of the mole fraction
of all the components is always unity.
Parts per Million
* One unit of a substance for every 1 million units of a solution.
* When a solute is present in trace quantities, it is converted to express concentration
in ppm.
Solubility
* Solubility of a substance is its maximum amount that can
be dissolved in a specified amount of solvent at a specified
temperature.
* It depends upon the nature of solute and solvent as well as
temperature and pressure.
* "Like dissolves Like"
Solubility of Solids in liquids
* When solid (solute) is added to the solvent, the solute dissolves because its
particles go into the liquid and its concentration in the Solutions increases.
This process is known as dissolution.
* The solubility of a substance depends upon-

1. Nature of Solute
2. Nature of Solvent
3. Temperature
4. Pressure
Solubility of Gases in liquids
* It is generally expressed in terms of absorption
coefficient which is defined as the volume of gas,
reduced to NTP, dissolved by unit volume of solvent
at particular temperature and 1 atmospheric
pressure of the gas.
Solubility of Gases in liquids
1. Nature of the gas: Easily liquefiable gases are more soluble. e.g. Carbon
dioxide is more soluble than oxygen & hydrogen

2. Nature of solvent: Gases capable of forming ions in aqueous Solutions

are more soluble in water than in other solvents. e.g. HCI, NH3, etc.

3. Temperature: Solubility decreases with rise of temperature at constant

pressure.

4. Pressure of the gas: (Henry's Law)

Henry's Law
Henry's law is a gas law which states that at the
amount of gas that is dissolved in a liquid is
directly proportional to the partial pressure of that
gas above the liquid when the temperature is kept
constant.
p = KHX
Applications of Henry's Law
* The production of carbonated drinks is based on Henry's
Law.
* It helps scuba divers breathe in high-pressure areas when air
is diluted with Helium.
* In soft drinks, increase in the solubility of CO2 and add
flavor to the drinks.
* In areas where the partial pressure of O₂ is lower, the
dissolution of O2 during respiration helps.
Vapour Pressure
It is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor in a closed
container when the vapor and its condensed phases (liquid or
solid) are in equilibrium.
Raoult's Law
For any solution, the partial vapour pressure of a each volatile
component in the solution is directly propotinal to its mole
fraction present.
PA = PA XA PB = PBXB
Ideal Solutions
A solution which obeys Raoult's law over a wide range of
concentration and temperature is called ideal solution.
Conditions for ideal solutions
* Two liquids A and B form ideal solution when they are similar in
structure and polarity.
* In ideal solution the nature of molecular interaction forces
between A-A and B-B is similar to those of A and B molecuies
therefore when such liquid are mixed together there is no enthalpy
change or volume change.
Ideal Solutions
Hence for ideal solutions:
ΔΗ(mix) = zero, ∆V(mix) = zero, Raoult's law is obeyed.
Non Ideal Solutions
* Those solutions which do not obeu Raoult's law are called known non ideal solutions.
* Such solutions do not fulfill the conditions of an ideal solutions.
Positive deviation from Raoult's law Negative deviation from Raoult's law
∆ H(mix) > zero ∆ H(mix) < zero
∆ V(mix) > zero ∆ V(mix) < zero
PS >PAXA + PBXB PS < P X + P X
A A B B
Colligative Property
The properties that depend on the number of solute particles irrespective of their nature
relative to the total number of particles present in the solution are called Colligative
Properties.
Relative Lowering in Vapor Pressure
Relative lowering of vapor pressure is the ratio of the vapor pressure lowering of a
solution to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. It's a colligative property, meaning it
depends on the number of solute particles, not their nature, in a solution.
Elevation in Boiling Point
The boiling point is defined as the temperature at which a liquid's saturated vapour
pressure equals the atmospheric pressure surrounding it.

Boiling point elevation - The amount that the boiling point of a solution
increases from the boiling point of the pure solvent. Freezing point depression - The
amount that the freezing point of a solution decreases from the freezing point of the
pure solvent.
Elevation in Boiling Point
Depression in Freezing point
The Freezing point is the temperature of a liquid at
which it changes its state from liquid to solid at
atmospheric pressure

Freezing point depression - The amount that the

freezing point of a solution decreases from the freezing
point of the pure solvent.
Depression in Freezing point
Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to stop the flow of
solvent molecules (like water) from a region of lower solute
concentration to a region of higher solute concentration across a
semi-permeable membrane.
Osmotic Pressure
* Osmosis is the spontaneous movement of a
solvent, typically water, through a semipermeable
membrane from a region of Lower solute
concentration to a region of higher solute
concentration.

* Osmotic pressure is defined as the minimum

pressure applied to a solution to stop the flow of
solvent molecules through a semipermeable
membrane.
Isotonic

Hypotonic

Hypertonic
Reverse Osmosis
* The process of movement of solvent through a
semipermeable membrane from the solution to the
pure solvent by applying excess pressure on the
solution side is called reverse osmosis.
Abnormal colligative properties
* Abnormal colligative properties occur when the
experimental values of colligative properties deviate
significantly from the theoretical values predicted by ideal
solution behavior.
* These deviations are mainly due to two factors: dissociation
or association of the solute in the solution.
Van't Hoff Factor
Van't Hoff Factor
* A correction factor used to account for the deviation of observed
colligative properties from their theoretical values when an
electrolyte dissolves.

* It represents the ratio of the number of particles in the solution

after dissociation or association to the number of particles before
dissolution
Van't Hoff Factor
It is the ratio that describes how much a substance dissociates or
associates in a solution.
Azeotropic Mixture
WATER ALCOHOL
Azeotropes
An azeotrope is a mixture of two or more liquids which displays the same level of
concentration in the liquid and vapour phase.
1. Minimum Boiling Azeotropes- Show +ve deviation from RL
Example-Ethanol + Acetone…

2. Maximum Boiling Azeotropes - Show-ve deviation from RL

Example- Chloroform + Acetone