A3:
2.3. WORK,
Work, ENERGY
Energy andAND POWER
Power
Work Done.
→ Definition
work done is defined as the product of the force and.
the distance travelled in the direction of the force
W= F. d. cos e
W: work done by force F in (J) or (Nm)
F: force F in (N)
d: distance travelled in (m)
O: angle between force and direction of displacement.
F F
F F
-
d kd
W= Fd cose
W= Fd. W=-fd (negative work)
Example: friction (thermal everg
(oss)
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Energy
Definition
Energy is the ability to do work. It can be realised by the
work done from it.
Forms of energ.
- Mechanical energy: kinetic. gravitational potential, elastic potential
- Thermal energy : heat
- Internal energy: microscopic levels of kinetic and potential
- Electrical energy
Conservation of energy.
law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be
created or destroyed, it lan only be transformed from one
form to another. (work dome is a form of energy transfer)
AEsystem = + w-Q
Q
system
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•Mecharical energies
Kinetic energy: energy due to motion (EK)
Θ d
F
work done = change in kinetic energy
Fd = SEK= Ef-Ei
22 42
ma. 2a = Ef -Ei
Imu²-Imu² = Ef-Ei
Ek: kinetic energy in (J)
Ek = mv² m: mass (kg)
in
V: velocity/speed in (ms')
Gravitational potential energy: energy due to height (Ep)
work done by weight = increase in EK.
work done by weight = decrease in Ep.
W=mg
Work done = F.d = mgsh = mg(hi-h2)
=Ep
h2
Ep.1- Ep.2 = mghi - mghz.
only dependent the vertical
mgh
distance
on
travelled.
Ep= AEp = mgsh
Ep: gravitational potential energy in (J(
g. acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 ms²
h: height of object in (m)
sh: change in height. 23
→ Elastic Potential energy: energy due to deformation (Ep)
Fg=-kx
K
F = kx (not constant during
Fs
FN
object's motion)
x/m
Work done = change in elastic potential energy
Fd = 4 Eр
Area under graph = 2Fx = ½ kxx = E
Ep: elastic potential energy i (JJ
Ep = kx² K: spring constant in (N/m)
X: extension of springin (m)
(24
Conservation of mechanical energy only (no resistance)and any other forces
other than gravitational
and elastic spring
force)
ΣΕ: = Σ ΕΡ VERY. IMPORTANT!
(Ek+ Ep.g + Ep.e); = (Ek + Ep.g+ Epe)f.
Inclined plane ( frictionless)
kinematics
H
H= LSinA .E IESine
H L
a = g sine = gH
S=L
v= V²=u +2as
a=g
(Ek + Ep)i = (Ek +EP)f t=
v*=0+ 2g7.7
0 + mgH = mv +o = 2gH
V=J2gH
gH=²
v² = 29H
Spring
지 m 지 (FktEpg+Ep.e) (Ek+Ep.g+ Ep.e)
h 0 +mgH+0 = 0 + (H-W')mg+ (パー)
h mgH-mgH+mgh² = h²-h)
不
H k(
m mgh² = k(h²-h)²
K
lowest point
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L
Let solve for velocity "v". Can you?
or energy transfer
2.4. Momentum and Impulse.
•Linear momentum (P)
Definition
Linear momentum is defined as the product of mass
and velecity. It's direction is same as velocity.
P: linear momentum in kyms"
P = m•V M: mass in kg
V: velocity in ms!
Change in momentum
-Due to change in velocity
P = MAV = m(V-u)
m: mass in kg
V: final velocity in ms!
u: initial velocity in ms
- Due to change in mass
AP = AM. v = (m-mi)u
V. constant velocity in m51
Mi: initial mass in kg
mf: final mass in kg
- Bouncing ball.
Pi = mu
u Pf =mv 1
AP = P-Pi = mU-(-mu)
= m(v+ u)
(29
Newton's and law in momentum
an
The resaltant /net force acting on on object is
equal to the rate of change of momentum.
AP
Fnet = at
Fnet: net force in (N(
AP: Change in momentum in (kgms)
st: time interval for the change in (s)
constant masS
(mv) AV
Fnet = t = m t = ma
changing mass and velocity
mv) AV AM
Fnet = At = mt + u At
Rocket equation: m: mass of the rocket at the moment
AV
이 : acceleration of rocket at the moment
In space α
ป
velocity of the ejectead gas fuel
Rocket relative to the rooket (negative)
Am
at: mass ejection rate in (o5t)
(30
Example: Explosion
Conservation of momentum during collision
t=0 t=) t=2.
m) M2 mi M mi M
F F12
AP
F21 Fot = oPi
Fi2 = P2
Fizot
At = oP2
since | Fail =|F1z1. and in opposite direction.
14P1=p2) and in opposite direction
Σop = AP, + oP2 = 0 In case of two-dimensional collisions,
momentum is conserved in x- and y-
direction individually.
P = Constant
Impulse (I)
Definition
Impulse is defined as the product of the average force
acted upon and the time duration for the impulse to be produced
I= Faug st
Relation with momentum
Impulse = change in momentum
I = AP = Favg:st
Impulse graphs (F-t graph)
FIN F/N
Frax
F
Favg
constant force Changing force changing force
(bouncing ball)
AP = Favgat P Favg st AP = area under graph
4P= F7
= Fmay t
4P = Area under graph = area under graph
Conclusion:
Impulse or the change in momentum
can be determined by the area under
the force-time graph.
•Kinetic energy in the form of momentum
Ek= mu² P=mv. → p²= m²v²
2
m²v² P²
Ek 2m= 2m
P2
EK =
2m
Ek: kinetic energy in (J)
P. momentum in (kgms
)yof(
(kg)
m: mass of object i
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