I .

General Physiology
• ECF & ICF composition
• Body fluid compartments; their normal values, substances used to measure
• Sucrose space
• Transport across membrane-with example for each
Channels & carriers
Primary & secondary active transport,
Simple & facilitated diffusion
Exocytosis, endocytosis, transcytosis
Osmosis
Filtration
• Na+ K+ Pump- structure, mechanism,functions
• Intercellular connections
• Gap junction
• Apoptosis
• Homeostasis- Negative feedback regulation with example
• Autocrine, paracrine & endocrine communication with example
• Growth factors
• cAMP
•
Nerve
• Neuron
• RMP- Ionic basis
• Action potential - Ionic basis
• Classification of nerve fibers- Erlanger & Gasser, Numerical classification
• Properties of neuron- excitability, conductivity, threshold, all or none law, refractory period (its reason)
• Conduction of nerve impulse; Myelination & saltatory conduction
• CRO
• Strength duration curve- rheobase, utilization time, chronaxie
• Anterograde & retrograde transport
• Nerve injury- Wallerian degeneration, Denervation hypersensitivity
• Nerve regeneration
• Nerve growth factors
• Neuroglia- types , functions
• Compound nerve AP
• Local/ graded/ Electrotonic potential; differences from AP
• Nernst potential

Blood
• Composition & functions of blood
• Plasma proteins- normal values, functions, examples, A:G ratio
RBC
• Structure, properties
• Hb- composition, functions, degradation,normal values, variations
• Abnormal Hb
• Erythropoiesis(essay)- stages, factors regulating
Maturation factors for RBCs

• Fate of RBC-
• Jaundice
• Spherocytosis, Sickle cell anemia, Thalassemia
• Anemia-(essay) definition, clinical features, classification both morphological & etiological
• Microcytic/ macrocytic/ pernicious/ Fe deficiency anemia
•
WBC
• Classification, Morhology, functions, normal values, variations of each
• Total & differential leucocyte count
• Leukopoiesis
• Leukemia & leukemoid reaction
 Platelets- morphology, functions, granule contents, thrombopoieisis
• Hemostasis(essay)
• Mechanism of coagulation-Intrinsic & extrinsic (flow chart/schematic representation)
• Fibrinolytic system- flowchart
• Anticoagulants
• Hemophilia, purpura
• Tests of hemostasis- primary & secondary
• Clotting factors
Immunity- types, their mechanisms(essay)
• Functions of spleen
• ReticuloEndothelial system
• Cell mediated & humoral immunity
• Immunoglobulins-types, primary & secondary immune response
• Cytokines
• Hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency-AIDS
Lymph
• Formation, drainage & functions of lymph
• Starling’s forces
• Oedema
Blood group systems, Landsteiner’s laws
• Bombay blood group
• Erythroblastosis foetalis / Rh incompatibility
• Complications of blood transfusion

Muscle
• Morphology, AP & length tension relation of skeletal, smooth & cardiac muscle
• Neuromuscular transmission
• Neuromuscular junction – drugs acting on it.
• Sarcotubular system
• Sarcomere
• Excitation contraction coupling- skeletal muscle(essay)
• Muscle contraction- molecular basis -skeletal & smooth muscle(essay)
• Myasthenia gravis; drugs
• Smooth muscle-features
• Cardiac muscle; AP both Ventricular muscle & Pacemaker potential
• Comparison of skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle

GIT
• Functions of saliva
• Regulation of salivary secretion

• Gastric juice- secretion, composition, functions, regulation (in relation to phases). (essay)
• Mechanism of HCl secretion
• Peptic ulcer- history(essay)
• Gastric emptying
• Achalasia cardia

• Pancreatic juice- composition, functions, regulation of secretion.

• Functions of bile salts
• Functions of liver
• Functions of gall bladder
• Jaundice
• Enterohepatic circulation
• Micelle
• Chylomicrons
• Digestion & absorption of fat
• Small intestine- movements
• Succus entericus
• Large intestine- functions
 • Dietary fiber
• Defecation reflex
• Megacolon
• Vomiting

CVS
• AP- ventricular/ atrial muscle fiber & pacemaker potential
• Origin & spread of cardiac impulse (pacemaker potential then its spread) (essay)
• Typical ECG/ lead II ECG
• ECG leads
• Cardiac arrhythmias
• Stokes Adams syndrome
• Cardiac cycle- (essay)-definition, phases, diagram
▪ Atrial, ventricular, aortic & pulmonary pressure curves
▪ Pressure & volume changes-Right or Left heart.
• Arterial pulse
• Apex beat
• JVP
• Heart sounds
• Echocardiography
• Cardiac catheterization
• Cardiac output (essay)- definition, normal values, measurement/ determination, regulation.
▪ Heterometric & homometric regulation
▪ Fick’s principle
• BP (essay)- definition, normal values, regulation-short, intermediate & long term,
▪ [Link].
• Korotkoff sounds
• Sino aortic reflex
• Shock(essay)- definition, classification, clinical features
• Hypovolemic shock
• Regional circulation-
o Cutaneous circulation- triple response, axon reflex
o Coronary circulation – special features
o Cerebral circulation- special features, regulation, BBB
• Bernouli’s principle
• Law of Laplace
• Reynolds number

Renal system
• Functions of kidney, Nephron- parts(diagram)
• Renal circulation- special features
• Determination of renal blood flow RBF (Fick’s principle)
• Autoregulation of RBF
• GFR(essay)- definition, normal values, measurement, factors affecting(Starling’s forces) & factors regulating (neural &
hormonal).
• Filtration barrier
• Clearance- definition, calculation,values
• Na +, water, glucose & K+ handling by kidneys
• Counter current mechanism / how urine is concentrated?
• Countr current –exchangers, multipliers (diagram)
• Urine acidification
• Urinary bladder- nerve supply, Abnormalities-automatic & autonomous bladder
• Micturition reflex
• Diuretics
 • Artificial kidney-dialysis
• RAAS
• JGA- components, functions, (diagram)
• Renal threshold for glucose; why actual value is less than calculated value.. Splay..
• TmG
• Osmotic & water dieresis
• Facultative & obligatory water reabsorption

Endocrinology
• Classify hormones with examples - based on chemical nature
- based on receptors they bind to.
• Second messenger systems
• cAMP/ adenylyl cyclase
• Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine communication
• Hypothalamo-hypophyseal connection- draw, label & explain
• Growth hormone GH actions - on growth
- -on metabolism
- Regulation of GH secretion
- Gigantism & acromegaly
• ADH- actions , regulation
o Diabetes insipidus
• Functions of oxytocin
• Neuroendocrine reflexes
• Thyriod hormones- biosynthesis, regulation, actions- general, systemic, on metabolism.
▪ Myxedema
▪ Thyrotoxicosis / Grave’s disease
• Mechanism of action of steroid hormones
• Functions & regulation of cortisol,
• Functions & regulation of aldosterone,
• Cushing’s syndrome & disease
• Addison’s disease
• Conn’s syndrome
• Aldosterone escape
• Circadian rhythm- of cortisol secretion
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Insulin- metabolic actions, regulation
• Glucagon- actions, regulation
• Diabetes mellitus- features, pathophysiology
• Hyperglycemic hormones
• Parathormone- actions, regulation
o Hypo & hyper parathyroidism
• Tetany
• Calcitonin- actions
• Vitamin D- synthesis, actions
o Rickets & osteomalacia

Nervous system
• Classification of receptors
• Adaptation of receptor
Law of projection- Phantom limb phenomenon
• Synapse- definition, classification
Transmission of impulse across a chemical synapse/ unidirectional conduction in chemical synapse
Synaptic inhibition- indirect, direct
Properties of synapse- synaptic delay, occlusion, summation, subliminal fringe etc
• Sensory pathways & sensations carried
• Trace pathway- Fine touch from right foot ( draw & explain )
Crude touch from right hand
Pain from left great toe
• Classify pain- differentiating features
• Referred pain; theories
• Endogenous analgesia system; spinal & supra spinal levels
• Thalamic syndrome
• Synthetic sensations
• Cortical sensations
• Gate control theory of pain
• Monroe Kelly doctrine
• Blood brain barrier

• Muscle spindle- diagram, describe structure & function.

• Stretch reflex & its significance
• Inverse Stretch reflex
• Reflex arc- diagram, explain
• Mono & poly synaptic reflexes
• Corticospinal tract- origin, course, termination, functions
• Complete trans-section of spinal cord
• Hemi-section of spinal cord/ Brown Sequard syndrome
• Differences between UMN & LMN lesion
• Mass reflex
• Functions of basal ganglia
Parkinsonism- features, cause, treatment
• Functions of cerebellum
Features of cerebellar lesion
• REM & NREM sleep
• EEG
• ARAS
• Prefrontal lobe- functions
• Papez circuit
• Functions of hypothalamus
• Temperature regulation
• Functions of thalamus
• Thalamic syndrome
• Aphasia
• Conditioned reflex
• Memory-Short & long term memory

• Special senses
• Visual pathway- diagram, effect of lesions
• Aqueous humour- secretion, drainage, functions
• Errors of refraction
• Near response
• Photochemistry of vision
• Dark adaptation
• Colour vision- theories
• Colour blindness

• Auditory pathway
• Functions of middle ear
• Theories of hearing
• Tests of hearing
• Deafness
• Audiometry

• Olfactory pathway
• Gustatory pathway
• Primary taste modalities- mechanism.
• Vestibular pathway
Respiratory system
• Non respiratory functions of lung
• Peculiarities of pulmonary circulation
• Diagram for intrapleural & intrapulmonary pressure changes during inspiration & expiration
• Diagram- normal spirogram & explain different lung volumes, capacities & normal values.
• How alveoli are kept dry?
• Ventilation perfusion ratio; why not equal all over the lung
• TB more common at apices of lungs
• Timed VC
• Dead space- anatomical & physiological
• Alveolocapillary/ respiratory membrane- structure, factors affecting diffusion across it
• Mechanism of oxygen transport
• Mechanism of carbondioxide transport
• Oxgen Hb dissociation curve- factors causing shift to Rt, Lt
• Concept of P50
• Bohr effect
• Haldane effect
• Chloride shift mechanism/ Hamburger phenomenon
• Why venous RBC is bigger?
• Explain Regulation of respiration- neural , chemical
• Classify hypoxia- with examples
• Periodic breathing
• Hypercapnoea
• Adaptive changes at high altitude
• Acute & chronic mountain sickness
• Caisson’s disease
• Oxygen therapy
• Artificial respiration
• Cyanosis
• Hering Breuer reflex- inflation & deflation
• Bezold Jarisch reflex
• Dyspnoeic index
• Diffusion capacity
• Diffusion coefficient

Reproductive system
• Explain stages of spermatogenesis. Factors affecting it.
• Functions of Testosterone.
• Blood testis barrier.
• Menstrual cycle- Ovarian changes Hormonal regulation
Uterine changes.
• Oogenesis, Tests of Ovulation.
• Tests of pregnancy.
• Placenta & its functions.
• Feto-placental unit.
• Parturition.
• Lactation- hormonal control.
• Milk ejection reflex.
• Contraception-methods (temporary & permanent; male & female)
Mechanism of action- OCPs, IUCD.
• Causes of infertility.
• Abnormalities of sex determination.
Klinefelter, Turner syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
• Puberty; normal stages
• Precocious puberty.