Solvent Extraction - Detailed Notes
Introduction
Solvent extraction, also known as liquid-liquid extraction, is an analytical and industrial separation
method used to transfer a substance from one liquid phase into another immiscible liquid phase. It
is widely used in analytical chemistry for purification, separation of metal ions, recovery of valuable
compounds, and sample preparation.
Basic Principle
The technique works because a solute has different solubilities in two immiscible liquids, usually
water and an organic solvent. When the two liquids are mixed and then allowed to separate, the
solute distributes itself between the two phases according to its affinity for each phase.
Nernst Distribution Law
At constant temperature, a solute distributes between two immiscible solvents in such a way that
the ratio of its concentrations in the two phases remains constant. This constant is called the
distribution coefficient or partition coefficient.
Extraction Procedure
1. Prepare the aqueous solution containing the analyte.
2. Add an appropriate organic solvent in a separatory funnel.
3. Shake the mixture thoroughly to maximize contact.
4. Allow the two layers to separate completely.
5. Collect the required layer.
6. Repeat extraction if necessary to improve recovery.
Factors Affecting Solvent Extraction
• Nature and polarity of solvent.
• Temperature of extraction.
• pH of the aqueous phase.
• Distribution coefficient value.
• Volume ratio of the two phases.
• Number of extractions performed.
Characteristics of an Ideal Solvent
• Immiscible with water.
• High selectivity for the solute.
• Chemically inert.
• Low toxicity.
• Easily recoverable and reusable.
• Low boiling point for easy removal.
Common Extraction Solvents
Diethyl ether, chloroform, benzene, hexane, ethyl acetate and carbon tetrachloride are commonly
used organic solvents.
Applications
• Separation of metal ions in analytical chemistry.
• Recovery of antibiotics and pharmaceuticals.
• Purification of organic compounds.
• Environmental monitoring and pollutant analysis.
• Food and perfume industries.
• Nuclear fuel processing.
Advantages
• High efficiency.
• Good selectivity.
• Simple apparatus requirement.
• Suitable for heat-sensitive compounds.
Disadvantages
• Solvent losses may occur.
• Some solvents are toxic and flammable.
• Emulsions can make phase separation difficult.
• Solvent disposal may create environmental issues.
Conclusion
Solvent extraction is one of the most important separation techniques in analytical chemistry
because it provides efficient and selective separation of compounds from complex mixtures.