CHAPTER 3: NUMPY

Introduc on to NumPy

What is NumPy?

NumPy stands for Numerical Python.

It is one of the most important libraries in Python used for working with numerical data.

Before NumPy, programmers used Python Lists to store data.

Example:

marks = [85, 90, 78, 95, 88]

This works well for small amounts of data.

But in Data Analy cs and Data Science, we o en work with:

 Thousands of rows

 Millions of records

 Large datasets

Python Lists become slower when handling large data.

To solve this problem, NumPy provides a special data structure called Array.

NumPy Arrays:

 Use less memory

 Work faster

 Support mathema cal opera ons

 Handle large datasets efficiently

Because of these advantages, NumPy is widely used in:

 Data Analy cs

 Data Science

 Machine Learning

 Ar ficial Intelligence
Impor ng NumPy

Before using NumPy, it must be imported.

import numpy as np

Explana on

 numpy → library name

 np → alias (short name)

Instead of wri ng:

[Link]()

we can write:

[Link]()

which is shorter and easier.

1. NUMPY ARRAYS

What is an Array?

An Array is a collec on of similar types of data stored together.

Think of an array as a more powerful and faster version of a Python List.

Example:

Python List

marks = [85, 90, 78, 95]

NumPy Array

import numpy as np

marks = [Link]([85, 90, 78, 95])

Both store mul ple values.

The difference is that NumPy Arrays are op mized for numerical opera ons.
Crea ng a NumPy Array

import numpy as np

arr = [Link]([10,20,30,40,50])

print(arr)

Output

[10 20 30 40 50]

Checking Array Type

print(type(arr))

Output

<class '[Link]'>

Explana on

ndarray means:

N-Dimensional Array

This is the main object used in NumPy.

Array Arithme c

One major advantage of arrays is mathema cal opera ons.

Example

import numpy as np

arr = [Link]([10,20,30])

print(arr + 10)

Output

[20 30 40]

Explana on

10 is added to every element automa cally.

Python Lists cannot do this directly.

2. ARANGE()

What is arange()?

arange() is used to generate numbers automa cally within a range.

Instead of manually typing values, NumPy creates them for us.

Syntax

[Link](start, stop, step)

Parameters

 start → star ng value

 stop → ending value (not included)

 step → gap between values

Example 1

import numpy as np

arr = [Link](1,11)

print(arr)

Output

[ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]

Explana on

Starts at 1 and stops before 11.

Example 2

arr = [Link](0,20,2)

print(arr)

Output

[ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18]

Explana on

Step size is 2.

Only even numbers are generated.

Example 3

arr = [Link](5)

print(arr)

Output

[0 1 2 3 4]

Explana on

If only one value is given, NumPy starts from 0.

3. LINSPACE()

What is linspace()?

linspace() creates equally spaced numbers between two values.

Unlike arange(), we specify how many values we need.

NumPy automa cally calculates the spacing.

Syntax

[Link](start, stop, number_of_values)

Example 1

import numpy as np

arr = [Link](1,10,5)

print(arr)

Output

[ 1. 3.25 5.5 7.75 10. ]

Explana on

We requested:

 Start = 1

 End = 10

 Total values = 5

NumPy automa cally distributed 5 values equally.

Example 2

arr = [Link](0,100,11)

print(arr)

Output

[ 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.]

Difference Between arange() and linspace()

arange()

[Link](0,10,2)

Output

[0 2 4 6 8]

Gap is specified.

linspace()

[Link](0,10,5)

Output

[ 0. 2.5 5. 7.5 10. ]

Number of values is specified.

4. RESHAPE()

What is reshape()?

reshape() changes the shape of an array.

Some mes data is stored in one row.

But we may want it in mul ple rows and columns.

reshape() helps us reorganize the data.

Example

import numpy as np

arr = [Link](1,10)
print(arr)

Output

[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]

Convert to 3×3 Matrix

arr = [Link](3,3)

print(arr)

Output

[[1 2 3]

[4 5 6]

[7 8 9]]

Explana on

3 rows × 3 columns = 9 values

Since array contains 9 values, reshape works perfectly.

Example

arr = [Link](1,13)

arr = [Link](3,4)

print(arr)

Output

[[ 1 2 3 4]

[ 5 6 7 8]

[ 9 10 11 12]]

5. INDEXING AND SLICING

Why Indexing?

Indexing is used to access a specific element from an array.

1D Array Indexing

import numpy as np

arr = [Link]([10,20,30,40,50])

print(arr[0])

Output

10

print(arr[3])

Output

40

Nega ve Indexing

print(arr[-1])

Output

50

Array Slicing

Slicing means selec ng mul ple elements.

Example

arr = [Link]([10,20,30,40,50])

print(arr[1:4])

Output

[20 30 40]

Explana on

Starts from index 1.

Stops before index 4.

2D Array Indexing

arr = [Link]([

[1,2,3],

[4,5,6],

[7,8,9]

])

print(arr[1,2])

Output

Explana on

Row 1 → [4,5,6]

Column 2 → 6

2D Array Slicing

print(arr[:,1])

Output

[2 5 8]

Explana on

Select all rows.

Take column 1.

6. AGGREGATION FUNCTIONS

What are Aggrega on Func ons?

Aggrega on Func ons summarize data into a single value.

Instead of checking every value manually, NumPy calculates results quickly.

Common func ons:

 sum()

 mean()
  max()

 min()

sum()

Purpose

Calculates total of all values.

Example

import numpy as np

arr = [Link]([10,20,30,40])

print([Link](arr))

Output

100

mean()

Purpose

Calculates average.

Formula

Average = Sum of values / Number of values

Example

arr = [Link]([10,20,30,40])

print([Link](arr))

Output

25.0

Explana on

(10 + 20 + 30 + 40) / 4

= 25
max()

Purpose

Finds the largest value.

Example

arr = [Link]([10,50,30,80])

print([Link](arr))

Output

80

min()

Purpose

Finds the smallest value.

Example

arr = [Link]([10,50,30,80])

print([Link](arr))

Output

10

Aggrega on on 2D Arrays

arr = [Link]([

[10,20,30],

[40,50,60]

])

print([Link](arr))

Output

210
Row-wise Sum

print([Link](arr, axis=1))

Output

[ 60 150]

Explana on

Row 1:

10 + 20 + 30 = 60

Row 2:

40 + 50 + 60 = 150

Column-wise Sum

print([Link](arr, axis=0))

Output

[50 70 90]

Explana on

Column 1:

10 + 40 = 50

Column 2:

20 + 50 = 70

Column 3:

30 + 60 = 90

Summary

Arrays

Store mul ple values efficiently and perform fast numerical opera ons.

arange()

Creates values using start, stop, and step.

linspace()

Creates equally spaced values by specifying the number of values required.

reshape()

Changes the dimensions of an array.

Indexing

Accesses a specific element.

Slicing

Accesses mul ple elements.

Aggrega on Func ons

Used to summarize data.

 [Link]() → Total

 [Link]() → Average

 [Link]() → Largest value

 [Link]() → Smallest value

These concepts form the founda on of NumPy and are heavily used in Data Analy cs, Data
Science, Machine Learning, and Ar ficial Intelligence.